Professional Documents
Culture Documents
www.asminternational.org
Index
A
Abiotic corrosion
corrosion products in pipeline excavations and
laboratory soil box tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .887
corrosion rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .887
Above-ground storage tank, corrosion
failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753754
Abrasion
as damage mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . .349
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
as rolling contact fatigue failure mode of thermal
spray cermet and ceramic coatings . . . . . . . .951
Abrasive cutoff machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
Abrasive cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501502, 503
Abrasive erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997
mechanical seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997
Abrasive hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911, 913
Abrasive wear . . . . . .3233, 337, 902, 906920, 966
categories or types of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .907
causes of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .902
characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
of continuous unidirectional fiber reinforced
polymers (FRP) . . . . . . . . . . . . .1029, 1032, 1033
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .907, 1061
erosion-corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .908
of fabric-reinforced polymer
composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10331035
failure analysis, procedural sequence . . . . . 914915
fracture toughness effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .913
gouging abrasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907908, 919920
grinding abrasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .908, 991992
hardness effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911, 913, 919920
high-stress abrasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .908, 919, 920
impact velocity effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .912
in impact wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .966
impingement angle effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .912
jaw-type rock crusher wear plates . . . . . . . . 915, 916
low-stress abrasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .908
and lubricant failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411
in martensitic steels, wear mode
identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919920
material changes for mitigation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
material property effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912913
mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909914
particle size effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .911
percentage of wear failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
of refractory or ceramic linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .803
of reinforced polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10291035
scratching abrasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .908
service conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
of short-fiber reinforced polymers . . . . 1030, 1031
1033
sliding abrasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908909
subcategories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .902
surface hardness increases for mitigation . . . . . .407
of thermal sprayed coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
three-body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907, 908909, 947, 949
two-body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907, 908909, 947
wear rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .912
Abrasive-wheel cutting, to section specimens . . .501
ABS. See Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene.
Absolute maximum shear stress in three
dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .464
Acoustic-emission inspection
description, advantages and limitations . . . . . . . .396
to detect ring crack initiation in bearing
balls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .957
for failure analysis and investigation . . . . . . . . . . .396
Acquisition Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274
Acquittal, by composition verification . . . . . . . . . . .429
Acrylic resins
as corrosion-resistant coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .758
for mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .503
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
brittle fracture of protective covers . .449450, 452
distortion from inclusion in handle . . . . . . . 447, 449
ductile fracture behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .655
embrittlement of grips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447, 448
notch sensitivity and brittle fractures . . . . . . . . . . .657
parabolic markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .659
Activation energy, and thermomechanical
fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739, 740
Active metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .750
Active region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .750
Additives, for lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to investigate
microbial populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .893
Adherent packing material, as casting defect . . .109
Adhesion, as damage mechanism on failure
wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
Adhesive tape residue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436
Adhesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . 3233, 337, 408, 909, 966
coatings and surface finishes for
mitigation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
dynamic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
of fabric reinforced composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040
of hybrid composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10401041
in impact wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966, 967
and lubricant failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411
lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
material changes for mitigation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .902
of particulate-filled composites . .1035, 10361037
percentage of wear failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
of reinforced polymers . . . . . . . . . . .1034, 10351041
of short fiber reinforced polymers . . . . .1035, 1036,
10371038
of unidirectional FRP composites . . . . . .10381040
Adiabatic, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10611062
Adiabatic heating, as root cause of forgings defects,
rationale, resolution, and corrective
action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327, 329, 330, 331
Adiabatic mode of wear, of polymers . . . . . . . . . 1024
Adiabatic shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599, 600, 621622, 943
in ductile overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672673
Adiabatic shear bands (ASB) . . . 982, 984, 985, 987
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1062
Adipic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .769
Adjacent surface discoloration, macroscale
fractographic implication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560
Admiralty B brass, intergranular
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784, 785
Admiralty brass
galvanic series in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762
stress-corrosion cracking with microbially-induced
corrosion of condenser tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . .890
Adsorption-enhanced plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .826
Advanced ceramics. See also Engineering ceramics;
Technical ceramics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800
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Index / 1091
failure mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .960
fretting wear of flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .929
hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .960
intergranular fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666
mixed with liquid epoxy for mounting resin . . .504
refractoriness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .804
thermal etching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
as thermally sprayed coating
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949950, 951, 952, 953
toughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .960
transgranular fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666
Alumina refractories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800
Alumina scale-forming alloys, carburization
resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .869
Aluminates, formation in steel ingot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Aluminides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
chrome-modified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
chromium-silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
as high-temperature coatings resisting
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876877
substituted for Stellite to lower weight
modified by additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
Aluminizing, to prevent fretting damage . . . . . . . . .933
Alumino-silicate refractories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800
Aluminum
as addition, effect on grain size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431
addition increasing solubility of manganese
sulfides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
addition to nickel alloys and sulfidation
resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .870
bond energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
causing liquid or solid metal induced
embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862
cavitation erosion evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008
cavitation erosion, incubation time . . . . . . . . . . . 1004
cavitation erosion in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
commercially pure, velocity-affected
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .788
compatibility with various manufacturing
processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
content effect on graphitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .693
content effect on nitridation susceptibility . . . . .870
content effect on sigma-phase embrittlement . .693
in deposits from microbially-induced corrosion
sites in stainless steel cooling water
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .889
effect on low-alloy steel castings . . . . . . . . . 144, 145
effect on time-to-fracture of copper by stresscorrosion cracking in ammoniacal
atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .853
erosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995, 996
fatigue fracture at low stacking fault energy . . .578
forging, fatigue fracture showing striations . . . .635
fretting wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .930
galvanic corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766767
gas causing porosity in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
hydrogen damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .817
liquid embrittlers of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
maximum erosion rate dependence in cavitation
erosion on combined parameter . . . . . . . . . 1016
microbially-induced corrosion . . . . . . .889, 890891
as molten metal corrodent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873, 874
oxide film for fretting corrosion resistance . . . . .928
as protective layer for chromium steels in
hydrogen sulfide attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
removed from alloys by selective leaching . . . . .785
standard emf series value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .763
structural component material behavior . . . . . . . .282
Aluminum alloys
anodic dissolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647, 648
anodized to prevent fretting damage . . . . . . . . . . .934
atmospheric stress-corrosion cracking . . . . 641642
brittle fracture of aircraft actuators . .150151, 152
casting defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149152
casting
corrosion resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
dimple-rupture fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .673
ductile fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151152
cavitation erosion in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
centrifugal casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
compatibility with various manufacturing
processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
conductivity tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
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1092 / Index
5183
liquid metal induced embrittlement . . . . . . . . . .864
5356
liquid metal induced embrittlement . . . . . . . . . .863
6xxx series
crystallographic fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636637
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .784
6xxx series (Al-Mg-Si)
stress-corrosion cracking resistance rating . . .850
6061
erosion rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
erosion rate in mineral oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
liquid metal induced embrittlement . . . . . . . . . .863
microbially-induced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .891
particle spacing correlated with dimple
size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596
6061 composite, alumina-particle reinforced
microbially-induced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .891
6061-T6
diffuse and local necking, tensile
fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601, 606
ductile torsion fracture with shear
dimples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607, 611
as reference material for cavitation erosion
testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009
shrinkage gap between specimen and
mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503, 505
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851852
weldment with embedded SiC grinding
abrasives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506
6061-T651
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851852
6063-T6
distortion failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10481049
6151
particle spacing correlated with dimple
size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596
6351-T6
liquid metal induced embrittlement . . . . . . . . . .864
7xxx series
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .784
7xxx series (Al-Zn-Mg)
stress-corrosion cracking resistance rating . . .850
7xxx series (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu)
stress-corrosion cracking resistance rating . . .850
7050
area fraction of unrecrystallized vs.
recrystallized regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549
stretch zone boundaries in fracture surface,
roughness, and fractal dimension . . . 552553
vertical-section serial sectioning . . . . . . . 553, 554
7075
hydrogen damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .816
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .784
microbially-induced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .891
particle spacing correlated with dimple
size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596
7075-T6
crack initiation in unnotched specimens . . . . 602,
607
fatigue-fracture zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .710
prestraining in torsion effect on fracture . . . 620
621
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . .828, 832, 852
7075-T651
intergranular fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
7075-T7
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832
7075-T73
fatigue fracture of forging, beach marks
present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .707
7079
particle spacing correlated with dimple
size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596
7079-T651
mud cracks on intergranular fracture
surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .564
A356
brittle fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150151, 152
brittle torsion fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607, 610
dimples in tensile fracture surface . . . . . . . . . . .550
fatigue striations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550, 551
fraction of fracture profile length through Si
particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543
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Index / 1093
Angle of contact, impact wear of ceramics . . . . . .969
Angle of impingement, of slurry particles 990991
Angle of incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518
Angular orientation distribution function . . . . . .545
Animation, computer-generated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
Anisotropic material, elastic constants for . . . . . . .467
Anisotropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
and directionality effect in manufacturing . . . . . 615,
617
of fracture profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542
of fracture surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545, 546
texture effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680681
Annealed steel, notch sensitivity vs. notch
radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278
Annealing twin, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1062
Annulus of slant fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .597
Anode, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1062
Anodic corrosion inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .771
Anodic depolarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .882
Anodic dissolution, of aluminum alloys . . . . 647, 648
Anodic dissolution (stress-corrosion cracking),
controlling factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .811
Anodic hard coating, defects resulting from . . . . . . 81
Anodic inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757758
Anodic polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .882
Anodic protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755757
to prevent stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . .838
Anodic reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749, 750
Anodizing
to prevent fretting damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .934
Anthropometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Antichills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
to prevent hot cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Antifriction bearings
contact fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722723
on nylon/polyethylene, wear failure . . . 1025, 1026
Antimony
as alloying species in metal, causing accelerated
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
as alloying species in metal, causing stresscorrosion cracking in copper alloys (in
presence of aerated aqueous NH3) . . . . . . . .831
as alloying species in metal, causing stresscorrosion cracking in stainless steels (in
presence of Cl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
content effect on temper embrittlement . . 691, 692
effect on rupture ductility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736
effect on time-to-fracture of copper by stresscorrosion cracking in ammoniacal
atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .853
as embrittling impurity in low-alloy steel
castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144, 145
as grain-boundary embrittler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
grain-boundary segregation and intergranular
brittle fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643, 645
as ions in aqueous solutions, causing accelerated
hydrogen entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
as ions in aqueous solutions, causing hydrogeninduced cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
as ions in aqueous solutions, causing stresscorrosion cracking in high-strength
steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
as molten metal corrodent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .873
x-ray elemental composition map made with
electron microprobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .865
Antimony compounds, as damaging substance in
atmospheric environments for stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832
Antioxidants, as additives to polymers . . . . 441, 798,
800, 801, 806
AOD. See Argon-oxygen decarburization refining
process.
AOL vertical testing apparatus, description of
rolling contact fatigue test method . . . . . . . .944
APB. See Acid-producing bacteria.
Aperture, in photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
API. See American Petroleum Institute.
Apollo spacecraft, stress-corrosion cracking of
pressure vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857858
Apparent fracture toughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279
Appliance housings, environmental stress cracking
of polycarbonate/PET . . . . . . . . . . .450451, 453
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1094 / Index
Application-life diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8
effects of increasing the severity of the service
condition of rotor blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13, 15
effects of manufacturing-caused surface
discontinuities on service life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Applied load, and real area of contact . . . . . . . . . . . .926
Applied stresses, analysis of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461475
Applied torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469
Appropriate task, definition in reliability-centered
maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
APS. See Air plasma spraying.
Aqueous electrolytes, causing fretting wear . . . 930
931
Aramid fibers (AF)
as filler for nylon promoting wear
resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10251026
in phenolic resin composites . . . . . . . . . . . 1022, 1023
for polymer reinforcement . . . . . . 1032, 10331034,
1038, 1039, 1040, 1041
Arc blow
weldment inclusion cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
weldment porosity cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Arc burns (arc strikes), in weldments . . . . . . . . . . .169
Arc gouging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232233
Archard-type wear law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971, 973
Arc strikes (arc burns)
surface feature as cause for rejection . . . . . . . . . . .156
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
AREMA. See American Railway Engineers and
Maintenance-of-Way Association.
Argon, bond energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
Argon-oxygen decarburization (AOD) refining
process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780
Arrest lines (marks). See also Beach marks; Rib
marks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .707
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1062
Arrhenius factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300
Arsenic
as alloying species in metal, causing accelerated
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
as alloying species in metal, causing stresscorrosion cracking in copper alloys (in
presence of aerated aqueous NH3) . . . . . . . .831
as alloying species in metal, causing stresscorrosion cracking in stainless steels (in
presence of Cl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
content effect on temper embrittlement . . . . . . . .691
effect on rupture ductility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736
effect on time-to-fracture of copper by stresscorrosion cracking in ammoniacal
atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .853
as embrittling impurity in low-alloy steel
castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144, 145
as grain-boundary embrittler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
grain-boundary segregation and brittle
fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643, 645
as ions in aqueous solutions, causing accelerated
hydrogen entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
as ions in aqueous solutions, causing hydrogeninduced cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
as ions in aqueous solutions, causing stresscorrosion cracking in high-strength
steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
Arsenic compounds, as damaging substance in
atmospheric environments for stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832
Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589
leading to false conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335
mud cracks, microscale fractographic
implication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560
tire tracks, microscale fractographic
implication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560
Artificial aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
ASB. See Adiabatic shear band.
As-cast products, segregation present . . . . . . 429, 430
Ashby deformation maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684, 685
ASIP. See Aircraft Structural Integrity Program.
ASME. See American Society of Mechanical
Engineers.
Aspect ratio
and incomplete fusion and incomplete
penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
of reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036
B
Babbitt metal
copper precipitation of bearings in locomotive
axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366367, 368
lining of bronze cylinder of friction bearing of
locomotive drive axle, overheating . . 335336
liquid metal induced embrittlement . . . . . . . 865, 866
Background data assembly, in failure
analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333, 334335
Backing bar, unspliced, hydrogen cracking . . . . . .183
Backing piece left on, surface feature as cause for
rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
Backofen equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623
Backofens model for fracture from holes . . . . . .592
Backscattered electron imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432
Backscattered electrons (BSE) . . . . . . . . . . . . 518519
Backscatter electron mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432
Backup subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Bacterial numbers (acid-producing bacteria),
factors correlating with sulfate-reducing
bacteria (SRB) numbers for buried pipeline
sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .886
Baddeleyite
formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
melting point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
Bainite
in bands with tempered martensite . . . . . . . 219, 220
lower, formation at quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
lower, in high-temperature transformation
products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
nonuniform quenching effects after
tempering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208, 210
as transformational product in steel . . . . . 192, 195,
196
upper, formation at quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
upper, in high-temperature transformation
products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Bakelite, for mounting metallographic
specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502
Ballistic impact wear apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .970
Ball-on-ring flexure test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666
Ball-peen hammers, spalling analysis . . . . . .975978,
983, 986
Ball-rod testing apparatus (Federal-Mogul),
description of rolling contact fatigue test
method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .944
Banded structure, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1062
Banding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219, 582, 584, 612, 681
with chemical segregation in ingots . . . . . . . . . 8384
effect on fatigue strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720
and hydrogen embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .815
Band width, crack-growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .660
Bar
forging defect, pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
seam defect in rolled bar forging . . . . . . . . . . . .93, 94
Barker v Lull (California Supreme Court
decision) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Barn door characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Barreling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .603, 604, 622
Base material
ceramics, analysis of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
intermetallics, analysis of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
metals, analysis of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358359
polymers, analysis of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358, 359
Basicity/acidity ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
Basic refractories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800
Batch quench system, nonuniform quenching . . 208,
210
Bates-Clark approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584585
Batteries, prevention approach for corrosion in
industrial facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .893
Bauschinger effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .689
bcc. See Body-centered cubic materials.
BEA. See Boundary-element analysis.
Beach marks. See also Arrest lines; Rib
marks. . . . . 337, 352, 397, 480481, 579580,
581, 628, 629, 633
absent in rotating bending test of axle . . . . . . . . . .627
in casting fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608, 613
characteristic of many fatigue-fracture
surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633
characteristic patterns in cylindrical
components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632, 633
and cold shut in truck equalizer beams . . . 122, 123
in corrosion-fatigue fractures of wires . . . . 774775
vs. crack arrest lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568
curvature direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631, 633
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1062
on ductile iron stuffing box . . . . . . . . . .136137, 138
and fatigue crack propagation . . . . . . 707, 710, 711,
712, 713
as fatigue damage mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344
in fatigue fracture . . .175, 176, 177, 576, 577, 627,
718
formation aided by corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .635
in fractured connecting end of steel rod . . . . .85, 86
with galvanic corrosion of helicopter tail
rotor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .766
identifying fracture origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631, 633
indicative of fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559
at intermediate stress intensity range . . . . . . . . . . .579
linked to component service history . . . . . . . . . . . .633
not caused by fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634, 635
from oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707, 708
on polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
presence and visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561
from reversed bending fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . 630, 633
sources for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579
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Index / 1095
Biofouling. See also Biological corrosion. . . . . . . . 751,
768, 791, 834, 881894
copper-base alloys resistant to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .890
Biological assays, to analyze microbially-induced
corrosion deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .892
Biological corrosion. See also Biofouling;
Microbially induced or influenced
corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . 751, 768, 791, 881894
and hydrostatic testing environment . . . . . . . . . . . .834
Biomass, method used for inspection, growth and
activity assays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .893
Biot number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
Bird-strike testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
Biscuit, in pressure die castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Bismuth
as alloying species in metal, causing accelerated
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
as alloying species in metal, causing stresscorrosion cracking in copper alloys (in
presence of aerated aqueous NH3) . . . . . . . .831
as alloying species in metal, causing stresscorrosion cracking in stainless steels (in
presence of Cl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
cleavage fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589
as embrittling agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691, 862
as ions in aqueous solutions, causing accelerated
hydrogen entry in high-strength steels . . . .831
as ions in aqueous solutions, causing hydrogeninduced cracking in high-strength steels . .831
as ions in aqueous solutions, causing stresscorrosion cracking in high-strength
steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
liquid, environment causing stress-corrosion
cracking of nickel and nickel-base
alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .848
as molten metal corrodent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .873
Bitmap digital camera file format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420
Bituminous resins, as corrosion-resistant
coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .758
Black, finely divided iron (II) sulfides, as corrosion
products in pipeline excavations and
laboratory soil box tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .887
Blacking inclusions, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Blacking scab, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Black refractories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800
Black spots, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Blade alloys, microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .739
Blind shrinkage, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Blistering. See also Fisheyes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695, 696
of aluminum alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .647
as discontinuity in semisolid casting . . . . . 127, 131
as flaw in rolled bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
of forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
hydrogen-induced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .814815, 816
in ingots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83, 87, 90
microbial involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .884
of pressure die castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
in squeeze casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Blocksim (computer software program) . . . . . . . .267
Block tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701
Block-type stress spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280, 281
Blocky ferrite, and distortion failure of gas-nitrided
drive-gear assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055
Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .922
Blowholes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
adjacent to inserts, chills, chaplets, etc., as casting
defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
in corner as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
in malleable irons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
slag, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171, 187
Blow molding
extrusion compatibility with various materials . . 33
injection compatibility with various materials . . 33
Blue brittleness
causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1062
effect in ferrous alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
effect on overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690691
steels susceptible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
temperature for weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
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1096 / Index
C
CAA. See Corrective Action Assessment chart.
CAD. See Computer-aided design.
Cadmium
causing liquid metal induced embrittlement . . . 863,
864, 865, 866
causing solid metal induced embrittlement . . . . 865,
866
as embrittling metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862
galvanic series in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762
liquid, causing stress-corrosion cracking in
titanium alloys at various temperatures . . .857
as liquid embrittler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
as molten metal corrodent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .873
solid, causing stress-corrosion cracking in titanium
alloys at various temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . .857
standard emf series value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .763
Cadmium plating, hydrogen embrittlement of plated
wing nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811, 812
Caking, of refractory walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .803
Calcia
formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
melting point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
Calcite scale, and microbially-induced corrosion of
stainless steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .889
Calcium carbonate scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .886
Calcium chloride, stress-corrosion cracking . . . . .849
Calcium ladle additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584
CaO/SiO2 ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
Calrel (computer software program) . . . . . . . . . . .267
Cambridge Engineering Selector (materials
selection software) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Cameras
accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420
bodies used in failure analysis photography . . . .419
digital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420421
flashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419420
lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
for on-site investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394
to record experimental stress analysis . . . . . . . . . .397
Camshaft, grinding cracks in gray iron . . . . . . . . . .221
Cantilever beam analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
Cantilever beams, distortion failure of stainless
steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049
Cantilever curl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666
Capped steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
Cap screws, hydrogen embrittlement . . . . . . . 696697
Carbide coalescence, of steel alloys used for gas
turbine tubes and piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291292
Carbide coarsening, of turbine blades . . . . . . . . . . .291
Carbide inclusions, in weldments . . . . . . . . . . 172174
Carbide overaging, of nickel-base superalloys used
for gas turbine blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294295
Carbide precipitation
and cold forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
of nickel-base superalloys used for gas turbine
blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294, 295
in stainless steel hot gas casing . . . . . . . . . . . 363, 364
Carbides
in austenitic manganese steel castings . . . . 147, 148
of beta-NiAl coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .876
in cast stainless steel with intergranular
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 150
effect on properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216217, 218
effect on stress rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735, 736
formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216, 217, 218
forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216, 217, 218
geometric models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216, 217
with high-temperature corrosion of nickel
alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .870
as inclusions, and debonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571, 572
in overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .683
in power plant piping and tubing
microstructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
rounded, effect on ductility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .682
weld-interface, in friction welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
Carbide segregation, of twistdrill material . . . . . . . 73
Carbide spheroidization, of steel alloys used for
gas turbine tubes and piping . . .291292, 293
Carbide stabilizers, in cast irons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
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Index / 1097
Carbon
content effect on distortion with quenching . . 199
200, 205
content effect on quench cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . .694
content effect on retained austenite
formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210, 212
content effect on sigma-phase embrittlement . .693
content effect on stress-corrosion cracking in
nitrate solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .839
content in intergranular fracture surfaces of
carburized steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644645
content needed to offset shrinkage and porosity in
ductile iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
depletion on steel surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430
diamond, bond energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
effect on weldment hot cracking . . . . . . . . . 184185
enhancing embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .691
films, lustrous, as casting defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
grain-boundary segregation causing intergranular
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .647
and hot corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .872
removed from alloys by selective leaching . . . . .785
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838843
Carbonate ions in aqueous solutions, causing
stress-corrosion cracking in carbon
steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
Carbonates, stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . .840
Carbon diffusion, effect on chemical analysis . . .430
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
plus moisture, as damaging substance in
atmospheric environments for stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .840
Carbon dioxide sand molding, in shape-casting
processes classification scheme . . . . . . . . . . .124
Carbon equivalent (CE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
and carbon flotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
effect on quench cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208, 211
equation for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
to solve hydrogen cold cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
Carbon evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522
Carbon fibers (CF)
as filler for nylon promoting wear
resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10251026
in phenolic resin composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
for polymer reinforcement . . . . . . 1031, 1032, 1033,
1034, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041
Carbon flotation
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063
in gray iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
of nodular iron crankshaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139, 140
Carbonitrides, with high-temperature corrosion of
nickel alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .870
Carbonitriding, and hydrogen embrittlement . . . .818
Carbon-manganese steels
cavitation erosion resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
clad with erosion-resistant alloys by fusion
welding or explosive bonding . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
failure assessment curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248
failure assessment diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
three-dimensional fracture surface
reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553
weldment hydrogen cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
weldment inclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173, 176
weldment lamellar tearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181, 182
weldment porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
Carbon-molybdenum steels
composition of castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
mechanical properties of castings . . . . . . . . 144, 145
Carbon monoxide (CO), plus moisture, as
damaging substance in atmospheric
environments for stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832
Carbon monoxide-carbon dioxide-water (COCO2-H2O) gas, causing stress-corrosion
cracking in carbon steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
Carbon-nitrogen interaction, as mechanism for
high-temperature corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .870
Carbon pickup, and intergranular corrosion . . . . 781,
783
Carbon potential, variation with dewpoint . . . . . .216
Carbon residue buildup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436
Carbon saturation (SC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134, 137
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1098 / Index
Carbon steels
carbide changes with elevated temperature . . 291
292, 293
casting defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
causes of stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
cavitation erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10131014
cavitation erosion in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
centrifugal casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
chloridation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .873
compatibility with various manufacturing
processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
copper-induced liquid metal induced
embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367, 369
crevice corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .776
crystallographic fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .637
ductile fracture of tapered-ring sprocket locking
device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10
environment systems exhibiting stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832
fretting wear low after shot peening . . . . . . . . . . . .928
fretting wear of connecting rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .928
fretting wear of cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .930
intergranular fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500501, 502
intergranular stress-corrosion cracking of
weldment in sulfur recovery unit . . . . 840841
liquid metal induced embrittlement . . . . . . .500501,
502, 865866
maximum metal temperatures for high-temperature
boiler tube materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304
microbially-induced corrosion in oilfield
waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .884
microstructure, tensile test fracture of
casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509
microstructure using replicating tape, reinforcing
rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513, 514
mitigating adhesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
nickel-plated fractures, light micrographs . . . . . 499,
500
pitting corrosion of pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356, 357
retained austenite volume fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364
solid metal induced embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . .865
spalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978, 980, 981
strength-hardness correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980, 981
substances in atmospheric environments causing
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832
tensile testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509
uniform corrosion of boiler feedwater tubes . . .768
weldment discontinuities in World War II Liberty
ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
weldment underfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175, 177
workability behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Carborundum
formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
melting point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
Carburization
in cast irons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
as defect resulting from heat treatment . . . . . . . . . . 81
effect on bulk composition verification . . . 429, 430
effect on overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .688
of forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
of low-alloy steel castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
as mechanism for high-temperature
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868, 869
of valve seats, intergranular brittle fracture . . . .677
variables affecting rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .868
Carburized steels, intergranular fatigue . . . . 644645
Carburizing
defects resulting from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
distortion due to residual stresses or
fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10531054
and hydrogen embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .818
to prevent fretting damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133, 934
to reduce stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .717
of track wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510, 511
Cartridge brass, grain size effect . . . . . . . . . . 598, 601
Case crushing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413, 723, 725726
contact fatigue terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .722
Case debonding, in squeeze casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Case depth, as distortion failure factor . . . . . . . . . 1053
Case hardening
and fatigue initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .627
microcracking tendency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
by shot peening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221222
for stress reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .717
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Index / 1099
thermal etching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
wear particle size related to coefficient of
friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .958
Ceramics, specific types
GS-44 silicon nitride, impact wear . . . . . . . . . . . . .969
NBD-200, balls impacting sintered reactionbonded silicon nitride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .969
SN220M silicon nitride, impact wear . . . . . . . . . .969
Ceramic shell investment molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Ceramic slurry molding, in shape-casting processes
classification scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Ceramographic etching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362363
Ceria, addition improving oxidation resistance . .868
Cermets, as coatings . . . . . . . . 949950, 951, 952, 953
Ceroxides, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
CF. See Carbon fibers.
