Patented July 27, 1948

2,445,951 .

UNITED STATES PATENT 0F FlCE

2,445,951 '

METHOD OF PRODUCING WELDED JOINTS

Theodore E. Kihlgren, Scotch Plains, and Charles
E. Lacy, West?eld, N. J., assignors to The In

ternational Nickel Company, Inc., New York, N. Y., a corporation of Delaware

No Drawing. Application December 26, 19,46; Se

rial No. 718,620. In Canada October 25. 1946

12 Claims. (CL 219-8)

and theiron content proportionately high than
is required when the nickel content of- such parts

The present invention relates to the welding of high nickel alloys, and it relates more particu
larly to a method and means for producing duc

tile, single and multiple bead welds essentially

free of hot cracking tendencies. The present invention is a continuation-in part of our co-pending application, U. S. Serial No. 602,498, ?led June 30, 1945, now U. S. Patent No. 2,422,489, and particularly with respect to the method and the welded structure free of weld hot cracking. In our aforesaid co-pending applicae tion, we have shown that weld hot cracking tend encies encountered in welding high nickel con

is relatively high and the iron content propor tionately low, and. when in each case, the fusion
metal is otherwise of substantially the same

nickel-chromium-iron composition as that of the

parts united bythe fusion metal. . .

ing in the fusion deposit suitable amounts of 35

tendency being greater, the greater the amount of similar composition of nickel-chromium-iron of silicon present. We have further shown there 20 alloys, said joint being substantially devoid of hot in that this deleterious effect of the silicon in cracking. the fusion is substantially overcome by introduc A further object of the present invention is the ing columbium into the welding element in an provision of welding electrodes containing colum amount su?icient to maintain in the fusion de bium and silicon in such de?nite and predeter gosit a columbium to silicon ratio of at least mined relationship to each other and to the nickel .5 to 1. and iron content of said electrode that welds We have now discovered that the effect of made therefrom will have columbium and silicon silicon in promoting weld hot cracking in nickel in a ratio exceeding a certain minimum value. chromium-iron alloys extends to considerably It is a still further object of the present inven higher iron contents and lower nickel contents, 30 tion to provide a method for producing welded at comparable chromium levels, than were dis- joints in nickel-chromium-iron alloys which are closed in the above-mentioned application, and capable of meeting free- bend requirements. that weld hot cracking can be eliminated in these Other objects and advantages willbecome ap alloys of lower nickel content also by incorporat parent from the following disclosure.
In our earlier application, to which reference has been made hereinbefore, we have shown that,

It is an object oi. the present invention to pro vide a, welded joint between adjacent parts in which the parts and the fusion metal there between are of substantially the same composition as regards the nickel-chromium-iron content thereof and in which said fusion metal also con tent nickel-chromium-iron alloys containing tains columbium and silicon in a columbium from 0.1 to 10% iron, 75 to 85% nickel, and 10 to 15 silicon ratio varying inversely with a decrease in 20% chromium with welding elements of like iron content. composition are directly related to the silicon It is another object of the present invention to content of the fusion aspect, the hot cracking provide a welded joint between adjacent pieces

columbium. We have further discovered that the

critical columbium to silicon ratio required in the fusion to eliminate hot cracking in nickel-chro mium-iron alloys containing at least about 0.15% silicon; is not constant but varies inversely with 40
the nickel content or directly with the iron con

when welding nickel-chromium-iron alloys such

as those sold under the trade mark Inconel,"

weld hot cracking is-eliminated when the fusion

metal uniting plates or parts of such an alloy is
of substantially the same composition as that of ,

tent. Stated otherwise, we have discovered that a higher columbium-silicon ratio is required in the fusion metal uniting parts of such alloys when the nickel content of such parts is relatively low 45

the parts and inaddition contains coilumbium

and silicon in a columbium-silicon ratio of at least 4.5 to 1. It was also shown that the method

is effective in preventing weld hot cracking in

2,446,961
nickel-chromium alloys such as those known as

'4
'

the "80-20 type, the nominal analysis of which is set forth hereinafter. We have now extended our investigation of the

inafter, electrodes having core wires made of various alloys were used, including core wires made of alloys having the following nominal
compositions:

Alloy

N31?" cw F8515 0, per cent Si, per cent Mg):

ll. 60 1) 15 0. 1'0. 5 BB]. 0.05-0- 15 0. l I0. 15-]. 30 0. 4

0:513

0. 1'0. 7 ........ -, 0. 5 ........ ..

O0
85

16
15

B81.
B81.

0. 1
0. l5

0. 4
0. l

o. 5
1. 0 -------- -

85
1 See Table 0.

15

BI]-

0. 15

0. 4

1. 0

causes 1 of weld;

j'iandll the ecstasy

It hasbeen

i151: . The. sdiniiisifcompbsition of as; of=3the alloys

of the test pieces or blocks employed in the illus
trative tests are as follows:
. I J

which such cracking may be eliminated to a

wider range of 'nickel-chromium-iron alloys?

especially such alloys containingless than 1.5%; ~,

nickel and as low as 30%nickel.

found during these furthercinvestigations" that;

~:

rape: 0.1m $1.1m Mum"

cent cent cont cent
0.1 Bal. Bel. 0.06 0.1 0.15 0.25 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.0

the to eliminate critical columbium weld hot toesiliccniratio cracking? in all"required nickel,
chromium-iron alloys studied is not constant vbut '~

increases as the nickel content isdecreased, with; U a corresponding increase in-tthe.ironfcontentg,,, ,1; In general, this discovery is applicable tov ,weid

Joints comprised of a fusion deposit containing about 0.1% to 50% iron, 10% to 20% chromium
a such weld Joints; and to welding electrodes con

, In the production of welded joints in accord

and 30% to-'80% nickel, to amethod'of producing 30 ance with theinve'ntion, weld crack tests were

I gene nickel,i'gespecially when'the'nickel content is

15%1chromium, and, the balance mainly'iron with X-weld blocks ofsimilar composition! also with ratio that mustbe provided in theii'usion deposit 35 electrode cores made ofthe'alloy containing 35%
- vless than 75%; ' The "critical columbium-silicon

' madeemploying electrode cores of the alloy ' set ' taining-theaforesaid amounts or ironychromium , ' forth hereinbefore containing about60%" nickel,

has been found to vary/froma minimum of about

"nickel, 15% chromium, balance mainly'iron in

conjunction with X-weld blocks'ofsimilar com

v3.8]t'o711for a weld some containing 80% nickel

11 (and-0.1% iron) toaminimum of about 8 to 1

position; and further withelectrodes ofthe80

20 composition with X-weld blocks of corre fora weld iointcontaining about 30% nickel-(and 50% iron) at essentially comparable chromium 40 sponding composition. The results of these'testsare given in the'fol levels. This relationship between the minimum lowing tables, showing the e?ects on weld hot columbium-silicon ratio and the nickel (or iron) cracking of varied columbium tosilicon ratios. content is applicable to fusion deposits contain
termined by the silicon content (and the required
' minimum ratio) and the columbium content may

X-weld crack tests of joints made of an alloy ing at least about 0.15% silicon, e. g., 0.2% to 1.75%. The minimum columbium content is de "5 containing about 60% nickel, 15% chromium,
- and balance mainly iron, and having the nominal
composition set forth hereinbefore, v were made

and the results of these X-weld tests are reported be as high as 8% oreven higher, but any sub ,in Table 1. Therein, the X-weld blocks were of stantial excess over the ratio (over and above the small excess that may be required as a safety 5 similar nickel, chromium and iron content, and the analyses given are those of the weld deposit. factor) increases the cost with no particular ad ditional advantageinsofar as freedom from hot
cracking in the weld is concerned. _

The aforesaid ratios of columbium to silicon which must be attained or exceeded have been established by making a series of "X-weld crack tests with varying contents of columbium and silicon. The X-weld crack test is made by form ing a weld in which two 3-inch lengths or blocks
of l-inch square bar stock are joined along a 3-inch edge with a double V-groove weld. The weld passes are laid in, two at a time, at alter nate sides 01' the double V formed by the two blocks with su?icient time lapse vbetween each

Table 1.40% nickel-15% chromium

columbium Silicon obmmm

Weld No.

