Philippine Normal University Taft Avenue, Manila College of Languages, Linguistics, and Literature DEPAERTMENT OF LINGUISTICS, BILINGUAL EDUCATION

and LITERATURE LING ! "#emantics$ #ummer %!&' M() "%*!!( *!! PM$ +r, )lorencia Mar-ue. ________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________ TECHNIQUES IN ANALYZING MEANING I. Compon n!"a# Ana#$%"% ( Also called semantic decomposition or le/ical decomposition, this approach to meaning tries to represent a 0ord1s intension in terms of smaller components called % man!"& ' a!() % o) p)op )!" %2 pieces of information a3out a 0ord on 0hich spea4ers of the language agree ")rom4in, 5odman, 6yams, %!!'$, This approach is especially effective 0hen it comes to representing similarities and difference among 0ords 0ith related meanings, An o3vious advantage of this is that it allo0s us to group entities into natural classes, This approach gives us the most impressive results 0hen applied to sets of 0ords referring to classes of entities 0ith shared properties "71Grady 8 +o3rovols4y, &99'$, e,g, :man; :male; :motion; :contact; :creation; :sense; * * man * + 0oman + * 3oy + + girl

E, )&"%

A.-

)or each group of 0ords given 3elo0, state the semantic

property or properties distinguishing 3et0een the classes of "a$ 0ords and "3$ 0ords, If as4ed, also indicate a semantic property the "a$ 0ords and the "3$ 0ords share, A, "a$ 3oo4, temple, mountain, road, tractor "3$ idea, love, charity, sincerity, 3ravery, fear The "a$ 0ords are <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< The "3$ 0ords are <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< =, "a$ Pine, elm, ash, 0eeping 0illo0, sycamore "3$ rose, dandelion, aster, tulip, daisy The "a$ and "3$ 0ords are <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< The "a$ 0ords are <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< The "3$ 0ords are <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< C, "a$ as4, tell, say, tal4, converse "3$ shout, 0hisper, mutter, dra0l, holler The "a$ and "3$ 0ords are <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< The "a$ 0ords are <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< The "3$ 0ords are <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< +, "a$ a3sent(present, alive(dead, asleep(a0a4e, married(single "3$ 3ig(small, cold(hot, sad(happy, slo0(fast

The "a$ and "3$ 0ords are <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< The "a$ 0ords are <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< The "3$ 0ords are <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >, "a$ 0al4, run, s4ip, ?ump, hop, s0im "3$ fly, s4ate, s4i, ride, cycle, canoe, hang(glide The "a$ and "3$ 0ords are <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< The "a$ 0ords are <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< The "3$ 0ords are <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< II. P) d"&a!"on Ana#$%"% ( Involves 3rea4ing do0n predications into their immediate

constituents, Componential and predication analysis 3oth ena3le us to represent the greater part of sentences "Leech, &9@%$, ( The p) d"&a!o) of a simple declarative sentence is the 0ord or sometimes a group of 0ords$ 0hich does not to any of the referring e/pressions and 0hich, of the remainder ma4es the most specific contri3ution to the meaning of the sentence, Intuitively spea4ing the predicator descri3es the state or process in 0hich the referring e/pressions are involved, E.ERCISE B.- #trip a0ay the referring e/pressions and the ver3 be to identify the predicators in the follo0ing sentences* &, They are thirsty, <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< %, Tristan is in #an +iego, <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

', The man is a fraud, <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< A, The , The 0omen 5oyal 0ho #cottish live at 5M%!AB is are 0himsical, college, <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Museum 3ehind the <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ( The p) d"&a!o) in sentences can 3e various parts of speech* ad?ectives, ver3s, prepositions, and nouns, +espite the o3vious syntactic differences 3et0een these different types of 0ords, semantically they all share the property of 3eing a3le to function as predicators of sentences, 6o0ever, 0ords of other parts of speech, such as con?unctions and articles cannot serve as predicators, E.RECISE B./ In the follo0ing sentences, indicate the

predicators and arguments, &, +ennis is a menace, predicator* <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< argument <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< %, Anne sho0ed Linda her nec4lace, predicator* <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< argument <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ', 5onnie is afraid of dogs, predicator* <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< argument <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< A, The chapel is on the hill, predicator* <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< argument <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< , Chicago is 3et0een Los Angeles and Ne0 Cor4, predicator* <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< argument <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< B, Dohn loves Mary, predicator* <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< argument <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< E, Mary gave Dohn a ne0 tie, "s$* "s$* "s$* "s$* "s$* "s$*

predicator* <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< argument <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< @, Dohn is a linguist, predicator* <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< argument <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 9, >d is a fool, predicator* <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< argument <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< &!,Dohn is the +ean of the College, predicator* <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< argument <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< (