Chafing fatigue. See also Fretting.
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063
Chain branching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568
Chain graphitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .693
Chain link, brittle fracture of austenitic
manganese steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146147, 148
Chain of commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Chain of evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340
Chain scission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444, 569, 797, 798
of polyethylene terephthalate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452
Chalcocite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .890
Chalk, brittle torsion fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561, 562
Chamfer angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978
Chamfers, of nail and ball-peen hammers . . . . . . .978
Channeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
Chaplet cold shut, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Chaplet, unfused, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Charcoal-regeneration kiln, sulfidation . . . 871, 872
Charge correction method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531
Charging, of sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521
Charpy (impact) test (Charpy
V-notch test) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301, 684, 692
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063
for polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445
of stainless steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500
of weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161, 179180, 783
Charpy V-notch bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .604
Charpy V-notch impact energy . . . . . . 604606, 608,
609, 610
of cast carbon-molybdenum steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
and tempered-martensite embrittlement . . . . . . . .692
Charpy V-notch upper-shelf energies, of shapecontrolled steel with inclusions . . . . . . . .89, 90
Check cracks, in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Chelates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .768
Chemical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403404, 522
of brass, dezincification effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430
bulk composition verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429432
calibration with similarly composed material . .429
carburization effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429, 430
of casting defect fracture due to cold shut . . . . .121
of cast steel of equalizer beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
chemist selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431
of corrosion products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
corrosion reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430
economy test methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429, 430
in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334, 337
hydrogen analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429, 431
of metals in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429436
of microbially induced corrosion deposits . . . . . .892
microchemical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429, 432436
for microscopic examination of fracture
surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399
qualitative chemical tests used in materials
identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431
referee test methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429, 430431
specimen handling information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436
spot-check test kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431
for stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837838
of worn surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
Chemical attack, of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
Chemical bond molding, and surface finish of
casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
Chemical characterization of surfaces, evaluation
techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527
Chemical composition, as root cause of forgings
defects, rationale, resolution, and corrective
action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327, 329, 330, 331
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1100 / Index
www.asminternational.org
Index / 1101
Cohesive wear, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
Coil springs
decarburization failure of spring steel . . . . 509, 510
heat treatment effects on residual stress . . 494495
residual stress versus depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494
torsional fatigue failure of boron-containing
alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630, 633
Cold box resin sand molding, in shape-casting
processes classification scheme . . . . . . . . . . .124
Cold chamber die casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125, 126
in shape-casting processes classification
scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Cold cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .686, 698699
of weldments . . 167, 170, 179, 181183, 184, 186,
187, 698699
Cold die quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213
Cold forging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82, 96, 97
Cold forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 101102
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
grain size variation in thin-section products . . . .102
imperfections causing fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .615
Cold heading, compatibility with various
materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Cold laps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .595
as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
in corrosion-resistant casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
in squeeze casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Cold rolling, minimum web thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Cold shot
as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111, 120
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104, 1063
Cold shut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81, 614
in aircraft fuel-control lever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104, 1063
as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107, 120123
as discontinuity for castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
as discontinuity in semisolid casting . . . . . 127, 131
in forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
in gray iron paper-drier head . . . . . . . .120122, 123
in permanent-mold castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124, 125
in pressure die castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126, 127
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
Cold tearing, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Cold working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 561
and alpha-phase formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .693
effects on manufactured components . . . . . . . . . . .494
metallurgical defects in cast or wrought grain
structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
for stress reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .717
Collaborative Testing Service, round robin
programs of chemical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . .431
Collapse ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240, 241, 243, 244
definition, fundamental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248
Collision cascade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .533
Colorimetry, of worn surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
Color photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
to preserve evidence of damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335
Columbium, addition to control intergranular
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .875
Columnar structure, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063
Combing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
Combustion analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 404, 430, 431, 432
Comet (DeHavilland) aircraft failures . . . 228, 231,
239
Comet tailing, from improper polishing . . . . . . . . . .506
Commercial alloys, substances in atmospheric
environments causing stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832
Commercial cap screw, distortion failure . . . . . . 1054
Commercial Item Description (CID) . . . . . . . . . . . .986
Commercial software tools, usefulness for larger
scale investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320
Commodity-grade steels, hydrogen
embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818822
Common cause failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Comparison specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
Compass method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544
Complete deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
Complex oxide inclusions, in weldments . . 172174
Complex stresses, effect on fatigue strength . . . . .717
Component failure simulation testing . . . . . . . . . .419
Component life
expended, definition and description . . . . . . . . . . .227
expending of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
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Index / 1103
Corrective action
tests for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
Corrective Action Assessment (CAA) chart . . . .328
Corrective Action Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331
Corrosion. See also Cavitation; Chloride stresscorrosion cracking; Corrosion failure(s);
Corrosion fatigue; Crevice corrosion;
Denickelification; Dezincification; Erosioncorrosion; Exfoliation; Filiform corrosion;
Fretting corrosion; Galvanic corrosion;
General corrosion; Graphitic corrosion;
Impingement attack; Interdendritic corrosion;
Intergranular corrosion; Internal oxidation;
Oxidation; Parting; Pitting; Poultice
corrosion; Rust; Selective leaching; Straycurrent corrosion; Stress-corrosion cracking;
Sulfide stress cracking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18, 20
by acetic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .749, 482783
alloy composition changes for control of . . . . . .755
annual cost in U.S. (1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .749
anodic protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755757
aqueous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .768
atmospheric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .768
by brine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .776, 788, 815
and brittle fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .523
cathodic protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755757
causing service failures of weld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
of ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370
characteristics of failure mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
by citric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781782
classification of related failure . . . . . . . . . . . . 355356
and cold forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
conversion coatings for resistance to . . . . . . . . . . .759
crater corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777
by cupric sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781
damage features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354356
as damage mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
data incompleteness or inconsistency . . . . . . . . . .753
data on Internet web sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .753
dealloying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768, 785, 788, 790
dealuminification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787, 788, 789
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18, 405, 1064
denickelification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788, 789
design considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232, 755, 756
desiliconification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .788
destannification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .788
dezincification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785786, 787
of dissimilar metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
effect on chemical analysis results . . . . . . . . . . . . .430
effect on fracture surface and failure
analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335
effect on x-ray diffraction residual stress
measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486487
electrochemical nature of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .749
environmental conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .755
environmental control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .755
as environment contributing to damage
mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347348
examination methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
factors affecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405
by ferric chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788, 790
by ferric sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781
by formic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .749, 782783
forms of, basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355
galvanic protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .755757, 764
general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .761
graphitic corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786787, 788, 789
by Green Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775
by hot gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804, 805
by hydrochloric acid . . . . . .749, 750, 769, 770, 781
by hydrofluoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749, 815
by hydrogen sulfide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .815
by hydrogen sulfide gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .755
inhibitor use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757758
intergranular, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
by iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .769
as life-limiting factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
liquid-metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .768
by lithium hydride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .788
localized . . . . . . . .751, 755, 756, 763, 764, 767, 781
material properties related to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
metallic, forms of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405
microbial involvement in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881882
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Corrosion (continued)
by molten salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .768, 804, 805
monetary loss in U.S. annually due to . . . . . . . . . .325
by nitric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . .769, 770, 780, 781, 784
of nonmetallic materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405
by oxalic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780, 781
ozone treatment for microbially induced
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .755
pH control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .755
by phosphoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .749, 781782
preventive techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .751
processing/fabrication operations effect . . . . . . . .405
product layering effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752
qualitative energy-dispersive spectrometry
microchemical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435
rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752753
root cause resulting in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
scale buildup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .754
by sweater . . . . . . . . . . . 776, 777, 787, 788793, 812
by sodium chloride (brine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776, 788
by soil containing sulfates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787, 788
splash-zone corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .776
stray-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .768
by sulfuric acid . . . . . . . . . . . .749, 757, 769, 770, 780
surface modification for resistance to . . . . 759760
testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752
transgranular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .761
of turbine blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296
types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752753
uniform . . . . . . . . . 751, 755, 761, 765766, 767771
velocity-affected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .761, 788793
by water . . 772, 773774, 784, 786, 787, 788793,
812
of weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156157
Yankee dryer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387388
Corrosion allowances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
Corrosion-assisted fatigue, driven by two
environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
Corrosion-assisted high-cycle fatigue, stainless
steel gas turbine blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
Corrosion cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .882
Corrosion failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749760
aboveground storage tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753754
aircraft freshwater tanks of stainless steel . . . . . .773
analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405, 751755
buried pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .754
documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751, 752
elbow of pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .792
in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337
feedwater pressure tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788, 789
heat exchanger tubes of stainless steel . . . . . . . . .777
helicopter tail rotor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .766
pipe for fire protection system water supply . . 787,
788
piping of fire-sprinkler system on ferry . .789790,
791
preventive measures for metals . . . . . . . . . . . 755760
reboiler bypass duct damper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775
saw cutting vs. torch cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .751
ship hull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .778
storm sewer piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .753
valve in soda-dispensing system . . . . . . . . . . 781782
wastewater tunnel structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .755
of weld in wastewater vaporizer . . . . . . . . . . 782783
wires in electrostatic precipitator at paper
plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774775
Corrosion fatigue . . . . . 337, 347, 490491, 634635,
875876
of boiler tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .634
causing service failures of welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
of copper alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836, 837
and cyclic stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
as damage mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . .349
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
and fatigue fractures . . . . . . . . . . . 721722, 774775
fireside, as damage mechanism for boiler
tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
loading types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
material properties related to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
material selection criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
microbial involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .884
operating temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
resulting in fatigue damage mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344
stainless steel wires around insulators in wet
scrubbing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340341
of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .658
in stress-corrosion cracking . . . 835, 843, 844, 845,
846, 852, 856
Crack closure stress intensity (Kcl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542
Crack curvature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .574
Crack deflection, measure of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545
Crack extension. See also Crack length (a) or depth;
Effective crack size; and Physical crack size
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Crack extension force, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Crack fronts, shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633
Crack growth
computer software programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
creep behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .733
Crack growth rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279, 480481
for aircraft wing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237, 238
calculation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
of circular penetration in aluminum pressurized
fuselage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279, 285, 286
determination of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235238
predicted vs. measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237, 238
Crack growth velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032
Cracking from hydride formation, metals affected
and conditions for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .809
Cracking from precipitation of internal gaseous
hydrogen, metals affected and conditions
for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .809
Crack initiation
cold shut in gray iron paper-drier head . . . . . . . . .122
at inner edge of lubrication hole of stuffing
box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
modeling with fracture mechanics . . .581582, 583
Crack length (a) or depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Crack mouth displacement range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .743
Crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD). See
Crack tip opening displacement (CTOD).
Crack on surface, tightly closed, macroscale
fractographic implication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560
Crack opening displacement (COD). See Crack tip
opening displacement (CTOD).
Crack plane orientation and growth system,
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Crack promoters, defects as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Crack propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522, 659
in ceramics, testing of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .959
in polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654655
Crack size (a) See also Crack length (a) or depth.
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Crack size at occurrence of overload . . . . . . . . . . .283
Crack tip, stress concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .581
Crack tip blunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567, 611, 612, 616
in casting fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611, 614
Crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) . . . . . 243,
244, 246
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
and lineal profile roughness parameter . . . . . . . . .541
relation to fracture toughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567, 584
residual compressive stress effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496
Crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) design
curve method . . . . . . .160, 283, 479, 480, 481
Crack-tip plane strain, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Crack tip shielding effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .959
Crack-tip stress-intensity factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .703
Crack tunneling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567568
Crankcases, casting stresses in gray iron . . .135136,
137, 138
Crank pin, fatigue failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .628
Crankshafts
cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
fatigue fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352
misalignment as abnormal condition . . . . . . . . . . .394
quench cracking from nonuniform
quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208, 210
CRASH (computer program), for analyzing motor
vehicle accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
Crater cracks, in weldments . . . . . . . . . .158, 184, 190
Craters, in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169, 190
Craze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .651
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656
formation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568, 569
Craze fibrils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652
Craze yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656
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Index / 1105
remaining determination of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
Creep rate. See also Minimum creep rate.
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
relationship with various failure modes . . . . .35, 36
Creep-rupture embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736
Creep rupture strength
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
environmental stress cracking effect . . . . . . . . . . . .797
polyethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .798
Creep strain, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Creep strength, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Creep stress, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Creep testing, of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
Crevice corrosion . . . . .337, 751, 755, 761, 763, 765,
770, 771, 775777, 876
brine tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .776
as damage mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . .349
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
failure reduction measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777
features observed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
heat exchanger tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777
implant materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777
from microbially induced corrosion . . . . . 883, 884,
887, 889
solid deposits effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777
under thermal insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776777
tray deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775776
tube in piping system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .776
Cristobalite
formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
melting point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
Critical amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .925
Critical cooling rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
Critical crack length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279
of circular penetration in aluminum pressurized
fuselage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279, 285
prediction of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477
Critical crack size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233, 478, 657
Critical design review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Critical excitation energy (Ec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519
Critical excitation voltage of the x-ray . . . . . . . . .520
Critical flange crack depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248249
Critical flaw size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475, 478, 595, 686
computation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401, 705
Critical groove size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .913
Critical item list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Critical normal stress law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587588
Critical resolved shear stress law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .588
Critical shear stress law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .588
Critical stress-crack size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246, 247
Critical stress intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478, 686
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401
factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478
Critical stress regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .474
Critical thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603, 607
Cross-correlation method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487
Cross direction. See Transverse direction.
Crosshead of industrial compressor, brittle fracture
of cast steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153154
Cross-linked polymer, swelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .796
Cross-linked thermosetting coatings, as corrosionresistant coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .758
Cross linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568
and overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .679
of PET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452
in polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444
in thermoplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
Cross-sectional method (CSM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361
Crows feet, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Crush
as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Crushing, causing corrosive wear . . . . . . . . . . 989990
Cryogenic applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684
Cryogenic temperatures
effect on fretting wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931932
and overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684685
Crystal Ball (computer program), . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
Crystal lattices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376
Crystalline fracture. See also Granular fracture.
in brittle fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400
Crystalline inclusions, in ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .669
Crystalline polymers, chemical absorption . . . . . .796
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1106 / Index
Crystallinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568
level of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441
Crystallites, in iron alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
Crystallization, of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
Crystallization temperature, of polymeric
materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569
Crystallographic cleavage . . . . . . . . . . . . .674675, 676
Crystallographic fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579
in fatigue fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636-637
Crystal structure
effect on fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568
effect on stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . .832
and overload failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678679
of steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193, 194
CSM. See Cross-sectional method.
C-source code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
CTE. See Coefficient of thermal expansion.
CTOD. See Crack tip opening displacement.
Cumulative damage, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Cumulative distribution function (CDF) 255, 266
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
estimation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260261
Cup-and-cone fracture. See also Cup fracture.
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Cup fracture (cup-and-cone fracture) . . . 398, 473,
598599, 602
changes in strain path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620621
ductile overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671, 672
Cupping, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Cupric oxide, fretting wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .934
Cupric sulfate, intergranular corrosion evaluation
test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781
Cupronickel alloys,
microbially induced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .890
Curve-fitting equations, phenomenological . . . . .479
Customer focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Cut
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
from mold-wall deficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910, 912, 913, 914
of ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
Cutting wear, of ductile alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .991
CVD. See Chemical vapor deposition.
CVN. See Charpy V-notch testing.
Cycle, whole, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280281
Cycles of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
Cycles to failure, for toque link bolt of aircraft
fixed-nose landing gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
Cycle summation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .585
Cyclic brittle cleavage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579, 580
Cyclic ductile decohesion (crystallographic
fatigue) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579
Cyclic fatigue life, of semicrystalline
thermoplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024
Cyclic loading
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
and fatigue failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334335
Cyclic reverse bending, and fatigue crack
initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576, 577
Cyclic strain accumulation, as distortion
failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10551056
Cyclic strain resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
Cyclic stresses, and stress-corrosion cracking . . . .831
Cyclic stress resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
Cylinder blocks, casting stress related failure . . 134
135, 136
Cylinder head, of gray iron, cracking due to
microporosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112113
Cylinder-to-ball testing apparatus
description of rolling contact fatigue test
method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .944
Cylinder-to cylinder testing apparatus, description
of rolling contact fatigue test method . . . . .944
D
Dag (conductive solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521
Damage, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Damage distributions
post-inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
pre-inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
probability of detection influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
Damage levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
Damage mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .582
Damage mechanisms(s)
for boiler tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347, 350
categorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347349
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343
primary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346347
secondary, categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346347
Damage mode(s)
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343
distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
identification chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
Damage modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .582
Damage nucleating conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
Damage tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239, 281282
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231, 270
Damage-tolerance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
Damage-tolerance approach . . . 270273, 274, 281
282, 286
to assess circular penetration in pressurized
fuselage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279, 284286
to life assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270, 271
Damage tolerant design
design methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700
principal testing data description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700
Danger, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Dark-field illumination, of light microscope
fractographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499
Dart penetration test, for polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445
DARWIN (computer software program) . . . . . . 264,
265, 267
Data, collection, and samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393394
DBTT. See Ductile-brittle transition temperature.
Dead-metal zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Deaeration, of pipes to resist corrosive wear . . . .992
Dealloying. See also Dealuminification;
Decarburization; Denickelification;
Desiliconification; Destannification;
Dezincification; Graphitic corrosion; and
Selective leaching. . . . . . . . . 768, 785, 788, 790
as damage mechanisms on failure wheel . . . . . . .349
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Dealuminification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787788, 789
Debonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591592
at matrix-particle interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591592
of refractories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
Debye-Scherrer powder camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358
Decarburization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342, 809
in austenitic manganese steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509, 510
in cast irons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
causing distortion failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10511052
and cold shut in equalizer beams of truck . . . . . 122,
123
as defect resulting from heat treatment . . . . . . . . . . 81
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215, 1065
depth of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215216
and distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203204
effect on fatigue strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .719
effect on steel properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215216
and forging defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93, 94
of forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 509
in hot crack vs. hot tear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
of hot tear of sand-cast steel axle housing . . . . .119
with hydrogen attack of steel alloys for gas
turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293, 294
hydrogen effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .816
of malleable iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140, 141
metallographic examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364
and overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 688
and oxidation causing distortion . . . . . . . . . . 202, 204
partial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215, 216
partial, in alloy steel coil spring . . . . . . . . . . 509, 510
quench-cracking propensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
and residual stress in hardened steels . . . . . . . . . .493
of steel valve springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87, 88
and stress corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .839
Decision logic diagrams, to guide users ofreliability
centered maintenance processes . . . . . . . .67, 68
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Index / 1107
Destructive pitting, contact fatigue
terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .722
Destructive testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
and accident invesigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374375
competence requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375
significance of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
Desulfovibrio gigas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .884
Detailed design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 3134
materials information required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Detailed fault analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53, 55
Detailed software fault analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Deterministic approach, to life assessment . . . . . .274
Deterministic model, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376
Detonation-gun (D-gun)
coating material, thickness, roughness, and
average hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
contact stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
rolling contact fatigue life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
rolling contact fatigue tester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
substrate materials and hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
Deviatoric stress, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
Deviatoric stress tensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482
Dewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Dezincification. See also Selective leaching. . . . 785
786, 787
of brass effect on chemical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . .430
of copper alloy tube sheets in air
compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .855
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
of tube from water supply system . . . . . . . . 786, 787
Diallyl phthalate, for mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . 502, 504
Diamond cycle, of thermomechanical fatigue . . . .738
Diamond-like carbon (DLC), . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .945
coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945946, 947, 948949
as physical vapor deposition coating
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
Diamond-like hydrocarbon (DLHC/DLC)
for coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948949
as physical vapor deposition coating
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
Diamond pyramid hardness test. See Vickers
hardness test.
DIC. See Differential interference contrast.
Die(s)
cracking due to abusive grinding . . . .511512, 513
heat-checked, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
hydrogen flaking of forging die . . . . . . . . . . . . .88, 89
liquid metal induced embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . .865
Die casting. See also Pressure die casting. . . . . . . .124
aluminum alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
characteristics of process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
compatibility with various materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
minimum web thickness for various metals . . . . . 32
in shape-casting processes classification
scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
Die-contact surface cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Die design, and pessure die casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Die erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127, 130
as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Die quenching system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197, 201
Diesel engine bearing, wear failure . . . . . . . . . . .18, 20
Diesel fuel injection control sleeve, ductile fracture
of stainless steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213
Diethanolamine (DEA) solution, stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .839
Differential interference contrast (DIC) . . . . . . . 503,
505, 513, 514
Differential scanning calorimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene protective
covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449, 452
of nylon couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448, 450
of nylon hinges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458459
of nylon wire clips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447, 449
of polyacetal latch assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455
of polybutylene terephthalate automotive
sleeves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448449, 451, 452
of polycarbonate/PET appliance housings . . . . . 450,
453
of polycarbonate switch housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
of polyethylene chemical storage vessel 453, 454
of polyethylene terephthalate jacket, transportation
assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452
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1108 / Index
www.asminternational.org
Index / 1109
property derived from polymer analysis . . . . . . . .359
use in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
Dynamic recrystallization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98, 601
and intergranular creep fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .575
and stress-rupture ductility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .733
and stress-rupture fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .734
Dynamic vibration analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385
E
EAC. See Environmentally assisted cracking.
Early shakeout
As casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Ears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614615
EBSD. See Electron backscatter diffraction
technique.
EBSP. See Electron backscattered pattern.
Eccentricity
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .471
Economic consequences of failure modes . . . . 6667
Economic value analysis (EVA) . . . . . . . . . . . 263, 264
Economy test method
tin impurity detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429
ECT. See Equicohesive temperature.
Eddy-current inspection
of aluminum pressurized fuselage . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286
of corrosion surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752
description, advantages and limitations 270, 395,
396
detectable crack length possible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
of evaporator tubes with stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845, 846
for failure analysis and investigation . . . . . 395, 396
flaw size range with 90% probability of
detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
of forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
in preliminary laboratory examination . . . . . . . . .406
uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
Edge cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .667
as discontinuity for extrusions and drawn
products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
as discontinuity for plate and sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
thermal-shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .667
Edge dislocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588589
Edge effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548
Edge joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Edge preservation
of metallographic specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503505
Edge retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
nickel plating, electroless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503, 504
Edge tensile stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467
Edge-to-edge impact . . . . . . . .977, 978, 979, 980, 981
surface impae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .966, 978, 979
EDM. See Electrical discharge machining.
EDS. See Energy-dispersive spectroscopy.
ED-SMAC (computer program)
for analyzing motor vehicle accidents . . . . . . . . . .377
Effective crack size (ae)
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
Effective net-section stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
Effective strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .618
Effective stress. See also von Mises stress. . . . . . 465,
618
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
Effective stress ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
Effective temperature
over TMF cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739, 740
EFMA. See Elastic fracture mechanics analysis
Eigenvalues of stress tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482
Eigenvectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482
Elastic buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559
Elastic constants. See also Bulk modulus of
elasticity; Modulus of elasticity; Poissons
ratio; and Shear modulus
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
impingement corrosion of malleable iron . . . . . .792
Electrical
as environment contributing to damage
mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347348
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1110 / Index
Electrical conductivity
as criteria for materials selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Electrical discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352, 354
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) . . . 512, 513
compatibility with various materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
and fatigue strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720
Electrical isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764
Electrical porcelain
fracture markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .665
Electrical porcelain insulator
fracture markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .664
replica, fracture surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663, 664
Electrical resistance
as electrochemical monitoring method used for
microbially induced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . .892
Electrical resistance heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Electrical resistance strain gages
to monitor strain relaxation during
sectioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .489
Electrical switch housing
brittle fracture of polycarbonate . . . . .456457, 458
Electric motor driven pump or compressor
failures
root-cause analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
damage mechanism categorization . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
reliability-centered maintenance applications . . . 61
Electrochemical corrosion tests . . . . . 406, 407, 752,
771, 813
Electrochemical etching
as ceramographic etching procedure . . . . . 362, 363
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
as electrochemical monitoring method used for
microbially induced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . .892
Electrochemical machining
compatibility with various materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
and fatigue strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720
to remove surface oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Electrochemical monitoring methods
of microbially induced corrosion
conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891892
Electrochemical noise
as electrochemical monitoring method used for
microbially induced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . .892
Electrochemical potential
for hydrogen environmental embrittlement . . . . 811,
812
relationship with various failure modes . . . . .35, 36
Electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation
(EPR) technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .647, 779, 780
Electrochemical reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .749
Electrochemical relaxation
as electrochemical monitoring method used for
microbially induced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . .892
Electrochemical theory
stress-corrosion crack propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . .826
Electrode pickup
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
Electrodeposition
of coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .759
to prevent fretting damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .934
Electrode potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .750
Electrodes and shelf
unmelted, in ingot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Electrodischarge machining
distortion due to residual stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053
Electrogas welding
failure origins related to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Electroless nickel plating
and fatigue strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720
to preserve brittle and ductile fractures in low
alloy steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337, 340
Electroless plating
for edge retention in metallographic
examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362, 503, 504
Electrolyte, alteration of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764
Electrolytic cleaning
defects resulting from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Electrolytic coatings
of fracture surfaces for fracture
profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539, 540
Electrolytic etching
as ceramographic etching procedure . . . . . . . . . . .362
Electrolytic plating
for edge retention in metallographic
examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503, 504
Electrolytic polishing
and fatigue strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720
Electromagnetic inspection. See Eddy-current
inspection.
