1

Acknowl edgement


First of all, I take immense pleasure in thanking Prof. S K Ray, Head of the Department of
Physics and Meteorology and Prof. P Roy Chaudhuri, Faculty Advisor of our batch, for
permitting me to carry out this year long project work. Then I wish to express my heartiest thanks
to my project supervisor Prof. P K Datta, for his constant help throughout this work. His efficient
guidance has not only made my work going on smoothly, but also has made the topic interesting
to me.
I would also like to thank the members of the Solid State Laser Laboratory, IIT Kharagpur
Mr.Shayamal Mondal, Mr. Kamal Hussain, Mr. Satya Pratap Singh, for there immense help at
various points of time.
Finally I would like to acknowledge the authors mentioned in the bibliography. Without the
reference of their papers I could not able to do this work and present this dissertation.





Prahal ad Kanti Barman
11PH40018
I I T Kharagpur








2


Certi fi cate


This is to certify that the project entitled Enhencement of Second Harmonic Generation
by Double-Pass Configuration, submitted by Prahalad Kanti Barman [11PH40018] for the
partial fulfillment of M.Sc. (2 yr) degree, during the academic session 2011-2013, is a record of
bonafide work carried out by him at the Department of Physics and Meteorology, Indian
Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, under my supervision.




Date:
Pl ace:

Prof. P K Datta.
Department of Physi cs and Meteorol ogy
I ndi an I nsti tute of Technol ogy
Kharagpur- 721302, I ndi a







3


Decl arati on

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others
ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I
also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/facts/source in my submission. I understand
that any violation of the above will be caused for disciplinary action by the institute and can also
evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.



Si gnature of the student







4


Abstract

Double-pass second harmonic generation (SHG) external to a laser cavity is experimentally
studied for BBO crystal for different input power od Nd:YAG pulsed laser. Enhancement ratio for
average pulse power is 4 theoretically. Enhancement ratio ie, ratio of conversion efficiency of
double pass to the single pass is 3.2 to 3.4 from experimental result. It is one of the simplified
setup for this enhancement technique. Experimental value is obtain from the graph and it is
verified by using theoretical curve.











5
Contents
1. I NTRODUCTI ON & REVI EW
1.1 Second harmoni c generati on ...7
1.2 Doubl e pass techni que ..8
1.2.1 Si ngl e pass .9
1.2.2 Doubl e pass ..10
1.3 Enhancement rati o .11
2 EXPERI MENTAL SETUP
2.1 Equi pments..12
2.1.1 Nd:YAG l aser .12
2.1.2 Faraday i sol ator ..12
2.1.3 Gl anTayl or pol ari zer 13
2.1.4 Photodi ode sensor ..13
2.1.5 BBO crystal 14
2.1.6 Mi rrors ..14
2.2 Experi mental setup....14
2.3 Schemati c di agram of Experi mental set up ..15
3 RESULLTS & DI SCUSSI ONS
3.1 Experi mental resul ts.16
3.1.1 Doubl e pass Vs si ngl e pass (power = 234 mW)..17
3.1.2 Doubl e pass Vs si ngl e pass (power = 327 mW) .18
3.1.3 Doubl e pass Vs si ngl e pass (power = 373 mW) .19
3.1.4 Doubl e pass Vs si ngl e pass (power = 447 mW) .20
3.1.5 Doubl e pass Vs si ngl e pass (power = 556 mW) .21
3.2 Graph for average ER ..22
3.2.1 Standard ER Vs r curve (experi mental ) ...22
3.3 E R Vs r pl ot..23
3.4 Anal ysi s ..24

6

Li st of Fi gures

1.1 Single and double pass process & their direction.
2.1 Polarization of for-ward pass.
2.2 Polarization of back-ward pass.
2.3 e-ray & o-ray direction.
2.4 Diagram for single pass : 1. Nd:YAG 2. M1 3. M2 4. Isolator 5. Glan Taylor 6. BBO 7.
532 blocker. 8. Sensor.
2.5 Diagram for double pass : 1. Nd:YAG 2. M1 3. M2 4. Isolator 5. Glan Taylor 6. BBO 7.
M3, 8. Sensor.
3.1a. & 3.1b. CRO output
3.2 ER for 234 mW power
3.3a. & 3.3b. CRO output
3.4 ER for 327 mW power
3.5a. & 3.5b. CRO output
3.6 ER for 373 mW power
3.7a & 3.7b CRO output
3.8 ER for 447 mW power
3.9a & 3.9b CRO output
3.10 ER for 556 mW power
3.11 Average ER curve.
3.12 Eeperimental curve (J. M. Yarborough, J. Falk, and C. B. Hitz)
3.13 Variation of ER with r
3.14 Theoretical curve.