"s$*

"s$*

"s$*

"s$*

A predicate is any 0ord "or se-uence of 0ords$ 0hich "in a given single sense$ can function as the predicator of a sentence such as hunfry, in, croo4, asleep, hit, sho0, 3ottleF and, or, 3ut, not are not predicates,

( E.ERCISE B.0 &, dusty %, s0allo0 ', gentleman A, you , a3out ( Are the follo0ing predicatesG Ces H No Ces H No Ces H No Ces H No Ces H No

Notice that Ipredicate1 and Ipredicator1 are terms of -uite different sorts, The term Ipredicate1 identifies elements in the language system, independently of particular e/ample sentencesF the Ipredicator1 identifies the semantic role played 3y a particular 0ords "or group of 0ords$ in a particular sentence,

E.ERCISE B.1

In 0hich of the follo0ing sentences does the

predicate male function as predicatorG Circle your ans0er,

"a$ The male gorilla at the .oo had a nasty accident yesterday, "3$ The gorilla at the .oo is a male, "c$ The gorilla at the .oo is male, In 0hich of the follo0ing sentences does the predicate human function as predicatorG "a$ All humans are mortal "3$ #ocrates 0as human "c$ These 3ones are human ( The degree of predicate is a num3er indicating the num3er of arguments it is normally understood to have n simple sentences, e,g, Asleep is a predicate degree of one "often called a one(place predicate$ Love "ver3$ is a predicate of degree t0o "a t0o(place predicate$ E.ERCISE B.2 &, Are the follo0ing sentences accepta3leG a, Tony snee.ed Ces H No 3, Tony snee.ed a handful of pepper Ces H No c, Tony snee.ed his sister a handful of pepper Ces H No %, #o is sneeze a one(place predicate G Ces H No ', Are the follo0ing sentences accepta3le in normal usageG a, Martha hit 3, Martha hit the side3oard c, Martha hit George the side3oard Ces H No A, #o is hit a one(place predicateG , Is die a one(place predicateG Ces H No Ces H No Ces H No Ces H No

B, Is come a one(place predicateG Ces H No E, Is murder "ver3$ a one(place predicate Ces H No

A ver3 that is understood most naturally 0ith ?ust t0o arguments, one as it su3?ect, and one as its o3?ect, is a t0o(place predicate, e,g In Martha hit the parrot , hit is a t0o(place predicate* it has an argument, Martha, as su3?ect and an argument , the parrot, as direct o3?ect,

E.ERCISE B.3

&, Are the follo0ing sentences accepta3leG a, Keith made Ces H No 3, Keith made this toy guillotine Ces H No c, Jeith made this toy guillotine his mother(in(la0

Ces H No %, Is make a t0o(place predicate Ces H No ', Is murder a t0o(place predicate Ces H No A, Is see a t0o(place predicate Ces H No ( There are a fe0 three(place predicatesF the ver3 give is the 3est e/ample, E.ERCISE B.4 )or each of the follo0ing sentences, say 0hether it seems some0hat elliptical "i,e, seems to omit something that one 0ould normally e/pect to 3e mentioned$, #ome of these sentences are more accepta3le that others,

&, 6enry gave Ces H No %, 6enry gave #elma Ces H No ', 6enry gave a nice present Ces H No A, 6enry gave #elma a nice present Ces H No , 6o0 many referring e/pressions are there in no,A Ces H No ( Ke have concentrated so far on predicates that happen to 3e ver3s, 6o0ever, there are sentences in 0hich the predicate could 3e a preposition, ad?ective, and noun,