Electromagnetic pumps
to fill castings, avoiding oxide films . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Electromotive force (emf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755, 762
Electron acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .881, 882, 883
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)
technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538, 551, 553
Electron backscattered pattern (EBSP) . . . . . . . .520
Electron beam physical vapor deposition
of thermal barrier coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
Electron beam welding
failure origins related to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189190
Electronic computer-aided design constructs . . . 29
Electron diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
of corrosion products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
of worn surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
Electron fractography
to assess temper embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .691
of low-alloy steel casting defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Electronic circuit board, drill bits with abrasive
wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915916
Electron-microprobe analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
Electron microscopy
in preliminary laboratory examination . . . . . . . . .406
Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) . . 357, 358,
359
of corrosion products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334, 337, 338
of liquid metal induced embrittlement . . . . . . . . . .866
of low-alloy steel castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
or worn surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
Electron spectrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529, 530
Electron spectroscopy
of solid metal induced embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . .862
Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
(ESCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527
for polymeric analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
Electroplating
of aluminide coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
of coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .759
defects resulting from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
galvanized coatings and intergranular
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785
and hydrogen embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .696
as hydrogen source for hydrogen
embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .819
and hydrogen stress cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811, 812
role in hydrogen embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .820
Electrophoresis sputtering
of aluminide coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
Electropolishing
to remove surface oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
of surface before x-ray diffraction for stress
measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487
and x-ray diffraction peak integral breadth . . . . .495
Electroslag-remelted alloys
inclusions in ingot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Electroslag welding
failure origins related to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Electrostatic precipitation at paper plant, wires
pitting corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774775
Elemental analysis, for microsegregation . . . . . . . .219
Elemental sensitivity factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531
Elemental sulfur
as corrosion products in pipeline excavations and
laboratory soil box tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .887
Elephant skin
as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Elevated temperature. See High temperature.
Ellingham diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
Elongation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .732
of cast carbon-molybdenum steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
as criteria for materials selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
of quenched and tempered low-alloy steel . . . . .980
tensile loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468
total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732, 733
true . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732, 733
uniform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .732
Embedded scab
as flaw in rolled bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Embedded scale
as flaw in rolled bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Embedding
prevention by coating abrasive paper . . . . . . . . . . .506
of SiC grinding paper abrasive in soft
metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505506
Embodiment design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Embrittled material at stress raisers
as defect resulting from anodic hard coating . . . . 81
as defect resulting from carburizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
as defect resulting from nitriding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
as defect resulting from surface hardening . . . . . . 81
Embrittlement
and brittle fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .523
contribution to overload failures . . . . . . . . . . 689690
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
of gas turbine blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300
emf. See Electromotive force.
emf series of metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .763
Emission spectroscopy
of corrosion products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
Empirical observation method
for x-ray diffraction measurement location
selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488
Emulsifiers
as addition to disperse microbially induced
corrosion deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .894
End-effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 196, 201
End grain
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
End-grain attack
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
Endothermic atmosphere (endogas) . . . . . . . . . . . .214
End points
of life prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229
Endurance limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276277, 702
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10651066
and high-cycle fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493
Energy
absorbed in ductile and brittle fractures . . . . . . . .657
Energy absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566
of brittle vs. ductile fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .565
Energy density to fracture
sample size effect on bending failure . . . . . 606, 610
Energy dispersive spectrometers (EDS) . . 520, 522
Energy-dispersive spectrometry microchemical
analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432435
Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) . . 322, 345,
357359, 404, 527, 530, 561
of alloy steel ski chair lift grip components . . . . . 11
of aluminum alloy castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
analysis depth and area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527
to analyze acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
handle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447
of copper alloy tube with dezincification . . . . . . 786,
787
of corrosion products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
of corrosion surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752
of cracks in locomotive axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367, 368
of crevice corrosion on stainless steel tube . . . . .776
detecting elements heavier than beryllium . . . . .530
to detect intergranular fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401
detection limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527
ease of use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527
to evaluate corrosion surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 753, 754
in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336, 337
information evaluated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527
of liquid metal induced embrittlement . . . . . . . . . .866
of liquid metal induced embrittlement by
cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863, 865
of liquid metal induced embrittlement by
mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .865
of nickel alloy showing high-temperature
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871, 872
of nylon filtration unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456
properties measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
of solid metal induced embrittlement . . . . 862, 863,
865
of steam turbine rotor disc with stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .842
Epoxy (EP)
abrasive wear . . . . . . . 1030, 1032, 1033, 10341035
adhesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040
brittle fracture behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656
chemical changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
coatings and stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . .841
for cold-mounting materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .503
as corrosion-resistant coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . 758, 769
crack propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .654
for mounting metallographic specimens . . . . . . . 502,
503, 504, 505
specific wear rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
for surface replicas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522
Epoxy-copper-aluminum composite
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029, 1030
Epoxy esters
as corrosion-resistant coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .758
Epoxy, high-performance structural,
for linings or coatings for reinforced
concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .755
Epoxy-phenolics
as corrosion-resistant coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .769
EPR. See Electrochemical potentiokinetic
reactivation technique.
EPRI. See Electric Power Research Institute.
EPRI Boiler Tube Failure Metallurgical
Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
EPRI/GE handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244, 246
EPRI/GE model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
EPS. See Extracellular polysaccharides.
Epsilon-carbides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .735
Epsilon martensite
in austenitic manganese steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509, 510
Equalizer beams of truck
cold shut in cast steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122123
Equicohesive temperature (ECT) . . . .575, 641, 734
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .686
and grain boundary strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .680
Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463
Equivalent stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465
Equivalent temperatures
estimation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
Erosion. See also Erosion-corrosion; Erosion rate;
Erosive wear; Flow-assisted corrosion.
causes of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .902
cut, or wash, as casting defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
damage manifestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .901
as damage mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . .349
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .995, 1066
of die casting dies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127, 130
percentage of wear failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
subcategories of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .902
zinc die casting nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127, 130
Erosion-corrosion. See also Erosion; Erosion rate;
Erosive wear; and Flow-assisted
corrosion. . . . . . .751, 755, 769, 771, 791, 908,
997999
damage features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356357
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .998, 1066
features observed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
as mechanism of high-temperature corrosion . .876
occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .995
of steam turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .990
of tube of cupronickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353
use of terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .998
Erosion rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .995, 996, 997
of brittle materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997
corrosion effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .996
Erosion scab
as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Erosive wear See also Erosion; Erosion-corrosion;
Erosion rate; and Flow-assisted
corrosion. 407408, 906, 910913, 995999
aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995, 996
brittle materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995, 997
characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
of ductile materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995997
equipment affected by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .995
examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9971000
flow condition changes for mitigation . . . . 407408
by fly ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997
glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .995
hydrodynamic intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .998
impact angle effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995996
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Index / 1111
industries affected by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .995
material changes for mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
mechanisms of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .995
oxidation effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997
particle shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .996
volume-loss rate versus time curves . . . . . . . . . . . .995
ESC. See Environmental stress cracking.
ESCA. See Electron spectroscopy for chemical
analysis.
Escape depth of the electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529
Etching
electrolytic, of metallographic specimens . . . . . 500,
501, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 509, 510, 511,
512, 513, 514
of fractured castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .608
of worn surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
Etch pits
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066
Etch polishing
as ceramographic etching procedure . . . . . . . . . . .362
Ethyl alcohol
causing stress-corrosion cracking in titanium
alloys at various temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . .857
Ethylene-pyrolysis furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .870
European Maintenance Systems Guide . . . . . . . . . . 61
Eutectic melting
effect on fatigue strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .719
EVA. See Economic value analysis.
Evaluation intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297
Evaporation coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521, 522
Evaporation of interference layers
as ceramographic etching procedure . . . . . . . . . . .362
Evaporator tubes
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845, 846
EVD. See Extreme value distribution.
Event and causal factor analysis charting . . .14, 15
Event tree method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262, 267
Evident failure
definition in reliability-centered maintenance . . . 62
Evident failure modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Evident function
definition in reliability-centered maintenance . . . 62
Evolved gas analysis
of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442
Examination. See also Nondestructive examination
(NDE).
of ceramic materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362367
corrosion failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751752
of corrosion fatigue fracture-surface
deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721722
cracking sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351352
documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351
edge retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
of fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499501
macroscopic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351353
macroscopic, for stress-corrosion cracking . . . . .352
of metallographic sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363, 364
microchemical analysis procedures . . . . . . . 357358
microfractography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353354
microstructural analysis and interpretation . . . 363
367
of microstructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509512, 513, 514
on-site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405406
overload fractures in laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .699
rub marks, scores, and indentations . . . . . . . . . . . .354
for stress-corrosion cracking on-site . . . . . . . . . . . .835
visual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351352
of weldment failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Excessive bead concavity
surface feature as cause for rejection . . . . . . . . . . .156
Excessive bead convexity
surface feature as cause for rejection . . . . . . . . . . .156
Excessive case thickness
as defect resulting from anodic hard coating . . . . 81
as defect resulting from carburizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
as defect resulting from nitriding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
as defect resulting from surface hardening . . . . . . 81
Excessive grain growth
as defect resulting from heat treatment . . . . . . . . . . 81
Excessive indentation
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
Excessive metal penetration into space between
sand grains
from mold-wall deficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
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1112 / Index
F
FAA Advisory Circulars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274
availability on Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274
Fabric
as polymer reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10331035
Fabricability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Fabrication characteristics
as criteria for materials selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Fabric-reinforced polymer composites
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10331035
adhesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040
FAC. See Failure assessment curve.
Face-centered cubic (fcc) materials
cleavage fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589
deformation behavior (Ashby) map . . . . . . 684, 685
ductile-to-brittle transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684
flow strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10491050
fracture mechanism maps, general shifts . . . . . . .571
hydrogen embrittlement and intergranular
fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .647
incomplete fusion fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .644
overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .678679, 680
temperature effect on toughness and
ductility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684, 685
tensile elongation increase as temperature
decreases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596
transgranular cleavage with environmentallyassisted cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .674
yield strength vs. temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569
Faceted fracture surface
microscale fractographic implication . . . . . . . . . . .560
Factorial design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258
Factor-of-safety approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
FAD. See Failure assessment diagram.
Failed part, use of term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317
Fail-safe design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Fail-safe methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
Failsafe Network, Inc., Operation
Failsafe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316, 332
five Ps to be documented and recorded to freeze
evidence at failure scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327
Failsafe system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
Fail safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
Failure(s)
categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1719, 20
cause levels defined by Failsafe Network . . . . . .316
causes of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 324
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 324, 1066
definition, for failure investigator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
definition, industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
effects of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333
of expected performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324
factors causing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333
frequency of causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
functional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324
historic structural of 20th century, and impact on
life assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228
time distribution of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Failure analysis. See also Failure investigation. . . 3
23, 315323
abnormal conditions present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394395
analyzing of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334, 339
approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316317, 333
background data assembly . . . . . . . . . . .333, 334335
of cavitation erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10021004
of ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369370
checklist and report for a simple part . . . . . . . . . .319
chemical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334, 337
codes of ethics for engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322323
communication skills development . . . . . . . . . . . . .321
complexity categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318
convergent-beam electron diffraction
technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 24, 315, 371, 418
depth and scope of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317
design as cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
and design inadequacies identified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
design review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386
dye-penetrant inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336
education and training importance . . .315316, 318
electron microprobe analysis . . . . . . . .334, 337, 338
electron microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338
energy-dispersive microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . 336, 337
error avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318319
feedback to product evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20, 22
Failure cascades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Failure consequences
definition in reliability-centered maintenance . . . 62
Failure criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Failure development period. See P-F interval.
Failure effect
definition in reliability-centered maintenance . . . 62
Failure investigation. See also Failure
analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324332
benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
corrective actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328, 331
definition in reliability-centered maintenance . . . 62
documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . .327, 328, 329, 330, 331
eyewitness statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326, 327
failure mode assessment chart . . . . . . . . . . . . 328, 329
field investigation kit contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326
five Ps at failure scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327
investigator, role of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234238
Kepner-Tregoe (KT) method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331
Operation Failsafe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
PROACT software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331332
problems and mistakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331
problem-solving process, four-step . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
root-cause analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327328
specifications (ASTM) relevant to . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327
statistics kept in searchable database . . . . . . . . . . .325
steps to organization of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325331
Technical Plan for Resolution chart . . . . . . 328, 330
Failure management policy
definition in reliability-centered maintenance . . . 62
Failure mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235, 386
determination of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235, 393
time-dependent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386
Failure mode(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61, 6364
definition in reliability-centered maintenance . . . 62
effect, and criticality analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
of engineering ceramics and bearing steel . . . . .960
relationships with material properties . . . . . . . . . . . 36
of rolling-contact fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960963
Failure Mode Assessment (FMA) chart 328, 329,
331
Failure model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254255
Failure Mode/Mechanism Distributions 1997 (FMD
97) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) . . . . 19,
27, 45, 5059, 76, 332
automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5758
corrective action recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . 5556
detailed fault analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53, 55
to determine physical causes and time of
occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318
development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
failure cause model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5657, 58
failure consequences identified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
and failure modes, effects, and criticality analysis
compared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
failure types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
fault equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56, 58
foreseeable manner of defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
functional fault analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54, 55, 56, 58
ground rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
interface failure mode analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56, 58
interface fault analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5455
iteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
library materials to be developed for . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
logistics support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
maintainability engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
planning for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
process methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
process overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5053
project management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5253
ranking and classification system for failures . . . 55
reliability engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
role in design process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
stop valve of hot water heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5153
system hazard analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
systems engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
tailored to meet reliability-centered maintenance
goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6264
testing capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
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effect of material condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718721
from elevated temperatures in gas turbines . . . 291,
292, 296
examination methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345, 672
features mistaken for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634, 635
final fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .630
final overload fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .632, 633634
fractography of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627639
fracture mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563
fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576581, 582, 583
in high-temperature environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . .875
influencing intergranular fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .642
initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627, 628629, 631633
initiation, driving force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .631
intergranular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644645
microscopic features mistaken for . . . . . . . . 637638
microstructural features associated with . . . . . . . .563
multiple-site damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228, 235, 236
notch factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .716
notch sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .716
of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368, 638637, 654, 655
processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628630
reversed bending, shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .712
rods subjected to torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630, 633
rotational bending shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . .712713, 714
shaft of steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579, 581
stages of process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .706
subcase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .723, 725726
subsurface crack initiation by rolling
contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628, 632
suburface fractures shown by metallographic
examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366
subsurface initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .627, 628, 632
surface crack initiation, sliding plus rolling
contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628, 632
surface magnification possible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .672
surfaces from crack growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562
torsional, shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713715
unidirectional bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710711
unidirectional bending bolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .711
weldment low-carbon steel plate . . . .171172, 173
of weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
in weldments, and joint design . . . . . . . . . . . 163167
Fatigue crack growth rate, da/dN. See also Paris
Law.
and crack propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577, 578
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066
at intermediate stress intensity range . . . . . 584585
temperature effect in gas turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291
variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
Fatigue cracking
and cold forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
in corrosive environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .721
of knuckle pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720, 721
propagation direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401
with shot peening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
stress concentration effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .716
Fatigue/damage-tolerance life assessment . . . . . 237,
239
Fatigue failure
of aircraft compressor disks . . . . . . . . .264265, 266
aircraft F-111 wing box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228, 231
alternating (reversed) bending, stationary
shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711712
of axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562
and casting design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133134
of connecting end of forged rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8586
damage tolerance criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .702
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066
design-life methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700
of ductile iron piston of gun-recoil
mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141142, 143
effect of loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708710
effect of stress concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . 715717
fan shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705706
fatigue crack growth rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702704
finite-life criterion (e-N curves) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .702
gas turbine blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
infinite-life criterion (S-N curves) . . . . . . . . 700702
influencing variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700
long-life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576577
mean stress effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700
origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627, 628
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definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066
effect of heat treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718719
eutectic melting effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .719
flakes effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720
gas porosity effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .719
inclusions effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718, 719
internal bursts effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .719
manufacturing processes effect on . . . . . . . . 720721
and microcracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
overheating effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .719
quench crack effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .719
shrinkage porosity effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .719
Fatigue strength coefficient, in liquid-impact
erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
Fatigue striations . . . . .237, 239, 346, 480481, 580,
582, 634636
counts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480
cyclic brittle cleavage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579, 581
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066
and fatigue crack propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . 708, 709
indicative of fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559
in initial propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .707
and intergranular fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .644
at intermediate stress intensity range . . . . . . . . . . .579
on polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
presence and visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561
spacing estimation in fracture surfaces . . . .17, 481,
550551, 585
in stainless steel solenoid valve . . . . . . . . . . 235238
Fatigue testing
of ductile iron pistons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445446
Fatigue wear
contact fatigue terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .722
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066
FATT. See Fracture appearance transition
temperature.
Fatty acid methyl ester analysis, to investigate
mirobial populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .893
Fault equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50, 56, 58
Fault equivalent failure modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Fault hazard analysis (FHA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 76
Fault Identifier Number (FIN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Fault system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Fault-tolerant systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Fault-tree analysis (FTA) . . . . 1415, 27, 50, 5658,
76, 262, 263, 267, 327, 328, 331
symbols used in construction of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
foreseeable manner of defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
usefulness for larger scale investigations . . . . . . .320
FEA. See Finite-element analysis method.
Feature exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
Federal Aviation Administration, AC 33.14
circular, titanium rotor design and fracture
probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264, 266
Federal Rules of Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393
Feedwater pressure tube, denickelification . . . . . 788,
789
Ferric chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .750
causing intergranular corrosion in sensitized
austenitic stainless steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .779
intergranular corrosion evaluation test . . . . . . . . .781
Ferricyanide tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .886
Ferrite
atomic volume of ferrous alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194
in cast irons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
in cast steel equalizer beams with cold shut . . 122,
123
in corrosion-resistant castings . . . . . . . . . . . . 147148
crystal structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
in gray iron paper-drier head with cold shut . . 121,
122
as transformational product in steel . . . . . 192, 193,
194, 195, 196
Ferrite and carbides
atomic volume of ferrous alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194
volume changes of carbon steels due to phase
transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194, 195
Ferrite bands, in steel lifting eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Ferrite caps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139, 140
Ferrite fingers
in forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9192
in ingots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
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Fly ash corrosion, as damage mechanism for boiler
tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
Fly ash erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .876
as boiler tube damage mechanism on failure
wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
Flywheel method, of welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
FMA. See Failure Mode Assessment chart.
FMEA. See Failure modes and effects analysis.
FMECA. See Failure modes, effects, and criticality
analysis.
Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517
FOD. See Foreign object damage.
Fog quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213
Fold
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067
as discontinuity in semisolid casting . . . . . . . . . . .127
in forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
of fracture surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545
F-111 Aircraft No. 94 failure . . . 228, 231, 232, 239
Foreign object damage (FOD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300
of gas turbine superalloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292
of turbine blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296
Foreign object debris, as root cause of forgings
defects, rationale, resolution, and corrective
action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327, 329, 330, 331
Foreseeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Forge burst, as distortion factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
Forged lug, stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . .828
Forging
aluminum, minimum web thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
and imperfections causing fractures . . . . . .614615,
617
magnesium, minimum web thickness . . . . . . . . . . . 32
microstructure, cracking in reaustenitized
zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511, 512
pitman arm with material quality problem . . . . .509
steel, minimum web thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Forging/bulk forming, compatibility with various
materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Forging bursts, in ingot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Forging folds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614, 617
Forging load, of forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Forging process, as root cause of forgings defects,
rationale, resolution, and corrective
action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327, 329, 330, 331
Forgings
anisotropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9495
defects in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9097
discontinuities, types of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
fatigue propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629, 632
grain flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9495
heating control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
thermal effects and heat treatment . . . . . . . . . . . 9597
Forging strain direction, as root cause of forgings
defects, rationale, resolution, and corrective
action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327, 329, 330, 331
Forging strain rate, as root cause of forgings
defects, rationale, resolution, and corrective
action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327, 329, 330, 331
Forging temperatures, as root cause of forgings
defects, rationale, resolution, and corrective
action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327, 329, 330, 331
FORM. See First-order reliability method.
Form, of product or system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Formal numerical unfolding procedure . . . . . . . .546
FORM analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257, 265
Forman equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279, 286
Formic acid, causing intergranular corrosion in
sensitized austenitic stainless steels . . . . . . .779
Forming, compatibility with various materials . . . . 33
FORM process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266
FORM/SORM analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257258
FORTRAN routines, for random variable generation
and statistical functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
Fouling condition monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891, 892
400500 C (750930 F) embrittlement
causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
effect in ferrous alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
effect on overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .692
steels susceptible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
475 C (885 F) embrittlement. See also 400 to 500
C (750 to 930 F) embrittlement. . . . . . . . . .692
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
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1116 / Index
of cobalt-iron-molybdenum-silicon-boron
alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .928
contact resistance vs. number of cycles . . . . . . . .933
with corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .922
crossed-cylinder arrangement . . . . . . . .927, 931, 932
damage, fatigue crack at a rivet hole . . . . . . . . . . .923
damage incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922923
as damage mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . .349
debris effect on wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .929
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .922, 1067
delamination in region produced by metal-to-metal
contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .933
of electrical contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .923
environmental effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929932
as fatigue failure origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .706
gold plating for separable connectors . . . . . . . . . .926
hardness vs. amplitude of slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .928
high-purity aluminum cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .924
high-temperature effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931932
humidity effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .930
impact fretting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .927
iron-chromium-nickel-tungsten amorphous
alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .930
iron-silicon-boron alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .928
locked-coil track strand wire rope
construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923, 924
low-temperature effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931932
material properties related to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
material selection to reduce effect of . . . . . . . . . . .928
measurement of wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .932
in mechanical components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922924
mild steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .926
orthopedic devices . . . . . . . . 924, 930, 931, 934935
oxide debris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .933
in oxidizing or nonoxidizing materials . . . . . . . . .922
percentage of wear failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
of polymer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .929
prevention of damage due to . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933934
procedures for minimization of . . . . . . . . . . . 408409
and pyrophoric fretting debris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .923
in rolling-element bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935937
shot peening of steel reducing friction
coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .927
sintered alumina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .929
sites for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .922
specific wear rate vs. amplitude of slip . . . . . . . . .925
and stacking fault energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .928
of steam and gas turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .923
in steam generators and heat exchangers . . . . . . .923
of titanium alloy, ion implantation effect . . . . . . .931
vacuum effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .930
vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .927
wear failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922937
wear mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932933
wear scar depth vs. compressive and tensile
residual stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .928
zirconia oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .929
Fretting corrosion. See also Fretting.
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .922, 1067
Fretting damage, damage manifestation . . . . . . . . .901
Fretting fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559, 922, 928
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067
Fretting wear. See also Fretting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .909
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .922
modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .903
of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
Friction, in elastomeric wear mechanism . . . . . .1021,
1023
Frictional heat, effect on railroad rails . . . . . 512, 514
Friction coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036, 1038
for rolling-contact fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944945
and wear particle size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .958
Friction oxidation. See Fretting.
Friction welding, failure origins related to . . . . . 188
189
Frosting, contact fatigue terminology . . . . . . . . . . . .722
FRP. See Fiber-reinforced polymers.
FTA. See Fault-tree analysis.
