Math ES Project

Done by: Abdalla Askar , Khalid Abdalla Abdalla AlZari. Grade: 12 1

Part I: Differentiation Project

In this project you will apply the rules you have learned to solve different real life problems.

Internet Search
Information about the following: Derivatives in Real life. Geometrical Meaning of Differentiation. Situations involving Rolles theorem and Mean value Theorem. Orthogonal Curves.

Derivatives in Real life

Automobile: In an automobile there is always an odometer and speedometer. These two gauges work in tandem and allow the driver to determine his speed and his distance that he has traveled. Electronic versions of these gauges simple use derivatives to transform the data sent to the electronic motherboard from the tires to Miles Per Hour (MPH) and distance (Km).

Radar Guns

Keeping with the automobile theme from the previous slide, all police officers who use radar guns are actually taking advantage of the easy use of derivatives. When a radar gun is pointed and red at your care on the highway, the gun is able to determine the time and distance at which the radar was able to hit a certain section of your vehicle. With the use of derivatives it is able to calculate the speed at which the car was going and also report the distance that the car was from the radar gun.

Business
In the business world there are many applications for derivatives. One of the most import applications is when the data has been charted on a graph or data table such as excel. Once it has be input the data can be graphed and with the application of derivatives you can estimate the prot and loss points for certain ventures.

Graphs
The most common application of derivatives is to analyze graphs of data the can be collected from many different elds. Using derivatives one is able to calculate the gradient of any point of a graph

2. Geometrical Meaning of Differentiation

The essence of calculus is the derivative. The derivative is the instantaneous rate of change of a function with respect to one of its variables. This is equivalent to finding the slope of the tangent line to the function at a point. Let's use the view of derivatives as tangents to motivate a geometric definition of the derivative.

continue

We want to find the slope of the tangent line to a graph at the point P. We can approximate the slope by drawing a line through the point P and another point nearby, and then finding the slope of that line, called a secant line. The slope of a line is determined using the following formula (m represents slope):

Let P = (x,y) and Q = (a,b). Let

Then the slope of the line: continue

Now, we chose an arbitrary interval to be Delta-x. How does the size of Delta-x affect our estimate of the slope of the tangent line? The smaller Delta-x is, the more accurate this approximation is. There is a wonderful animation of this by Douglas Arnold. Look at it here. You can see on the left of the animation how Deltax decreases, causing the secant line the approach the tangent, where it zooms in on the right. Another animation of this (also from Douglas Arnold) is here. What we want to do is decrease the size of Delta-x as much as possible. We do this by taking the limit as Delta-x approaches zero. In the limit, assuming the limit exists, we will find the exact slope of the tangent line to the curve at the given point. This value is the derivative;

3. Situations involving Rolles theorem and Mean value Theorem

The Mean Value Theorem is one of the most important theoretical tools in Calculus. It states that if f(x) is defined and continuous on the interval [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b), then there is at least one number c in the interval (a,b) (that is a < c < b) such that

The special case, when f(a) = f(b) is known as Rolle's Theorem. In this case, we have f '(c) =0. In other words, there exists a point in the interval (a,b) which has a horizontal tangent. In fact, the Mean Value Theorem can be stated also in terms of slopes. Indeed, the number

Rolles theorem states that if f is a function dened on a closed interval [a, b] such that the following three conditions hold: (i) f is continuous on [a, b] (ii) f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b) (iii) f(a) = f(b) = 0, then there exists c (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0. (It turns out that the condition that both f(a) and f(b) be equal to zero is not necessary we can weaken it to simply requiring that f(a) equal f(b).

A simple situation:
Assume that f is a continuous, real-valued function, defined on an arbitrary interval I of the real line. If the derivative of f at every interior point of the interval I exists and is zero, then f is constant. Proof: Assume the derivative of f at every interior point of the interval I exists and is zero. Let (a, b) be an arbitrary open interval in I. By the mean value theorem, there exists a point c in (a,b) such that:

This implies that f(a) = f(b). Thus, f is constant on the interior of I and thus is constant on I by continuity.

Orthogonal Curves
Two curves are said to be orthogonal if the derivative of the function of the argument is the negative reciprocal of the other at all times. For instance the curves y = (x^2)/2 and -ln(|x|) are orthogonal curves In mathematics, orthogonal trajectories are a family of curves in the plane that intersect a given family of curves at right angles. The problem is classical, but is now understood by means of complex analysis.

For a family of level curves described by where C is a constant, trajectories may be found as the level curves of a new function by solving the partial differential equation For . This is literally a statement that the gradients of the functions (which are perpendicular to the curves) are orthogonal. Note that if F and G are functions of three variables instead of two, the equation above will be nonlinear and will specify orthogonal surfaces. continue

Let a family of curves be given by the equation

where C is a constant. For the given family of curves, we can draw the orthogonal trajectories, i.e. another family of curves f(x,y) = C that cross the given curves at right angles.
For example, the orthogonal trajectory of the family of straight lines defined by the equation y = kx, where k is a parameter (the slope of the straight line), is any circle having center at the origin (Figure 1):

Fig.1

Fig.2

Similarly, the orthogonal trajectories of the family of ellipses

are confocal hyperbolas satisfying the equation:

Both families of curves are sketched in Figure 2. Here a and b play the role of parameters describing the family of ellipses and hyperbolas, respectively.

Tangent:
If we are traveling in a car around a corner and we hit something slippery on the road (like oil, ice, water or loose gravel) and our car starts to skid, it will continue in a direction tangent to the curve.

