EXAMPLES LECTURES 1 - 2

1. A UTP student is planning to take a trip between Pengkalan Chepa in Kelantan back to UTP in Seri Iskandar. Three alternatives are available. First, to drive an automobile all the way from Pengkalan cheap to Seri Iskandar that will take 6 hours and costs RM100.00. Second, to take a taxi to Pengkalan cheap airport at the cost of RM10.00 and board an airplane to KLIA for RM100.00. From KLIA the student take an express bus all the way to UTP for RM35.00. Time taken for this alternative is 4 hours. Third, to take a taxi to a railway station at Kota Bharu for RM15.00 and board a train to KL Central for RM40.00. From KL Central the student take an express bus all the way to UTP for RM30.00. Time taken for this alternative is 8 hours. If the student is willing to pay RM25.00 for every hour saved in making a trip, which mode is the best choice? What factors other than cost might influence the decision regarding which alternative to use?

2.

Three modes of transportation are available. The trip by air costs RM1000.00 and the travel times are 4 hours plus another hour by bus to reach the final destination. The trip by rail costs RM750.00 and the travel times are 10 hours plus another 0.5 hour by bus to the final destination. The trip by automobile costs RM650.00 and the travel time is 15 hours to the final destination. The bus ride costs RM30.00 per ride. If a person chooses rail over the others, determine the time cost for this person.

EXAMPLES LECTURES 3 - 5
1. An engineer has decided to construct a temporary diversion from a principal arterial due to major rehabilitation work to be carried out on a section of a highway. If the speed on the arterial is 100 kph, determine the minimum distance from the diversion a road sign should be placed to inform drivers of the speed limit on the diversion. Design speed of diversion = 55 kph Letter height of road sign = 8 cm Perception reaction time = 2.5 sec Grade on arterial leading of the diversion = -3% Assume that a driver can read a road sign within his or her area of vision at a distance of 5 m for every cm of letter height.

2.

Police investigation found out an 8-m skid mark on the pavement left by a car that involved in rear-ends collision. Based on the damages sustained, the speed at collision was estimated at 20 km/h. If the roadway had a +3% grade, calculate the speed of the car at the onset of skidding.

3.

A large rock becomes visible to a driver at a distance of 50 m. Assuming a perceptionreaction time of 0.8 sec, an initial speed of 67 kph, a coefficient of friction equals to 0.5, and a level roadway, calculate the speed at impact.

4.

Car A is trying to overtake Car B which is moving at a speed of 70 kph on a curve of a two-lane highway as shown in Figure Q4. Is it safe for Car A to overtake Car B? Why? Assume that the following variables have the values given: Passing vehicle driver's perception/reaction time = 2.5 sec Passing vehicle's acceleration rate = 2.35 kph/sec Initial speed of passing vehicle = 70 kph Passing speed of passing vehicle = 85 kph Speed of slow vehicle = 70 kph Speed of opposing vehicle = 85 kph Length of passing vehicle = 7 m Length of slow vehicle = 7 m Clearance distance between passing and slow vehicles at lane change = 7 m Clearance distance between passing and slow vehicles at lane re-entry = 7 m Clearance distance between passing and opposing vehicles at lane re-entry = 85 m

You should also assume that the passing vehicle accelerates to passing speed before moving into the left lane

600 m

B A

Figure Q4

EXAMPLE LECTURE 8 Table 3 shows data obtained in a travel time study on a section of Ipoh-Lumut highway using the moving-vehicle technique. Determine the travel time and volume in each direction at this section of the highway. Table 3 : Data from Travel Time Study Using the Moving-Vehicle Technique LUMUT to IPOH (Direction 1) # Vehicle # Vehicle # Vehicle in Opposite Overtook Overtaken by Run # Travel Time (min) Direction Test Car Test Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 AVERAGE 23.15 25.50 24.80 28.35 22.90 23.00 23.50 24.55 26.15 25.25 24.72 585 537 376 257 208 475 318 719 389 468 433.29 6 3 4 4 5 4 5 5 6 3 4.50 6 4 1 0 3 3 1 0 0 0 1.80

Run # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 AVERAGE

IPOH to LUMUT (Direction 2) # Vehicle # Vehicle in Opposite Overtook Travel Time (min) Direction Test Car 24.31 26.78 26.04 29.77 24.05 24.15 24.68 25.78 27.46 26.51 25.95 503 479 425 385 318 501 380 479 330 389 418.66 3 3 2 6 3 6 3 1 4 5 3.60

# Vehicle Overtaken by Test Car 12 3 3 3 5 1 4 3 3 2 3.90

EXAMPLE LECTURE 9 1. A total of 340 cars parked between 8 am and 6 pm at an off-street parking lot. 10% of these cars are parked for an average of 5 hrs, 30% for an average of 10 hrs, and the remaining cars are parked for an average of 2 hrs. a. b. Determine the space-hours of demand at the lot Determine the number of bays available in the parking lot assuming 5% of the parking bays are vacant and an efficiency factor of 0.85 Determine the number of additional parking bays that will be required if the owner is planning an expansion to provide adequate demand for the following 10 years assuming that parking demand for all categories will increase by 5% a year.

c.

