Air Conditioning Applications Air Conditioning Applications

-Equipment (process) cooling -Comfort cooling

Purpose of air conditioning -To control: -Temp (Heating/Cooling) -Air cleanliness -Humidity control -Air movement

*Note: The a ove can e accomplished y using either single !one or multi-!one control"

*Note: Air movement can e accomplished y using single duct distri ution# dual duct distri ution# multi-!one# or terminal re-heat systems $hich in turn may e constant volume or varia le volume air systems"

Four Basic Types of HVAC Systems

% All Air % Air Hydronic % All Hydronic % &nitary

% All Air -'upplies air only to conditioned spaces or !ones y some type of duct system -(uct system can e: -single !one -terminal re-heat -)ulti-!one -constant volume or varia le volume -(ual !one (*) Air Hydronic -'upplies air to conditioned spaces or !ones as $ell as $ater to conditioned spaces or !ones (parameter heating) fan coil units" -(uct system can e: -single !one -terminal re-heat -)ulti-!one -constant or varia le volume -(ual duct -+ater system can e: -t$o pipe -Three pipe (,) All Hydronic -&sed $here duct space is not availa le -'upplies $ater only to conditioned spaces or !ones y the use of special terminal units -Terminal units can e: -fan coil -&nit ventilators --alance units -+ater piping system ca -Three pipe -.our pipe (/) Unitary e: -t$o pipe

-'elf contained pac0aged units (normally an all air system) -Arrangements: -single pac0age -split pac0age: -* split -, 'plit

Types of uct Construction -1ound ducting -1ectangular -'quare -.le2i le (fi er glass covered $ith foil)

uct !nsulation -There are t$o reasons to insulate duct" 3" 'ound *" Heat transfer

Parts of t"e uct System -4utdoor air -return air -E2haust air -supply air -)i2ing plenum

#ain Plenum Houses #a$or Components -Heating coil -humidifier section -Cooling coil -pre-heat coil -.an section -re-heat coil

-.ilter section

ampers or Air Flo% Control 5 1eference 6 ')A78A page 3", -9arallel lade -4pposed lade (most effective) -&sed for: -fresh air inta0e min" *:; fresh air -E2haust air (determines room press) -)i2ed air -4ne supply

*Note: <ouvers unli0e dampers are normally fi2ed or ad=ust manually

efinitions

Building related illness: a specific illness $ith a 0no$n cause that is the result of e2posure to an indoor agent

Healt": A stat of complete physical# mental and social $ell eing and not mee0ly the a sence of disease

!ndoor air &uality: the physical# chemical and iological characteristics of inside air

Sic' (uilding syndrome: A condition in $hich occupants complain of a set of symptoms that can not e related to a specific cause ut are alleviated $hen occupant leaves the uilding

T"ermal comfort: A state of mind in $hich a person feels satisfaction $ith the thermal environment" >ncludes temp# humidity# air movement# clothing and activity level" 5('atisfy ?:; 6 good)

Ventilation rate: The amount of outside air that is com ined $ith return air that is supplied to the interior space

Poor indoor air &uality: Air quality for occupied spaces is ecoming a ma=or concern in today@s society" 9oor air quality results in a loss production (employee illness) as $ell as equipment failure

)esults of Poor !ndoor Air *uality 5 1ef: ')AC78A A Basic H--AC systems (A-E) -Cooling and heating coils clog -Ha!ardous fir conditions may e created -E2pensive duct cleaning -(iffuser strea0s created ->llumination is affected and reduced (lights) -Employee discomfort and illness

*Note: The 0ey to good indoor air quality is proper filtration $hich is accomplished y the use of: Air .ilters - )echanical - Electric

These t$o classes are designed to remove particulates (suspended particles)# either solid or liquid

Sic' Building Syndrome and )elated Complaints -.actors that affect indoor air quality:

Temp and humidity C*-C?D. +inter (,ED.) 'ummer (EED.) 1H Car on dio2ide from fossil fuels Car on mono2ide to acco smo0e and car e2haust .ormaldehyde:
o o o o o o

&nseal ply$ood 9article oard .orm insulation Flues Carpets .urnishings

9articular:
o o o o

+ater residue +ater inlets Carpets (uct insulation

-olatile 4rganic Compounds (-4Cs):

o o o o o

Copt machines Cleaning materials 9erfumes Hair sprays 'olvents

Computers

)icro ial )atter:

o o o o

'tagnant $ater in H--AC Humidifiers Cooling To$ers (rain 9ans

The follo$ing general indications help to call attention to pollutant sources:

4ver cooling &nsanitary conditions (ust accumulation (house 0eeping) )oisture pro lems (visi le fungal gro$th) 'taining or discoloration of ceiling tiles or $alls 9resence of chemical su stances 4dor (see elo$)

+dors as Pro(lem !ndicators in +ffice Buildings:

escription Auto e2haust Body odor )usty smell Chemical smell

Pro(lem Car on mono2ide 4ver cro$ding <o$ ventilation )icro ial matter .ormaldehyde 9esticides

Complaint Headaches# nausea# di!!iness# tiredness Headaches# stuffiness Allergy symptoms Eyes/nose/throat irritation

(usty/cho0y smell 'e$age gas odor

4ther chemicals 9articles from humidification system (ry $ater traps

(ry eyes/s0in# irritation coughing# snee!ing .oul smell

Forms of Suspended Particles Suspended Solids (ust 'mo0e .umes (4riginally from solid form) .i ers Bacteria -iruses 9ollen .ungal 'pores Car on )ono2ide 'ulphur 42ides 8itrogen 42ides :"3 A 3:: ) :"::3 A :", ) :"3 A 3 ) 3: A CE ) :"*E A ,: ) :"::*E A :":E ) 3: A G: ) 3: A *: )

Suspended ,i&uids )ists .og -iruses

E: A 3:: ) 3 A E: ) :"::*E A :"E )

Types of Filters - Viscous !mpingement Filters % Adsorption % Class * non fire resistant % Types: (isposa le ( ul0 frame)# self rene$a le - H8ote: )aterial used for disposa le/ self rene$a le filters is normally % .i erglass % Animal hair % Cellulose fi er

- H8ote: )aterial used for cleana le is:

% )etal panels % .ine mesh screens % Com ination of oth - H8ote: The a ove type of filter $ill have an adhesive coating $hich is often mineral oil thus the name viscous" -8ote: A'H1AE dust efficiency is E to *E; (poor)" 8ormally used as a pre-filter only

- ry #edia Filters % Adsorption % Class 3 fire resistant % This type of filter has a tac0y coating that viscous impingement filters have"

- Types: % 9lain panel % E2tended surface/ pleaded % Bag filter: Cartridge/ cu e/ poc0et % 1ene$a le

-H8ote: >n addition dry media can e impregnated $ith car on or !eolite for additional removal of organic ased odors such as: % Coo0ing % Cigarette smo0e % 4!one

% (isinfections % )old I milde$ % 9aint fumes % +aste / refuse

-&ses: 1emoval of some solid contaminations

-H8ote: A'H1AE dust spot efficiency is 3E to JJ"JJ; Can e purchased as % <o$ efficiency % >ntermediate efficiency % High efficiency (HE9A: High efficiency 9articulate Air)

Air .as"ers or Scru((ers % Adsorption

- Types: % +ater 'prays % +et cooling Coil

-H8ote: These are highly effective for removing liquid particulates

Ultra Violet ,ig"t

% )ost effective for 0illing acteria as $ell as viruses

Heating /&uipment -Hot $ater (At ,: 9'>F through converter# )a2 temp *E:D.) -'team (<o$ press" 'ystem elo$ 3E 9'>F) -Electrical heat