7
Chapter 1

I NTRODUCTI ON & REVI EW

In nonlinear interaction phase matching of interacting waves of primary importance for
optimum conversion. Under phase matching condition the conversion can be increased by
different ways like non critical phase matching, focusing of fundamental beams, double pass
configuration, placing crystal crystal inside the cavity etc. Hare we have designed a setup for
double pass configuration for enhancing the power. The second harmonic generated in first pass
along with the residual fundamental is reflected back onto the crystal by a lane mirror. A glan
polarizer is used for separating the second harmonic generated by double pass from fundamental
beam. For type-1 phase matching the two beam are orthogonal to each other. For ideal Cass the
enhancement ratio of double pass to single pass is 4.

1.1 Second harmoni c generati on

When a medium is subjected to a light beam, the electric field associated with the light beam
induces a polarization. For low intensity of the incident light the polarization, defined as the dipole
moment per unit volume, is linearly proportional to the electric field


(1.1)
Where is the linear optical susceptibility and is the permittivity of free space. For high
intensity of the incident light the polarization remains no longer linear with respect to the electric
field but can be expressed as expression in powers of the electric field associated with incident
light as


(1.2)
Where is the second order nonlinear susceptibility and is the third order nonlinear
susceptibility. A number of interesting phenomena arise from the second and third order
susceptibilities. Gives rise the effects like second harmonic generation, [4] sum frequency
(1)
0
P E c _ =
(1)
_
0
c
(1) (2) (3)
0
....... P E E E c _ _ _ ( = + + +

(2)
_
(3)
_
(2)
_

8
mixing, parametric oscillation, electro-optic effect etc., while is responsible for third harmonic
generation, Kerr effect, two photon absorption and Raman, Brillouin, Rayleigh scattering etc. It is
easy, for example, to see how second order susceptibility gives sum difference and second
harmonic generation. Consider the input light consist of two frequency components and can be
represented [1] as.


(1.3)
The second order susceptibility expressed as

(1.4)
Second harmonic of is
(1.5a)
Second harmonic of is

(1.5b)
Sum and different frequencies of and are

(1.5c)
(1.5d)
Rectified field term

(1.5e)
1.2 Doubl e pass techni que

A two-pass system of generating an optical second-harmonic wave is used externally and
internally to the laser cavity for the enhancement of its power. The effective length of a nonlinear
crystal is considered to be doubled according to the simple analysis that the two optical second-
harmonic waves are generated in the round trip of the infinitely extended fundamental plane-wave
and interfere with each other. Hence, the enhancement ratio of 4 could be obtained in comparing
the two-pass optical second-harmonic power with the one pass one. However, the walk-off in the
( )
1 2
1 1
1
.
2
i t i t
E E e E e c c
e e
= + +
(2)
1
( ) ( )
2
n
i t
n
n
P t P e
e
e

=

1
e
(3)
_
1
2 (2) 2
1 0 1
1
(2 )
2
i t
P E e
e
e c _

=
1 1
( ) (2)
1 2 0 1 2
( ) .
i t
P E E e
e e
e e c _
+
+ =
1 1
( ) (2)
1 2 0 1 2
( ) .
i t
P E E e
e e
e e c _
-
=
2
2 (2) 2
2 0 2
1
(2 )
2
i t
P E e
e
e c _

=
2
e
1
e
(2) 2 2
0 1 2
(0) ( ) P E E c _ = +

9
case of angle-phase-matching and the absorption in the nonlinear crystal degrade the
enhancement, though the effective length is really doubled under the phase-matched condition.

1.2.1 Si ngl e pass

The amplitude distribution of the fundamental Gaussian wave field is given by

(1.6)
, the beam radius, is the real part of complex amplitude and x , y , z , correspond to the set
up shown in the diagram. The amplitude [2] [7] generated by second harmonic wave becomes

(1.7)
: constant including a nonlinear susceptibility.
: absorption coefficients of the nonlinear crystal for the fundamental and the second-
harmonic wave.
: crystal length.
: propagation constants of the fundamental and the second-harmonic wave in the
nonlinear crystal.
: walk-off angle and is given by

(1.8)
The amplitude of the second-harmonic [7] wave generated in the second pass is given by,

(1.9)
The factor is due to the degradation of the amplitude of the fundamental wave which has
once passed through the absorptive crystal before again entering it in the second pass and the term
represents the separation of two second-harmonic beams and


0
e
0
E
e
k
1 1
, o o
l
1 2
,
c c
k k

2
2
2 2
2 2
[ ( )] 1 1
tan sin(2 )
2 ( ) ( )
e o
n
n n
e
e e
u
u
(
= +
(

( )
2
2
2 2
0 2 1 0 1 1 2
2
2
( 2 ) 2( ) / /2 ( )/2 0
2
0
c c
y
l
i k k z x z l l z l z OP
E E e e e e e e dz
e
e o o o
e e
k

