CBB 1033 Chem. Eng.

Fluid Mechanics January 2011

1

Tutorial 5
Chapter 5: Compressible Fluid Flow

1. A gas that has a molar mass of 39.9 and a specific heat ratio of 1.67 is discharged from a large
chamber in which the pressure is 500 kPa, the temperature of 30
o
C and a velocity is effectively
zero, through a nozzle. Determine;
a. The Mach number, temperature and velocity at some point at this nozzle if the pressure
at the section is 80 kPa.
b. The mass flow rate through the nozzle, if the nozzle has a circular cross section, and its
diameter is 12 mm at the section discussed in part (a)
[1.8, 145.3 K, 404.75 m/s, 0.121 kg/s]
Solution:
Assumption; ideal gas, isentropic flow

M = 39.9
k = 1.67
P
R
= 500 kPa
T
R
= 30
o
C = 303 K
P
1
= 80 kPa

( )
( ) ( )
80 . 1 1
1 67 . 1
1
1 k
1
1 k
67 . 1
1 67 . 1
k
1 k
1 k
k
=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

=
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

80
500 2
P
P 2
Ma

2
Ma

P
P
1
R
1
2
1
1
R


K 3 . 145
67 . 1
1 67 . 1
k
1 k
1 k
k
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

1
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
T
80
500

P
P
T
T
T
T

P
P

s
m
86 . 224
K 3 . 145
kg
kmol
9 . 39 K kmol
J
8314 67 . 1
kRT c
2
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=



V
1
= Ma
1
c
1
= (1.80)(224.86) = 404.75 m/s

( )
3
1
1
1
m
kg
64 . 2
K 3 . 145
kg 9 . 39
kmol
K kmol
kJ
314 . 8
kPa 80
RT
P
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =

( )
s
kg
121 . 0
s
m
75 . 404 10 12
4 m
kg
64 . 2 V A m
2
3
3 1 1 1
= |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
| t
|
.
|

\
|
= =

-

CBB 1033 Chem. Eng. Fluid Mechanics January 2011

2
2. A gas with a molar mass of 4 and a specific heat ratio of 1.3 flows through a variable area duct. At
some point in the flow, the velocity is 150 m/s, the pressure is 100 kPa and the temperature is
15
o
C. Find the Mach number at this point. At some other point, the temperature is found to be
10
O
C. Find the Mach number, pressure, and velocity at this second point in the flow assuming the
flow to be isentropic and one-dimensional.
[0.17, 0.8157, 67.5 kPa, 687.6 m/s]

Solution:
Assumption; ideal gas,
Variable area duct frictionless, reversible therefore isentropic flow

M = 4
k = 1.3
V
1
= 150 m/s
P
1
= 100 kPa
T
1
= 15
o
C = 288 K
T
2
= 10
o
C = 263 K

17 . 0
15 . 882
150
c
V
Ma
s
m
15 . 882
K 288
kg
kmol
4 K kmol
J
8314 3 . 1
kRT c
1
1
1
2
1
1 1
= = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=




( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0.8157
263
288

Ma
T
T
Ma
Ma
T
T
2
Ma
2
Ma
T
T
T
T
2
Ma
T
T
2
Ma
T
T
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
R
2
R
2
2
2
R
2
1
1
R
=
(

=
(

=
+
+
=
+

=
+

=
2 2 1 3 . 1 17 . 0
1 3 . 1
1
2 2 1 k
1 k
1
Ma
2 1 k
2 1 k
. 1
1 k
1
1 k
) 1 ( ) 2 (
) 2 ......( .......... 1
1 k
and
) 1 ......( .......... 1
1 k
2
2


( ) 5 . 67 100
1 3 . 1
3 . 1
1 k
k
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

288
263
P
T
T

P
P
2
1
2
1
2

CBB 1033 Chem. Eng. Fluid Mechanics January 2011

3
Or
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
kPa 5 . 67
1
1 3 . 1
1
1 3 . 1 17 . 0
1
1 k
1
1 k
1
1 k
1
1 k
) 4 ( ) 3 (
) 4 ........( .......... 1
1 k
) 3 ........( .......... 1
1 k
1 3 . 1
3 . 1
2
1 3 . 1
3 . 1
2
1 k
k
1 k
k
1 k
k
1 k
k
1 k
k
1 k
k
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

2
0.8157

2
100 P

2
Ma

2
Ma
P P

2
Ma

2
Ma
P
P

2
Ma

P
P

2
Ma

P
P
2
2
2
2
1
1 2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
R
2
1
1
R



s
m
843
K 263
kg
kmol
4 K kmol
J
8314 3 . 1
kRT c
2
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=




V
1
= Ma
1
c
1
= (0.8157)(843) = 687.6 m/s

3. Air flows through a nozzle which has inlet area of 10 cm
2
. If the air has a velocity of 80 m/s, a
temperature of 28
o
C, and a pressure of 700 kPa at the inlet section and a pressure of 250 kPa at
the exit, find the mass flow rate through the nozzle, and the velocity at the exit section of the
nozzle, assuming one-dimensional isentropic flow.
[0.648 kg/s, 400.6 m/s]