E.ERCISE B.5 Prepositions &, 6o0 many referring e/pression are there in Your marble is under my chairG<<<<< %, Is Your marble is under accepta3le in normal usageG ', Is Your marble is under my chair the carpet accepta3leG Ces H No A, #o, 0hat degree is the predicate underG <<<<<<<<<< , 7f 0hat degree is the predicate nearG <<<<<<<<<< B, Is Dundee is between Aberdeen accepta3leG <<<<<<<<<< E, Is Dundee is between Aberdeen and Edinburg accepta3leG <<<<<<<<<< Ces H No

@, 7f 0hat degree is the predicate betweenG <<<<<<<<<< Ad ectives &, Is Dohn is afraid of )ido accepta3leG Ces H No %, +oes !ohn is afraid seem ellipticalG ', Could afraid 3e called a t0o(place predicateG Ces H No A, Is Your house is different from mine accepta3leG Ces H No , +oes Your house is different seem ellipticalG Ces H No B, 7f 0hat degree is the predicate differentG <<<<<<<<<< E, 7f 0hat degree is the predicate identicalG <<<<<<<<<< @, 7f 0hat degree is the predicate similarG <<<<<<<<<< "ouns &, 6o0 many referring e/pression are there in !ohn is a corporal G <<<<<<<<<< %, Is !ohn is a corporal the army accepta3leG Ces H No ', 7f 0hat degree is corporalG <<<<<<<<<< A, 7f 0hat degree is croo4G <<<<<<<<<< , 7f 0hat degree is the 0ord heroG <<<<<<<<<< B, 6o0 many referring e/pressions are there in This o3?ect is a pitchfor4G <<<<<<<<<< E, 7f 0hat degree is pitchfor4G <<<<<<<<<< Ces H No

S$mm !)$, R '# ,"6"!$, and T)an%"!"6"!$ There are si/ sense properties that a predicate may have, These si/ properties fall neatly into three groups of t0o, groups 0hich might come under the headings of I symmetry,1 Irefle#ivity,1 and Itransitivity,1 The t0o properties in each group are related to each other in e/actly parallel 0ays, All of these properties are properties of t0o(place predicates, A. SYMMETRY 7S. ASYMMETRY Given a t0o place predicate P, if, for any pair of referring e/pressions L and C, the sentence LPC >NTAIL# the sentence CPL, then P is #CMM>T5IC E.ERCISE B.8 1. +o the follo0ing pairs of sentence s entail each otherG Tan.ania is different from Jenya, Ces H No Jenya is different from Tan.ania Ces H No 2. Is different a symmetric predicateG Ces H No 3. +oes Mary is married to $ans entail $ans is married to MaryG Ces H No 4. Is married to a predicate symmetric predicateG Ces H No 5. +oes Mary is devoted to $ans entail $ans is devoted to MaryG Ces H No 6. Is devoted to a symmetric predicateG Ces H No

Given a t0o(place predicate P, if the sentence LPC is a contradictory of =ill is taller than Dohn, Therefore, taller than is an asymmetric predicate, E.ERCISE B.-9 &, %s !ohn is under the table a contradictory of &he table is under !ohnG Ces H No %, Is under asymmetricG Ces H No A, Is admire as in !immy (arter admires "orman Mailer asymmetricG Ces H No Ces H No ', Is father of as in Alphonso was the father of 'enito asymmetricG

B. REFLE.I7ITY 7S. IRREFLE.I7ITY Given a t0o(place predicate P, if for any single referring e/pression L "or any pair of referring e/pressions L and C 0hich have the same referent, e,g, Dohn and himself$, the sentence LPL "or the sentence LPC$ is ANALCTIC , then P is a 5>)L>LIM> predicate, E.ERCISE B.-&, +o % and myself have the same referent in % am as old as myself,G Ces H No %, Is % am as old as myself analyticG Ces H No ', #o is the predicate 3e as old as refle/iveG Ces H No A, Are the capitali.ed predicates in the follo0ing sentences refle/iveG a, Dohn1s door4ey is I+>NTICAL T7 itselfG Ces H No