FTIR. See Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Fugacity, of molten salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
Full-mold sand casting, in shape-casting processes
classification scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Full-profile methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487
G
Galling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559, 901, 909
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408, 1067
from incompatibility of metals in sliding wear . . . 7
in pressure die casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Gallionella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .889
Gallium
as embrittling metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862
as liquid embrittler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
Galvanic cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .761, 762, 768
Galvanic character, as criteria for materials
selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Galvanic corrosion . . . 337, 755, 761767, 768, 777
contributing factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .766
as defect resulting from electroplating . . . . . . . . . . 81
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067
features observed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
helicopter tail rotor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .766
materials properties related to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
prediction from polarization behavior . . . . . . . . . .764
of water pipe joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
Galvanic corrosion cell, as electrochemical
monitoring method of microbially induced
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .892
Galvanic couple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763, 766, 767, 859
and grinding in corrosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .992
and intergranular stress-corrosion cracking . . . .648
between minerals and grinding media . . . . . . . . . .990
sulfate-reducing bacteria involvement . . . . 882, 883
Galvanic currents measurement screening
tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .765
Galvanic protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .755757, 764
from corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405
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Index / 1117
Galvanic series of metals and alloys in
seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762763
Galvanized steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764
for corrosion resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .759
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785
intermetallic compound embrittlement . . . . . . . . .694
Galvanodynamic polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
Galvanostatic polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
Gamma function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
Gamma-irradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024
Gamma-prime formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
of turbine blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291
Gamma-prime overaging, of nickel-base
superalloys used for gas turbine blades . . 294,
295
Gamma-prime phase, of gas turbine blades,
microstructure examined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
Gamma-prime precipitation
in nickel-base superalloy casting for gas
turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365
of nickel-base superalloys used for gas turbine
blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294
Gamma-prime structures, in gas turbine blades,
roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346, 347
Gangue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
Gas, as discontinuity for castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Gas carburizing
carbides formed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
and intergranular fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .645
Gas chromatography (GC) analysis . . . . . . 404, 797
to analyze microbially induced corrosion
deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .892
of corrosion products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
for polymeric analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC/
MS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .797
for polymeric analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
Gaseous chlorine, causing stress-corrosion cracking
in high-strength, low-alloy steels . . . . . . . . . .831
Gaseous hydrogen, causing stress-corrosion
cracking in steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
Gaseous hydrogen bromide (HBr), causing stresscorrosion cracking in high-strength, low-alloy
steels (rapid crack growth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
Gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl), causing stresscorrosion cracking in high-strength, low-alloy
steels (rapid crack growth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
Gaseous iodine, causing stress-corrosion cracking in
zirconium alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
Gaseous water, causing stress-corrosion cracking in
high-strength aluminum alloys . . . . . . . . . . . .831
Gaseous water-oxygen-hydrogen (H2O-O2-H2),
causing stress-corrosion cracking in highstrength uranium alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
Gas hole(s). See also Gas porosity.
causes during casting solidification . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067
Gas internal pipelines, prevention approach for
corrosion in industrial facilities . . . . . . . . . . .893
Gas lens collect body, of welding torch . . . . . . . . . .783
Gas metal arc welding
failure origins related to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
porosity in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170, 171
weldment inadequate penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
weldment inclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172, 173
weldment incomplete fusion and inadequate
penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
weldment underfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175, 177
Gas porosity. See also Porosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 116
in aluminum alloy castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
in castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .614
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104, 1067
as discontinuity in semisolid casting . . . . . 128, 131
effect on fatigue strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .719
in magnesium alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549, 550
in pressure die castings . . . . . . . . 126127, 128, 129
subsurface feature as cause for rejection . . . . . . .156
surface feature as cause for rejection . . . . . . . . . . .156
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170, 186, 189
Gas runs, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Gas tungsten arc welding
failure origins related to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
and intergranular corrosion of welds . . . . . 782783
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1118 / Index
H
Hackle (glassy materials, ceramics). See also Mist
hackle; Shear hackle; Twist hackle; and Wake
hackle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067
Hackle lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657, 658
Hackle marks (ceramics, glassy materials) . . . . .573
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067
in polycarbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
on polyethylene chemical storage vessel . . . . . . .453
Hackle region, in polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657, 658
Hadfield steels
casting defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146, 147, 148, 149
maximum erosion rate dependence in cavitation
erosion on combined parameter . . . . . . . . . 1016
Hafnium, content effect in refractory coatings . . .878
Hafnium nitride
coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945946
as physical vapor deposition coating
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
Haigh diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700, 701
Hairline crack. See Flake.
Half-penny crack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .667
Halide ions, stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . .833
Halides
in aqueous solutions, causing stress-corrosion
cracking in austenitic stainless steels . . . . . .831
in aqueous solutions, causing stress-corrosion
cracking in high-strength aluminum
alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
in aqueous solutions, causing stress-corrosion
cracking in high-strength steels . . . . . . . . . . .831
Hall-Petch relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .598
Halophiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .881
Halos. See also Fisheye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
Hammer impact tester (HIT) . . 976, 977978, 986
987
Hammers
ball-peen . . . . . . . . . . . . 975978, 979, 983, 985, 986
double-face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .986
extra-hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .981
nail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978, 979, 986
sledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976, 977, 981, 987
spalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975978
Stanley rim-tempered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978
striking/struck tool specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .987
tinners-setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978, 979, 986
Hammer weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978
Hanawalt method, in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . .338
Handbook: Maintenance Evaluation and Program
Development (MSG-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Hand Tools Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978, 980
Hard alpha defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264, 265
Hard-coating anodizing, for corrosion
resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .759
Hardenability, as criteria for materials selection . . 32
Hardenable steel, tempering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195, 199
Hardened steels, and residual stress effects . . . . . .493
Hard facings, to resist corrosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . .992
Hardness
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919920
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Index / 1119
of cast carbon-molybdenum steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
as criteria for materials selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10671068
effect on abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911, 913
of engineering ceramics and bearing steel . . . . .960
relationship with various failure modes . . . . .35, 36
Hardness testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289, 821
in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402
life assessment technique for elevated-temperature
exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
by microindentation and nanoindentation
methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360361
of power plant piping and tubing . . . . . . . . . 304305
of worn surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
Hard spots, as casting defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Hard steel, impact wear coefficient values . . . . . . .971
Harm, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Hartmann lines. See Luders lines.
Hat cracks, of weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Hazard
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48, 72
legal distinction from risk and danger . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Hazard analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45, 76
foreseeable manner of defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Hazardous material, disposal of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
HAZ burning. See Liquation cracking.
HAZ cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .695
HB. See Brinell hardness number.
HCF. See High-cycle fatigue.
HDPE. See High-density polyethylene.
Heat, as degradation source for polymers . . 653654
Heat-affected zone
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068
size and metallographic examination . . . . . . . . . . .402
of steel mold for centrifugal casting . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Heat-checked die, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Heat checking. See also Thermal fatigue cracking.
in permanent-mold castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124, 125
in pressure die castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127, 130
Heat-damage discoloration assessment . . . . . . . . .240
Heat-deflection temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443
Heater tube, stress rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733, 734
Heat exchanges, impact fretting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .927
Heat exchangers, prevention approach for corrosion
in industrial facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .893
Heat exchanger tubes
crevice corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777
erosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .998
pitting corrosion of copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356, 357
pitting corrosion of stainless steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
Heat flow, in pressure die castings . . . . . . . . . . 126, 127
Heathcote slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .941
Heating control, and distortion . . 201202, 204, 205
Heat-resistant materials, characteristics of
engineering polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
Heat-resistant steels
centrifugal castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
creep embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .695
Heat-resisting alloys, creep onset temperature . . .729
Heat-resisting chromium-nickel alloys, sigmaphase embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512, 513
Heat tinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887888
Heat treatment
defects resulting from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
effects on residual stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494495
hydrogen as protective atmosphere, as hydrogen
source for hydrogen embrittlement . . . . . . . .819
manufacturing/installation anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
minimum recommended material removal to
prevent surface seam and nonmetallic stringer
problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204, 206
as root cause of forgings defects, rationale,
resolution, and corrective action . . . 327, 329,
330, 331
temperature effect on residual stress of iron
alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
Heavy-duty axle housing, fatigue fracture . . . . . . .119
Heavy phosphate (manganese phosphate) coatings,
for corrosion resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .759
Heavy striking tools, striking/struck tool
specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .987
Helical spring, torsional fatigue failure of boroncontaining alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630, 633
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Hydrogen cracks, in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Hydrogen damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344, 751, 873
aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .817
aluminum alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .817
as boiler tube damage mechanism on failure
wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
characteristics of boiler waterwall damage
mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347, 348
copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .817
copper alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .817
as damage mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . .349
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068
effect on overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695697
fracture origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .813
fracture surface deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .813
hydride formation as cause of cracking . . . . . . . .816
laboratory tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813814
manifestation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .807
mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .809
of nickel alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816817
of precision bolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .816
of stainless steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .816
tantalum and tantalum alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .818
thorium and thorium alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .818
titanium and titanium alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817818
types of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .809
uranium and uranium alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .818
zirconium and zirconium alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .818
Hydrogen embrittlement. See also Hydrogeninduced delayed cracking. . . . . 343, 522, 810
811, 816
of aluminum alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646647, 648
analysis of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818822
aqueous environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .812
of cap screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696697
causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
in commodity-grade steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818822
controlling factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811812
as defect resulting from electroplating . . . . . . . . . . 81
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068
detection of hydrogen in steels . . . . . . . . . . . 429, 431
diagnosis of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820822
early-service fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818819
effect in ferrous alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
effect on overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695697
environmental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811813
environments containing hydrogen
sulfide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812813
factors affecting delayed hydrogen stress
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819820
from high moisture content in furnace . . . . . . . . .202
hydrogen reaction embrittlement . . . . . . . . . 814816
hydrogen stress cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810811
influencing intergranular fracture . . 642, 645, 646
647
of ingots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
and intergranular stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646647
internal reversible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .810
of iron aluminide coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .878
loading types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
material properties related to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
material selection criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
metals affected and conditions for . . . . . . . . . . . . . .809
mushroom-head closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813, 814
of nickel alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816817
nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811, 812
operating temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
preservice fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818819
refinery vessel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814, 815
steels susceptible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
with stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . 837, 846
stress types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
temperature dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .811
tensile ductility loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .810
threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563
types of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .810
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169, 179
Hydrogen environmental embrittlement . . 811813
Hydrogen evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .749
Hydrogen flakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294
in ingots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87, 88, 89
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I
I-beam, chemical segregation as failure cause . . . . 84
Icebox rivets, aerospace applications . . . . . . . . .684
ICP. See Inductively coupled photospectroscopy;
Inductively coupled plasma testing.
Identification marking, effect on fatigue
strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .721
IDL (computer software program) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
IF. See Incomplete fusion.
IG fracture. See Intergranular fracture.
IG stress-corrosion cracking. See Intergranular
stress-corrosion cracking.
Image analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538
Image manipulation software packages . . . . . . . .539
Image processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551
Image resolution, in digital
photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420421
Impact
as damage mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . .349
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Index / 1123
hoppers on trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .841
microbial involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884, 888
of nickel alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849, 850
of U-tubes of steam generator . . . . . . . . . . . . 388389
welded pipe in Kamyr continuous pulp
digester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .840
weldment in sulfur recovery unit . . . . . . . . . 840841
Intergranular with dimpled grain boundaries,
microscale fractographic implication . . . . . .560
Intergranular with smooth grain boundaries,
microscale fractographic implication . . . . . .560
Interim design reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7576
Intermetallic(s)
in aluminum alloy castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
in austenitic manganese steel castings . . . . 147, 149
as base material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
in corrosion-resistant castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
as high-temperature coatings resisting
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .878
phase precipitation effect on stress rupture . . . 734
735
Intermetallic compound embrittlement
causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
effect in ferrous alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
effect on overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .694
steels susceptible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
Internal and longitudinal crack
characteristics and crack growth mechanism . . .100
classification scheme by Greek letters . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Internal and transverse crack
characteristics and crack growth mechanism . . .100
classification scheme by Greek letters . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Internal bursts
effect on fatigue strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .719
in ingot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Internal concavity, in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
Internal crack in drawing
characteristics and crack growth mechanism . . .100
classification scheme by Greek letters . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Internal crack in extrusion
characteristics and crack growth mechanism . . .100
classification scheme by Greek letters . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Internal crack in two directional extrusion
characteristics and crack growth mechanism . . .100
classification scheme by Greek letters . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Internal crack in two directional free extrusion
characteristics and crack growth mechanism . . .100
classification scheme by Greek letters . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Internal deposit buildup, as boiler tube damage
mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
Internal deposit/corrosion product buildup, as
damage mechanism for boiler tubing . . . . .347
Internal fractographic techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538
Internal loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
Internal mixing crack, classification scheme by
Greek letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Internal oxidation
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10681069
in forging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509
maximum acceptable depth for carburized gear
relative to case depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
removed by grinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Internal pipelines, prevention approach for
corrosion in industrial facilities . . . . . . . . . . .893
Internal pressure, of thin-walled pressure
vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .471
Internal quantitative fractography . . . . . . . . 538539
Internal reversible hydrogen embrittlement . . .810
Internal shrinkage, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Internal state variables-based predictive fracture
models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538
Internal sweating, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
The International Journal of Pressure Vessels and
Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
International Maritime Organization, banning of
tributyl-tin as antifoulant in marine
paints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .894
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) 9000 registration procedures . . . . .322
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) 9001 registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Internet web sites, corrosion data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752
Interrupted pour, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
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Izod test
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
for polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445
J
Jack cylinder, mixed-mode fracture of steel . . . 687
688
Jaws castings, shrinkage porosity failure . . . . . . . . .114
Jaw-type rock crusher wear plates, abrasive
wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915, 916
Jet-engine turbine blade, creep behavior . . . . . . . .731
Jet erosion, variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .902
Jet pump beams, stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . .850
Jewelry-striking die, heat-treatment-related
failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510, 511
J-integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244, 246, 476
criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479480
Joint(s)
crevice corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775
types of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161162
welded, defects and discontinuities . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Joint design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
Joint flash, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
JPEG digital camera file format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420
J-R curve. See R-curve.
K
K. See also Bulk modulus of elasticity; Stressintensity factor.
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
Kc. See also Plane-stress fracture toughness.
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
KI. See also Opening mode of deformation.
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
KIc. See also Plane-strain fracture toughness.
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
KId, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
KI stress-corrosion cracking, definition . . . . . . . 1074
Kmat. See Linear elastic fracture toughness.
KQ, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
Kt. See Stress-concentration factor.
Kth, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
KII, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
KIII, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
Kepner Tregoe (KT) method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331
usefulness for larger scaled investigations . . . . .320
Keyhole effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Key variable standard operating procedures
(KVSOP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .807
Killed steels, hydrogen embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . .815
Kiln, high-temperature corrosion of nickel
alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871, 872
Kirchoffs Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .763
Kish graphite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Kish tracks, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Kitagawa diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .703
Klebsiella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .891
K-level electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530
KLL Auger electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530
Knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656
Knifeline attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780
Knoop hardness number (HK), definition . . . . 1069
Knoop hardness test, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
Knoop indenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360, 361
Knoop microindentation hardness testing . . . . . 360,
361
Knuckle pin, fatigue cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720, 721
Koistinen and Marburger equation . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
Koshal (linear) design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258
Kraft liquor, stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . .840
KT. See Kepner-Tregoe method.
L
Laboratory
portable, components of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394
preliminary examination procedures . . . . . . . . . . . .406
Laboratory investigations, for failure
analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 16
Lack of fusion (LOF). See also Incomplete fusion.
in weldments . . 169, 170, 171, 174, 176178, 179,
180
Lack of penetration (LOP). See also Incomplete
penetration.
in weldments . . 169, 170, 171, 174, 176178, 179,
180
Lactic acid, causing intergranular corrosion in
sensitized austenitic stainless steels . . . . . . .779
Ladder
fiberglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7475
human factors and liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7475
Ladle analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430
Ladle calcium treatments, effect on fracture
toughness of steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477
Lambda crack
characteristics and crack growth mechanism . . .100
workability behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Lamellar tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .682
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
in weldments . . 157, 158, 161, 167, 169, 170, 171,
173, 180181, 182
Lamination(s)
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
as discontinuity for plate and sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
in ingot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83, 90
radiographic inspection not used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396
Lance. See Fatigue striation; Striation.
Laning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997
Lanthanum, addition improving oxidation
resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .868
Lanthanum hexaboride, as electron source for
scanning electron microscopy . . . . . . 516, 517,
521, 524
Lap(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81, 82, 615
as casting defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108, 123
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
as discontinuity for forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
as discontinuity in semisolid casting . . . . . . . . . . .127
distortion from stress raisers . . . . . . . . .204205, 207
as flaw in rolled bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
in forging of ski chair lift grip components . . . . 10,
11
in forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91, 92, 93
in ingots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Lap joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162, 163, 164
Large-grained regions, in ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .669
Larson-Miller parameter (LMP) . . . . 298, 299300,
301, 732
for boiler tube characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
Laser beam welding, failure origins related
to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190191
Laser confocal scanning microscopy . . . . . . 551, 553
Laser profilometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539
Laser surface modification, for cavitation erosion
resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10061007, 1008
Laser surface processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759, 760
Latch assemblies, brittle fracture of
polyacetal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454456
Lath martensite, microcracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
Laves phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .734
formation at elevated temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . .874
Lawn mower blades, brittle fracture of lawn mower
blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681682
Law of normal tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .664
LCF. See Low-cycle fatigue.
Leaching. See Selective leaching.
Lead
in base metal, and weldment porosity . . . . . . . . . .170
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Index / 1125
capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499
dark-field illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499
depth-of-field limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499
for fine-structure examination and
identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499
as indispensable tool for failure analyst . . 498, 499
Light microscopy
in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336, 337, 338, 339
as fractography technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .662
of microstructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509512, 513, 514
nickel plating to enhance edge retention of
fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499, 500
in preliminary laboratory examination . . . . . . . . .406
purposes for use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498
of taper sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
of wear damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
Light optical microscope, for macroscopic
examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353
Light profile microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539, 540
Lime
formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
melting point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
Limit analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474475
and distortion failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10471048
Limit state . . . . . . . . 252, 254255, 256, 257, 262, 266
Limit state function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256257
Limit theorems
lower bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474475
upper bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474475
Lineal average dimple size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550
Lineal profile roughness parameter (RL) . . . . . . 541,
543, 544
Lineal vertical section profile roughness
parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544, 545546
Linear congruential random number
generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260
Linear-damage law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701
Linear elastic behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655656
Linear elastic fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). See
also Stress-intensity factor. . . . 230, 246, 475
478, 480, 686687
brittle fracture criterion in tensile crack opening
mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656
conditions for analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
Linear elastic fracture toughness (Kmat), of the
component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
Linear elastic stress intensity factor (KI) . . . . . . 245,
246
Linear fracture path preference index Qi . . . . . .543
Linear polarization resistance, as electrochemical
monitoring method used for microbiallyinduced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .892
Linear profile roughness parameter using length
of non-overlapped portion of vertical
section fracture profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547
Linear rule of mixtures (LROM) . . . . . .1029, 1030,
1040
Linear sliding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
Linear superposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478
Linear wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
Line broadening, of x-ray diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . .495
Line-pipe steels, hydrogen embrittlement . . . . . . . .815
Liners, to resist corrosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .992
Line scans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532
Linings
elastomer in slurry piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
nonmetallic, for corrosion protection . . . . . 758759
rubber in slurry piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
Liquation cracks
subsurface feature as cause for rejection . . . . . . .156
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,184
Liquid corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .803
Liquid-droplet erosion . . . . . . . . . . . .1013, 10141015
manifestations of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
Liquid-droplet impingement
characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409
material changes for mitigation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409
procedure for mitigation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409
Liquid-droplet impingement
testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007, 10081009, 1010
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1126 / Index
M
Machine rod, fatigue fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631, 633
Machining
causing distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205, 209
of ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370
compatibility with various materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
defects resulting from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
distortion due to residual stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053
distortion from stress raisers . . . . . . . . .204205, 206
and fatigue strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720
and fracture origins of ceramics . . . . . . . . . . 668669
as root cause of forgings defects, rationale,
resolution, and corrective action . . . 327, 329,
330, 331
Machining coolant, as root cause of forgings
defects, rationale, resolution, and corrective
action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327, 329, 330, 331
Machining feeds, as root cause of forgings defects,
rationale, resolution, and corrective
action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327, 329, 330, 331
Machining from stock, compatibility with various
materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Machining marks (normal to axis of component),
macroscale fractographic implication . . . . .560
Machining oils, stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . .834
Machining speeds, as root cause of forgings defects,
rationale, resolution, and corrective
action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327, 329, 330, 331
Machining tear, as root cause of forgings defects,
rationale, resolution, and corrective
action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327, 329, 330, 331
Mackinawite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .884
as corrosion products in pipeline excavations and
laboratory soil box tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .887
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Index / 1127
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .856
AZ31B
galvanic corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .766
AZ80-F
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .856
AZ91B
composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
AZ91C-T6
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .856
QE 22A-T6
overload failure with rapid unstable
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .680
ZE10
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .856
ZK60
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .856
Magnesium chloride, stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824, 825, 836, 837,
847, 848849, 857
Magnesium fluoride, fracture of disks due to biaxial
flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662, 663
Magnesium hydride, formation in aluminum alloys
and intergranular stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .648
Magnesium oxide
bond energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
fracture mechanism map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .570
Magnesium-silicate inclusions, in tire-mold
castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117, 118
Magnetic characteristics, as criteria for materials
selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Magnetic particle inspection
of alloy steel ski chair lift grip
components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11
of casting defect fracture due to
cold shut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120, 121
of cast steel crosshead of industrial
compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
of corrosion surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752
description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
description, advantages and limitations . . . . . . . .395
of double-face hammers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .986
effect on fatigue strength . . . . . . . . . . . .720721, 722
to evaluate tension springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .689
in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336, 395
flaw size range with 90% probability of
detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
of forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
in preliminary laboratory examination . . . . . . . . .406
residues from testing affecting accident
investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374
of steam turbine rotor disc with stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .842
for stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .837
to study defects in malleable irons . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
to study gray iron crankcases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
to study surface condition of castings . . . . . . . . . .120
uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
of welded tubular posts in carrier vehicle . . . . . .174
weldment inclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
of weldment incomplete penetration . . . . . . . . . . .177
of weldment microfissures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
of weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
weldments in headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165, 166
weldment undercuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Magnetite, as corrosion products in pipeline
excavations and laboratory soil box
tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .887
Magnetomechanical damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
Magnetron sputtering, coating material, thickness,
roughness, and hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
contact stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
rolling contact fatigue life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
rolling contact fatigue tester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
substrate material and hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
Magnification, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
Maintainability engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Maintenance
defects due to improper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7273
improper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
improper, as life-limiting factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
Maintenance and repair, provision of . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
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Index / 1129
MIC. See Microbially induced or influenced
corrosion.
Microbially induced or influenced corrosion
(MIC) . . . . . 18, 751, 753, 754, 768, 769, 787,
791, 881894
admiralty brass condenser tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .890
aluminum alloy aircraft fuel tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .891
of aluminum and its alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890891
aluminum brass condenser tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .890
biocides for prevention and control . . . . . . . . . . . .894
brass piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .890
cathodic protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .885
cathodic protection for control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .754
cathodic protection for prevention . . . . . . . . 893894
coatings, protective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .885
in cooling water piping system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
in cooling-water system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
in cooling water systems, factors for
diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887, 888
copper alloy condenser tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .890
of copper and its alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .890
in copper and its alloys, corrosion resistance . .890
corrosion inhibitors effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .885
cupronickel alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .890
depolarization mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882, 883
elements present in surface deposits in stainless
steel weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .889
and hydrostatic testing environment . . . . . . . . . . . .834
industrial sectors affected by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .881
industrial sites of problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885887
lubricants for protection against . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .885
materials affected by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .881
materials selection and coatings for prevention and
control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .892
monitoring methods and probes . . . . . . . . . . 891892
ozone treatment for control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .755
piping for storm sewer treatment system . . . . . . .753
preferential attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .888
sampling, analysis, and inspection of
conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892893
site identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886887
in soil environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885887
of stainless steel condenser tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .881
stainless steel welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .883
steel corrosion-resistant alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . 887890
system design and operation for prevention . . . .892
Microbially produced manganese, corrosion
by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .883
Microbial metabolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .883
Microbiological corrosion, as damage mechanism
on failure wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
Microchemical analysis
in chemical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429, 432436
procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357358
Microcrack(s) (microcracking) . . . . . . 218, 219, 582,
652, 669
of abrasive particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .910
and chemical segregation of ingots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
as defect resulting from anodic hard coating . . . . 81
as defect resulting from carburizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
as defect resulting from nitriding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
as defect resulting from surface hardening . . . . . . 81
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218, 1069
and delamination in impact wear . . . . . . . . . 967, 970
of diesel fuel injection control sleeve . . . . . . .12, 13
of extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511, 512
of forging die with chemical segregation . . . . . . . . 85
from hydrogen interactions with ferrous-base
alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .873
and micropitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .724
of nylon driving gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026
in polycarbonate sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .654
in polymer composites . . . 1028, 1029, 1031, 1032,
1037, 1039, 1040
in polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .657
of polymers from organic chemicals . . . . . . . . . . .369
in refractories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801, 803
and rolling-contact fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .951
in steam drum nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232233
of surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653, 654
in titanium aircraft engine compressor disk . . . .264
at twin intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .591
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179, 180, 182
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1130 / Index
Microcutting
of abrasive particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .910
of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1028, 1029, 1033
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), finite
element analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385
Microelectronics, finite element analysis for design
of components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385
Microfatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028
Microfissures. See also Microcrack(s).
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(Micro-FTIR)
of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene grips . . 447, 448
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene protective
covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449
of high-density polyethylene chemical storage
vessel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453
of nylon couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448, 450
of nylon filtration unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456
of nylon hinges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458, 459
of nylon wire clips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447
of polyacetal latch assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455
of polybutylene terephthalate automotive
sleeves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448449, 451
polycarbonate/PET appliance housings . . . 450451
of polycarbonate switch housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
of polyethylene-terephthalate jacket of
transportation assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . 451452
polyvinyl chloride plasticized tubing . . . . . 448, 451
Microfractography. See Fractography.
Micro-FTIR. See Micro-Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy.
Microhardness testing
in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334, 338, 402
gas turbine blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
Microinclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Microindendritic shrinkage, in aluminum alloy
castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Microindentation hardness tester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364
Microindentation methods, for hardness
evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360361
Microjets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
causing cavitation erosion . . . . . . 1002, 1003, 1004,
1006
impingement mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .998
Microorganism identification, method used for
inspection, growth and activity assays . . . .893
Microorganisms, specific, method used for
inspection, growth and activity assays . . . .893
Microperforation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .814
Micropitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724725
contact fatigue mode and controlling factors . . .725
contact fatigue terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .722
and rolling-contact fatigue . . . . . . . . . . .950, 951, 953
Microplowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028, 1029
of abrasive particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .910
Micropolishing, during rolling-contact fatigue
test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948, 949
Micropores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Microporosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 113
in aluminum alloy castings . . . . . . . . . .150, 151, 152
of aluminum alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104, 1069
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Microscope, stereo zoom optical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .655
Microscopic, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
Microscopic examination
of fracture surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399
of fretting damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .937
to investigate microbial populations . . . . . . . . . . . .893
in preliminary laboratory examination . . . . . . . . .406
Microscopic photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425426
Microsegregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218220
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
in ingots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
in nickel-chromium steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218, 219
Microshrinkage
as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
as discontinuity for castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Microshrinkage pores, in austenitic manganese steel
castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Microslip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .941, 950, 951
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070
and uniaxial tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666
Misting devices, mechatronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Mist region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .657
in polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657, 658
Mixed inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757758
Mixed metallurgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10161017
Mixed-mode cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .671
austenitic stainless steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677, 678
ductile iron impeller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .677
as overload failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677, 678
of tool steel medical device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677, 678
Mixed-mode fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566, 567
jack cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687688
mild carbon steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522, 524
with stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .842
Mixer blades, ice cream drink, fatigue fracture of
stainless steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Mixing, mechanical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .965
MMH. See Monomethyl hydrazine
Modal analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
Mode. See also Crack-tip strain; Crack tip opening
displacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070
Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371, 375, 376379
aircraft flight simulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
analytical/mathematical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376
deterministic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376
ductile plastic flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617624
finite-element analysis methods . . . . . . . . . . 377379
fracture mechanics software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
geometric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376
illustrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376
limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
to resolve wear failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .903
simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376
stochastic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376
use in accident reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . 377379
Models
analytical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .903
phenomenological . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .903
Modified alkyd resins, as corrosion-resistant
coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .758
Modified-v (chi) geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485
Modified Goodman line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700, 701
mean stress effect on alternating stress
amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701
Modified polyphenylene oxide (PPO), creep
modulus vs. temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652
Modulo function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260
Modulus of elasticity (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .466
and buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048
as criteria for materials selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070
of engineering ceramics and bearing steel . . . . .960
of polymer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
relationship with various failure modes . . . . .35, 36
Modulus of rigidity. See Shear modulus.
