interviewquestion

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1) Difference between electronic and electrical.

electricalengg.dealsmovementofelectronsinconductorswheneverelectronicsengg.dealsthe movementofelectronsinsemiconductorvaccumorair. Electronics work on DC and with a voltage range of 48vDC to +48vDC. Iftheelectronicdevice is plugged into a standard walloutlet,therewillbe atransformerinsidewhichwillconverttheAC voltage you are supplying to the required DC voltage needed by the device. Examples: Computer,radio,T.V,etc... Electricdevicesuselinevoltage(120vAC,240vAC,etc...).Electricdevicescanalsobedesigned tooperateonDCsources,butwillbeatDCvoltagesabove48v.Examples:areincandescent lights,heaters,fridge,stove,etc

Whataretheclassificationofoscillatorcircuits?
Basically, there are two types of oscillator circuits. They are Sinusoidal and the non Sinusoidal. The first essentially produce sine waves and the other generates square wave, triangular wave, pulses or sawtooth wave etc. The circuit, which generates square waves, is generally referred to as Multivibrator. According to the style of producing the waves, oscillator circuits are classified into three sub groups: Tuned circuit [LC] oscillator circuits, RC oscillator circuits & Crystal oscillator circuits.

Whatisbasestation? Basestationisnothingbutwhichinterconnectstwoormoretelephonesystems. Whatismultiplexing? multiplexingistheprocessofsendingtwoormoresignalsthroughasinglecommunication channel. Therearetwotypesofmultiplexing: *Frequencydomainmultiplexing. *Timedomainmultiplexing.

DifferencebetweenCDMA&GSM? ThebasicdifferenceliesintheMultiplexingmethodusedintheaerialcommunicationi.e.from MobileTowertoyourmobileandviceversa. CDMA uses Code DivisionMultipleAccessasthenameitselfindicates,forexampleyouareina hall occupied with number of people speaking different language. You will find that the one language you know will be heard by you and the others will be treated like noise. In the same manner each CDMAmobile communicationtakes place with a "code" communicating between them and the other end if one is knowing that code then only it can listen to the data being transmittedi.e.thecommunicationisinthecodedform. On the other hand GSM(Global System for Mobile Communications) uses narrowband TDMA, which allows eight simultaneous calls on the same radio frequency.TDMA works by dividing a radio frequency into time slots and then allocating slots to multiple calls. In this way, asingle frequencycansupportmultiple,simultaneousdatachannel. GSMprovideinternationalroamingwhileCDMAdoesnot. GSMworkson900and1800MHzwhileCDMAdoesonlyon900MHz.

WhatisBarkhausencriteria? Barkhausen criteria, without which you will not know which conditions, are to be satisfied for oscillations. Oscillations will not be sustained if, at the oscillator frequency, the magnitude of the product of the transfer gain of the amplifier and the magnitude of the feedback factor of the feedback network(themagnitudeoftheloopgain)arelessthanunity?. The condition of unity loop gain A=1 iscalledtheBarkhausencriterion.Thisconditionimplies that A =1andthatthephaseofAiszero.

BarkhausenCriteria:Forsustainedoscillations 1.Thetotalphaseshiftaroundaloopisprecisely0degreeor360degree. 2. The magnitude of the product of open loop gain of the amplifier and the magnitude of the feedbackfactorisunity. ThatisA=1

How many satellites are required to cover the earth?

3 satellites are required to coverthe entire earth, which is placed at 120 degree to each other. Thelifespanofthesatelliteisabout15years.
What is a transducer and transponder?

A transducer is a device, usually electrical, electronic, electromechanical, electromagnetic, photonic, or photovoltaic that converts one type of energy or physical attribute to another forvariouspurposesincludingmeasurementorinformationtransfer. In telecommunication, the term transponder (shortfor Transmitterresponder and sometimes abbreviatedtoXPDR,XPNDR,TPDRorTP)hasthefollowingmeanings: * An automatic devicethatreceives,amplifies, and retransmits a signalonadifferentfrequency (seealsobroadcasttranslator). * An automatic device that transmits a predetermined message in response to a predefined receivedsignal. *Areceivertransmitterthatwillgenerateareplysignaluponproperelectronicinterrogation. A communications satellite?s channels are called transponders, because each is a separate transceiverorrepeater.

Transducer is a device which converts any physical quantity such as temperature,pressureetc intoequivalentelectricsignal. transponder (shortfor Transmitterresponder)is an automatic device that receives, amplifies, and retransmits a signal on a different frequency.example communication,broadcasting satellites.
What is crosstalk?

Crosstalk is a form of interference caused by signals in nearby conductors. The most

common example is hearing an unwanted conversation on the telephone. Crosstalk can also occurinradios,televisions,networkingequipment,andevenelectricguitars.
Explain Full duplex and half duplex.

Full duplex refers to the transmission of data in two directions simultaneously.For example, a telephone is a fullduplex device because both parties can talk at once. In contrast, a

walkietalkieisahalfduplexdevicebecauseonlyonepartycantransmitatatime. Most modems have a switch that lets you choose between fullduplexandhalfduplex modes. Thechoicedependsonwhichcommunicationsprogramyouarerunning. In fullduplex mode,data you transmit does not appear onyourscreenuntilithasbeenreceived and sent back by the other party. This enables you to validatethatthedatahasbeenaccurately transmitted. If your display screen shows two of each character, it probably means that your modemissettohalfduplexmodewhenitshouldbeinfullduplexmode.

full duplex is nothing but device which allows us to transmite and recieve sinultenously with greaterefficiency.
Difference between mobile and a cell phone.

There is nodifference,justlanguageuse,which differsfromcountrytocountry,soinBritainitis called a mobile, and inUSA and South Africa and other placesacellphone.EveninEurope the name differs. The Germans callit a "handy", which in English has completely another meaning as an adjective, meaning useful. In Italy itiscalleda telofoninoor"littlephone".Thisdifferencein British and American English is alsoevidentinmanyother things weuseeveryday,likeliftsand elevators, nappies and diapers, pickups and trucks. The list goes on and on, any student of Englishhastodecidewhichheorshewilluse,asthedefaultsetting. mobile is a technology and cell phone is sub technology in it. tounderstanditclearlyconsidera walkie talkie and cell phone. Both are different technologies but both are mobile. The way they communicateisalsodifferent.