' + +
=
}
( )
2
2
2 2
0 2 1 0 1 2
2
2
( 2 ) 2( ) / ( )/2 0
2
0
c c
y
l
i k k z x z z l z OP
E E e e e e e dz
e
e o o
e e
k

+
=
}
1
/2 l
e
o
2
OP
E
e 2
OP
E
e
'
l
2 2
2
0
( )
0
( )
x y
A E e
e
e
e
+
=

10
1.2.2 Doubl e pass

The second harmonic and the unconverted fundamental beam will suffer phase lag when they
reach left end surface of the crystal after return pass by the dispersion of air path between the
crystal and mirror and also by the reflection at the mirror. So the first and second pass harmonic
wave field become,

(1.10)

(1.11)

and are the second-harmonic waves generated in the first and the second pass of the
fundamental wave.
: propagation constants in the air (thickness r) between the crystal and the mirror and phase
shifts at the mirror for the fundamental and the second-harmonic wave, respectively.
In the two-pass system, two second-harmonic waves represented by the above eqn. interfere
with each other and their sum is observed. The amplitude as the result of the interference is
given by,

(1.12)

(1.13)
Consider the simple case where both the absorption and the walk-off are ignored. Then, he
total second-harmonic power can easily be obtained [6] as follows

(1.15)
For phase match condition it will be,

(1.16)
(1.17)
2
2 2 2
( 2 ) (1)
2
2 2
c
l
i k l k r op
E E e e
o
|
e e

+ +
=
1 1
2 ( 2 1 ) (2)
2 2
c
i k l k r op
E E e
|
e e
' + +
=
(1)
2
E
e
(2)
2
E
e
1,2 1,2
k |
2
( )
tp
E l
e
(1) (2)
2 2 2
( )
tp
E l E E
e e e
= +
2
1 1 1
2 ( ) ( 2 )
2
2 2 2
( )
c c
l
i k k r i k l kr tp OP OP
E l e E e e E
o
| |
e e e

' + + A + A +A (
= +
(

| |
2
2 2
( ) 2 ( )sin 1 cos( 2 )
2
tp op
c
c
k l
P l P l c k l kr
e e
|
A | |
= + A + A + A
|
\ .
| |
2 2
( ) 2 ( ) 1 cos(2 )
tp op
P l P l kr
e e
| = + A + A
2 2 2
2 2 0 3 2
0 1 1
52.2
( )
( )
eff op
P l d
P l
n
e
e
e
te
=

11
1.3 Enhancement rati o

The visibility C of the interference fringes of two second harmonic beam for single pass and
double pass can be expressed [6] as,


(1.18)
For no absorption and no walk off approximation C will be

The enhancement ratio ER ,define as the ratio of maximum second harmonic power generated
by double pass to that generated by single-pass, expressed as,


(1.19)
For no absorption and no walk off approximation ratio will be

Bl ock di agram









FIG : 1.1 Single and double pass process & their direction. [7]
2 1
2
2 max
2
( )
( )(1 )
( )
tp
l l
op
P l
ER e e C
P l
e
o o
e

(

= = + +
4 ER =

2 2
max min
2
2 2
max min
( ) ( )
2
1 ( ) ( )
tp tp
l
l tp tp
P l P l
e B
C
e A P l P l
o
e e
o
e e

( (

= =
+ ( ( +

1 C =

12
Chapter 2

EXPERI MENTAL SETUP

In this chapter we are going to discuss about experimental setup and their design procedure.
We also discuss the individual component and there specification that are needed for our
experiment.

2.1 Equi pments

2.1.1 Nd:YAG l aser

I this experiment we used nano second pulsed Nd:YAG laser. It emits nano second pulses of
1064 nm wavelength. In our experiment we have used 1064 nm radiation as will be fundamental
beam from an electro-optically Q-switched Nd: Y AG laser having pulse repetitions rate up to 50
Hz. In the absence of an optical rotator necessary for obstructing the unconverted fundamental
laser to re-enter the laser cavity, only a fraction of the laser beam is used to demonstrate the
feasibility of the technique in the crystal. To block the back reflection of 1064 here we used the
faraday rotator.

2.1.2 Faraday i sol ator


A broadband (EOT Broadband, 10 mm Aperture Faraday isolator)isolator is used here to
block back reflection of 1064 and used as polarization selector. The direction of polarization
rotation in a Faraday rotator is dependent upon the direction of the rotators' magnetic field, the
direction of rotation in a crystal quartz rotator is dependent upon the direction of light prorogating
through it. By using a 45 crystal quartz optical rotator with its dispersion similar to the optic in
the Faraday rotator, and aligning the Faraday rotator and crystal quartz rotator such that they
rotate the polarization of back reflected light in opposite directions, the Faraday isolator becomes
less wavelength dependent. If 45 rotation at the center wavelength is used for both the Faraday
rotator and crystal quartz rotator having the same dispersion, the net rotation will be 0 in the
reverse direction and 90 (at the center wavelength only) in the forward direction. Figure shows
the effect of light traveling through a broadband isolator in the forward and back ward direction.