Modulus of rupture, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070
Modulus of rupture in bending, definition . . . . 1070
Modulus of rupture in torsion, definition . . . . . 1070
Mohr-Coulomb model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .619
Mohrs circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463, 464465, 466
beam, stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470
to calculate principle and shear stresses . . . . . . . .489
for strain analysis of neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .597
strain of local necking in prismatic sections . . .621
for thin-walled pressure vessel stresses . . . . . . . .471
three-dimensional, with principal stresses . . . . . .465
for two-dimensional stress transformation . . . . .464
Moisture, causing stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826827, 830, 850, 856
Moisture pickup, melting and refining molten
steel, as hydrogen source for hydrogen
embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .819
Moisture-related degradation, of polymers . . . . .368
Mojave Power Station, hot reheat pipe
failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306
Molasses tank failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228, 229, 230
Mold
cracked or broken, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . .105
defect, high pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
defect-related failures, die casting . . . . . . . . 127, 129
N
Nail hammers, spalling analysis . . . . . . .978, 979, 986
Nanoindentation methods, for hardness
evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360361
Nanometer scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361
NASA five-ball testing apparatus, description of
rolling contact fatigue test method . . . . . . . .944
NASGRO (computer software program) . . . . . . .283
National Bureau of Standards, study of direct and
indirect cost of fracture in U.S. . . . . . . . . . . .227
National Institute of Health image analysis
software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .552
National Institute of Standards and Technology,
round robin programs of chemical
analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431
Natural aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
Natural gas liquids (NGL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .863
Natural rubber
as corrosion-resistant coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .769
mechanical behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
wear resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
Naval brass, galvanic series in seawater . . . . . . . . .762
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Index / 1131
ND. See Normal direction.
NDE. See Nondestructive evaluation.
NDI. See Nondestructive inspection.
NDT. See Nil ductility transition temperature;
Nondestructive testing.
NDTT. See Nil ductility transition temperature.
Near-eutectoid steel, intergranular fatigue . . . . . . .637
Near net shape manufacturing techniques . . . . . 32,
33, 44
Neat and short fiber reinforced composites . . 1028
Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
reduction in area at fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .618
Necking. See also Diffuse necking; Local
necking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .651
in annealed vs. cold worked material . . . . . . . . . . .566
controlled by strain-hardening response of
materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .617
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 1070
diffuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597, 599, 601602
and ductile fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600, 604
in ductile overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673, 674
and ductility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596
in ligaments between particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .593
local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597, 599, 601602
local, in prismatic specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597, 621
in metallic materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .571
onset prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617, 618
plastic load-limit model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .624
in polymeric materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568, 569
postnecking strain-rate effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .621
tensile loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468
in tensile testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .565
triaxial (tensile-hydrostatic) stress . . . . . . . . 596597
Necking down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290
Necking strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601, 602
Necklace porosity, in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
Neck liner, stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . .845
Negative strain hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Negligence, as legal theory for products liability
lawsuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Nelson diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .816
Neoprene coatings
for corrosion resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
to resist cavitation erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .999
NER. See Normalized erosion resistance.
NESSUS (computer software program) . . . . . . . .267
Net P-F interval, definition in reliability-centered
maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Net-section fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .582
Net-section instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401, 686
failures due to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475
Net section plastic deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656
Net shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Net softening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .601
Network carbides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216, 217, 218
Neuber method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
Neubers rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302
Neumann bands. See also Mechanical twin
(deformation twin).
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070
Neutral axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471, 474
Neutron diffraction
to measure subsurface residual stress
locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .489
for measuring and studying residual
stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053
Neutron embrittlement. See also Radiation.
damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070
effect in ferrous alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
effect on overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .697
steels susceptible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
Newman equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279, 285
Next-level effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
NGL. See Natural gas liquids.
Nickel
alloying element effect on ductile-brittle transition
temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684
causing liquid or solid metal induced
embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862
cavitation erosion, incubation time . . . . . . . . . . . 1004
compatibility with various manufacturing
processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
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1132 / Index
Nickel (continued)
content effect on alloy steel temper
embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
content effect on internal oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . .214
content effect on low-alloy steel
carburization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
content effect on retained austenite
formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
content effect on sigma-phase embrittlement . .693
in dissimilar metal pair, fretting damage . . . . . . .928
effect on sulfide stress cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .813
effect on time-to-fracture of copper by stresscorrosion cracking in ammoniacal
atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .853
effect on weldment hot cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
enhancing embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .691
erosion rate in mineral oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
fretting wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .930
galvanic corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762, 767
maximum erosion rate dependence in cavitation
erosion on combined parameter . . . . . . . . . 1016
microsegregation susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219
oxidation potential in endothermic gas . . . . . . . . .214
pure, hydrogen embrittlement environment . . . .817
qualitative chemical testing for materials
identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431
removed from alloys by selective leaching . . . . .785
standard emf series value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .763
Nickel aluminides
as high-temperature coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876877
as high-temperature coatings resisting
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .878
Nickel-aluminum bronze
dealuminification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787788
galvanic series in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762
Nickel-base alloys. See also Superalloys.
brittle fracture of weldment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164, 165
centrifugal casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
chloridation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .873
compatibility with various manufacturing
processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
elevated-temperature fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291
erosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997
fatigue failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302303, 304
galvanic corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762, 767
green rot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .868
high-temperature corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871, 872
hydrogen damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816817
hydrogen interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .873
Inconel, corrosion of . . . . . . . . . . . 871, 872, 873, 884
Inconel, distortion failure of small volute
springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1054
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783784
intergranular fracture of steam generator
tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648649
intergranular stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . 646,
647648
liquid metal embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .873
metal dusting attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .869
microbially-induced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .884
Monel, corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405, 785
nitridation attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869870
piping, leak-before-break concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
pitting corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775
sensitization of, and stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .849
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . 832, 848850, 875
sulfidation of incinerator liner . . . . . . . . . . . . 870871
uniform corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .769
weldment failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167168
Nickel-base alloys, specific types
N02200 (Alloy 200, Nickel 200)
galvanic series in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783, 784
local and diffuse necking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597, 599
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .849
N02201 (Alloy 201, Nickel 201)
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .784
N02270 (Alloy 270, Nickel 270)
as reference material for cavitation erosion
testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008, 1009
N06110 (Allcorr)
intergranular corrosion evaluation tests and
acceptance criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781
N8025
microbially-induced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .889
N8028
microbially-induced corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .889
N08904 (904L)
intergranular corrosion evaluation tests and
acceptance criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781
Ni-18Cr
sulfidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .870
Ni-28Cr
sulfidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .870
80Ni-20Cr
creep behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .730
70Ni-30Cu
intergranular fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .637
S-590
elongation related to rupture life . . . . . . . . . . . . .732
stress rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .732
Nickel-base heat-resisting alloys. See also
Superalloys.
creep onset temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .729
defects in forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9091
Monel, polishing with relief damage . . . . . 506, 507
stress-rupture ductility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732733
for warm and hot gas turbine engine
components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296
Nickel-base superalloys. See Superalloys.
Nickel-boron-silicon-chromium-iron-carbon, as
thermally sprayed coating material . . . . . . . .950
Nickel-chromium alloys, cavitation erosion in
seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
fretting wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .931
localized corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767
Nickel-chromium-iron-silicon-boron alloys, as
coatings to prevent vibratory
cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels, spalling
resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980, 981
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum-vanadium alloys,
stress-relief embrittlement of welded
tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .691
Nickel-chromium-silicon-boron alloys, to repair
cavitation damage in hydroturbines . . . . . 1017
Nickel-chromium steels
microcracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218, 219
microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211, 213
Nickel-copper alloys
cavitation erosion in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
environments subjecting alloy to selective
leaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785
Nickel-copper-aluminum alloy, cavitation erosion in
seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
Nickel in some acids, removed from alloys by
selective leaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785
Nickel-molybdenum alloys
environments subjecting alloy to selective
leaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785
markings mistaken for fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .638
Nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloys, cavitation
erosion in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
Nickel plating
for cavitation erosion resistance . . . . . . . 1006, 1008
of decarburized alloy steel coil spring
specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510
electroless, for metallographic examination . . . 512,
513
electroless, of carbon steel for metallographic
examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503, 504
to enhance edge retention of fracture . . . . . 499500
erosion rate of metallic coatings in 3% NaCl
aqueous solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008
of tool steel for metallographic examination . . 502,
503
of wear failure surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
Nickel silver, galvanic series in seawater . . . . . . . . .762
Nickel steels, centrifugal casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Nickel-titanium alloys
erosion rate in 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution 1006
erosion resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
liquid-impact erosion and low-cycle fatigue
resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
substituted for Stellite to lower weight . . . . . . . 1016
Nickel-titanium alloys/steel, erosion rate in
vibratory cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
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Index / 1133
as tribological material over metals . . . .10251026
Nylon 6/12 resin, embrittlement of couplings . . . 448,
450
Nylon 11
friction coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
specific wear rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020, 1025
as tribological material over metals . . . .10251026
Nylon 12 resin
environmental stress cracking of filtration
unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456, 457
glass-fiber- and mineral-reinforced . . . . . . . 456, 457
as tribological materials over metals . . .10251026
Nylon/polyethylene, wear failure of antifriction
bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025, 1026
O
Objective aperture, of scanning electron
microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517
Oblique illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .663
Occams Razor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34, 76
Octahedral plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465
Octahedral shear stress criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461
OEMs. See Original equipment manufacturers.
OES. See Optical emission spectroscopy; Optical
emission spectrophotometer.
Off-dimension casting, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
OHA. See Operating hazard analysis.
Oil
circulated, heat transfer rate of quenching
medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
as lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410411
still, heat transfer rate of quenching medium . .210
Oil and gas refinery inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .758
Oil ash corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .874
Oil canning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Oiliness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410
Oil internal pipelines, prevention approach for
corrosion in industrial facilities . . . . . . . . . . .893
Oil refineries, hydrogen-induced blistering . . . . . 814,
815
Oil sand molding, in shape-casting processes
classification scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Oil vapors, effect on polymer wear failures . . . . 1026
Oleamide, effect on polyethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
X (omega) geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485
On-condition task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65, 69
definition in reliability-centered maintenance . . . 62
One-body wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .965
{1,1,1} plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465
One-step temper embrittlement. See also
Tempered-martensite embrittlement. . . . . . .692
One-time change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
definition in reliability-centered maintenance . . . 62
worth-doing criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Onsagers formalism of Ficks law . . . . . . . . . . . . . .875
On-site examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405406
On-site testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393394
Open-die forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Open flakes, from hydrogen impurity in low-alloy
steel castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Opening mode of deformation (KI),
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
Open shrinkage, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Operating context, definition in reliability-centered
maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Operating hazard analysis (OHA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Operational consequences, definition in reliabilitycentered maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
for failure mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Operation Failsafe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
Operation history, determination of . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238
Operator-induced loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280
Optical characteristics, as criteria for materials
selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
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1134 / Index
of ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370
chromium addition effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
of coatings for gas turbine blades . . . . . . . . 303, 304
at crack tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579
as damage mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . .349
and decarburization causing distortion . . . 202, 204
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070
depth measured for gas turbine blade surface
evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
effect on erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997
factors governing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806807
in fatigue fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .576
in grain boundaries influencing intergranular
fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .645
and high-temperature corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . 868, 869
in hot crack vs. hot tear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
of hot tear of sand-cast steel axle housing . . . . .119
internal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214215
of low-alloy steel castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145146
of lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410
of malleable iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140, 141
molybdenum addition effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
of nickel alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .870
of nickel-base superalloys used for gas turbine
blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294
as pitting corrosion products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775
of polymers . . . 405, 439, 441, 444, 456, 458, 459,
798
to prevent fretting damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .934
reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .749
for refractories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
and residual stress in hardened steels . . . . . . . . . .493
resistant materials or coatings for elevatedtemperature service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
stainless steel valve stems . . . . . . . . . . .200201, 204
and thermomechanical fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .739
Udimet 520 nickel alloy gas turbine
blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302303, 304
Oxidative wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .966
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10701071
in impact wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .966
mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902, 903
Oxide(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
clusters of particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .592
dissolution in bone screw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
entrapped, and cold shut in cast steel equalizer
beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122, 123
fluffy, in low-alloy steel castings . . . . . . . . . 145, 146
in ingot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
low-temperature, corroding technical
ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804, 805
removal prior to fractography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354
Oxide dispersion-strengthened nickel-base alloys
elevated temperatures for engineering
applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .729
Oxide entrapment, in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
Oxide films
as casting defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117118, 119
cracking from cyclic oxidation of chromia and
alumina oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .868
Oxide formation, and overload failure . . . . . . . . . . .681
Oxide inclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116, 117, 591
as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
in ingots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
in squeeze casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
subsurface feature as cause for rejection . . . . . . .156
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169, 172, 173174
Oxide laps, in corrosion-resistant castings . . . . . . .147
Oxide print technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337
Oxide scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Oxide-scale-based life prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
life assessment technique for elevated-temperature
exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
of power plant piping and tubing . . . .304, 308309
Oxide skins, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Oxidized fingernail on fracture surface, macroscale
fractographic implication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560
Oxidizing agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .750
Oxidizing gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .803
reaction with refractories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .878
Oxyacetylene cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335
Oxycarbides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
Oxygen
as damaging substance in atmospheric
environments for stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832
dissolved in liquid H2O, causing stress-corrosion
cracking in sensitized stainless steels . . . . .831
effect on hydrogen embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . .813
effect on mechanical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
grain-boundary segregation and intergranular
brittle fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643, 645
as impurity for low-alloy steel castings . . 144, 145
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .840
x-ray elemental composition map made with
electron microprobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .865
Oxygen inhibitors. See also Antioxidants. . . . . . . .806
Oxygen reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749750
Oxygen scavengers, and microbially induced
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .885
Oxynitrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
Ozone, as biocidal agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .894
P
PA. See Polyamide.
Pack aluminizing process, diffusional growth
mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .876
Pack cementation, of aluminide coatings . . . . . . . .877
Pack codeposition, of aluminide coatings . . . . . . . .877
Packet size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .612
PACVD. See Plasma-assisted chemical vapor
deposition.
Painting, removal technique effect on chemical
analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430
Palladium, standard emf series value . . . . . . . . . . . . .763
Palmgren-Miner cumulative damage rule . . . . . 277,
280, 284
PAN. See Polyacrylonitrile.
Paper-drier head, cold shut as
casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120122, 123
Parabolic hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .617618, 619
Parabolic markings, of polymers . . . . . . . . . . 659660
Parallax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551, 552
Parallel structural systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262, 263
Parameter-based assessments . . 289, 298, 299300
life assessment technique for elevated-temperature
exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
Parametric design and analysis . . . . . .2728, 31, 33
Paris constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479, 584
Paris equation . . . . . . . . 285, 286, 478479, 578, 584
Paris law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580, 584
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .577, 578, 584
region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479, 577, 578, 580, 708
Partial safety factors (PSFs) . . . . 251, 265, 266, 267
Particle erosion, variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .902
Particle fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .628
Particle-matrix interface strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .592
Particle size factor, erosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .996
Particulate erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997
Particulate-filled composites, adhesive wear . .1035,
10361037
Particulate-reinforced polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1029, 10301031
adhesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1035, 10361037
Parting. See also Dealloying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
Parting line grain flow, as discontinuity for
forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Parts
configuration design risks, factors, and
questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
features designed to aid manufacturing and reduce
material cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
PASCC. See Polythionic acid stress-corrosion
cracking.
Passivating films, providing corrosion
resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .884
Passivation, of stainless steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534
Passive region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .750
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Index / 1135
Permanent pattern casting, in shape-casting
processes classification scheme . . . . . . . . . . .124
Persistent slip bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .629
Persistent slip lines, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
PES. See Polyether sulfone.
PET. See Polyethylene terephthalate.
P-F interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
definition in reliability-centered maintenance . . . 62
PFA. See Probability of false alarms.
PFZs. See Precipitate-free zones.
pH
effect on microbially induced corrosion attack on
weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .888
and hydrogen damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .873
Phase diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376
copper-lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367, 368
to design refractories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
interpretations of, in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . .322
Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338
Phase transformations, during heating and
cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192195, 196, 197
Phenol formaldehyde
bonds of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
chemical changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
Phenol-formaldehyde cured rubber, characteristics
of engineering polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
Phenolic(s)
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
as corrosion-resistant coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .769
Phenolic linings, as corrosion-resistant
coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .758
Phenolic resin
for mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502, 503, 504, 505
specific wear rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1020, 1022, 1023
Phenolic resin-aramid fiber composites, specific
wear rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022, 1023
Phenolic resin composites, specific wear
rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
Phosphate conversion coatings
for corrosion resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .759
as hydrogen source for hydrogen
embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .819
Phosphate corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344
as boiler tube damage mechanism on failure
wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
characteristics of boiler waterwall damage
mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347, 348
Phosphates, as inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .757
Phosphating
to prevent fretting damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .934
role in hydrogen embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .820
Phosphides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Phosphide sweat, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Phosphonates, as inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757758
Phosphoric acid
causing intergranular corrosion in sensitized
austenitic stainless steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .779
corrosion by, stainless steel valve in vending
machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Phosphorus
as alloying species in metal, causing accelerated
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
as alloying species in metal, causing stresscorrosion cracking in copper alloys (in
presence of aerated aqueous NH3) . . . . . . . .831
as alloying species in metal, causing stresscorrosion cracking in stainless steels (in
presence of Cl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
contaminating tension springs from phosphate
coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .689
content effect in structural steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
content effect on temper embrittlement . . 691, 692
content in intergranular fracture surfaces of
carburized steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644645
effect on rupture ductility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736
effect on time-to-fracture of copper by SCC in
ammoniacal atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .853
effect on weldment hot cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
as embrittling impurity in low-alloy steel
castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
as grain-boundary embrittler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
grain-boundary segregation and intergranular
brittle fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643, 645
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1136 / Index
Phosphorus (continued)
grain-boundary segregation causing intergranular
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .647
and hot corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .872
microsegregation susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219
in paper-drier head casting, cold shut defect . . 121,
122
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826827
Phosphorus print technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337
Photodegradation, of polymers . . . . . . .653, 654, 798
Photodocuments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Photoelastic coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396397
Photoelectron maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532
Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418427
aperture selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
color calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405
digital photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420421
digital scanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420
documentation in field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418
documentation in laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419420
feature exposure selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
film photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420
filter selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
fracture surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421425
lighting considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
lighting types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
macroscopic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398
magnification determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
on-site data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394
in preliminary visual examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395
shutter speed selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
specifications for field photographic
documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418
Photolytic degradation, of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
Photosynthetic metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .881
Phthalic anhydride (crude), causing intergranular
corrosion in sensitized austenitic stainless
steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .779
Physical aging, as polymer failure mechanism . . .368
Physical crack size (ap), definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
Physical etching, as ceramographic etching
procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362, 363
Physical evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317
Physical properties
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
inverse relationships with mechanical
properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .759
coatings, rolling-contact fatigue of . . . . . . . 945949
to prevent fretting damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .934
PI. See Polyimide.
Pickling
and hydrogen stress cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .811
inhibited solutions to remove rust or scale . . . . .406
to remove heat-tinted scale from stainless
steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .888
Piece-part fault analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53, 55
Pigs (cleaning devices) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .894
Pilings, crevice corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .776
Pilot-plant operations, performance monitoring for
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
Pin, fatigue fracture in low-cycle fatigue . . . 631, 633
Pinholes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
as casting defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 115
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
surface, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Pinion shafts, distortion of steel . . . . . . . . . . . . 202, 205
Pin-joint assembly, lug fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395
Pin-loaded clevis, stress analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 471472
Pinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682, 690
and neutron embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .697
Pin shear stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472
Piobert lines. See Luders lines.
Pipe. See also Pipelines; Piping; Tube; Tubing.
of fire protection system water supply, graphitic
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787, 788
hydrogen attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .816
hydrogen-induced cracking in low-carbon
steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366
pitting corrosion, of carbon steel . . . . . . . . . 356, 357
in pressurized water reactor, stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827828
stress-rupture failure of CrMo steel . . . . . . . . . . . .365
electrolytic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508
four-step contemporary practice . . . . . . . . . . 507508
guidelines for semiautomatic preparation of
structural ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
mechanical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506
in metallographic examinatin . . . . . . . 503, 504, 505,
506508
nonferrous metals with rigid grinding disc . . . . .508
post-electrical discharge machining, improperly
done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512, 513
steels with a rigid grinding disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508
traditional method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507, 508
Poll (of hammer), definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .987
Polyacetal
brittle fracture of latch assemblies . . . . . . . . 454456
differential scanning calorimetry
thermogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
based fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038
relative resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .653
Polyakov rules, for quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210, 212
Polyamide (PA)
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
adhesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040
characteristics of engineering polymers . . . . . . . .359
ductile fracture behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .655
notch sensitivity and brittle fractures . . . . . . . . . . .657
solution viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445
Polyamide 6 (PA 6), abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
Polyamide 11 (PA 11), abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . 1031
Polyamide 12 (PA12), erosion rate . . . . . . 1005, 1006
Polyamide 66 (PA 66)
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
adhesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1039, 1040, 1041
Polybenzimidazole (PBI)
adhesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035, 1038
specific wear rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020
wear resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
Polybutylene, ductile fracture behavior . . . . . . . . . . .655
Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
creep modulus vs. temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652
differential scanning calorimetry
thermogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440
embrittlement of automotive sleeves . . . . .448449,
451, 452
Polycarbonate (PC)
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
acetone solvent-induced cracking of metal-framed
ophthalmic lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .654
brittle fracture of electrical switch
housings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456457, 458
crack propagation and ductile fracture . . . . . . . . .654
crack propagation and shear banding . . . . . 654, 655
craze formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568, 569
creep modulus vs. temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652
deformation by shear banding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652
differential scanning calorimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441
ductile fracture behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .655
dynamic stress waves causing fracture . . . 634, 635
embrittlement, bracket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446, 447
environmentally induced cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . .654
fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638, 639
fatigue fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .659
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy . . . . . . . .439
fracture surface features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .657
as glassy thermoplastic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
isochronous creep plot of stress-strain behavior vs.
temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .653
mirror zone and mist region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .658
mist region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .658
notch sensitivity and brittle fractures . . . . . . . . . . .657
relative resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .653
shrinkage voids on field fracture surface . . . . . . .657
solvent effects on crazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .653
stress crazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652
Wallner lines not caused by fatigue in
fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634, 635
Polycarbonate/PET, environmental stress cracking
of appliance housings . . . . . 450451, 452, 453
Polycarbonate resin Lexan 101, Fourier transform
infrared radiation spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . .439
Polycrystalline, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
Polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) . . . . . . .532, 535, 536
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Index / 1137
Polyester
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
brittle fracture behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656
as corrosion-resistant coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .769
hydrolysis of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .797
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1030, 1032, 1033
adhesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035, 1036, 1038, 1040
cohesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020, 1022
as glassy thermoplastic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
specific wear rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020
Polyetheretherketoneketone (PEEKK), adhesive
wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035
Polyether-imide (PEI)
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030, 1031, 1033, 1034
adhesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1036, 1037, 1038
Polyethernitrile (PEN), adhesive wear . . 1035, 1038
Polyether sulfone (PES)
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
adhesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038
Polyethylene (PE)
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
brittle fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659, 797
characteristics of engineering polymers . . . . . . . .359
as coating to resist microbially induced
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .885
crack propagation and ductile fracture . . . . . . . . .654
crack propagation and failure mechanisms . . . . .654
crazing fibrils in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .651
differential scanning calorimetry
thermogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440
distortion of chemical storage vessel . . . . . 453454
ductile fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .655, 659, 660
lubricants effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
medium-density, fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .638
relative resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .653
rib markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .659
as semicrystalline thermoplastic . . . . . . . .10231024
solvation effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .796
specific wear rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020
stress crazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652
surface embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .798
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
brittle fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451453
characteristics of engineering polymers . . . . . . . .359
crack propagation and ductile fracture . . . . . . . . .654
crystallization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441
ductile fracture behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .655
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy . . . . . . . .439
notch sensitivity and brittle fractures . . . . . . . . . . .657
shear band formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .622
time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy
mass spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531, 533
x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy high-resolution
spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529, 531, 534
Polyimide (PI)
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
ladder molecules, characteristics of engineering
polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
Polyisoprene
characteristics of engineering polymers . . . . . . . .359
fracture mechanism map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .571
microstructure similar to natural rubber . . . . . . . .650
wear resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to amplify
microbially induced corrosion material
present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .893
Polymeric-coated wires, for impressed-current
anodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .756
Polymer(s). See also Elastomers; Glassy
thermoplastics; Thermosets.
abrasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912913
aging and degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441, 444
analysis methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
as base material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358, 359
brittle creep behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .651
bulk wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1019, 1020, 1021
centrifugal casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
chemical attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
chemical contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
chemical exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .796
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1138 / Index
Polymer(s) (continued)
chemical wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019, 1020
coefficient of thermal expansion . . . . . . . . . . 442443
cohesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1020, 1021, 1022
contamination determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
crack propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654655
crazing as failure mechanism . . . . . . . .367368, 369
creep modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652
cross linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444
crystallinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441, 650
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
degradation . . . . . . . . . . 439, 441, 442, 444, 797798
delamination wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
differential scanning calorimetry . . . . . . . . . 439441
in dissimilar metal pair, fretting damage . . . . . . .928
ductile creep behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .651
ductile tearing mode of deformation . . . . . . . . . . .658
dynamic mechanical analysis . . . . . . . .443444, 445
environmental effect on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796799
environmental effects on
wear failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10241025
environmental stress cracking . . . . . . .439, 443, 653
environmental wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
evaluation in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367369
evolved gas analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442
factors influencing performance . . . . . . . . . . 437, 438
factors initiating material removal during
wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368, 638639
fatigue wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy . . 437439
fractography of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .655
fretting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .929, 1019
gel permeation chromatography . . . . . . . . . . 444445
glass transition in amorphous plastics . . . . . . . . . .441
humidity effect on wear failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439, 44, 456, 797
impact resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444
impact wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .970
interfacial wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10191022
after Izod impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .658
lubricant effects on wear failures . . . . . . .10241025
mechanical testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445446
mechanical wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
melt flow rate or melt flow index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445
melting point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440441
moisture-related degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
molded-in stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443, 444
molecular weight assessment methods . . . 444445
organic chemicals causing degradation . . . 368369
overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .679
oxidation . . . . . . .439, 441, 444, 456, 458, 459, 798
particulate-reinforced abrasive
wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1029, 10301031
photodegradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .798
photolytic degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
photooxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
physical aging as failure mechanism . . . . . . . . . . .368
plasticization . . . . . . . . . . . . 367, 439, 796797, 1025
for repairing cavitation erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017
residual stress as failure mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . .368
solution viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445
solvation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439, 796797
specific wear rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020, 1022
stress relaxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
surface embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .798
swelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796797
temperature effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798799
thermal degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797798
thermal oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
thermal stress as failure mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . .368
thermal wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
thermogravimetric analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441442
thermomechanical analysis . . . . . . . . . .442443, 444
transfer wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019, 1020
viscoelasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
wear failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10191026
weight loss relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
Polymer(s), reinforced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10281041
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10291035
adhesive (sliding) wear . . . . . . . . . .1034, 10351041
bidirectionally (BD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1033, 10341035
continuous unidirectional fiber, abrasive
wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1029, 1032, 1033
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
as discontinuity for castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
in ingots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8687
in permanent-mold castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
reduction by high pressure application . . . . . . . . .124
in refractories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801, 806
as source of steel cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205, 207
in squeeze casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
of technical ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .806
as welding defect of castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
in weldments . . 157158, 169, 170172, 173, 185,
186, 187, 188, 189190
Portable laboratory, components of . . . . . . . . . . . . .394
Postcrystallization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026
Postplating baking, and hydrogen embrittlement
prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820, 822
Postweld heat treat cracking. See Stress-relief
embrittlement.