Content, Per Content,

Cont

Per Cent
0. 44
0. s5

Chis

Ram)
0-0. 44
2. 91~1

in 82:33,!
Medium.
Do.

of mung

0
1. e0

pair of passes to permit the specimen to cool to below 100 F. During welding, visual examina tion is made of each pass after it has been laid
in to determine whether any gross cracking has

2. 92 i. 50 4. 22 3. 01 2. 85 4. 57 4. 27 6. 30

0. 87 0. 42 1. 11 0. 59 0. 45 0. 68 0. 60 0. 80

3. 35-1 3. 57-1 3. 80-]. 5. 104 6. 33-1 6- 72-1 7. 12-1 7- 88-1

Severe Medium D0 D0 D0 Slight None 0

twice on planes perpendicular to the direction of 7o ' - The ?ux coated electrodes used- for the welds ' of Table 1 are shown in accompanying Table 2. , welding, and the, sectional surfaces of the weld It will be understood that, in each test, the core are polished on a rubber-bonded, ?ne abrasive wire composition as to nickel, chromium and iron _'wheel, etched, and examined under a binocular content corresponds to that of the metal mem microscope for cracks. >

occured. After welding, the specimen is sectioned

In the illustrative X-weld tests set forth here- to hem Joined therewith.

2.44;,651
Table 2.-Electrodea
Weld No. Core Wire
01100;
_________ -52

Flux Composition, Parts .

our,
30

Dextrinc 3;
F581 Bent.
3

Fe'li I .
15

FeCb

'
3

60-15+Cb(2%
15 ....... -_ 15 ....... --

52
41 48

30
25 29

15
6 10 2) 10 5

3
3 3

3
3 3

60-15+Cb a 60-15-l-Cb
15 _______ -_ 60-15....... _.

41 48
44 3D

25 29
27 23

6 10
6 5

20 10
2o 30

3 3
3 3

3 3
3 3

_ 60-15-l-Cb 60-15-i-Cbgg9).1) ______ _.

44 39

23

2!

6 5

30

e0

I Forte-titanium containing about 40% titanium used. All corewires 0.156" diameter. All ?ux coatings 0.230" outside diameter. Current used for all welds 120 amperes D. C.

Bcnt.-==Bentonite.

weld bars or blocks and electrode cores of alloys

X-weld blocks of corresponding composition are of weld No. 2, it is introduced by the core wire given in the following Table 5 showing the ef content, and, in the instance of welds Nos. 5, 6, 45 fects on weld hot cracking of varied columbium~ 9 and 10, by the columbium inclusion in the elec silicon ratios, .the columbium having been intro trode cores and coatings as indicated. duced to the weld by inclusion in the ?ux coating The results of X-Weld crack tests employing on the core wire. The analyses given in Table 5
are those of the weld deposit.

As will be noted in the instance of welds Nos. 3, 4, 7 and 8, the columbium is introduced entirely from 'the ?ux coatings whereas, in the instance

The results of X-weld crack tests with electrode cores of the 80-20 alloys composition and with

containing about 35% nickel, 15% chromium, and 50

balance mainly iron are shown in Table 3 and are identi?ed as test welds Nos. 11 to 22. As before, the electrode cores and the test block correspond in nickel, chromium and iron contents, and the data, as to the coated electrodes are given in
Table 4.
_ Table 3.35% nickel-15% chromium 25

Table 5.'8>0-20 nickel-chromium

Columbium
Weld No.
Cent

8mm
Per Cent

CH1
Ratio

(shagging?!)
i H Rd
'1 sec we13"

Content, Per Content

Columbium

Silicon

Observation
-

1 6g
-

'

'

ggvglre
9

mm

Weld No.