Solution:
Assumption; ideal gas, isentropic flow

Air gas constant, R = 287 J/kgK
k = 1.4
A
1
= 10 cm
2
= 10 10
-4
m
2

V
1
= 80 m/s
T
1
= 28
o
C = 301 K
P
1
= 700 kPa
P
2
= 250 kPa

( )
3 3
1
1
1
m
kg
10 . 8
K 301
K kg
m kPa
287 . 0
kPa 700
RT
P
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =

CBB 1033 Chem. Eng. Fluid Mechanics January 2011

4
( )
s
kg
648 . 0
s
m
80 10 10
m
kg
10 . 8 V A m
4
3 1 1 1
= |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

-



23 . 0
8 . 347
80
c
V
Ma
s
m
8 . 347
K 301
K kg
J
287 4 . 1
kRT c
1
1
1
2
1
1 1
= = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=



( ) K 3 . 224 T
T
4 . 1
1 4 . 1
2
k
1 k
2
1 k
k
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

700
250
301
P
P
T
T
T

P
P
1
2
1
1
2
1
2

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1.334
224.3
301

Ma
T
T
Ma
Ma
T
T
2
Ma
2
Ma
T
T
T
T
2
Ma
T
T
2
Ma
T
T
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
R
2
R
2
2
2
R
2
1
1
R
=
(

=
(

=
+
+
=
+

=
+

=
2 2 1 4 . 1 23 . 0
1 4 . 1
1
2 2 1 k
1 k
1
Ma
2 1 k
2 1 k
. 1
1 k
1
1 k
) 1 ( ) 2 (
) 2 ......( .......... 1
1 k
and
) 1 ......( .......... 1
1 k
2
2


s
m
2 . 300
K 3 . 224
K kg
J
287 4 . 1
kRT c
2
1
2 2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=



V
2
= Ma
2
c
2
= (1.334)(300.2) = 400.6 m/s




CBB 1033 Chem. Eng. Fluid Mechanics January 2011

5
4. Calculate the maximum mass flow possible through a frictionless, heat insulated, convergent
nozzle if the entry or stagnation conditions are 5 bar and 15
o
C and the throat area is 6.5 cm
2
. Also
calculate the temperature of the air at the throat. Take c
P
= 1.00 kJ/kg.K and k = 1.4.
[0.774 kg/s, 240K]

Solution:
Assumption; ideal gas, isentropic flow

Air gas constant, R = 287 J/kgK
k = 1.4
A
throat
= A* = 6.5 cm
2
= 6.5 10
-4
m
2

T
R
= 15
o
C = 288 K
P
R
= 5 bar = 500 kPa

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
s
kg
774 . 0
1
1 4 . 1
K kg
J
287 K 288
4 . 1
Pa 10 500
10 5 . 6 m
1
1 k
R T
k
P
A m
1
1 k
R T
k
P
A
m
1 4 . 1 2
1 4 . 1
2
1
3
4
1 k 2
1 k
2
1
R
R
1 k 2
1 k
2
1
R
R
=
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

+
-
-

+ -
-
2
2 2


From:
( )
1
1 k
+

=
2
Ma
T
T
2
1
1
R

At throat, maximum Mach number Ma = 1 at T
1
= T*

Therefore :
( )
( )
( )
K 240
1
1 4 . 1
1
1 k
1
1 k
=
+

=
+

= +

=
2
288
T*
2
T
T*
2 * T
T
R R




CBB 1033 Chem. Eng. Fluid Mechanics January 2011

6
5. A gas is contained in a large vessel at a pressure of 300 kPa and a temperature of 50
o
C. The gas is
expanded through a nozzle until it reaches sonic conditions. Find the pressure, temperature and
velocity at this point in the flow if the gas is:
a. Air
b. Helium.
[(a) 158.6 kPa, 3.83
o
C, 328.9 m/s (b) 146.1 kPa, 30.8
o
C, 915.7 m/s]
Solution:
Assumption; ideal gas, isentropic flow

a. Air gas constant, R = 287 J/kgK
k = 1.4
T
R
= 50
o
C = 323 K
P
R
= 300 kPa

When it reaches sonic condition, Ma
1
= Ma* = 1
( )
( )
( )
C 83 . 3 K 2 . 269
1
1 4 . 1
1
1 k
1
1 k
o
= =
+

=
+

= +

=
2
323
T*
2
T
T*
2 * T
T
R R

kPa 6 . 158
2 . 269
*
*
1 4 . 1
4 . 1
1 k
k
1 k
k
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

323
300
P*

T
T
P
P*
T
T

* P
P
R
R R R

s
m
9 . 328
K 2 . 269
K kg
J
287 4 . 1
* kRT * c * V
2
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= =




b. Helium gas constant, R = 2.077 kJ/kgK
k = 1.667
T
R
= 50
o
C = 323 K
P
R
= 300 kPa

When it reaches sonic condition, Ma
1
= Ma* = 1
( )
( )
( )
C 8 . 30 K 2 . 242
1
1 667 . 1
1
1 k
1
1 k
o
= =
+

=
+

= +

=
2
323
T*
2
T
T*
2 * T
T
R R

CBB 1033 Chem. Eng. Fluid Mechanics January 2011

7
kPa 1 . 146
2 . 242
*
*
1 667 . 1
667 . 1
1 k
k
1 k
k
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

323
300
P*

T
T
P
P*
T
T

* P
P
R
R R R

s
m
7 . 915
K 2 . 242
K kg
J
2077 667 . 1
* kRT * c * V
2
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= =