EXAMPLES LECTURE 10 EXAMPLE 1 Observers stationed at two sections XX and YY, 200 m apart on a highway, record the arrival times of four vehicles as shown in Table EX1. If the total time of observation at XX was 15 sec, determine (a) (c) the flow the space mean speed (b) the time mean speed

Vehicle A B C D

Table EX1 Time of Arrival Section XX Section YY 09:30:00.00 09:30:07.58 09:30:03.00 09:30:09.18 09:30:06.00 09:30:12.36 09:30:12.00 09:30:21.74

Travel Time (sec) 7.58 6.18 6.36 9.74

EXAMPLE 2 A section of highway is known to have a free-flow speed of 90 km/h and a capacity of 3300 veh/h. In a given hour, 2100 vehicles were counted at a specified point along this highway section. If the linear Greenshields model applies, what would be the estimated space-mean speed of these 2100 vehicles?

EXAMPLE 3 From a point beside a road, a one way traffic stream is observed to consist of the following: A stream of passenger cars traveling at 75 km/h at 20 second headways A stream of lorries traveling at 60 km/h at 35 second headways A stream of buses traveling at 70 km/h at 50 second headways a. b. c. Determine the total traffic flow Determine the total concentration Determine the space mean speed of the traffic streams

EXAMPLES LECTURE 11 EXAMPLE 1 D/D/1 Vehicles arrive at an entrance to a recreational park. There is a single gate (at which all vehicles must stop), where a park attendant distributes free brochures. The park opens at 8:00 AM, at which time vehicles begin to arrive at a rate of 480 veh/h. After 20 minutes, the arrival flow rate declines to 120 veh/h and continues at that level for the remainder of the day. If the time required to distribute the brochures is 15 seconds, and assuming D/D/1 queuing, describe the operational characteristics of the queue. EXAMPLE 2 D/D/1 After observing arrivals and departures at a highway toll booth over a 60-min period, an observer notes that the arrival and departure rates (or service rates) are deterministic but, instead of being uniform, change over time according to a known function. The arrival rate is given by the function (t) = 2.2 + 0.17t 0.0032t2, and the departure rate is given by (t) = 1.2 + 0.01t, where t is in minutes after the beginning of the observation period and (t) and (t) are in vehicles per minute. Determine the total vehicle delay at the toll booth and the longest queue assuming D/D/1 queuing. EXAMPLE 3 M/D/1 Consider the entrance to the recreational park described in Example 1. However, let the average arrival flow rate be 180 veh/h and Poisson distributed (exponential times between arrivals) over the entire period from park opening time (8:00 AM) until closing at dusk. Compute the average length of queue (in vehicles), average waiting time in queue, and average time spent in the system, assuming M/D/1 queuing. EXAMPLE 4 M/M/1 Assume that the park attendant in Examples 1 and 3 takes an average of 15 seconds to distribute brochures, but that the distribution time varies depending on whether or not park patrons have questions relating to park operating policies. Given an average arrival rate of 180 veh/h as in Example 3, compute the average length of queue (in vehicles), average waiting time in queue, and average time spent in the system, assuming M/M/1 queuing. EXAMPLE 5 M/M/1 At an entrance to a toll bridge, four toll booths are open. Vehicles arrive at the bridge at an average rate of 1200 veh/h, and, at the booths, drivers take an average of 10 seconds to pay their tolls. Both the arrival and departure rate can be assumed to be exponentially distributed. How would the average queue length, time in the system, and probability of waiting in a queue change if a fifth toll booth was opened?

EXAMPLE 6 HIGHWAY BOTTLENECKS D/D/1 An accident occurs on a freeway that has a capacity in the northbound direction, before the accident, of 4000 veh/h and a constant flow of 2900 veh/h during the morning commute (i.e. no adjustments to traffic flow result from the accident). At 8:00 AM a traffic accident closes the freeway to all traffic. At 8:12 AM the freeway is partially opened with a capacity of 2000 veh/h. Finally, the wreckage is removed and the freeway is restored to full capacity (4000 veh/h) at 8:31 AM. Assume D/D/1 queuing to determine time of queue dissipation, longest queue length, total delay, average delay per vehicle, and longest wait of any vehicle (assuming FIFO).