ContentJer Content,
Cent

Per Cent

Ratio

Chis

in sectioned

Pf ac-king
weld

2. 77

2'53
0

1. 14

121

2. 43-1
. 4.89-1

2'09!

Seven

0.

3o
2

0.28
a: . 0.28

0-0.28
4. 93-1 6. 50*! 7. 35-1

Slight.
N0118. ' Do.

0.90

0-0-90 Severe.

:e . 1.37

0 1. 23 2. 88
,

0. 51 0. 54 l. 11
.

0-0. 51 2. 28-1 2. 59-1

.

Do. Medium. Severe.

2. 86 2. 34 3. l6

0. 58 0. 36 0. 43

D0. D0. Do.

1. gig
.

Medlgum.
0.

35

2. 91
4'44

0. 34
.

8. 56-1
.

D0.
-

3.26 2. 44 2. 90
4. 65 4; 37

0.82 0. 54 0. 52
0. 71 0. 56

3.97-1 4. 52-1 5. 581

6. 55-1 7. 80-1

Severe. Medium. Severe.

Medium. Do.

0 60

8 88'1

D0

6-28

0-79

1054 None.
'

The ?ux coated electrodes used for the welds

40 of Table 5 are shown in Table 6.

Table 4.-Electr0des

Flux Composition, Ports

Weld No. Core Wire
' C8003
46

Dgrxltrine
Binder,
' ux -

Fe'li _
I 25

Cali:

FeCb

FcSi
3

Bent.
4

Parts
3

25 ......... --

52

I15

30

._-_

52

l 15

30

41
48 41 42 48 44

I6
l 10 16 1 10 l 10 16

25
29 25 25 29 27

3
3

3
3 3 3 3 3

39
- 3515+Cb(2%)_- __35-15+Cb (2%) _____ -_ 44 39

I5
16 15

23
27 23

3 3 3 3 3
3 3

3
3 3

l Form-titanium containing about 40% titanium used. 1 Ferrotitam'u.m containing about 25% titanium used.
All core wires 0.156" diameter.

Bcnt.==Bentonite.

All ?ux coatings 0.230" outside diameter. Current used for all welds 120 amperes D. C.

2,445,951
Table 6.Electrodes
Flux Composition, Parts
Weld Core

Dexirlne
Flux

No.

Wire
0 O
C O ' A

0e00,
52 48
42 42 52

Cal;
30 20
'25 25 30

Fe'li
15 I 10
i 10 I 10 3 15

F001)
10

F081

Bentonite
3 3
3 3 3

Binder, Parts
3 3
3 3 3

N ...... -. so ...... -_

O A
A

89 42
48

2% 25
29

i5 l 10
l 10

3 3
3 .

3 3
3

A A

42 42

25 25

l 10 l 10

3 3

3 3

B A A

42 42 39

25 25 23

I 10 I 10 I5

3 3 3

3 3 3

' Form-titanium containing about

1 Form-titanium containing about :3? titanium used.

a titanium used.

Core wire A: 0.156" diam.; "SO-20 Ni-Cr with 0.167 silicon.

Core wire 0: 0.156" diam.; "80-21" Ni-Cr with 1.

Core wire B: 0.125" diam.: 80-20 Ni-Cr with 0.3299 silicon.

a silicon.

Core wires A dz 0: ?ux coatings 0.230" outside diameter; current used [or welds m amperesD 0 Core wire .B:'?ux coating 0.190" outside diameter; current used for weld 105 amperes D. C.