Roadway Design:

Cars on a certain road way travel on a circular arc of radius "r". In order not to rely on friction alone to overcome the centrifugal force, the road is Banked at an angle of magnitude from the horizontal see figure. The banking angle must satisfy the equation rg tan = v2, Where v is the velocity of the cars and g=32 ft/sec/sec is the acceleration due to gravity. Find the relationship between the related rates dv/dt and d/dt.

the relationship between the related rates.

rg tan = v2 32r tan = v2 r is constant. 32r sec2 () d/dt = 2v dv/dt Dv/dt = 16r/v sec2 d/dt

d/dt = v/16r cos2 dv/dt

Part II: Mean Value theorem and its interpretation

In calculus, the mean value theorem states, roughly: that given a planar arc between two endpoints, there is at least one point at which the tangent to the arc is parallel to the secant through its endpoints. The theorem is used to prove global statements about a function on an interval starting from local hypotheses about derivatives at points of the interval. More precisely, if a function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], where a < b, and differentiable on the open interval (a, b), then there exists a point c in (a, b) such that

Proof:
The expression (f(b) f(a)) / (b a) gives the slope of the line joining the points (a, f(a)) and (b, f(b)), which is a chord of the graph of f, while f(x) gives the slope of the tangent to the curve at the point (x, f(x)). Thus the Mean value theorem says that given any chord of a smooth curve, we can find a point lying between the end-points of the curve such that the tangent at that point is parallel to the chord.

Two stationary patrol cars equipped with radar are 5 miles apart on a highway as shown above. A truck passes the first patrol car; its speed is clocked at 55 miles per hour. Four minutes later when the truck passes the second patrol car, its speed is clocked at 50 miles per hour. Prove that the truck must have exceeded the speed limit, which is 70 miles per hour.

1) t1=0 hr. time when the truck passes the first patrol car.

t2=4min=4/60=1/15 time when the truck passes the second patrol car.
2) s(t) represent the distance miles traveled by the truck. We know that s(0)= 0 mi, and s(1/1 )= 5 mi 3)The average velocity of the truck for the 5 miles: s/t=s1/15 s(0)/1/15 0=5/1/15=75 mph
Average velocity=

By assuming that the position s(t) function is differentiable so we applied the mean value theorem to find that the truck should have been traveling at a rate more than 70 mph sometime during the 4 minutes.

F=f(b)-f(a)/b-a
F(c)=f(b) - f(a)/b-a So, v(t) = st=s(1/15) - s(0)/1/15-0=5/1/15=75 mph v(t)= 75 mph

Part III: Air Plane landing Path.

An airplane is flying altitude H when it begins descent to an airport runaway that is at horizontal ground distance L from the airplane as shown in the figure below. Assume the landing path of the airplane is the graph of a cubic polynomial function y=ax3+bx2+cx+d Where y(-L)=H and y(0) =0.

Find dy/dx x=0 and when x=-L

Use the values for dy/dx at x=0 and x= -L together with y(0) = 0 and y(-L) = H

to show that y(x)= H [2(x/L)3+3(x/L)2]

Y = ax3 + bx2 + cx +d
1. Y(0)= 0, Y(0)= a(0)3 + b(0)2 + c(0) +d = d so d = 0 2. Y(-L)= a(-L)3 + b(-L)2 + c(-L) = -aL3 + bL2 + cL 3. Y(x)= 3ax2 + 2bx + c 4. Y(0) = 0 which cane be notice from the graph

Y(0)= 3a(0)2 + 2b(0) + c = c c = 0

5. Y(-L) = 0 which cane be notice from the graph Y(-L)= 3a(-L)2 + 2b(-L) = 0 Y(-L)= 3aL2 - 2bL = 0 b = 3aL2/2L=3aL/2, b = 3aL/2

6. By using the equation from step 2 and substitute value of b we can find a: -aL3+bL2=H

-aL3+(3aL/2)L2=H

-aL3+(3aL3/2)=H
aL3/2= Ha =2H/L3

So, b=3aL/2=3(2H/L3)L/2=6H/2L2=3H/L2 (b=3H/L2 ) Then, y(x)= ax3+bx2 = (2H/L3)(x3) + (3H/L2 )(x2) = H(2x3/L3) + (3x/2L2 ) = H(2(X/L)3+3(x/L)2) y(x) = H(2(X/L)3+3(x/L)2) ( a=2H/L3) ,

VERTICAL MOTION
Hamad kicks a football vertically upward and the ball traces a path of an inverted parabola. After t seconds its height above the ground is given by s = 60t 16t2

Questions.
a) After how many seconds will the ball touches the ground?

b) Discuss the specialty about the time t = 158.

c) Find the maximum height attained by the ball.

d) Find the instantaneous velocity at t = 1 second.

Answer A
a). s(t) = 60t - 16t2 0 = 60t - 16t2 0 = (4t-15) (4t) 4t=0 t=0 Or 3.75 s 4t 15 = 0 4t = 15, t=

Answer B
b). T= 15/8 s, S(15/8) = ?? S(T)= -16t2 + 60t

S(15/8)=-16(15/8)2 +60(15/8)
S(15/8)= 56.25 m

It is 56.25 m away from the ground.

It is half the time of the total period. It is the maximum heights reached by the ball, after this height the ball will starts to fall.

Answer C
The maximum height attended is always located in the half of the path, which is at the half of the total period, and we found in question a and it is 3.75 s. Smax height = S(3.75/2) S(3.75/2) = 60(3.75/2) - 16(3.75/2)2 S(3.75/2)= 56.25 m The maximum height is 56.25 m.

Answer D
v(t)=s(t) therefore v(1) = s(1)

s(t) = -16t2 + 60t s(t)=(-2)(16t) + 60 = -32t + 60 v(1) = s(1) = -32(1)+60 = 28 m/s Instantaneous velocity at t= 1s = 28 m/s