EXAMPLES LECTURE 12

Example 1 (Class 1 two-lane highway segment)

Traffic volume = 1600 veh/hr (2-way) Terrain = rolling Trucks & Buses = 14% RVs = 4% Peak Hour Factor = 0.95 Directional Split = 50/50 No Passing Zone = 50% Base FFS = 100 kph Lane width = 3.4 m Shoulder width = 1.2 m Access density = 12 points/km Segment length = 10 km
What is the two-way segment LOS for the peak hour?

Example 2 (Class II two-lane highway segment)

Traffic volume = 1050 veh/hr (2-way) Terrain = rolling Trucks & Buses = 5% RVs = 7% Peak Hour Factor = 0.85 Directional Split = 70/30 No Passing Zone = 60% Base FFS = 90 kph Lane width = 3.0 m Shoulder width = 0.6 m Access density = 6 points/km Segment length = 10 km
What is the two-way segment LOS?

Example 3 (Class 1 two-lane highway segment)

Traffic volume = 1200 veh/hr (analysis direction) Traffic volume = 400 veh/hr (opposing direction) Terrain = rolling Trucks & Buses = 14% RVs = 4% Peak Hour Factor = 0.95 No Passing Zone = 50% Base FFS = 100 kph Lane width = 3.3 m Shoulder width = 1.2 m Access density = 12 points/km Segment length = 10 km
What is the LOS of the peak direction?

EXAMPLES LECTURE 13

Example 1 (multilane highway)

Number of lanes = 3 (each direction) Lane Width = 3.5 m Right Shoulder = 1.4 m Left Shoulder = 1 m Access point density = 6 per km PHF = 0.80 Terrain = Rolling Trucks = 6% Buses = 2% RVs = 2% Driver population adjustment fac. = 0.95 Volume 3,000 vph Posted Speed Limit = 90 km/h Divided highway

Example 2 (basic freeway segment-rural)

Number of lanes = 2 (each direction) Lane Width = 3.5 m Lateral clearance = 1.5 m Interchange density = 0.5 per km PHF = 0.85 Grade = 0% Trucks = 10% RVs = 2% Driver population adjustment fAC. = 1 Volume 2,000 vph Posted Speed Limit = 110 km/h Level Terrain

Example 3 (Planning)
A freeway is to be designed as a passengercar only facility for an AADT of 35,000 vehicles per day. It is estimated that the freeway will have a free-flow speed of 110 km/h. The design will be for commuters, and the peak-hour factor is estimated to be 0.85 with 65% of the peak-hour traffic traveling in the peak direction. Determine the number of lanes required to provide at least LOS C using the highest annual hourly volume and the 30th highest annual hourly volume.

EXAMPLES LECTURE 15
Example 1 : T - Intersection
Jalan Besar intersects with Jalan Kecil in an urban area with a population of 100,000. Jalan Besar is a two-lane collector and Jalan Kecil is a two-lane local street serving a residential area. It is controlled by a STOP sign. There is no widening in the vicinity of the intersection, and corner radii are 6 m. Residents of the area have complained that there is substantial delay experienced in the late afternoon turning left into Jalan Besar. They claimed that this was due to the need for right and left turners to share a lane, and have requested that a left-turn only lane be provided.

Example 2 : 4-Leg-Intersection
Jalan Satu (Major Road) intersects with Jalan Dua (Minor Road) to create a 4-leg intersection. Jalan Satu is a four-lane arterial and Jalan Dua is a two-lane collector. Jalan Dua is STOP controlled and the south approach has recently been widened to add a right turn lane.

Local residents still complain that delays are excessive. Evaluate current operations and consider any possible improvements that may alleviate the existing difficulties.

EXAMPLES LECTURE 17

FORECASTING TRAVEL DEMAND

EXAMPLE 1 : TRIP GENERATION (CROSS CLASSIFICATION) An urban zone contains 80 hectares of residential land, 20 hectares devoted to commercial uses, and 4 hectares of park land. Table 1 presents the zones expected household composition at some future (target) year. Using the calibrated cross-classification as shown in Table 2, estimate the total nonwork home-based trips that the zone will produce during a typical target-year day. The rates are given as trips per household per day. Table 1 Vehicles per household 0 1 2+ Persons per Household 1 100 300 150 2,3 200 500 100 4 150 210 60 5 20 50 0

