Material for Piping Systems[edit]

Piping system may consist of a variety of materials. Usually, pipe fittings and valves are made of the same material as the pipe. The material selection as well as pipe sizing depends upon parameters like nature of fluid, pressure, temperature and flow rate. Presently many types of metallic and non metallic materials are using in conveying fluid from one point to another. Masonry and wood were probably the first materials used. Plastics are the newest, and are now being used quite extensively. Piping materials can be broadly classified in to four types: Metal Piping Plastic Piping Concrete Piping Wooden Piping

Metal piping[edit]
These are the most commonly using materials in Piping Industry. Different types of ferrous and non ferrous metals are used for making pipes as well as pipe fittings since several years due to its strength and flexibility. Metal Piping is remarkably became an integral part of the Piping Industry due to the wear resistance and pressure resistance capacity. As Metal provides high resistance to direct heat, this property adds to the high demand of metal to make pipes and fittings. Some of the other advantages of metallic pipes are easiness to install, maintain,operate and connect, feature of withstanding traffic vibrations and shocks. The different varieties of metal piping materials are: Carbon Steel, Low Temperature Steel, Chrome Alloy, Stainless Steel 300 series, Nickel, Nickel Alloys, Nickel / Copper Alloys, Duplex /Super-duplex, Super- austenitic Alloys, Titanium, Copper-nickel, etc.

Plastic piping[edit]
Plastic piping systems are the latest development in Piping Industry. These are basically made of plastic materials.These materials are strong, durable, light-weight and flexible, these piping systems require significantly less energy to fabricate, transport and in stall than metal or concrete alternatives. With superior resistance to corrosion and abrasion, plastic piping systems also supply long service life, excellent joint performance and offer leak free protection-all adding up to exceptional value.Plastic

pipes are rust resistant and having smooth internal surface of the pipes offer less friction. Commonly using Plastic Piping materials in the industries are: PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride), UPVC (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride), FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic), GRP (Glass/fiber Reinforce Plastic), RTRP (Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe), RPMP (Reinforced Plastic (or Polymer) Mortar Pipe), FRE(Fiberglass Reinforced Epoxy), GRE (Glass/fiber Reinforced Epoxy), HDPE (High Density Polyethylene), PEX (cross-linked polyethylene) , ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) , PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride), etc.

Concrete piping[edit]
Precast pipes made from concrete are the strongest available pipes on the market. Concrete pipes are also highly durable and can also exist for years on end without any sign of deterioration.. These type of pipes are commonly used in Water Piping systems. Concrete pipe is extremely durable and is much more durable that any other kind of pipes and hence it can carry more load at a single time. Due to their durability and robustness that most of the industries generally prefer using concrete pipes. Concrete pipes are extremely cheap and they need less installation time and cost. They are easy to use as well at the same time. Generally, Concrete pipes are of two types: Re-inforced concrete pipes and NonReinforced concrete pipes

Wooden piping[edit]
Early wooden pipes were constructed out of logs that had a large hole bored lengthwise through the center. Later wooden pipes were constructed with staves and hoops similar to wooden barrelconstruction. Stave pipes have the advantage that they are easily transported as a compact pile of parts on a wagon and then assembled as a hollow structure at the job site. Wooden pipes were especially popular in mountain regions where transport of heavy iron or concrete pipes would have been difficult. Wooden pipes were easier to maintain than metal, because the wood did not expand or contract with temperature changes as much as metal and so consequently expansion joints and bends were not required. The thickness of wood afforded some insulating properties to the pipes which helped prevent freezing as compared to metal pipes. Wood used for water pipes also does not rotvery easily. Electrolysis, that bugbear of

many iron pipe systems, doesn't affect wood pipes at all, since wood is a much better electrical insulator. In the Western United States where redwood was used for pipe construction, it was found that redwood had "peculiar properties" that protected it from weathering, acids, insects, and fungus growths. Redwood pipes stayed smooth and clean indefinitely while iron pipe by comparison would rapidly begin to scale and corrode and could eventually plug itself up with the corrosion. [1]

Piping design[edit]
Piping systems are designed to perform a definite function. Piping system designing and construction of any Plant or services are time consuming,complex, and expensive effort. Designing of piping systems are governed by Industrial/International Codes and Standards. The integrity of a piping system depends on the considerations and principles used in design, construction and maintenance of the system.All codes and standards define and set forth the engineering requirements which holds essential for proper design and construction of piping installations.Piping codes defines the requirements of design, fabrication,use of materials, tests and inspection of pipes and piping systems and which has a limited jurisdiction defined by the code. Piping standards are more on defining application design and construction rules and requirements for piping components which has a limited scope defined by the standard.

Stress analysis[edit]
Process piping and power piping are typically checked by Pipe Stress Engineers to verify that the routing, nozzle loads, hangers, and supports are properly placed and selected such that allowable pipe stress is not exceeded under different situations such as sustained, operating, pressure testing etc., as per the ASME B31, EN 13480 or any other applicable codes and standards. It is necessary to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of the piping under regular loads (internal pressure and thermal stresses) as well under occasional and intermittent loading cases such as earthquake, high wind or special vibration, and water hammer.[2][3] This evaluation is usually performed with the assistance of a specialized (finite element or beam theory) pipe stress analysiscomputer program such as CAESAR II, Triflex, ROHR2, CAEPIPE and AUTOPIPE. In cryogenic pipe supports, most steel become more brittle as the temperature decreases from normal operating conditions, so it is necessary to know the temperature

distribution for cryogenic conditions. Steel structures will have areas of high stress that may be caused by sharp corners in the design, or inclusions in the material.[4]

Standards[edit]
There are certain standard codes that need to be followed while designing or manufacturing any piping system. Usually more relaxed design and construction codes exits for HVAC, gas and water mains piping in residential and office buildings, like ASME B31.9 and EN 1775. Industrial piping is usually designed and constructed to a higher specification. Organizations that promulgate piping standards include: ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers - B31 series ASME B31.1 Power piping (steam piping etc.) ASME B31.3 Process piping ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids ASME B31.5 Refrigeration piping and heat transfer components ASME B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping systems ASME B31.9 Building services piping ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials API - American Petroleum Institute API 570 "Piping Inspection Code - Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Rerating of In-service Piping Systems" API RP 2201 "Safe Hot Tapping Practices in the Petroleum & Petrochemical Industries" CEN EN 1775: "Gas supply Gas pipework for buildings Maximum operating pressure less than or equal to 5 bar Functional recommendations" EN 13480 - European metallic industrial piping code EN 13480-1 Metallic industrial piping - Part 1: General EN 13480-2 Metallic industrial piping - Part 2: Materials EN 13480-3 Metallic industrial piping - Part 3: Design and calculation EN 13480-4 Metallic industrial piping - Part 4: Fabrication and installation EN 13480-5 Metallic industrial piping - Part 5: Inspection and testing

EN 13480-6 Metallic industrial piping - Part 6: Additional requirements for buried piping PD TR 13480-7 Metallic industrial piping - Part 7: Guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures EN 13480-8 Metallic industrial piping - Part 8: Additional requirements for aluminium and aluminium alloy piping EN 1993-4-3 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures - Part 4-3: Pipelines AWS - American Welding Society AWWA - American Water Works Association MSS Manufacturers' Standardization Society ANSI - American National Standards Institute NFPA - National Fire Protection Association EJMA - Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association