Postweld heat treatment, of welded castings . . 152
153
Potable water, and pitting corrosion . . . . . . . . 772773
Potassium
in deposits from microbially induced corrosion
sites in stainless steel cooling water
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .889
standard emf series value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .763
Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
causing stress-corrosion cracking in carbon
steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
causing stress-corrosion cracking in Fe-Cr-Ni
alloys (caustic cracking) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
Potassium pyrosulfates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .874
Potassium sulfate, as agent for hot corrosion . . . .872
Potential failure, definition in reliability-centered
maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Potential measurements screening tests . . . . . . . .765
Potentiodynamic polarization curves . . . . . 763764
Potentiodynamic testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
Potentiostat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .763
Potentiostatic testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
Poultice corrosion, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
Pourbaix diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755, 801
Poured short, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Pouring temperature, of permanent-mold
castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Powder-free gloves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528
Powder-generation plants, processes used causing
corrosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .990
Power industry, design life of components . . . . . .229
Powder metallurgy constructs, intergranular brittle
fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .677
Powder metallurgy die, heat-treatment-related
failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510, 511
Powder metal products, nitridation attack from
ammonia environements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .869
Power plant gate-valve stem, stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847848
Power plant piping and tubing
leak-before-break concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231, 232
life assessment methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304310
Power plant waterwall tube, thermomechanical
fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
Power station condenser tubing
microbially induced corrosion
of aluminum brass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .890
of cupronickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .890
PP. See Polypropylene.
PPO. See Polyphenylene oxide.
PPS. See Polyphenylene sulfide.
Precious metals, for impressed-current anodes . .756
Precipitate-free zone(s) (PFZs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .576
assisting creep embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .695
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
dimpled intergranular fractures observed . . . . . . 643,
645
Precipitates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338
Precipitating inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .757
Precipitation embrittlement
of austenitic manganese steels . . . . . . . . . . . . 147, 149
effect on overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .694
Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels,
workability behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Precision bolt, hydrogen damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .816
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Index / 1139
Probability-based design codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Probability-based structural design criteria, by
U.S. Navy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
Probability density function (PDF)
centroid of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
Probability of detection (POD) . . . . . . .270271, 272
Probability of failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241, 255, 256
bounds on series system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
due to natural evolution of damage to a critical
value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
estimate of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
estimation of superset of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260
Probability of false alarms (PFA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
Probability of fracture (PROF) computer
code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
Probability of injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
acceptable level of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Probability parameter, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543
Probability plotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253254
PROBAN (computer software program) . . . . . . .267
Probe current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517
Probes based on nucleic-acid base sequences, to
investigate microbial populations . . . . . . . . .893
Problem solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Problem-solving model, steps in process . . . . . . . .45
Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Process failure modes and effects analysis . . . . . . 52
Processing, and fracture origins of ceramics . . . 669
670
Processing material flaws, as boiler tube damage
mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
Process piping, fabrication code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780
Product development schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Products liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7178
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
history of law code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
legal bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7172
suits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340
Products recall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
planning for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
PROF (computer software program). See also
Probability of fracture computer code. . . . .267
PROFES (computer software program) . . . . . . . .267
Profile configuration parameter (Rp) . . . . . . . . . . .541
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541
Profile orientation distribution function . . . . . . . .542
Profile overlap parameter (Op) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543
Profile structure factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545, 546
using orientation distribution function of
nonoverlapped element of fracture
profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547
Profilometer traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .565
Profilometry
to determine fretting damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .925
to measure fretting wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .932
Profilometry-based quantitative
fractography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538, 539
PROFIT (computer software program) . . . . . . . .267
Program PSF (computer software program) . . .266
Progression marks, of stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .835
Projected image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548
Projection welding, failure origins related to . . . .187
Proof loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
Proof load testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
of polyacetal latch assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455
Proof testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
Proportional limit. See also Elastic limit.
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
Propulsion System Components program . . . . . .251
Protective coatings. See also Coatings.
biodegradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .881
for gas turbine blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
to prevent microbially induced corrosion . . . . . .893
to resist microbially induced corrosion . . . . . . . . .885
Protective covers, brittle fracture of ABS
resins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449450, 452
Protective device, definition in reliability-centered
maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Protective system, definition in reliability-centered
maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Protein, lipopolysaccharide, nucleic acid analysis,
to investigate microbial populations . . . . . .893
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1140 / Index
Q
QELS. See Quasi-elastic light scattering.
Quadruple mass spectrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358
Qualification testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
Quantitative fractography, definition . . . . . . . . . . . .538
information from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538554
Qualitative stress-analysis skill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322
Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Quality assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
and failure modes and effects analysis . . . . . . . . . . 52
Quality bend fatigue curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173, 176
Quality control, as damage mechanism for boiler
tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
Quality management techniques, to look for
potential failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Quantity, effect on materials selection . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Quasi-adiabatic heat dissipation . . . . . . . 1020, 1021
Quasi-adiabatic interfacial wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
Quasi-cleavage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353, 675
Quasi-cleavage cracking, from hydrogen in nickelbase alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .873
Quasi-cleavage fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .573
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10711072
Quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS), property
derived form polymer analysis . . . . . . . . . . . .359
Quasi-static tensile tests, at elevated
temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .575
Quaternary ammonium salts, as biocidal
agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .894
Quench-age embrittlement,
causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072
R
Rachinger correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487
Radial marks. See also Chevron pattern. . . . . . . . 397,
562563, 587, 601, 605, 719, 934
in brittle fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .674
in casting fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608,610, 612, 613
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072
in ductile fracture . . . . . . . . .598, 599, 602, 603, 604
in fatigue fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576, 577
near fibrous zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601, 605
macroscale fractographic implication . . . . . . . . . . .560
Radial shear. See Radial marks.
Radial shear marks. See Radial marks.
Radial stress, distribution beneath notch root of
notched-bar specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .597
Radiation, as environment contributing to damage
mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347348
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Index / 1141
technical feasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6667
unscheduled policies as failure management
policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64, 66
Reliability engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Reliability function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
Reliability logic diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51, 53
Relief valve of hot water heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Remaining life assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228, 281,
296, 298302
for solenoid valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237238
Remaining-life/inspection interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . .741
Remelting, for chemical analysis specimens . . . . .430
Reoxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Repairs, and distortion failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1054
Repair welds, on corrosion-resistant castings, and
service failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
Repeatability, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488
Repeated-cycle deformation wear
mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902, 903
Replacement time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
Replica(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513514, 663
acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
acetate tape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394
of corrosion fatigue fracture-surface
deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721722
creep damage assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731, 732
examination with scanning electron
microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498, 499
examination with transmission electron
microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498, 499
made in on-site investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394
optical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513514
photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398
procedure for fracture surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . 397398
room-temperature-vulcanized (RTV) rubber . . .394
of wear failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
Replica metallography
post-EPR to confirm EPR results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .779
Replica technique, for fracture profile
generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539
Replication
in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337, 338
of fatigue fracture surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340
of steam piping systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
Report preparation, in failure analysis . . . . 334, 339
Reproducibility, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488
Residual life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
Residual strength analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480
Residual stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462, 467
in amorphous polymer resins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443, 444
and average roughness (Ra) surface . . . . . . 486, 487
in castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134135, 136
causes as knowledge required for failure
analyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322
in ceramics, and crack branching . . . . . . . . . 369370
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072
and distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10521053
in ductile iron stuffing box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
failure causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484
and fatigue fracture of weldments with
undercuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
flame cutting effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8485
grinding process effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493494
heat treatment effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494495
heat treatment temperature effect of iron
alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
and high-cycle fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493
impact wear affected by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .969
in-service loads effects on near-surface stress
states in gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494
in limit analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475
and manufacturing imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .613
during marquenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
measurement by x-ray diffraction in failure
analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484496
in overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687, 688
of polycarbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
in polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368, 454
quasi-static loading of components . . . . . . . . . . . . .490
and quench cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
during reheating and quenching, metallurgical
sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196, 200
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S
Sacrificial-anode protection . . . . . . . . . . .755756, 757
Safe, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Safe-end on reactor nozzle, stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849850
Safe-life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 281
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
design methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700
principal testing data description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700
Safe-life approach . . . . . . . . . 231, 269, 270, 281282,
283284, 286
scatter factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
service life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
Safe structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
Safety, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
effect on materials selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Safety consequences
definition in reliability-centered maintenance . . . 62
for failure mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Safety factor . . .2021, 22, 230, 241, 250, 281, 460,
490
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 1048
design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .686
of design of Yankee dryer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387
and design stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473, 477
for distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10481049
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Index / 1143
advantages over transmission electron
microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560561
development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560
to examine cleavage fractures or replicas of
fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498, 499
to examine fatigue fractures in metals . . . . 635636
in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336
for macroscopic examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353
for microscopic examination of fracture
surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)-based
quantitative fractographic methods . . . . .538
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538
Scanning electron microscope fractography . . .538
of metal-induced embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862
to study fatigue fracture of ductile iron . . 142, 143
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) . . . . 419, 426,
516526, 655
accelerating voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .525
of alloy steel ski chair lift grip components . . . . . 11
cold-field-emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516, 517
component systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516521
depth of field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516
development of technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516
electron-optical column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516518
electron source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516
environmental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516
to examine cracks in service-run gas turbine
blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344
to examine wear scars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .902
in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336, 337, 338, 339
of failure modes, instantaneous and
progressive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
as fractography technique . . . . . . . . . . . .522523, 662
fracture mode identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .672
high-resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516
high-vacuum, conventional imaging mode . . . . .516
image dependence on microscope type and
operating parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524525
line scan mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .540
of liquid-metal embrittlement . . . . . . . .367, 368, 369
low- or variable-pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516
of nonmetallic specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
properties measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
property derived from polymer analysis . . . . . . . .359
purchasing decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526
quantitative fractography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547551
sample insertion port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521
sample preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521522
Schottky gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516
signal detection and display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518520
stereo-pair imaging-based methods . .539, 551553
thermal-field-emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516
for three-dimensional surface maps . . . . . . . . . . . .565
use in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
vacuum source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516
vacuum system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520521
of wear damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) quantitative
fractography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547551
number density of features in fracture
surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547548
Scanning potentiostat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .763
Scars, as casting defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Scatter factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
SCC. See Stress-corrosion cracking.
SCF. See Stress-corrosion fatigue.
SCFs. See Stress concentration factors.
Scheduled, definition in reliability-centered
maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Scheduled discard, definition in reliability-centered
maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Scheduled discard tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65, 69
Scheduled restoration task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65, 69
definition in reliability-centered maintenance . . . 62
Scheduled tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6466
worth-doing criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Schmids law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .588
Scientific method, steps in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Scleroscope hardness number (HSc or HSd),
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072
Scleroscope hardness test, definition . . . . . . . . . . 1072
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1144 / Index
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .975
Shell molding, and surface finish of casting . . . . . .120
Shell resin sand molding, in shape-casting processes
classification scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Sherardizing, to prevent fretting damage . . . . . . . .933
Sherlock Holmes Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343, 344, 347
Shielded metal arc welding
failure origins related to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
headers for superheated water . . . . . . . . . . . . 165166
weldment inclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172, 173
weldment incomplete fusion and in-phase . . . . 178,
180
weldment porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Shift, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Shifted core, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Shift factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10211022
Ship hull, intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .778
Ship service turbine generator casings,
thermomechanical fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . 741745
Shock load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364, 394
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
Shock waves, causing cavitation erosion . . . . . . . 1002
Short-fiber reinforced polymers (SFRPs)
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1030, 10311033
adhesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035, 1036, 10371038
composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028, 1029
Short-term overheat, as boiler tube damage
mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
Short-term overheating (stress rupture), as
damage mechanism for boiler tubing . . . . .347
Shot blasting, to remove surface oxides . . . . . . . . . .215
Shotcreting application method, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .759
Shotgun barrel, deformation failure of steel . . . 1051
Shot peening, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221222, 927
and compressive residual stresses levels in steel
automotive springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .492
to correct decarburization effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
distortion due to residual stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053
effect on manufactured components . . . . . . . . . . . .494
effect on overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .688
effect on tensile residual-stress field . . . . . . 490491
effect on Waspaloy rotating bend
fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492493
to increase compressive stresses by work
hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211212
to increase fatigue strength of rotor shaft . . . . . .715
of malleable irons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
to minimize fretting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409
to prevent fretting damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .933
recovery of internal oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
and rolling-contact fatigue deformation . . . . . . . .953
stress gradients affected by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494
for stress reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .717
Shrinkage. See also Casting shrinkage. . . . . . . . . . . . 81
allowance, improper, as casting defect . . . . . . . . .110
axial, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
blind, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
centerline, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
core, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
corner, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
in corrosion-resistant castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
dispersed, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
fillet, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
of gray iron crankcases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
internal, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
in malleable irons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
open or external, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
of permanent-mold castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Shrinkage cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
in carbon steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509
in castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .614
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
Shrinkage gaps, between specimen and
mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502, 503, 504, 505
Shrinkage porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113116, 120, 593
in aluminum alloy castings . . . . . . . . . . . . .149, 150, 151
of aluminum pressure vessel hatch cover . . . . . . . . .287
as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 613, 614
in casting fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608, 613
and cold shut in cast steel equalizer beams . . . 122,
123
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104, 1073
as discontinuity in semisolid casting . . . . . 128, 131
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Index / 1145
galvanic series in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .784
Silicon carbide (SiC)
for abrasive particles for cutting wheels . . . . . . . .502
ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800
as chemical vapor deposition coating
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .949
coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .949
density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .960
elastic modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .960
erosion rate of ceramics with different grain size
in ion-exchanged water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
failure mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .960
as filler for polymer composites . . . . . . . 1035, 1036
formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .960
melting point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
reaction bonded, corrosion resistance to fused
salts, alkalis, and low-melting oxides . . . . .805
reaction bonded, corrosion resistance to various
hot gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .805
refractoriness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800, 805
toughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .960
Silicon carbide-titanium carbide graphite
as chemical vapor deposition substrate
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .949
Silicon deoxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Silicon nitride (Si3N4)
bending as fracture mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666
ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800
density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .960
elastic modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .960
erosion rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005, 1007
failure mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .960
as filler for polymer composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036
formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .960
hot pressed, corrosion resistance to various hot
gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .805
impact cracking of bearing balls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .957
impact wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .969
melting point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
plasma etching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
reaction bonded, corrosion resistance to various
hot gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .805
refractoriness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .805
toughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .960
uniaxial tension, rod fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663, 666
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) and M50 bearing steel
as physical vapor deposition substrate
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
Silicon steel laminations
porosity in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
Silky fracture
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
Siloxane
as surface contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528
Silver
in dissimilar metal pair, fretting damage . . . . . . .928
as embrittling metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862
environments subjecting alloy to selective
leaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785
fretting wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .930
galvanic corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767
galvanic series in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762
high-purity, ductile fracture and void
nucleation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .593
liquid embrittlers of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
removed from alloys by selective leaching . . . . .785
standard emf series value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .763
uniform corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .768
Silver brazing alloys
galvanic series in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762
Silver chloride
degrading nylon resin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456
Silver or magic bullet theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328, 331
Silver plating
for adhesive wear mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
Simons (silicon-magnesium oxynitride) . . . . . . . . .806
SIMS. See Secondary ion mass spectroscopy.
Simulated-service testing . . 334, 338339, 404405,
407, 752
for corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406, 407
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1146 / Index
in crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
duplex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589
in metallic materials . . . . . . . . . . . 569, 570, 571, 572
in overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679680
Slip band(s),
and intergranular fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .644
Slip band deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .593
Slip-band density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .739
Slip deformation mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563
Slip lines. See Shear bands; Shear-deformation
bands.
Slipping time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .971
Slip plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579, 581
Slip system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679, 680
Slit-island(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544, 547
Slit-island method, for measuring fractal
dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544, 547
Slit-lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544, 547
Sliver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
as flaw in rolled bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
in forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
in ingots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83, 90
Slow crack growth procedure for monolithic
structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
Slow loading bend testing
of notched specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .605
Slow strain rate embrittlement. See also Internal
reversible hydrogen embrittlement. . . . . . . .810
Slurry abrasives
angle of attack, and corrosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . .991
density of, and corrosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . 990991
hardness of, and corrosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .991
hydrodynamics effect on corrosive wear . . . . . . .991
impingement on two-body
corrosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990991
shape of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .990
size of and corrosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .991
solids concentration, and corrosive wear . . . . . . .991
velocity, and corrosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .991
Slurry conditioning
to resist corrosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .992
Slurry erosion
variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .902
Slurry handling
causing corrosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .989
Slurry parameters
to resist corrosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .992
Slurry tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .990
Slush casting
in shape-casting processes classification
scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
SMAC (computer program)
for analyzing motor vehicle accidents . . . . . . . . . .377
Small-angle x-ray diffraction
property derived from polymer analysis . . . . . . . .359
Small-crack growth rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .703
Small-scale yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477
Smearing
fracture surface with torsion loading . . . . . 607, 610
SMIE. See Solid metal induced embrittlement.
Smooth-bar rotating beam tests
of ductile iron pistons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
Smooth-bar stress-rupture tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .731
S-N curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
S-N diagram. See S-N curve.
S-N method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700702
Snowmobile
throttle and braking design and human factors . . 74
Snowthrower adapters
brittle overload failure of zinc alloy . . . . . . . . . . . .683
Soaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410
Society for the Advancement of Science in
Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321
Society of Automotive Engineers
publishes range of allowed concentrations and
residual elements in metal
compositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430
Soda-lime glass
brittle fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521, 523
cleavage fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .573
Soderberg line
mean stress effect on alternating stress
amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701
Soderbergs law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701
Sodium
alloying effect on aluminum-silicon alloys . . . . .118
as embrittling metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862
as liquid embrittler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
standard emf series value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .763
as surface contaminant on powder-free
gloves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
bond energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
causing chloridation of carbon steel . . . . . . . . . . . .873
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . 825, 844, 849, 851
852, 856
Sodium chromate
as additon to cooling water for cavitation erosion
resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
causing stress-corrosion cracking in carbon
steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
causing stress-corrosion cracking in Fe-Cr-Ni
alloys (caustic cracking) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . 823, 824, 833, 838,
839, 840, 844, 849, 857
Sodium hypochlorite solution
causing pitting corrosion of stainless steel
tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773774
Sodium pyrosulfates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .874
Sodium sulfate
as agent causing hot corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . 871, 872
corroding technical ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804, 805
Sodium tetrathionate solution
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .849
Sodium thiosulfate solutions
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .849
Softening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .803
Soft steel
impact wear coefficient values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .971
Software fault analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
SOHIC. See Stress-oriented hydrogen-induced
cracking.
Sohnkes law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587588
Soil environments
microbiologically induced corrosion of steel and
iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885887
pitting corrosion and sampling requirement . . . .356
Soil oxidation reduction potential
factors correlating with sulfate-reducing bacteria
(SRB) numbers for buried pipeline sites . .886
Soil resistivity
factors correlating with sulfate-reducing bacteria
(SRB) numbers for buried pipeline sites . .886
Soil water content
factors correlating with sulfate-reducing bacteria
(SRB) numbers for buried pipeline sites . .886
Soldering
as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
in die castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Solenoid valve
fatigue fracture of stainless steel . . . . . . . . . 235238
Solgasmix computer code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
Solidification, accelerated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Solidification cracks
subsurface feature as cause for rejection . . . . . . .156
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 167, 170, 184
Solidification modeling
to predict microporosity areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Solidification rate
increase effect on thermal gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Solidification shrinkage
of aluminum alloy castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
Solidification shrinkage crack
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
Solid impingement erosion
cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .995
Solid-metal-induced embrittlement (SMIE) . . . 694,
751
of alloy steel and cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .865
alloy steel and tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .865
of carbon steel and cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .865
carbon steel and tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .865
causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .861
effect in ferrous alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
effect on overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .698
failure analysis of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862863
influencing intergranular fracture . . . .642, 645, 646
and intergranular (IG) fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .645
metals shown to cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862
rate and time to failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862
service failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862, 863866
steels susceptible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
titanium-cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .866
Solid modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381
Solid-particle erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
Solid refractory material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
Solid rocket booster (SRB) failure on space shuttle
Challenger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Solid shrinkage
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
Solid-solution reactions
to introduce precipitates for strengthening . . . . .874
Solid-solution strengthening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681, 684
of nickel-base superalloys used for gas turbine
blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294
Solubility parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796797
Solution annealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
Solution conditioning
to resist corrosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .992
Solution etching
as ceramographic etching procedure . . . . . 362, 363
Solution heat treatments
to control intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .875
Solution viscosity
properties measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
use in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
Solvation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796797
of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
Solvent-crazing phenomenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652653
Solvent-induced failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .653
Solvents
and crazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652653
Somat 2100 data acquisition system . . . . . . . . . . . .977
Sonic waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .665
Sootblower corrosion
as damage mechanism for boiler tubing . . . . . . . .347
Sootblower erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .876
as boiler tube damage mechanism on failure
wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
SORM. See Second-order reliability method.
Source code, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
Sour gas
hydrogen-induced cracking in pipe wall . . . . . . .815
Souring of environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .884
Sour service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .884
Spacecraft separation springs
solid metal induced embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . .865
Spall
in rolling contact fatigue test machine . . . . . . . . .959
Spall cavities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .982, 983, 984, 985, 986
Spalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197, 801, 802803
of aluminide coatings, platinum effect . . . . . . . . .877
Burns field tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975, 978
cavities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .982, 983, 984, 985, 986
of centrifugal castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132, 133
in ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .961
chemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802803
chromium-molybdenum steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978
of coatings for gas turbine blades . . . . . . . . 303, 304
contact fatigue terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .722
as damage mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . .349
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .975, 1073
by fatigue of forged roll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629, 632
fractography of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982985
from impact events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975988
in impact wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966, 967
metallography of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982985
and oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .868
by quench crack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .984985, 986
of refractory coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .878
as rolling contact fatigue failure mode of thermal
spray cermet and ceramic coatings . . . . . . . .951
striking/struck tool impact geometries . . . . 977, 978
of striking tools, testing and analysis
methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975978
structural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802803
by temper embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .985
of thermal barrier coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
tool geometry considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978
valve seating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .972
Spalling fatigue
of thermal sprayed coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .953
Spalling fatigue failure
of rolling-contact fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960961
Spangles
and cold forming of zinc-coated steel sheet . . . .102
Spatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
in ingots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
surface feature as cause for rejection . . . . . . . . . . .156
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169, 175, 177, 187, 190
Specifications
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
in design process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
effect on materials selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Specific-iron effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831, 833
Specificity
of metal-induced embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862
Specific strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Specific wear rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .929
of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020, 1022
Spectrochemical analysis
of fretting damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .937
Spectrographic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
of gray-iron cylinder head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Spectrophotometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
Spectrum load effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282283
Spherical stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .466
Spherical stress tensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482
Spheroidal carbides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Spheroidization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693, 695
Spikes
as casting defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
in malleable irons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140, 141
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189, 190
Spinodal decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .692
Splash zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .776
Splash-zone corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .776
Splay
in polycarbonate switch housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
Splined shafts
fatigue fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .712
Splits
in forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Spoilation of evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375
Spool-type hydraulic valve distortion failure of
steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10531054
Spot-check test kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431
Spot testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
Spray quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213, 214
Spreadsheet programs
in failure investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328, 329, 330
Spring(s)
stress analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472
types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472
Springback
as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
of sheet metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Spring index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472
Spring wire
fatigue fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .707
Sprocket drive wheel
ductile fracture of aluminum alloy
castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151152
SPS. See Service propulsion system.