It will be seen from the foregoing data that, 25

when a coated welding electrode having a core

Table 7.80% nickel-14% chromium-Con.

Weld No.

wire made of an 80-20 nickel-chromium alloy containing minor amounts of other elements, in cluding silicon and iron, is used to unite metal
parts having the same composition by a fusion , _

Columbium Silicon Content, Content

Per Cent

Per Cent
1. 37 0. so 1. c4

Cb'si
Ratio

obsm'vagon 9 crackmg
m sectioned
, Weld

deposit of the welding electrode between said

parts, the weld deposit is devoid of hot cracking

4. 24 s. 29 4. 7o

3. 09-1 4. 11-1 4. 521

Slight . Do. None.

if columbium is introduced into the fusion in

1. 54

0. 31

4. 97-1

D0.

suillclent amount to provide in the fusion a columbium to silicon ratio greater than 3.8-1. The data set forth herein demonstrate that

2. 94 2. 65 4. 16
3. 09

0. 55 0. 46 0. 66
0. 33

5. 34-1 5. 77-1 6. 30-1

9. 36-1

Do. D0. Do.

D0.

3. 00

0. 26

11. 53-1

D0.

weld hot cracking in all these alloys can be eliminated by the maintenance of a suitable As-speci?cd in said earlier application, the elec minimum columbium-silicon ratio in the fusion. trode core wires employed contained, in addition Further, the critical minimum ratio which must 40 to '75 to 85% nickel, 10 to 16% chromium and 4 be exceeded to prevent cracking is not the same to 10% iron, about 0.01 to 0.2% carbon, 0.05 to for all weld joints but increases as the iron con 1.0% manganese, 0.05 to 0.7% silicon, and 0.05 tent of the weld joint is increased with the given to 1.0% copper. The composition of the flux chromiurnlevel. For the three weld joints, for coatings employed therewith conformed with the which data has been presented hereinbefore, the 45 preferred composition given in the following ratios are as follows: Table 8 which also sets forth the range of in gredients that can be employed when term-25% Composition Ratio titanium is used. 50 Table 8 "81-20" at least 3.8-1.
05-15.-35-15 at least 7-1. at least 7.9-1.

Flux Coating

Preferred
42. 0
25. 0 10. 0 _

Range
37-47
21-30 5-20

For a weld joint made of an alloy containing Dry Ingredients: Percent calcium carbonate ______________ _about 80% nickel, 14% chromium and 6% iron, 55 Percent calcium ?uoride ____ -_
referred to in said earlier application, the mini mum effective columbium-silicon ratio is about 4.5 to 1. The results of X-weld tests of weld joints em ploying weldbars and electrode cores of an alloy 00 containing about 80% nickel, 14% chromium and 6% iron disclosed in said earlier application are given in Table 7.
Percent i'erro-26'7 titanium__ _-- __

Percent ferro-

., columbium ........... ._

20. 0
3. 0
100. 0

0-30

Percent Bentonite (hydrated aluminum

silicate) _______________________________ -

_
2-5

Binder: Percent dextrine ................... __

3. 0

1-5

Improvement in the-welds as to hot cracking

Table 7.-80% nickel-14% chromium

Weld No. Content, Per Content,
Columbium Silicon
.

Obs

Observation

Cent

Per Cent
1. 39 1. 62 l. 25 0. 42 1. 80 0. 59 1. 14

Ram
0-1. 39 1. 78-1 2. 10-1 0. 42 2. 17-1 2. 37-1 2. 41-1

in $531184
Severe. Do. Do. Medium. D0. D0. Do.