Table 2 : Total Home-Based Non-Work Trip Rates Area Type Vehicles available per Household 0 Urban : High Density 1 2+ 0 Suburban : Medium Density 1 2+ 0 Rural : Low Density 1 2+ Persons per Household 1 0.57 1.45 1.82 0.97 1.92 2.29 0.54 1.32 1.69 2,3 2.07 3.02 3.39 2.54 3.49 3.86 1.94 2.89 3.26 4 4.57 5.52 5.89 5.04 5.99 6.36 4.44 5.39 5.76 5+ 6.95 7.90 8.27 7.42 8.37 8.74 6.82 7.77 8.14

EXAMPLE 2 : TRIP GENERATION (RATES) An international hotel chain is planning the construction of a motel/office development in a resort town. The preliminary design includes 2100 rooms, a sit-down restaurant having a total floor space of 2320 ft2, and 4650 ft2 of office space, which the company is planning to lease to various local firms. Apply the trip rates published by the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) as summarized in Table 3 to estimate the total trip attractions during the afternoon traffic peak hour. Table 3 : Trip-Generation Rates (from ITE) Rates Land Use Category Motel Restaurant (Sit-In) General Office Variable AM Rooms Thousand Square Feet Thousand Square feet 0.73 17.85 1.20 PM 0.76 31.79 1.08

EXAMPLE 3 : TRIP DISTRIBUTION (GRAVITY MODEL) A small town has been divided into three traffic zones. The following data have been compiled: Table 4 : Trip Productions and Attractions for a Three-Zone Study Area Zone Trip Productions Trip Attractions 1 140 300 2 330 270 3 280 180 Total 750 750

Table 5 : Travel Time Between Zones (min) Zone 1 2 3 1 5 2 3 2 2 6 6 3 3 6 5

Table 6 : Travel Time Versus Friction Factor Time (min) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 F 82 52 50 41 39 26 20 13

Provide a trip distribution calculation using the gravity model. Assume Kij = 1

EXAMPLE 4 : TRIP DISTRIBUTION (FRATAR MODEL) A study area consists of four zones (A, B, C, and D). An O-D survey indicates that the number of trips between each zone is as shown in Table 7. Planning estimates for the area indicate that in five years the number of trips in each zone will increase by the growth factor shown in Table 8, and that trip generation will be increased to the amounts shown in the last column of the table. Determine the number of trips between each zone for future conditions. Table 7 : Present Trip Generation and Growth Factor Zone Present Trip Generation (trips/day) 600 700 700 400 Growth Factor Trip Generation in Five Years 720 770 980 520

A B C D

1.2 1.1 1.4 1.3

Table 8 : Present Trips Between Zones Zone A B C D Total A 400 100 100 600 B 400 300 700 C 100 300 300 700 D 100 300 400

EXAMPLE 5 : MODAL SPLIT (DIRECT GENERATION) Determine the number of transit trips per day in a zone which has 5000 people living on 50 acres. The auto ownership is 40 percent of zero autos per household and 60 percent of one auto per household.

EXAMPLE 6 : MODAL SPLIT (TRIP END MODELS) The total number of trip productions in a zone is 10000 trips/day. The number of households per auto is 1.80, and there are 15000 persons/square mile living there. Determine the percent of residents who can be expected to use transit.

EXAMPLE 7 : TRIP ASSIGNMENT (MINIMUM TIME PATH-all-or-nothing) Consider the following 16-node network with travel times on each link shown for each node (zone) pair. Determine the shortest travel path from node 1 (home node) to all nodes. 1 1 2 3 3 6 4

2 5 2 9 4 2

4 6 3 10 3 3

2 7 1 11 3 2

1 8 1 12

2 13 4

3 14 4

1 15 4

1 16

EXAMPLE 8 : NETWORK LOADING (MINIMUM TIME PATH-all-ornothing) The links that are on the minimum path for each of the nodes connecting node 1 are shown in Table 9. Also shown are the number of auto trips between zone 1 and all other zones. Determine the flows on each link of the network.

Origin

Table 9 : Links on Minimum Path for Trips from Node 1 Destination Trips Links on the Minimum Path 2 50 12 3 75 1 2, 2 3 4 80 1 2, 2 3, 3 7, 7 8, 8 4 5 100 15 6 125 1 5, 5 6 7 60 1 2, 2 3, 3 7 8 30 1 2, 2 3, 3 7, 7 8 9 90 1 5, 5 9 10 40 1 5, 5 6, 6 10 11 80 1 2, 2 3, 3 7, 7 11 12 25 1 2, 2 3, 3 7, 7 8, 8 12 13 70 1 5, 5 9, 9 13 14 60 1 5, 5 9, 9 13, 13 14 15 20 1 2, 2 3, 3 7, 7 11, 11 15 16 85 1 2, 2 3, 3 7, 7 8, 8 12, 12 16,