HVAC Heating systems -Hydronic distri ution 'ystems Types of Systems Air .ater Systems: Hot $ater or steam is supplied to central air handlers# individual fan coil units or uilding convection units Temp Classifications <o$ Temp +ater (<T+): 8ormally operates at ,: 9'> $ith a ma2 temp of *E:D. )edium Temp +ater ()T+): 8ormally operates at 3,:9'> $ith a ma2 $ater temp of ,E:D. High Temp +ater (HT+): 8ormally operates at ,::9'> $ith a ma2 $ater temp of /E:D. (ual Temp +ater ((T+) &ses oth hot $ater and chilled $ater Chilled +ater 'ystems (C+'): 8ormal operating pressure 3*E 9'> $ith a ma2 $ater temp of /: to E:D. Types of Hydronic Heating Systems % 'eries <oop % 4ne 9ipe % T$o 9ipe ((irect or 1everse 1eturn) % Three 9ipe

% .our 9ipe

Humidity Control - 1ecommended humidity levels ,E to E:; comfort/ 4E) recommendations for equipment cooling - >mportance:

Humidity A ove: +hen levels vary a ove limits studies have sho$n that acteria/ viruses/ fungi and other organisms ecome more active Humidity Belo$: (ry air tends to dra$ moisture out of carpets/ furniture/ $ood$or0/ plants as $ell as people" There is also an increase of static electricity

-(ehumidification:

Cooling Coil (normal operation) Cooling 1e-heating ((ehumidification only) (escant system

Humidification: /0aporati0e Type Atomi1ing Type Steam Type +etted (rum Heated 9an 'pray Centrifugal 'team >n=ection Electronic 'team >n=ection Commercial Application Commercial Application Commercial Application

Air #o0ers -(efinition: A fan is a device that moves air" +ith out it no air handler system $ill operate" >ts function is crucial to proper air cooling and comfort conditioning - .an Construction:

>mpeller .rame or Housing

9rime )over

->mpellor: >s that part that pushes the air and must e rotated y a prime mover" 8ormally an electric motor" Classified according to the direction of air flo$ through the impeller"

Centrifugal .lo$ 6 .lo$ out$ard from a2is of impeller A2ial .lo$ 6 .lo$ parallel to the a2is of impeller

- Types of >mpellers:

9ropeller .an dis0 .an $heel (A2ial .lo$) -ein A2ial (<aminar (ischarge) A >ncorporates inlet guide veins Tu e a2ial ('piral (ischarge) .an +heel (Centrifugal)
o o o

Bac0$ard Curve or >nclined .or$ard Curve or >nclined 1adial ('quirrel Cage)

istri(ution Systems -<o$ -elocity: Belo$ *::: feet/ )in -High -elocity: A ove *::: feet/)in

Application of Various Types of !mpellor esigns - 'election is ased on fans a ility to overcome system resistance and create enough velocity for proper movement of air ->n order for a fan to accomplish the a ove the fan itself $ill generate , diff" pressures

-elocity 9ressure

'tatic pressure Total 9ressure

- Static Pressure : This is the out$ard force on the duct created y the system resistance such as: -.ilters -Cooling Coils -(ucting -Heating Coils -(iffusers - Velocity Pressure : This is the pressure delivered y the fan to actually move the air do$n the duct system to the conditioned space or !one

- Total Pressure : 'um of 'tatic press I -elocity press -8oteH: All three of these pressures are created y the fan and are measured in >nches of +ater - 1ead y a manometer" >nches of $ater column is used to more easily read very small pressures a ove and elo$ atmospheric created $ith system ducting"

3 inch $ater column 6 :":,G 9'>F Also: A magnehelic measures press" E2ample# pressure drop across a filter

-An increase in static pressure $ill result in a decrease in system velocity pressure $hich $ill result in an overall decrease in C.) delivered y the fan -.an 9erformance: The performance of a fan is its a ility to generate the required static pressure for the system its applied to yet maintain the required velocity pressure to ensure delivering the required C.) Fan Selection -Based on:

'ystem 'i!e o 3" C.) 1equired

o

*" Total 1esistance ('tatic 9ress)

'pace Availa ility

o o

3" A2ial .lo$ (<imited 'pace) *" Centrifugal (&nlimited)

-.or$ard Curve:

4verloading *:#::: C.) K )AL /M 'tatic

-Bac0$ard Curve:

*:#::: C.) K ,M 'tatic I (9lus)

-A2ial:

E:#::: C.) K ,M 'tatic I (9lus)

Fan Arrangements -(ra$ Through:

.an located at outlet of main plenum

-Blo$ Through:

.an located at inlet of main plenum

-H8ote: Can e a:

* .an system: 'eparate supply and return fan 3 .an 'ystem: 4ne fan for return I supply air

Terminology - +0erloading Fan Type : 4n a sudden decrease in static the prime mover $ill develop e2cessive H9 and $ill overload

- Non-+0erloading Type : 4n a sudden decrease in static the prime mover $ill not develop e2cessive H9 thus $ill not overload

- Fan Cur0es : for Bac0$ard and .or$ard >nclined

Fan ,a%s -N3 'tates: The amount of air delivered y a fan $ill vary in direct proportion to the speed of the fan"

.ormula: Ne% )P# 234Ne% CF#5 6 4/6isting )P#57 8 4/6isting )P#5

-N* 'tates: The resistance of a system varies directly $ith the square of fan speed"

.ormula: Ne% Static 2 4/6isting Static5 6 34Ne% )P#5 8 4/6isting )P#579

-N, 'tates: The po$er varies directly $ith the cu e of the fan speed

.ormula: Ne% HP 24/6isting HP5 6 34Ne% )P#5 8 4/6isting )P#57:

-E2ample: (esigned To 4perate At ?E: 19) *",M 'tatic 3E::: C.)/ Air 3E H9 )otor Actual 4peration ?E: 19) *"CM 'tatic 3*::: C.)/ Air J H9 )otor

-&sing the fan la$s $e $ill calculate the fan speed / static pressure and H9 required to deliver 3E::: C.) that the system $as designed to operate/ deliver -.an <a$ N3: 3:G, 19) 6 34Ne% CF#5 6 4/6isting )P#57 8 4/6isting )P#5 -.an <a$ N*: /"*M 'tatic 6 4/6isting Static5 6 34Ne% )P#5 8 4/6isting )P#579

-.an <a$ N,: 3C"E H9 6 4/6isting HP5 6 34Ne% )P#5 8 4/6isting )P#57: -Therefore The e2isting motor if operated at 3:G, 19) $ould develop /", inches 'tatic/ $ould develop 3C"E H9 and deliver 3E::: C.) of air" Basic Components of All A;C Systems Cooling Equipment 1eciprocating: ((irect) 1otary: ((irect) Centrifugal: (>ndirect) A sorption: (>ndirect) (L at Appro2" ,E to /:O. or Chilled at EE to 3E: Tons (L or Chilled Chilled $ater at EEO. )a2 ideal at /EO. Chilled $ater" 3:: to 3::#::: Tons

Centrifugal C"illers -<o$ 9ressures: 1-33# 1-33,# 1-3*,A -)edium 9ressures: 1-** -High 9ressures: 1-3*# 1-33/# 1-3,/A# 1-E:: )a=or Components Centrifugal Compressor ->mpellor or impellers (single or multistage) speeds up to ,:#::: 19) ->nlet guide veins: Capacity control 3:: to 3E; of full load Condensers )etering (evices )etering (evices -9rime mover -Air Cooled -+ater Cooled -<o$ pressure chillers -4rifice plate -High or lo$ side float -High pressure chillers -Thermostatic e2pansion -High or lo$ side float Evaporator -Electronic TL-.looded

Economi!er

-(ry -&sed to reduce flash gas -9rovides up to * pressure drops

9urge &nit

-8ormally used on multistage impellers &sed to remove non condensa le from top of condenser

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