0 mm

tendencies is noted with relation to the columbium 65 addition and increase in its ratio to that of the silicon content up to a definite columbium to silicon ratio in the given alloy which results in

elimination or correction of the hot cracking

- tendency. is evidenced by the lower ratio 70 results of the welds giving medium and slight

0 2. 89 2. 63 0 3. 91 1. 40 2. 75

cracking, and the ?nal elimination of the crack ing of welds Nos. 29 to 35 of Table 5 of the "80-20 nickel-chromium alloys with columbium to silicOn ratios of 3.84 to 1 and higher. It is also evident from the test results that in the instance of the

2,445,951
welds made of alloys containing about 00% nickel,
15% chromium and the balance mainly iron (Table 1) elimination of hot cracking occursat
a ratio of 7.12 to 1 (weld No. 9) and that in the instance of welds made of an alloy containing

10

between adjacent members made of nickel-chro mium-iron alloys containing about 30% to 80% nickel, about 10% to20% chromium, and the
balance mainly iron. with a welding element of similar composition containing at least 0.15% silicon, the improvement which comprises incor
porating in said welding element a columbium content up to 8%, controlling the content of

about 35% nickel, 15% chromium and the bal ance mainly iron. hot cracking is eliminated at
a columbium to silicon ratio of 7.95 to 1 as shown by reference to weld No. 22 of Table 3. A com

mainly iron of the co-pending application), shows

that a higher columbium to silicon ratio is re

parison of the weldsnumbered 29, 9 and 22 applied l0 columbium to provide a critical minimum ratio . or columbium to silicon in a fusion deposit made to welding with the "80-20 nickel-chromium by the welding element, the ratio ofcolumbium alloy; the alloy containing about 60% nickel, to silicon in said fusion deposit-being so propor 15% chromium and the balance mainly iron; and tioned to the iron content thereof that the mini the alloy containing about 35% nickel, 15% chro mium and the balance mainly iron, respectively, 15 mum ratio with 0.1% iron is about 3.84m 1,>the minimum ratio with 50% iron is about 8 to 1, and (and also the welds of the alloy containing about the minimum ratiojwith intermediate amounts 80% nickel, 44% chromium and the balance
of iron is between said values and is higher as the iron content increases in said range, whereby

welded joints substantially devoid ofhot cracks quired in the fusion metal uniting parts of such " alloys when the nickel content is relatively low 20 are produced. 2. In the method of producing welded joints be and the iron content is proportionately higher. tween adjacent members made of nickel-chro As further support of the principle that the mium-iron alloys containing about 30% to 80% required columbium to silicon ratio increases as the nickel decreases and/or the iron content in 25 nickel, about 10% to 20% chromium. and the bal
position within said ranges and containing at weld No. 9, (Table 1) considered with relation to least 0.15% silicon, the improvement which com weld No. 21 (Table 3). It will be observed that prises incorporating in said welding element a in the weld No. 9 of the 60% nickel-15% chm mium alloy, a columbium to silicon ratio of 7.12 30 columbium content up to 8%, controlling the con tent of columbium to provide a critical minimunr to 1 resulted in elimination of hot crackingr ratio of columbium to silicon in a fusion deposit > whereas the higher ratio (of columbium to sili made by the welding element, the ratio of colum con) of IL80 to 1 in the 35% nickel-15% chromium bium to silicon in said fusion deposit'being so alloy produced medium hot cracking tendencies proportioned to the iron content thereof that the and elimination of hot cracking was accomplished minimum ratio with 0.1 % iron is about 3.84 to 1, in that alloy weld deposit only on increasing the the minimum ratio with 50% iron is about 8 to 1, columbium to silicon ratio to a value of 7.95 to l and the minimum ratio with intermediate (weld No, 22 of the lower-nickel alloy). amounts of iron is between said values but is The data obtained as a result of the weld joint higher as the iron content increases in said range, tests referred to have de?nitely established that
creases, attention is directed to the results of
ance mainly iron with a welding element of com

weld hot cracking encountered in welddeposits

of nickel~chromium-iron alloys which are nor

whereby welded joints substantially devoid of hot

cracks are produced.

mally malleable can be traced to the composition of the fusion metal and that by suitable composi tional adjustments, the hot cracking tendencies can be largely eliminated. More speci?cally, it has been found that silicon promotes hot crack ing and that its eiiect can be neutralized by the
presence of suitable amounts of columbium.

