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POLYNOMIALS
Important Points
p(x) = anxn+an-1xn-1+…………………a2x2+a1x1+a0x0
8. A real number ‘a’ is a zero of a polynomial p(x) if p(a) = 0. In this case, a is also
called a root of the equation p(x) = 0.
9. Every linear polynomial in one variable has a unique zero, a non-zero constant
polynomial has no zero, and every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial.
10. Remainder Theorem: If p(x) is any polynomial of degree greater than or equal
to 1 and p(x) is divided by the linear polynomial x – a, then the remainder is p(a).
Proof: Let p(x) be any polynomial with degree greater than or equal to 1. Suppose
that when p(x) is divided by x – a, the quotient is q(x) and the remainder is r(x),
i.e.,
Since the degree of x – a is 1 and the degree of r(x) is less than the degree of x – a,
the degree of r(x) = 0. This means that r(x) is a constant, say r.
r(x) = r.
Therefore,
p(x) = (x – a) q(x) + r
p(a) = (a – a) q(a) + r = r,
Again,
s(–2) = 2(–2) + 4 = 0
So, x + 2 is a factor of 2x + 4.
Important Formulae
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
(x – y) 2 = x2 – 2xy + y2
x2 – y2 = (x + y) (x – y)
Solution: (x+4)(x+10)
= x2+10x+4x+4 × 10
= x2+14x+40
(ii) (x + 8) (x – 10)
Solution: x2-10x+8x-80
= x2-2x-80
Solution: 9x2-15x+12x-20
= 9x2-3x-20
3 3
(iv) (y2 + ) (y2- )
2 2
(ii) 95 × 96
Solution: 95 × 96
= (100-5)(100-4)
= 1002-400-500+20
= 10000-900+20
= 9120
(iii) 104 × 96
Solution: 104 × 96
= (100+4)(100-4)
= 1002-42
= 10000-16
= 9984
Solution: 9x2+6xy+y2
= 32x2+3xy+3xy+y2 …………………………… (1)
= 3x(3x+y)+y(3x+y)
= (3x+y)(3x+y)
= (3x+y)²
Alternate way of solving this problem:
Equation 1 gives a hint that this can be solved through following formula:
(a+b)² = a²+2ab+b²
(ii) 4y² – 4y + 1
Solution: (-2x+3y+2z)²
= 4x²+9y²+4z²-12xy+12yz-8zx
(iv) (3a – 7b – c)²
Solution: (x-y-z)²= x²+y²+z²-2xy-2yz-2zx
Hence, (3a-7b-c)²
= 9a²+49b²+c²-42ab-14bc-6ac
5. Factorise:
(i) 4x² + 9y² + 16z² + 12xy – 24yz – 16xz
3
(iii) ( x + 1 )³
2
(i) 99³
(ii) 102³
Solution: 102³ can be written as (100+2)³ and can be solved using (x+y)³
Hence, (100+2) ³
= 100³+2³+600(100+2)
= 1000000+8+61200
= 1061208
Solution:
= 8a³+b³+6ab(a+b)
=(2a+b)³
Solution:
8a³-b³-12a²b+6ab²
=8a³-b³-6ab(a+b)
=(2a-b)³
Note: Try to identify the values of x and y by carefully analysing the first
two terms of the equations. This will give you exact clue to the final answer.
1 9 1
(v) 27p³- - p²+ p
216 2 4
Solution: 27p³ can be written as 3³p³
Hence, x= 3p
1 1³
And can be written as
216 6³
1
Hence, y=
6
1
So, the required answer will be (3p- )³
6
Note: This step is to help you develop the problem solving skills. In exam
situation you have to write all steps to get full marks.
9. Verify :
(i) x³ + y³ = (x + y) (x² – xy + y²)
1
12. Verify that x³ + y³ + z³ – 3xyz = (x+y+z) [ (x-y)²+(y-z)²+(z-x)² ]
2
1
Solution: RHS (x+y+z) [ (x-y)²+(y-z)²+(z-x)² ]
2
1
= (x+y+z)(x²+y²-2xy+y²+z²-2yz+z²+x²-2zx)
2
1
= (x+y+z) (2x²+2y²+2z²-2xy-2yz-2zx)
2
=(x+y+z) (x²+y²+z²-xy-yz-zx)
14. Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of each of the following:
(i) (–12)³ + (7)³ + (5)³