Sputter coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521, 522
Sputtered reflected layers
as ceramographic etching procedure . . . . . . . . . . .362
Sputtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
to apply coatings to polymers for SEM . . . . . . . .638
Sputtering, for vapor-depositing coatings . . . . . . . .759
Sputter rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530, 531
Square joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Squeeze casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127, 129131
defect-related failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127, 129131
in shape-casting processes classification
scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
SRB. See Sulfate-reducing bacteria.
SRBSN. See Sintered reaction-bonded silicon nitride.
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Index / 1147
SRFs. See Strength-reduction factors.
SSC. See Sulfide-stress cracking.
SSTG. See Ship service turbine generator casings.
Stabilizers, chemical additive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .798
Stacking-fault energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .909
and fatigue fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .578
and fretting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .928
Stainless steels
aging reactions as cause of corrosion . . . . . . . . . .874
brittle fracture by fatigue of welded liner for
bellows-type expansion joint . . . . . . . . 164165
brittle fracture of gas turbine hot-gas casing . . 363,
364
cavitation erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10131014
centrifugal casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
chloridation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .873
chloride stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . .755
cold forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
cold shut in casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
compatibility with various manufacturing
processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
corrosion-resistant alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889890
crevice corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775776
distortion failure of cantilever beams . . . . . . . . . 1049
distortion failures of Belleville washers . . . . . . 1052
ductile overload fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674, 675
elastic crack-tip opening displacement . . . 244245
embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .692
erosive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .998
fatigue fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235238
fatigue fracture of mixer blades for ice cream
drink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
fatigue fracture of weldment
inlet header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166167
as fiber reinforcement for unidirectional polymer
composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038
fretting wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927, 930, 931, 934935
galvanic corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762, 767
green rot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .868
heat-tinted zones, microbially induced
corrosion of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887888
heat treating failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200201, 204
high-chromium, and 400 to 500 C (750 to 930 F)
embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .692
hydrogen damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .816
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777783
liquid-droplet erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
liquid metal induced embrittlement . . . . . . . 866, 873
localized corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767
maraging, erosion rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
metal dusting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .869
microbially induced corrosion . . . . . . .881, 883, 884
nitridation attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869870
overaging effect on rupture life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .734
as overlays to resist liquid impingement
erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .998
passivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534
piping, leak-before-break concept . . . . . . . . 231, 232
pitting corrosion . . . . 356, 771772, 772773, 774
775
in presence of chloride ions, causes of stresscorrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
sensitized, causes of stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . 831, 834, 844, 846, 847848
sigma-phase embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692693
silicate inclusion defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509, 510
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . 366, 827828, 832
uniform corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .768
welded elbow assembly failure . . . . . . . . . . . 163164
weldment hot cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
weldments, microbially induced
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887889
workability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
zinc-induced liquid metal embrittlement . . . . . . 367,
369
Stainless steels, austenitic
casting defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146147, 148, 149
causes of stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
causing liquid or solid metal induced
embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862
cavitation erosion in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
cleavage fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589
composition control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
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1148 / Index
S44800 (29-4-2)
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780, 781
13-4, erosion rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
Stainless steels, martensitic
causing liquid or solid metal induced
embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862
mitigating adhesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .875
Stainless steels, martensitic, specific types
S40300
erosive wear of steam turbine blade . . . . . . . . .998
microbially induced corrosion . . . . . . . . . 889, 890
microstructure showing distortion from a
seam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204, 207
pitting corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .774
quench cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200, 204
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .825
S41000
defect-related failure, cold shut in aircraft fuelcontrol lever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
fatigue failure of gas turbine blades . . . . . . . . .341
galvanic series in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762
oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .869
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825, 827
S41600
galvanic series in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762
oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .869
S42000
microstructure, silicate inclusion defect . . . . 509,
510
oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .869
S43100
hydrogen embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813, 814
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .825
S44000, oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .869
S44004 (440C)
as chemical vapor deposition substrate
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .949
as physical vapor deposition substrate
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
as substrate material for thermally sprayed
coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
Stainless steels, precipitation-hardened
cavitation erosion in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
hydrogen embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .812
mitigating adhesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847848
Stainless steels, precipitation-hardened, specific
types
S13800 (PH13-8Mo), stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .848
S15700 (PH15-7Mo), solution-treating temperature
effect on Ms temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052
S17400 (17-4PH) (type 630)
counterface material having impact wear . . . 967,
968
hydrogen damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .816
liquid-droplet erosion resistance . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
pitting corrosion of steam-turbine
blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774775
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847848
stress intensity range effect on fatigue fracture
mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .578
S17700 (17-7PH) (type 631)
distortion failure of Belleville washers . . . . 1052
solution-treating temperature effect on Ms
temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052
S35000 (AM-350), solution-treating temperature
effect on Ms temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052
S35500 (AM-355), solution-treating temperature
effect on Ms temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052
Standard deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256, 260
Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Standardization of designs, effect on materials
selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Standards
categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1920
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Standards and specifications, specific types . . . .386
by manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386
for piping and pressure vessel design . . . . . . . . . .385
proof testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
Aerospace Material Specification (AMS) (of SAE)
2770, quench media selection . . . . . . . 206207
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Index / 1149
ASTM E 1426, x-ray elastic constant
determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486
ASTM E 1823, definition of terminology and
misinterpreted terms . . . . . . . .1061, 1067, 1069
ASTM F 519, Standard Test Method for
Mechanical Hydrogen Embrittlement
Evaluation of Plating Processes and Service
Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .811
ASTM F 746, evaluation of material for suitable
surgical implant use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777
ASTM F 1459, Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Susceptibility of
Metallic Materials to Gaseous Hydrogen
Embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .811
ASTM F 1940, Standard Test Method for Process
Control Verification to Prevent Hydrogen
Embrittlement in Plated or Coated
Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .811
ASTM G 1, evaluation of uniform corrosion
damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .771
ASTM G 3, electrochemical testing
guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
ASTM G 5, method for generating
potentiodynamic polarization curves . . . . . .763
ASTM G 16, Applying Statistics to Analysis of
Corrosion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .753
ASTM G 28 (A-B), intergranular corrosion
evaluation test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781
ASTM G 32, vibratory tests for cavitation
erosion . . . . . . . . 1004, 10071008, 1009, 1016
ASTM G 46, evaluation of severity of pitting
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .773
ASTM G 50, tensile strength loss test . . . . . . . . . .771
ASTM G 59, electrochemical test methods . . . .771
ASTM G 67, weight-loss test method for
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . .778, 781, 784
ASTM G 73, cavitation and erosion evaluation
test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1007, 10081009
ASTM G 82, galvanic series creation . . . . . . . . . .763
ASTM G 89, jaw crusher wear plates . . . . . . . . . .915
ASTM G 108, electrochemical potentio-kinetic
reactivation (EPR) technique to evaluate
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779, 780
ASTM G 142
Standard Test Method for Determination of
Susceptibility of Metals to Embrittlement in
Hydrogen-Containing Environments at High
Pressure, High Temperature, or Both . . . .811
British Standards Institute (BS) 876-1949, hammer
hardness specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975, 978
BS 876-1981, hammer hardness
specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .985, 986, 987
BS 1490, sprocket drive wheel . . . . . . . . . . . 151152
BS 7000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
BS 7608:1993, flaw size fitness-for-service
assessment methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
BS 7910:1999, flaw size fitness-for-service
assessment methodology, current fracture
criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160, 243, 244, 246, 247
BS PD 6493:1991, flaw size fitness-for-service
assessment methodology . . . . . . .160, 241, 243
Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) R 6,
flaw size fitness-for-service assessment
methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Deformation plasticity failure assessment diagram,
flaw size fitness-for-service assessment
methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) GE J and
crack tip opening displacement (CTOD)
estimation scheme, flaw size fitness-forservice assessment methodology . . . . . . . . . .160
German DIN steel 17200, as substrate material for
thermally sprayed coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
GGG-H-86C-1963, hammers . . . . . . . .985986, 987
International Institute of Welding (IIW) approach,
flaw size fitness-for-service assessment
methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
International Standards Organization ISO 63365.2, decarburization limits . . . . . . . . . . . 215, 216
Japanese Industrial Standards JIS G 4105, as
substrate material for thermally sprayed
coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
MF0004-018, fluids contacting titanium in space
design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .859
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1150 / Index
1045
continuous cooling transformation
diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
microstructure showing distortion from a
lap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204, 207
microstructure showing nonuniform quenching
effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208, 210
mixed-mode fracture of jack cylinder 687688
quench cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
spalling tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978
spheroidized, fracture mechanism map . . . . . .571
time-temperature-transformation diagram . . .192
1046, fatigue fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576, 577
1060
adiabatic shear bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .982
austenitization effect on grain size . . . . . 218, 219
spalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976, 978
transformation shear bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982, 983
1070
composition range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
distortion failure of hold-down clamps . . . . 1052
hardness vs. heat treatment temperature . . . . .495
heat treatment temperature effect on residual
stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
quench cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200, 204
XRD peak integral breadth vs. heat treat
temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
1072, spalling tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978
1075, spalling tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978
1080
austempering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213
light profile microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .540
spalling tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978
1095, scale effect on distortion . . . . . .202203, 206
1117, distortion failure of spool-type hydraulic
valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10531054
1137, quench cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
1138, deformation failure of shotgun barrel . . 1051
1141
quench cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
1144 (G11440)
ductile fracture of tapered-ring sprocket locking
device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10
lifting eye, ductile fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36, 37
microsegregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219
microsegregation and stringer inclusions . . . .219
quench cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
1215, microstructure of nitrided specimen in 4
mounting resins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503, 504
1340, quench cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
1345, quench cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
1410, impact wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967, 968
1536, quench cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
1541
chevrons indicative of fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562
quench cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
1552, spalling tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978
2330, constant-life diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701
3310, shrinkage porosity of jaws casting . . . . . . .114
4037, hydrogen embrittlement of cap
screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696697
4100, alloy depletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
4118
microstructure showing distortion from
machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204, 206
as physical vapor deposition substrate
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
4130
constant-life diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701
fatigue-crack-growth rate in sodium chloride
solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704
fatigue failure of aircraft torque link on bolt
fixed-nose landing gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283284
fatigue fracture of steel shaft . . . . . . . . . . . 707708
hydrogen embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .812
localized overheating of pipe permanent
mold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132, 133
seam defect in rolled bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93, 94
S-N curve for notched steel sheet . . . . . . . . . . . .284
4140
alloy depletion promoting cracking . . . . . . . . . .215
banding of tempered martensite . . 219, 220 4140
debonding of MnS particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .592
distortion failure of aircraft-wind slat
track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052
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Index / 1151
oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .869
A213, grade T-91
oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .869
A216, grade WCB
carbon steel for turbines and pumps . . . . . . . 1013
A226
fatigue fracture of weldment . . . . . . . . . . . 176, 177
A245 (A570 and A611)
stress-corrosion cracking of hoppers on
trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .841
A283, grades A, B, C and D
carbon steel for turbines and pumps . . . . . . . 1013
A285, grade C
hydrogen-induced blistering in plate . . . 814, 815
A293
fatigue failure of fan shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . 705706
A302-B
fatigue-crack-growth rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704
A356, grade 6
brittle fracture and stress-corrosion cracking of
turbine casing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142143, 144
A470 Class 4
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841842
A514
corrosive wear of slurry abrasives . . . . . . . . . . .990
A516
inclusion shape control in rolled plate . . . . . . . . 89
A516, grade 60
carbon steel for turbines and pumps . . . . . . . 1013
A516, grade 70
replacing A212, grade B steel for
applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
A517-F
fatigue-crack-initiation cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .716
fatigue-crack-initiation threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . .717
A533 grade B
impact fracture toughness vs. temperature . . 680,
681
A533B
stretch zone width correlation with fracture
toughness, elastic modulus normalized . . .584
A537-A
fatigue-crack-growth rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704
fatigue-crack-initiation cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .716
fatigue-crack-initiation threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . .717
A572, grade 42, type 2
welding defect failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
A572 grade 50
failure assessment diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248
A574
hydrogen embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696697
A633C
manganese sulfide inclusions and brittle
fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89, 91
A710
ductile crack growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593, 594
0.1% C steel
ductile crack nucleation, and debonding . . . . .592
pitting corrosion of pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356, 357
0.15% C, 1% Mn, 0.75 Cr, 0.85% Ni
quenching, and distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196, 201
0.2% carbon
brittle fracture by bolt hole in grain storage
bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .616, 618, 619
0.21C-0.77Mn
brittle fracture in weldment by lamellar
tearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181, 182
0.30-0.50 wt% C low-alloy
mechanical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .980
0.65C-1Si-3Ni
spalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978, 987
carbon-Mo (T1)
maximum metal temperatures for hightemperature boiler tube materials . . . . . . . . .304
1% C steel
distortion from nonmetallic inclusions . . . . . . 205,
207
1.15C-12.8Mn-0.50Si (13% Mn)
brittle fracture of chain link . . . . . . .146147, 148
0.5Cr-0.5Mo
maximum-use temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .693
0.5Cr-0.5Mo-0.25V
creep behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .730
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1152 / Index
41CrMo4
cavitation erosion. incubation time . . . . . . . . 1004
100Cr6
as physical vapor deposition substrate
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
tempering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195, 198
Fe-0.25C-1Mn-0.40Cr-0.35Mo
fatigue fracture of heavy-duty axle
housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Fe-3.25Si
tongues and cleavage fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .590
Fe-4Ni
fatigue fracture, cyclic brittle cleavage . . . . . .579
intergranular fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .644
fatigue fracture, cyclic cleavage . . . . . . . 579, 581
austenitic 12%Mn
gouging abrasion resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .907
NiCrMoV
stress corrosion cracking of steam turbine
components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .840
3% Ni-Cr carburized steel carbide formations at
quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216, 217
4%Ni
carbide formations in microstructure . . 216, 218
4% Ni-C-Cr carburized steel
carbides formed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216, 217
10Ni
fatigue-crack-growth rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704
12Ni
fatigue-crack-growth rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704
AISI 01
hardness vs. heat treatment temperature . . . . .495
heat treatment temperature effect on residual
stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
XRD peak integral breadth vs. heat treatment
temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
CPM-10V
impact wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .967
50CV4
phase transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194, 196
D6AC
high-cycle fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580581, 583
intergranular fracture and high-cycle
fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .644
stress intensity vs. time to failure . . . . . . 479, 480
E4340
forging defect (pipe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87, 88
forging defects of nonmetallic inclusions in
helicopter main rotor bolt . . . . . . . . . .8990, 91
E6010
weldment fisheyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179, 182
E7018
weldment fisheyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179, 181
E11018
weldment fisheyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179, 182
EN-24
stress intensity range effect on fatigue fracture
mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .578
F-255
erosion rate in vibratory cavitation . . . . . . . . 1016
alloy HH, type II heat-resistant alloy
precipitation embrittlement at elevated
temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147, 149
HK-40 (26Cr-20Ni)
carbon-nitrogen interaction for corrosion . . . .870
HL-40 (30Cr-20Ni)
carbon-nitrogen interaction for corrosion . . . .870
HY-80
fatigue-crack-growth rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704
fatigue-crack-initiation cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .716
fatigue-crack-initiation threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . .717
HY-100
shear banding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593, 595
HY-130
fatigue-crack-growth rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704
fatigue-crack-initiation cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .716
fatigue-crack-initiation threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . .717
JIS S38C
tempering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195, 199
JIS S45C
selective quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213, 214
as substrate material for thermally sprayed
coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
JIS SCM440
distortion from improper leading . . . . . . 202, 205
JIS SNCM 439
tempering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195, 199
300 M
stress intensity range effect on fatigue fracture
mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .578
90MnV8
volume changes during phase
transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
RQT 701
corrosion fatigue and microbially induced
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .884
Schedule 80 low-carbon steel
stress corrosion cracking of pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . .840
vanadium HSLA (0.1% carbon)
fatigue striations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580, 582
X120Mn12
cavitation erosion, incubation time . . . . . . . . 1004
XC45
erosion rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
XC68
erosion rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
SAE grade 5
dimple-rupture fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .673
grade 8 high-strength steel
ductile overload fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673674
grade 11L17
intergranular brittle fracture of valve seats . .677
136 lb/yd rail
microstructure, service condition failure . . . . 512,
514
Step fracture. See Fatigue striation; Striation.
Steps
as discontinuity for extrusions and drawn
products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Stepwise cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .815
Stereocamera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426, 427
Stereographic pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .663
Stereological relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538, 539
Stereomicroscope
to examine damaged surface before and after
cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
low-power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498
Stereomicroscopic photography . . . . . .419, 425426
Stereomicroscopy
of alloy steel ski chair lift grip components . . . . . 11
of corrosion surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752
for macroscopic examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353
Stereo-pair based imaging . . . . . . . . . . . .538, 552553
Stereo-photogrammetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550, 551, 552
Stereophotography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419, 426427
Stereo zoom optical microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .655
Steric hindrance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568
Steven and Haynes equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210, 212
Sticker, as casting effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Sticking, in squeeze casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Sticking to molds/cores, of permanent-mold
castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Stochastic model, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376
Stop/starts, of weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Storage modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443444, 445
Storage tanks, prevention approach for corrosion in
industrial facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .893
Straightening, and fatigue strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720
Strain
accumulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .617
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
postnecking rate effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .621
Strain-age embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
by bolt hole in steel grain storage bin . . . 616, 618,
619
causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10731074
effect in ferrous alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
effect on overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
from nitrogen in low-alloy steel castings . . . . . . .145
steels susceptible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
Strain aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
and brittle fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
Strain energy release rate. See Crack extension
force.
Strainer for process steam line in chicken feed
plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472
strain rate effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475
stress concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472473
tensile bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468
theory of elasticity approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468, 469
torsion bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469
Stress at fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .657
Stress components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462
Stress concentration. See also
Stress raisers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472473, 717
and crack propagation with component
failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
effect of stress raisers on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715716
effect on fatigue cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .716
factor . . . . . 158, 163, 233, 277278, 382, 472473,
496, 716717
fatigue failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715717
as life-limiting factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233234
residual stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .717
of rolling-contact fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941, 952
for stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828830
stress-intensity expression at sharp notch . . . . . .716
and stress reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .717
Stress concentration factor . . . . .277278, 472473,
716717
with beam theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
and crack propagation with component
failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .716, 1074
as design consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233
disalignment of weld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
due to misalignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
for fatigue crack initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .706
Stress concentrators
for forging burst in ingots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
in glasses and/or ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .667
nonmetallic inclusions in ingot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). See also
Corrosion. . . . . . .337, 343, 490491, 751, 761,
765766, 768, 823859.
air conditioning absorber tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .855
by air contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .833
aircraft actuator barrel lug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .852
of aircraft attachment bolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .848
aircraft hinge bracket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851, 852
aircraft strap-type clamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828, 829
aircraft undercarriage leg forgings . . . . . . . . 852853
by alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .857, 858859
of alpha-brasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .835
aluminum alloys . . . .825, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836,
850853
by amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833, 839
by ammonia . . . 823, 824, 829, 831, 832, 833, 839,
853856
by ammoniacal copper sulfate solution . . . . . . . . .853
from ammonia released by algal biomass decay in
brass condenser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .887
by ammonium nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .828, 839, 841
analysis of failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834835
by atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832, 833, 856
beach marks present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631, 633
by benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .859
as boiler tube damage mechanism on failure
wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
brasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823, 825, 832, 835, 836, 837
by bromide ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .857
by calcium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .849
by carbonate/bicarbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839840
by carbonates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .840
by carbon dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .840
of carbon steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838843
causing service failures of welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .823824, 825
chemical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837838
by chlorides . . . 823, 824, 825, 829, 830, 832, 833,
834, 835, 840, 841842, 843849, 850,
851852, 856, 857
by chlorinated solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . .857, 858859
by citrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .853
from coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .834
contact-finger retainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828830
controlling factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811, 812
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Index / 1153
copper and copper alloys . . . . . . . . . . . 828830, 832,
853856
in corrosion-resistant castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
of corrosion-resistant steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .833
of coupling nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851852
crack branching . . . . .835, 843, 844, 845, 846, 852,
856
crack growth rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .825
crack initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .824825, 836
crack propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401, 824825
crystal structure effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832
as damage mechanism for boiler tubing . . . . . . . .347
as damage mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . .349
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
by diethanolamine (DEA) solutions . . . . . . . . . . . .839
effect on overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697698
environments . . 832833, 843844, 848849, 853,
856, 857
evaporation tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845, 846
ferrules for electric fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .854
by fingerprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .834, 858859
finned tube in generator air cooler unit . . . 855856
by fluoride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834, 856
by fluorinated hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .857
forged lug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .828
by Freon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .859
by halide ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .833
of high-nickel alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .823
of high-strength steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833, 835
in high-temperature environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . .875
hoppers on trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .841
by hot dry chloride salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .857
by hydrochloric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838, 857
by hydrofluoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .838
by hydrogen chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857, 859
and hydrogen stress cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .847
influencing intergranular fracture . . . . . . . . . 642, 645
inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838839
and integranular stress-corrosion cracking . . . 646
647
by iodide ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .857
of iron-chromium alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .823
by isopropyl alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858859
jet pump beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .850
by kraft liquor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .840
by liquid hand soap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858859
loading types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
of low-alloy steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838843
by lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .834
by machining oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .834
macroscopic examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .836
magnesium alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856857
by magnesium chloride . . 824, 825, 836, 837, 847,
848849, 857
manufacturing sources as root cause . . . . . 826827
of maraging steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824, 843
materials properties related to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
materials selection criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
mechanisms of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .826
metallographic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .838
metal susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831832
by metalworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828, 829
by methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834, 857, 858859
by methylene chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .845
microscopic examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836837
microstructure effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832
with mixed-mode fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .842
by moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826827, 830, 850, 856
monoethanolamine DEA (MEA/DEA)
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .839
by monoethanolamine (MEA) solutions . . . . . . . .839
by monomethyl hydrazine (MMH) . . . . . . . . . . . . .859
near-neutral pH, microbial involvement . . . . . . . .884
neck liner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .845
of nickel-base alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832, 848850
by nitrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .828, 839, 853
by nitrogen group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .833
by nitrogen tetroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857858
on-site examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .835
operating temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
orthopedic implant of stainless steel . . . . . . . . . . . .366
outlet piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844845
by oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .840
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1154 / Index
www.asminternational.org
Index / 1155
N06002 (Alloy X, Alloy HX, Hastelloy X)
oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .869
N06007 (Alloy G, ERNiCrMo-1, Hastelloy G)
hydrogen damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .817
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781, 783
pitting corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775
N06050 (HX)
oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .869
N06110 (Allcorr)
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781
N06455 (Alloy C-4, Hastelloy C-4)
cavitation erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
hydrogen embrittlement environment . . . . . . . .817
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .849
N06600 (Alloy 600, IN-600, Inconel 600)
galvanic corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762, 767
hydrogen embrittlement environment . . . . . . . .817
intergranular corrosion . . . . . .388389, 648, 783,
784
intergranular fracture of steam generator
tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648649
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . .831, 849850
N06601 (Alloy 601, IN-601, Inconel 601)
high-temperature corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871, 872
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .783
N06617 (Alloy 617, ERNiCrCoMo-1, Inconel 617,
IN-617)
high-temperature corrosion . . . . . . . .870, 871, 872
N06625 (Alloy 625, ERNiCrMo-3, Haynes 625,
IN-625, Inconel 625)
cavitation erosion in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
hydrogen damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .817
hydrogen embrittlement environment . . . . . . . .817
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781, 783
N06625
microbially induced corrosion in
weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .888
N06686 (Alloy 686, Inconel 686, 686 (CPT)
pitting corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775
N06690 (Alloy 690, IN-690, Inconel 690)
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .849
sulfidation of incinerator liner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .870
N06985 (Alloy G-3, ERNiCrMo-9, Hastelloy G-3)
carbide precipitation of turbine blades . . . . . . 294,
295
hydrogen damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .817
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781, 784
rotating bend fatigue testing, shot peening
effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492493
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .849
N07001 (Waspaloy)
stress rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .735
thermomechanical fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .739
thermomechanical fatigue life model . . . . . . . .740
N07041 (Alloy R-41, Haynes R-41, Rene 41)
aging reactions as cause of corrosion . . . . . . . .874
N07041 (Alloy R-41, Haynes R-41, Rene 41)
molten metal corrosion as liquid metal
embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .874
N07500 (Udimet 500)
high-temperature corrosion
TMF life model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .740
turbine blade, vane, and nozzle land-based
applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296
N07718 (Alloy 718)
brittle fracture of welded gas-turbine innercombustion-chamber case assembly . . . . . 164,
165
N07718
cavitation erosion in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
N07718 (IN-718, ErNiFeCr-2, IN-718, Inconel
718)
average asperity, height in fracture profile . . .542
crack-closure stress intensity vs. average
asperity height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542
fatigue fracture shear regions, from deformation
twinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .578, 579, 580
hot working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
hydrogen damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .817
hydrogen embrittlement environment . . . . . . . .817
resisting adiabatic shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .987
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .849
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1156 / Index
T
Tafel lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .771
Tail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .665
TAN. See Tribological aspect number.