3. In the method of producing welded joints, the improvement which comprises uniting adja cent members made of nickel-chromium-iron al loys containing about 30% to about 80% nickel, about 10% to about 20% chromium, and the bal
ance mainly iron by a fusion deposit from a weld

ing element of substantially similar composition

Furthermore, it has been found that there is a 50 having a silicon content of at least 0.15% and a columbium content up to about 8%, the ratio of direct relationship between the silicon content of columbium to silicon in said fusion deposit being ' the fusion and the columbium content required in a range of about 3.84 to 1 to at least about 8 to eliminate weld hot cracking and that the criti cal columbium to silicon ratio required to prevent to 1 whereby welded joints substantially devoid of hot cracks are produced. cracking in weld joints is not the same for all alloys used but generally tends to increase, at a 4. In the method of producing welded joints, the improvement which comprises uniting adja substantially comparable chromium level, as the iron content of the alloys is increased. 1 cent members made of nickel-chromium-iron al While the welds referred to herein have been loys containing about 30% to about 80% nickel. performed by manual are process, itwill be under 00 about 10% to about 20% chromium, and thelbai stood that the principle developed for controlling "ance mainly iron by a fusion deposit of substan the weld cracking in nickel-chromium-iron alloys tially similar composition having a silicon con is equally applicable to other welding processes tent of at least 0.15% and a columbium content for the elimination of the hotcracking tendencies. up to about 8% made by a welding element, said Although the present invention has been de welding element having an amount of columbium scribed in conjunction with preferred embodi - and silicon such that the minimum ratio of colum ments, it is to be understood that modi?cations : > bium to silicon in said fusion deposit is in a range and variations may be resorted to without depart of at least about 3.84 to 1 to at least about8 to 1, ing from the spirit and scope of the invention the higher the iron content the higher the mini as those skilled in the art will readily understand. 70 mum ratio between the limits of said range, Such modi?cations and variations are considered whereby welded joints substantially devoid of hot to be within the purview and scope of the ap cracks are produced. . pended claims. 5. In the method of producing welded joints, We claim: the improvement which comprises uniting adja I. In the method of producing welded joints 75 cent members made of nickel-chromium-iron al

9345,9151
l'oys containing about 30%, to about "80%nwke1.
about 10% to about-20% chromium.,and the bal- ance mainly iron'by aiusiondeposit'lfroma weld

ing- element ofsubstantially similar composition

containing columbiumlin such quantity _and in such form that the residual columbium content in the weld'deposit win'bej at least, 3.84 tin'i'es'j the

coating enclosing" said as we, said sle'etrtse

having asilicon contenror at least 0.15% and a , columbium content'up to about 8%, the ratio or

iron content aiicy'andat least about atimes the

contentalloy. H ,_c ; . ~

content of silicon in, said ,depos'it ,forf_the' lower

10. A welding. electrode, adapted for. forming

'col'umbium to silicon lnsaid' fusion deposit being about 8 to 1. wh'ereby welded joints substantially devoid of hot cracks are produced. 1 1* mt
I 6. In the method of "producing welded I o

"silicon contentot the deposit tor the higheriron

weld deposits substantially devoid 'srhotemrs
comprising 'a core wire containing, nickel from