3, Dohn L7M># himself, Ces H No Given a t0o(place predicate P, if for any single referring e/pression L "or for any pair of referring e/pressions L and C 0hich have the same referent e,g, Dac4 and himself$ the sentence LPL "or the sentence LPC$ is a C7NT5A+ICTI7N, then P is a I55>)L>LIM> predicate, >L>5CI#> =,&% 1. in Mary is different from herself a contradiction Ces H No 2. contradictionG 3. irrefle/iveG 4. irrefle/iveG a, Mary L7M># herself Ces H No 3, )red is #675T>5 T6AN himself Ces H No #o Are follo0ing sentences Ces H No Is Mary Ces H No is the predicate is different in from the Ces H No the capitali.ed predicates is different from herself a +o Mary and herself have the same referent

C. TRANSITI7ITY 7S. INTRANSITI7ITY ( Given a t0o(place predicate P, if for any trio of referring e/pressions L, C, and N the compound sentence LPC and LPN entails the sentence LPN, then P is T5AN#ITIM>,

E.ERCISE B.-0 &, Is a3ove in the follo0ing sentence a t0o(place predicateG Dohns flat is a3ove mine and mine is a3ove Mary1s Ces H No %, Khat does the a3ove sentence entail concerning the relation 3et0een Dohn1s flat and Mary1sG Dohn1s flat is <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< ', Are the capitali.ed predicates in the follo0ing sets of sentences transitiveG a, #ocrates 0as KI#>5 T6AN Plato and Plato 0as KI#>5 T6AN Aristotle #ocrates 0as KI#>5 T6AN Aristotle Ces H N7 3, Mary1s cat is the )AT6>5 7) Gill1s cat and Gill1s cat is the )AT6>5 7) Gerlad1s cat Mary1s cat is the )AT6>5 7) Gerald1s cat Ces H No Given a t0o(place predicate P, if for any trio of referring respression L, C, and N, the compound sentence LPC and CPN is C7NT5A+ICT75C of LPN, then P is INT5AN#ITIM>, E.ERCISE B.-1 a, enemy of 3, disli4e c, grandchild of d, t0o inches taller than e, ?ealous of Are the follo0ing predicates intransitiveG Ces H No Ces H No Ces H No Ces H No Ces H No

III.

I##o&(!"ona)$ App)oa&: !o M an"n; ( An illocutionary act is 0hat the spea4er does in uttering a sentence, Illocutionary acts include such acts as stating, re-uesting, promising, apologi.ing, and appointing, Classification of Illocuationary Acts &, )epresentative O an utterance used to descri3e state of affairs, %, Directive O an utterance used to try to get the hearer to do something, ', *uestion O an utterance used to get the hearer provide information, A, (ommissive ( an utterance used to commit the spea4er to do something , E#pressive O an utterance used to e/press the emotional state of the spea4er, B, Declaration O an utterance used to change the status of some entity, E, )&"% E, )&"% C.Classify each of the follo0ing utterances as directive, commissive, representative, e#pressive, +uestion, or declaration, &, A child says to her playmate, $appy birthday, %, A doctor says to a patient, % advise you to stop smoking, ', 7ne secretary says to another, My daughter,s getting married in August, A, A priest says over to an infant, % baptize you in the name ofP , A mother says to her daughter, -ho washed the dishesG B, A passer3y says to a motorist 0ith a flat tire, .et me help you with that/ E, 7ne friend says to another, % swear won,t see Martha again, @, A parent says to her child, % forbid you to leave your room, 9, A man says to a friend, -hat time is itG

&!,A 3uyer says to a seller, % agree to your terms,

E,p#"&"! 6 )%(% Non+ ,pp#"&"! I##o&(!"ona)$ A&!% Austin most important insight 0as the reali.ation that >nglish has a set of ver3s that actually names the illocutionary force of that ver3, In the follo0ing sentences, the ver3s are 4no0n as performative verbs, e,g, I confess that I stole the family ?e0els, I warn you to stop teasing our sister, I promise I1ll come to your 3irthday party, I apologize for calling you a liar, 6o0ever, in order for the ver3 to have its performative sense, it must* i, 3e positive ii, 3e in present tense iii, have a first person agent iv, refer to the specific event The term explicit performative descri3es an utterance that contains performative ver3 used in its performative sense, Any utterance not containing a performative ver3 used it its performative sense are called nonexplicit performative, E,p#"&"! P )'o)ma!"6 P )'o)ma!"6 5epresentative 4ill Coc4 5o3in +irective room, Question you last nightG I ask you 0here you 0ere last night Khere 0ere I forbid you to leave your room +on1t leave your I deny that I 4illed Coc4 5o3in I did not Non+ ,p#"&"!