Tan delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443, 444, 445
Tangential stress. See Shear stress.
Tangent modulus. See also Modulus of elasticity.
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
Tanks, prevention approach for corrosion in
industrial facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .893
Tank tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
Tantalum
addition improving oxidation resistance . . . . . . . .868
addition to control intergranular corrosion . . . . .875
galvanic corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767
hydrogen damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .818
Tantalum alloys
hydrogen damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .818
workability behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Tapered compression test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Tapered-ring sprocket locking device, ductile
fracture of carbon steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10
Taper sectioning, of worn specimens . . . . . . . . . . . .413
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Index / 1157
Theoretical stress-concentration factor. See Stressconcentration factor.
Thermal aging, of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441
Thermal analysis
design applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
finite-element analysis software programs
for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
Thermal barrier coatings (TBC), as hightemperature coatings resisting corrosion . .877
Thermal conductivity, as criteria for materials
selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Thermal cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
in forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Thermal deformation profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383
Thermal embrittlement, of maraging steels, and
intergranular fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
Thermal etching
of ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
as ceramographic etching procedure . . . . . 362, 363
Thermal expansion
as criteria for materials selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
and stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .830
Thermal expansion coefficient, and
distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1050
Thermal expansion mismatches . . . . . . . . . . . 592, 803
and oxidation at high temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . .868
Thermal fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .726, 736737
of boiler tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
as damage mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . .349
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234, 291, 1075
as elevated-temperature failure in gas
turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289, 291, 292, 296
of low-alloy steel castings . . . . . . . . . . .142, 143144
materials properties related to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Thermal fatigue cracks. See also Heat
checking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .875
of pressure die castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127, 130
Thermal fatigue cycles, as life-limiting
factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
Thermal-fatigue fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736737
Thermal gradients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .667
adjustment to minimize corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . .806
created by nonuniform quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
and stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .830
and volume changes during phase
transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196, 200
Thermal insulation, and
crevice corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776777
Thermal grown oxide (TBO) layer, in thermal
barrier coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
Thermal loading, stress sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .582
Thermally induced embrittlement, contribution to
overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690695
Thermal-mechanical fatigue. See
Thermomechanical fatigue.
Thermal mismatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .802
of refractories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
Thermal process cracking, as damage mechanism
on failure wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
Thermal severity number (TSN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
Thermal shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
causing mechanical (cold) cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
of ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370, 667
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
minimized with sigma phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292
of PET jacket, transportation assemblies . . . . . . 451,
452
of refractories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .806
of refractory coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .878
of technical ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .806
Thermal shock exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
Thermal shock resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Thermal shock testing, of PET jacket,
transportation assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . 451, 452
Thermal softening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .600601, 620
overcoming strain and strain-rate hardening . . 621,
622
Thermal spraying
coatings and rolling-contact fatigue . . . . . . 949954
for corrosion resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .759
to repair liquid-impact erosion damage . . . . . . 1017
vs. physical vapor deposition for coatings . . . . .945
Thermal stability, as criteria for materials
selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
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1158 / Index
Thermal stress(es)
cooling with transformation of steels . . . . .194195,
197, 198
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
and distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206207
as polymer failure mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
of refractories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .806
and stress intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481
of technical ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .806
Thermal wear mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902, 903
Thermoforming, compatibility with various
materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Thermogram
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440
for dynamic mechanical analysis . . . . . . . . . 443, 445
in thermogravimetric analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442
of thermomechanical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 442, 443
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene protective
covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449450
evolved gas analysis techniques (TGA-FTIR or
TGA-MS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442
with FTIR analysis information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442
of high-density polyethylene chemical storage
vessel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453454
of nylon filtration unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456, 457
of nylon hinges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .459
of PET jacket, transportation assemblies . . . . . . .452
of plasticized polyvinyl chloride tubing . . 448, 451
of polyacetal latch assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455
of polybutylene terephthalate automotive
sleeves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449
of polyethylene terephthalate jacket of
transportation assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452
of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441443, 444
properties measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
property derived from polymer analysis . . . . . . . .359
use in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
Thermomechanical analysis
of polycarbonate switch housing . . . . . . . . . 457, 458
of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442443, 444
properties measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
property derived from polymer analysis . . . . . . . .359
use in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
Thermomechanical fatigue . . . . . . . . . . .384, 738745
as boiler tube damage mechanism on failure
wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
component-simulation testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .741
cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738739
as damage mechanism for boiler tubing . . . . . . . .347
as damage mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . .349
decay in maximum stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .740
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .738
descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738739
engineering equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740741
life assessment technique for elevated-temperature
exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
life model with carbide precipitation and
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .741
life model with metastable precipitates and
plasticity/oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740741
life model with stable precipitate structure and
plasticity/oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .740
life prediction in regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .738
loading (cycling) types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .738
mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739741
of power plant waterwall tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
residual life prediction in a
turbine casing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741745
resulting in fatigue damage mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344
of turbine blades of Rene 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .739
Thermomechanical fatigue life assessment, of gas
turbine blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301302
Thermomechanical fatigue testing . . .301302, 736
Thermophiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .754
Thermoplastic acrylics, as corrosion-resistant
coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .758
Thermoplastic polymers. See also Glassy
thermoplastics; Semicrystalline
thermoplastics.
bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
characteristics of engineering polymers . . . . . . . .359
compatibility with various manufacturing
processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
in ingot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
as physical vapor deposition coating
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
and thermal embrittlement of maraging steels and
intergranular fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
Titanium ion-getter pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521
Titanium nitride (TiN), coatings . . . . . 945946, 947,
948, 949, 969, 970
Titanium nitride and carbon, as physical vapor
deposition coating material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
Titanium nitride/niobium nitride, as physical vapor
deposition coating material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
Titanium zirconium nitride, as physical vapor
deposition coating material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
T-joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 163
fillet-welded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
lamellar tearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180, 182
weldment porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171172, 173
T-junction procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395
TLA. See Thin-layer activation.
T-L orientation (T-S). See Crack-plane orientation.
TMA. See Thermomechanical analysis.
TME. See Tempered-martensite embrittlement.
TMF. See Thermomechanical fatigue.
Toe cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
TOF-SIMS. See Time-of-flight secondary ion mass
spectrometry.
Toluene, and stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . 826827
Tongue. See also Deformation twinning; Mechanical
twin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572.
crack direction for creation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .590
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
and deformation twinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .590
microscale fractographic implication . . . . . . . . . . .560
in stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835, 836
Tool lifetime equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .916
Tool marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398, 595
as defect resulting from machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Tool steels
austenitization-related failures . . . . . . .509510, 511
fabrication-related failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512, 513
forging defect in die . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
fretting wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .934
furnace atmosphere and heat treatment
failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510, 511
hydrogen flaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88, 89
mixed-mode cracking of medical device . . . . . . 677,
678
as physical vapor deposition substrate
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
pressure die casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127, 129
quench cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509510, 511
size changes during hardening, carbon steels . .195
Tool steels, specific types
A2, sectioned by abrasive cutting, light
micrograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501502, 503
A6, fatigue fracture of shaft from tube-bending
machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .711
D2
microstructure, flame impingement during
austenitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510, 511
microstructure, overaustenitized draw die
insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510511
mixed-mode cracking of medical device . . . 677,
678
D5, forging defect failure in forging die . . . . . . . . 85
H13
abrasive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918, 919
epoxy-mounted metallographic specimen, soft
ceramic shot filler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504, 505
erosion of nozzle for zinc die casting . . 127, 130
hardness vs. heat treatment temperature . . . . .495
ion-nitrided, white-etching iron nitride
layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503, 504
polishing with dragging out of inclusion, comet
tailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506
XRD peak integral breadth vs. heat treat
temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
L6, microstructure, under-austenitization of
punch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509, 510
M2, shrinkage gap between specimen and
mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503, 505
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Index / 1159
M50
as chemical vapor deposition substrate
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .949
as physical vapor deposition substrate
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
as substrate material for thermally sprayed
coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
O1
crack-tip blunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .567
crack-tip blunting and ductile tearing . . 612, 616
hydrogen flaking of die . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88, 89
microstructure, abusive grinding . .511512, 513
microstructure, quench cracking of roll . . . . 509
510, 511
quasi-cleavage fracture . . . . . . 573, 574, 610, 614
S7
microstructure, heat treatment failure of jewelrystriking die . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510, 511
microstructure, pitting from post-EDM
procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512, 513
X155Cr VM012, cavitation erosion, incubation
time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004
Topographical imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519
Topographic contrast, by scanning electron
microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499
Topographic index (e), definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .546
Topologically close-packed phase (tcp) . . . 734735
interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736
Torch cutting
to remove specimens from failed parts . . . . . . . . .406
to section specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469, 474
Torque link bolt
fatigue failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283284
fatigue-life assessment, on fixed-nose landing
gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283284
Torsion, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
Torsional-fatigue analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
Torsional-fatigue fracture
of rotor shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714715
valve spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .719
Torsional fatigue testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .714
Torsional sliding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
Torsional stress, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
Torsion bars, stress analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469
Torsion loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .565
for fracture surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 606608, 610, 611
initiation sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
reversed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630, 633
Torsion testing
smearing of fracture surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607, 610
stress-state effect on fracture mechanism . . . . . .607
Total carbon content (TC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Total organic carbon in groundwater, factors
correlating with sulfate-reducing bacteria
(SRB) numbers for buried pipeline sites . .886
Total Quality Management (TQM) . . . . . . . . 3, 4, 10
TOTM. See Trioctyl trimellitate.
TPE. See Technical Plan for Evaluation chart.
TQM. See Total Quality Management.
Trace elements, and weldment reheat cracking . .184
Track wheel, heat-treatment-related failure . . . . . 510,
511
Traction motor suspension bearings, liquid metal
induced embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865, 866
Tramp elements
effect on microsegregation in
steel castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218219
inducing intergranular fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
iron in stainless steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
nonmetallic inclusions in weldments . . . . 169, 171,
172174, 175, 176
in overload failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .681
Transcrystalline. See Transgranular.
Transcrystalline cracking. See Transgranular
cracking or fracture.
Transfer film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
Transformation hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .760
Transformation of stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482483
Transformation shear bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982, 983
Transformer vessel model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
Transgranular, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
Transgranular beachmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343
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1160 / Index
True Brinelling
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .935
and false Brinelling compared . . . . . . . . . . . . 935, 936
True centrifugal casting
defect-related failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
in shape-casting processes classification
scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
True-v (chi) geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485
True corrosion fatigue (TCF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479
True corrosion fatigue combined with stress
corrosion fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479
True strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245, 617618, 619
True stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245, 617618
True striation spacing, in fatigue fracture
surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550, 551
TSN. See Thermal severity number.
TSP. See Tube support plates.
TTT. See Time-temperature-transformation diagrams.
Tube. See also Pipe; Piping; Tubing.
crevice corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .776
erosion-corrosion of 70-30 cupronickel . . . . . . . .353
feedwater pressure, denickelification . . . . . 788, 789
piercing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
pitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353
pitting corrosion in organic chemical plant
condenser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772773
from potable water supply, dezincification . . . . 786,
787
stress-relief embrittlement of Ni-Cr-Mo-V
steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .691
Tuberculation, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
Tube rubbing, as damage mechanism for boiler
tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347, 350
Tube sheets of air compressor, stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854855
Tube support plates (TSP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388389
Tubing. See also Pipe; Piping; Tube.
expansion formed, cleavage cracking . . . . . . . . . .572
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845846
Tuftriding, for adhesive wear mitigation . . . . . . . . .408
Tungsten
bond energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
cavitation erosion, incubation time . . . . . . . . . . . 1004
content effect on sigma-phase embrittlement . .693
as electron source for scanning electron
microscopy . . . . . 516, 517, 521, 524525, 526
impact wear coefficient values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .971
oxidation potential in endothermic gas . . . . . . . . .214
removed from alloys by selective leaching . . . . .785
Tungsten alloys, workability behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Tungsten carbide-chromium-nickel, as thermally
sprayed coating material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
Tungsten carbide-cobalt, as coating . . . . . . .949950,
951, 952, 953, 954
Tungsten carbide-10% cobalt-4% chromium, as
thermally sprayed coating material . . . . . . . .950
Tungsten carbide-12% cobalt, as thermally sprayed
coating material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
Tungsten carbide-15% cobalt, as thermally sprayed
coating material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
Tungsten-carbide-17% cobalt, as thermally sprayed
coating material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
Tungsten carbide composite, mitigating abrasive
wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
Tungsten metal inclusions
subsurface feature as cause for rejection . . . . . . .156
in weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169, 172174, 186
Tunnel-boring machine, abrasive wear of disk
cutters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918, 919
Turbine blades
microstructure of alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .739
root examination to determine damage
characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
thermomechanical fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .739
Turbine casing, of low-alloy steel, brittle fracture
and stress-corrosion cracking failures . . . 142
143, 144
Turbine engine disks, x-ray diffraction used to track
residual-stress levels with engine cycles . .493
Turbine vane, creep damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .728
Turning, and fatigue strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720
Twin. See also Annealing or growth twin;
Mechanical twin (deformation twin).
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10751076
Twinning. See also Deformation twinning;
Mechanical twin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563, 568, 569
density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589
in metallic materials . . . . . . . . . . . 569, 570, 571572
secondary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .591
Twist boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .612
and loading mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .574
Twistdrill, of high-speed steel,
brittle fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7374
Twist hackle (ceramics, glassy materials) . . . . . 665,
666, 667, 668
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076
Two-body wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .965
Two-dimensional stress tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465466
Two-dimensional stress transformation
equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463
Two-step temper embrittlement. See also Temper
embrittlement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .692
Type size, on warning label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
U
UDFRPs. See Unidirectional fiber reinforced
polymer composites.
UHMWPE. See Ultrahigh molecular weight
polyethylene.
Ultimate strength
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076
relationship with various failure modes . . . . .35, 36
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS). See Ultimate
strength.
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
(UHMWPE)
cohesive wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020, 1022
isothermal transfer wear behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024
as semicrystalline thermoplastic . . . . . . . .10231024
specific wear rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020
wear failures of acetabular sockets for hip
joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
wear resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
Ultrasonic cleaning
of corrosion-fatigue surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .722
of corrosion surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752
of fractured surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397
Ultrasonic cleaning bath, to clean fracture surfaces
for microfractography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353
Ultrasonic inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
of casting defects in ductile iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
of corrosion surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752
of creep cavitation damaged power plant piping
and tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306
description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
description, advantages and limitations . . 395, 396
of double-face hammers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .986
for failure analysis and investigation . . . . 336, 395,
396
flaw size range with 90% probability of
detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
of forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94, 97
to identify unsoundness in ingot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
of liquid metal induced embrittlement . . . . . . . . . .864
in oxide-scale-based life prediction of
tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308309
of pipe with stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . .827
in preliminary laboratory examination . . . . . . . . .406
uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
of welded headers for superheated water . . . . . . .166
of weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159, 173, 177
for weldments in sulfur recovery unit . . . . . . . . . .841
Ultrasonic microindentation hardness tester . . 360,
361
Ultraviolet (UV) light, as degradation source for
polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405, 653654, 798
Ultraviolet/visible absorption spectroscopy . . . . 359,
404
Unbiased counting frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548
Uncertainty in a structural parameter . . . . . . . . .250
Underbead cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181, 815, 827
V
Vacuum, causing fretting wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .930
Vacuum degassing, of ingots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Vacuum deposition, to coat specimens with
conducting layer for scanning electron
microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
Vacuum evaporation, to apply coatings to polymers
for scanning electron microscopy . . . . . . . . .638
Vacuum-remelted alloys, inclusions in ingot . . . . . 88
Validation, of model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
Valve in soda-dispensing system, intergranular
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781782
Valve in vending machine, corrosion failure . . . . . 38
Valve seats, intergranular brittle fracture of
resulfurized steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .677
Valve springs
fatigue fracture in steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87, 88
torsional-fatigue fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .719
Valve stems
distortion of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17, 18
heat treating failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200201, 204
stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847848
VAM. See Vinyl acetate monomer.
Vanadate, corroding technical ceramics . . . . 804805
Vanadium
content effect on sigma-phase embrittlement . .693
content effect on stress-relief embrittlement . . .691
forming dispersoids to slow down crack
growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
and hot corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .872
Vanadium pentoxide, reaction to form oil ash
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .874
van der Waals bond, bond energy in various
materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
Vapor-deposited coatings, for corrosion
resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .759
Variable amplitude cycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491
Variable-amplitude loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277278
Variable-pressure scanning electron
microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561
Variance, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
Variation method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544
VDI Guideline 2221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Veining, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Velocity, effect on cavitation erosion . . . . . . . . . . . 1010
Velocity-affected corrosion
as damage mechanism on failure wheel . . . . . . . .349
piping of fire-sprinkler system on ferry . .789790,
791
Velocity bifurcation. See Mist hackle.
Velocity exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .995
Velocity forking. See Mist hackle.
Velocity hackle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664, 665
and uniaxial tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666
Vending machine valve, intergranular
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781782
Vent, broken casting at, as casting defect . . . . . . . . .110
Vertical lift conveyors, for mail sorting
facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Vertical roughness parameter (Rv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541
Vertical section fracture profile . . . . . 541, 542, 544,
545
Vertical sectioning plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541
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Index / 1161
Vertical section profilometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547
V-groove joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166167, 168
Viable organism cell counts, method used for
inspection, growth and activity assays . . . .893
Vibration
in fretting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .927
normal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .927
tangential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .927
Vibration and dynamic response . . . . . . . . . . 384385
Vibration fatigue
as boiler tube damage mechanism on failure
wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
as damage mechanism for boiler tubing . . . . . . . .347
Vibration modal analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
Vibrio natriegens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .885
Vicat softening temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443
Vickers hardness number (HV), definition . . . . 1076
Vickers hardness test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360361
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076
Vickers indentation origin, in glass plate . . . . . . . .667
Vickers indenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360, 361
Vickers microindentation hardness testing . . . . 360,
361, 1076
Videocamera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427
Videodocumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
high speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
Videography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425426, 427
Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM), pitting corrosion of
stainless steel tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772773
Vinyl paints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .758
Vinyls, as corrosion-resistant coatings . . . . . . . . . . . .758
Vinyl-solution coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .758
Viscoplastic deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568569
Viscosity
of polycarbonate/PET, appliance housings . . . . .450
of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445
of slags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
Viscous flow polymer, modular versus
temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .799
Visual evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
Visual examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333, 335337
of aluminum pressurized fuselage . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286
to examine wear scars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .902
of failed parts before cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395
in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418
of failure modes, instantaneous and
progressive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
fracture mode identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .672
of fretting damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936937
of metal induced embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862
preliminary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
of weldment microfissures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
of weldment undercuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Void coalescence, microscale models . . . . . . . 623624
Void formation models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .592
Void formation process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .575
Void nucleation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571572
Void nucleation models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592, 623
Voids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
in Al-Li metal-matrix composite . . . . . . . . . 548, 549
from creep damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365, 366
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076
growth and coalescence mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . .593
methance formed in carbon steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366
nucelation and growth generating fracture segment
in aluminum alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553, 554
in polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656
reduction by high pressure application . . . . . . . . .124
in squeeze casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Void sheet formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593, 594
Void sheet fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .593, 623624
Void volume fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .624
Voigt deconvolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
Voigt function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487
Volatility, of gases and solids of acids and
bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801802
Volatility diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
Volume changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .466
as quenching result in steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
during reheating and quenching metallurgical
sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196, 200
Volumetric imperfections, of weldments . . 157158
Volumetric modulus of elasticity. See Bulk modulus
of elasticity.
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1162 / Index
W
Wake hackle (ceramic, glassy materials) . . . . . . 665,
666
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076
Wake hackle lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663664
Wake lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522
Walker relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479, 584
Wallner lines . . . . . 369, 370, 662, 664665, 666, 668
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076
in glass rod fracture mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .664
not caused by fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634, 635
of polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457, 657, 658
Warm forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Warm working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97, 99
metallurgical defects, in cast or wrought grain
structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
in product usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Warpage (warping), and distortion . . . . . 469, 1052
1053
in permanent-mold castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Warped casting, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Warping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469
Warranties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Warren-Averbach method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
Washes, from mold-wall deficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Washout, in pressure die castings . . . . . . . . . . 127130
Wash scab, as casting defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Wastewater tunnel structure, corrosion by
hydrogen sulfide gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754, 755
Wastewater vaporizer weldments, intergranular
corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782783
Watanabe number (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .692
Water (H2O)
boiling, stress-corrosion cracking . . . .844, 849850
bond energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
circulated, heat transfer rate of quenching
medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
distilled, stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . .859
environment causing stress-corrosion cracking of
nickel and nickel-base alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . .848
Water-bromine ions, environment causing stresscorrosion cracking of nickel and nickel-base
alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .848
Water-chloride ion, environment causing stresscorrosion cracking of nickel and nickel-base
alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .848
Water-chloride ions-carbon dioxide-hydrogen
sulfide-sulfur, environment causing stresscorrosion cracking of nickel and nickel-base
alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .848
Waterfalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118119
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Water filtration unit, environmental stress cracking
of nylon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456, 457
Water hammer effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014
on polycarbonate plumbing fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . .659
Water-hydrofluoric acid, environment causing
stress-corrosion cracking of nickel and nickelbase alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .848
Water-hydroxide ions, environment causing stresscorrosion cracking of nickel and nickel-base
alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .848
Water-iodine ions, environment causing stresscorrosion cracking of nickel and nickel-base
alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .848
X
XEC. See X-ray elastic constant.
XPS. See X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404, 522
to analyze microbially induced corrosion
deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .892
to assess heat treatment effects on residual stress
in steel coil springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494495
to assess heat treatment temperature effect on
residual stress of iron alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
of corrosion products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
of crystalline material in microbially induced
corrosion products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .886
damaged components, residual stress measurement
analysis specified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484
data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485
of delamination failure in ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . .962
description, advantage and limitations . . . . . . . . .396
to determine retained austenite amount . . . . . . . .364
done before eddy current or ultrasonic
inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .490
for failure analysis and investigation . . . . . 337, 396
importance of method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484
instrument calibration and alignment . . . . . 486488
for measuring and studying residual
stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053
peak position determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487
property derived from polymer analysis . . . . . . . .359
residual stress distribution in steel after
tempering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195, 199
residual stress measurement in failure
analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484496
specimen size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484
for stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .837
stress gradient characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494
to validate brittle fracture of steel cargo tiedown
sockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496
of weldment inclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
of worn surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
x-ray elastic constant determination . . . . . . . . . . . .486
X-ray diffraction residual stress analysis
accessing measurement locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .489
of carbon steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
collection parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487
to compare grinding and shot peening effects on
surface and subsurface residual stress
state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491
corrosion effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486487
in locations of stress concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . .496
measurement directions and depths selection . .489
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Index / 1163
measurement location selection . . . . . . . . . . . 488489
reference axes and direction of measurement
shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485
repeatability and reproducibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488
residual stress vs. number of cycles from turbine
engine disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493
sample population selection of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488
specimen preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489490
of steel automotive springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .492
stress relaxation correction due to sectioning . .489
surface curvature and beam size effects . . 487488
of Waspaloy after rotating bend fatigue, shot
peening effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492493
X-ray elastic constant (XEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486
X-ray fluorescence spectrography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
of corrosion products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
for stress-corrosion cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .837
of worn surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
X-ray imaging spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) . . . . . . 527,
529, 530532
adapted to running, conducting, and insulating
materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529
analysis depth and area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527
angle-dependent analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532
application areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531
atomic concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529, 532, 534
compositional depth profile of stainless
steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530, 531, 534
detection limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527, 530
ease of use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527
features of technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527
high-resolution carbon spectrum of stainless steel
surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533, 534
high-resolution iron spectrum from well-passivated
stainless steel surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534
high-resolution iron spectrum of stainless steel
surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533, 534
high-resolution spectrum of polyethylene
terephthalate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529, 531, 534
information evaluated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527
montage display of Cr in first nine sputter cycles
of depth profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534, 535
montage display of iron in the first eight sputter
cycles of depth profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534535
for polymeric analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
properties measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
property derived from polymer analysis . . . . . . . .359
of reinforced polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036
surface contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528
survey spectrum of stainless steel surface . . . . . 529,
531, 534
use in failure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) . . . . . . . . 357, 358
X-ray radiography, of liquid metal induced
embrittlement of mercury-contaminated
aluminum welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .864
X-ray techniques, in failure analysis . . . . . . . 334, 338
XRD. See X-ray diffraction analysis.
XRPD. See X-ray powder diffraction.
Y
Yankee dryer, corrosion failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387388
Yellow brass, galvanic series in seawater . . . . . . . .762
Yield. See also Creep; Flow; Yield strength.
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076
Yielding as prelude to structural collapse . . . . . . . 1047
Yield point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076
elongation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
phenomenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
Yield pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .926
Yield strength (offset yield strength)
of cast carbon-molybdenum steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
as criteria for materials selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076
of quenched and tempered low-alloy steel . . . . .980
relationship with failure modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35, 36
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1164 / Index
Z
Zero impact wear model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .971
Zero principal stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .466
Zero-resistance milliammeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .765
Zero-wear limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .971
Zig-zag fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623
Zinc, causing liquid metal induced
embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .866
cavitation erosion, incubation time . . . . . . . . . . . 1004
cleavage plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .574
compatibility with various manufacturing
processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
content effect on copper alloy stress-corrosion
cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .854
effect on time-to-fracture of copper by stresscorrosion cracking in ammoniacal
atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .853
as embrittling metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862
liquid, environment causing stress-corrosion
cracking of nickel and nickel-base
alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .848
galvanic corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767
galvanic series in seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762
interaction with copper sulfate solution . . . . . . . .750
intergranular corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785
as liquid embrittler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
as molten metal corrodent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .873
Product code
06072G
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Telephone: 81 (0) 424 84 5550
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