5, "10

the improvement which comprises uniting adja

cent members made oiv nickel-chromium-iron al

in the weld deposit-will be within a range of at up toiabout 8% made by a coated electrode, said least 3.84timesthe content of "silicon insaid de electrode coating having an amount oi. colum bium such that the minimum ratio of columbium 20 posit tor the lower iron content alloy to at least about atimes the silicon content of the deposit to silicon in said fusion deposit is in a range of at for the higher iron content alloy. , least about 3.84 to 1 to at least about 8 to 1, the 11. A welding electrode adapted for forming higher the iron content the higher the minimum weld deposits substantially devoidot hot cracks ratio between the limits of said range, whereby welded joints substantially devoid of hot cracks 25 comprising acore wire containing nickel from about 30% to less than 75%,,chromium'from are produced. i t about10% to 20% and the balance mainly iron '1. Inthe method of producing welded joints, including at least about 0.15% siliconand a ?ux the improvement which comprises uniting adja coating enclosing said core wire, said, electrode cent members made of nickel-chromium-iron al loys containing about 30% to about 80% nickel, 30 coating containing columbium in such quantity and in-such form that the residualcolumbium about 10% to about 20% chromium, and the bale content in the. weld deposit will be within a ance mainly iron by a fusion deposit from a coated range of at least 3.84'times the content of silicon electrode having a core or a composition within
- the range given and having a silicon content or at

including at least'about 0.15% silicon and a flux about 10% to about 20% chromium, and the bal anccimainly iron by a fusion deposit of substan 15 coating enclosing saidcore wire, said electrode core containing columbium in such quantity and tially similar composition having a silicon con in such form that the residual columbium content tent of at least 0.15% and a columbium content

loys containing about 30% to about 80% nickel,

about 30% to less than'75%., chromium from about 10% to 20% andtlie balance mainly iron

in said deposit for'the' lower iron content alloy

least 0.15% and a columbium content up to about 35 to at least about 8 times the silicon content of. the deposit for the higher iron content alloy.. , 8%, the ratio of columbium to silicon in said 12. A welding electrode adapted for forming fusion deposit being within the range of about 3.84 to 1 and at least about 8 to 1, and wherein ' weld deposits substantially, devoid of hot cracks comprising a core Wire, containing at least 30% at least part of said columbium is introduced to the fusion deposit from the electrode core, where 40 but less than 75% nickel, about 10% to 20% by welded joints substantially devoid of hot cracks 4 chromium, at least 0.15% to 11.75% siliconiand the

, are produced.

balance mainly ironand a mix coating enclos

, 8. In the method of producing welded joints,

_ing said core wire,v said electrodejkcontaining'

columbium and silicon in such quantity , andv in

the improvementwhich comprises uniting adja~

.cent- members madev of nickel-chromium-iron

alloys containing about30% to about 80% nickel, about 10%: to about 20% chromium, and the bal ance mainly iron ,bya fusion-deposit from a
.coated electrode 1 having a .core- of va composition

such form asv to provide ammimumjcommmum to silicon ratio in the weldideposit made thereby, the ratio of columbium to'silicon being so proj

within the range given and having a silicon con

portionecl to theiron content thatthe minimum ratio with 0.1% ironis' about 3.84'ito llthejmini-I mum ratio with 50%iron is; about, 8. to 1, andthe
minimum ratio with intermediate V_ amounts of

_~tentoi-at least 0.15% and a columbium content

.:up 'to'about 8%, the ratio of columbium to silicon

iron isbetween said values and is higher

iron content increasesin said range, : ,
"

the
, l

in said fusion deposit being within the range of

about 3.84 to'l and at least about 8 to 1, and
wherein. at least part of the said columbium . is

'rriEonoREEJKIHLGRnnW'
summers orrnn
me F_?h1SDatent:, : I, > i i H

ing, whereby weldedjoints substantially devoid-o!

hot cracks are produced; ,

introduced tothe fusion deposit from a ?ux coat

weld deposits substantially devoid ,oifhot cracks comprising a' core'rwirebontainingnickel from about 30% to less than 75%, chromium from

.9. A, welding electrode adapted",v "for.v forming

The following- references are" anemia in mg

, . ,ms terminates
Keir ;;.'
r Arness

.41

about-10%. to20% and the'balance mainly iron

Number 1,954,296
2,306,421

'

".__ Apr..10,"193,4'

includingfat least about 0.15% silicon and a ?ux