Commissive >/pressive +eclaration here anymore, E.ERCISE

I vow that I1ll 3e faithful to you, I thank you for your help, I resign ,

I1ll 3e faithful to you, I appreciate your help, I don1t 0or4

>/plain 0hy each of the performative ver3s in the follo0ing utterances is not 3eing used in its performative sense, &, %, ', A, , I 0arned you not to open that door, Promise her anything, 3ut give her Arpege, I 0on1t insist that you leave, Mr, Dones inisists that you 0or4 late tonight, Aplogi.e to your Aunt Martha immediately,

D") &! 6 )%(% Ind") &! I##o&(!"ona)$ A&! Particular sentences types are associated 0ith a particular illocutionary acts, )or e/ample, imperative sentences 0'ring me my coat1 are uni-uely deigned for issuing directives, Thus, a directive delivered 3y means of an imperative sentence is said to constitute a direct illocutionary act, 6o0ever, if another sentence type, for e/ample an interrogative, is used to isse a directive "-ould you bring me my coat213 then such an autterance is said to constitute an indirect illocutionary act, D") &! I##o&(!"ona)$ A&!% U!! )an& S$n!a&!"& Fo)m Jeep -uiet, Imperative +o you 4no0 MaryG I1ll help you 0ith the dishes, Cou1re fired, Ind") &! I##o&(!"ona)$ A&!% Question Commissive +eclaration Interrogative +eclarative +eclarative +irective I##o&(!"ona)$ A&!

Cou might give me a hand 0ith this +irective And you areP Could you 4eep -uietG +o you have the timeG Interrogative E, )&"% Question +irective Kh( -uestion

+eclarative +eclarative Interrogative Ces(No

)or each of the follo0ing utterances state "i$ the syntactic form, "ii$ illocutionary act it performs, and "iii$ 0hether the illocutionary act is performed directly or indirectly, &, A cler4 says to a customer, And your account number isP %, A sign at the entrance to a cafeteria* %t is impolite to pass others if there is a space ahead, ', An impatient hus3and grouses to his 0ife, 4houldn,t we be leaving soonG A, The envelope supplied for paying your credit card 3ill carries the follo0ing notice* Did you remember to sign your checkG , A student, 0heedling a teacher for an A, says %f % don,t get an A in this course3 %,ll lose my scholarship ,

R ' ) n& % )rom4in, M,, 5, 5odman, and N, 6yams, "%!!'$, %ntroduction to language, MA* 6einle Gon.ales, Mildred D,, T,P, Ignacio, and M,L,G, Tayao, "&99E$, Applied linguistic for the communication arts/ QC* University of the Philippines 7pen University, 6urford, Dames 5,, =, 6easley, M, =, #mith, "%!!E$, 4emantics5 a coursebook, NC* Cam3ridge University Press, Leech, Geoffrey, "&9@&$, 4emantics5 &he study of meaning, UJ* Penguin =oo4s Ltd, 7RGrady, Killiam, M, +o3rovols4y, 8 ), Jatam3a "%!!&$ (ontemporary .inguistics 5 An %ntroduction, #t, MartinRs Press, http*HH000,colorado,eduHlingHcoursesHLAM'A'!HChapter9notes,pdf P) pa) d <$ B )na)d M. Pad ) % MA L"n;("%!"&% < )na)dpad ) %=;ma"#.&om

E, )&"%

A In!ona!"ona# M an"n;

+I5>CTI7N* Krite the letter of the utterance that ans0ers the -uestion a3out each set of utterances, a, really 3, really <<<<<&, <<<<< %, Khich one e/presses surpriseG Khich one so0 that the spea4er does not put too much importance on 0hat 0as saidG

c, I heard him say, S)ireTU

d, I heard him say, S)ireTU e, I heard him say, S)ireTU <<<<< ', <<<<< A, <<<<< , In 0hich sentence is fire given as a command 3y the captain of a firing s-uad, In 0hich sentence is fire mentioned as a response to the -uestion, SKhat did he sayGU In 0hich sentence is fire uttered 0hen someone calls your name and you respond to find out 0hat he 0antsG

f, KhatG g, KhatG <<<<< B, <<<<< E, Khat -uestion is uttered 0hen someone calls your name and you respond to find out 0hat he 0antsG Khich utterance sho0s dis3eliefG

h, Is that soG i, Is that soG <<<<< @, Khich utterance sho0s dis3eliefG <<<<< 9, Khich utterance see4s informationG

#7U5C>* Gon.ales, Mildred D,, T,P, Ignacio, and M,L,G, Tayao, "&99E$, Applied linguistic for the communication arts/ QC* University of the Philippines 7pen University, E.ERCISE B> MORPHOLOGICAL MEANING

+I5>CTI7N* 6ere is a list of 0ords 0ith affi/es that give meaning to the root 0ord, Group together all the 0ords 0hose affi/es signal the same added meaning, Then 0rite on top of each group the additional meaning signalled 3y those affi/es, 6o0 many groups did you come up 0ithG act( actor 3eg( 3eggar 3roo4 O 3roo4let creep O crept decide O decided duc4 O duc4s direct O indirect du4e Oduches electric O electrician figure O figurine

fo/ O fo/es genus O genocide goose Ogeese hero O heroine homo( homicide infant O infanticide insect ( insecticide island Oislet ?anitor O ?anitress 4eep O 4ept legitimate O illegitimate modest O immodest mouse O mice opera O operetta o/ O o/en pest O pesticide

play O playlet prince O princess refuge O refugee regular O irregular

ste0ard O ste0ardess stop O non(stop study O studies tie O untie violin O violinist

sing O song stand O stood statue O statuette

0olf O 0olverine 0rite ( 0riter

#7U5C>* Gon.ales, Mildred D,, T,P, Ignacio, and M,L,G, Tayao, "&99E$, Applied linguistic for the communication arts/ QC* University of the Philippines 7pen University,

E.ERCISE C>

LE.ICAL MEANING

+I5>CTI7N* 6ere are other e/pressions 0hose 0ords have difference le/ical meanings depending on the conte/t in 0hich they are used, Krite the letter of the meaning given in Column = that suit the underlined 0ord in the e/pressions given in Column A in each set, #>T I <<<<< &, <<<<< %, a head of ca33age a clear head <<<<< ', team the head of our

<<<<< A, <<<<< , <<<<< B, 3usiness <<<<< E, <<<<< @,

come to a head a head 0ound a head for head for shore head the list

a, leader 3, intellectual inclination and a3ility #>T II <<<<< 9, taste <<<<< &!, <<<<< &&, <<<<< &%, GoT <<<<< &', <<<<< &A, <<<<< & , society, a, 3, c, d, e, f, g, a mar4 of good a high mar4 on a test miss the mar4 7n your mar4, Get #et, leave mar4s on the floor Mar4 my 0ord Leave your mar4 on

c, mind d, part of the 3ody that contains the 3rain e, 3e the first or 3e at the top f, a unit of measure of a leafy vegeta3le rolled up in the shape of a 3all g, point of convergence h, move to0ards a place

target sign starting point prints pay attention to a 0arning legacy core

E.ERCISE D>

CONNONATATI7E MEANING

+I5>CTI7N* Put a plaus sign "V$ 3efore the e/pression if it gives a positive connotation of 3lue and put a minus sign "($ if the connotative meaning is negative, <<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<< &, 3lue3ird of happiness %, 3lue s4ies ', true 3lue A, 3lue(3looded royalty , 3lue Monday B, 3lac4 and 3lue mar4s E, feel 3lue @, sing the 3lues

#7U5C>* Gon.ales, Mildred D,, T,P, Ignacio, and M,L,G, Tayao, "&99E$, Applied linguistic for the communication arts/ QC* University of the Philippines 7pen University,