13







FIG : 2.1 Polarization of for-ward pass. [8] FIG : 2.2 Polarization of back-ward pass.[8]


2.1.3 Gl anTayl or pol ari zer


GlanTaylor prism is a type of prism which is used as a polarizer or polarizing beam splitter.
It is used as to block S polarized light.Only P polarized light asses through it. GlanThompson
prism is also one type of polarizing prism which block P polarized light by the process of total
internal reflection. Only S polarized light passes through it.









FIG : 2.3 e-ray & o-ray direction.[8]

2.1.4 Photodi ode sensor

Here we used Low-Power Calibrated Photodiode Sensors of Newport 818E series.
Specifications are NIST traceable calibration with better uncertainty than competition, Improved
10 mm clear aperture attenuator design, Calibrated power levels from pW to 2W, with highest
quality photo detector, Wavelengths from 2001800 nm. Output is observed through oscilloscope
monitor interfacing with PC monitor.





14
2.1.5 BBO crystal

Barium borate is an inorganic compound, a borate of barium with a chemical formula BaB2O4
or Ba(BO2)2 .It is used here as a NLC. Specifications are crystal type-negative uniaxial, linear
absorption coefficient 0.01 cm
-1
@ 0.532 nm, damage threshold 13 J/cm
-1
at 1064 pulse. Phase
matching angle 22.8
0
.

2.1.6 Mi rrors

M
1
M
2
are used as reflector @ 1064 nm M
3
(HR @ 532 nm)is placed on
movable mount. A 1064 blocking filter also used here.

2.2 Experi mental set up

In our experiment we have used 1064 nm radiation as lbe fundamental beam emitting from
Nd:YAG nano second pulsed laser. It passes through faraday isolator. An air-spaced Glan prism
is used for separating the orthogonally polarized second harmonic beam produced by the double-
pass from the unconverted fundamental beam. The mirror used to redirect the unconverted
fundamental and tbe generated first -pass second harmonic into the crystal is dielectric coated wilb
a reflectivity of 100% at the fundamental and 68% at the second harmonic. The BBO crystal used
is 6 mm thick and type-1 cut at 22.8
0
. The energies of the fundamental and of the fust- and second-
pass second harmonics are measured by the photodiode sensor. The first-pass second harmonic is
separated from the fundamental by means of an 1064 blocking filter before energy measurement.







2.3 Schemati c di agram of Experi mental set up

15

Single pass












FIG : 2.4 Diagram for single pass : 1. Nd:YAG 2. M1 3. M2 4. Isolator 5. Glan Taylor 6. BBO 7. 532
blocker. 8. Sensor.
Double pass













FIG : 2.5 Diagram for double pass : 1. Nd:YAG 2. M1 3. M2 4. Isolator 5. Glan Taylor 6. BBO 7. M3
8. Sensor.
Chapter 3



16


RESULLTS & DI SCUSSI ONS


Here we discuss about the experimental date and corresponding graphs. Also analysis the
result that we want to achieve. And also we tally our experimental result with theoretical value.

3.1 Experi mental resul ts

Our main objectives are to study four important things as given below.

Study the output power of single pass second harmonic beam for different input power.
Study the output power of double pass second harmonic beam for different input power.
Study the enhancement ratio for different power.
Study the variation of variation of out-put power for double pass second harmonic by
changing the distance between NLC and mirror.














3.1.1 Doubl e pass Vs si ngl e pass (power = 234 mW)

17

Single pass Double pass
















FIG : 3.1a. & 3.1b. CRO output
















FIG : 3.2 ER for 234 mW power
3.1.2 Doubl e pass Vs si ngl e pass (power = 327 mW)


20 00 3 00 0 4 0 00 5 0 00 60 0 0 7 00 0 80 00
0. 0 0
0. 0 2
0. 0 4
0. 0 6
0. 0 8
0. 1 0
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
m
V
)
T i m e ( s )
0 . 1 0 2
0 . 0 2 8
0 2 4 6 8 1 0
0
2
4
6
8
10


E R f o r 2 3 4 m W


18
Single pass Double pass

















FIG : 3.3a. & 3.3b. CRO output












FIG : 3.4 ER for 327 mW power
3.1.3 Doubl e pass Vs si ngl e pass (power = 373 mW)



2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 8 0 0 0
- 0 . 0 2
0 . 0 0
0 . 0 2
0 . 0 4
0 . 0 6
0 . 0 8
0 . 1 0
0 . 1 2
0 . 1 4
0 . 1 6
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
m
V
)
T i m e ( s )
E R f o r 3 2 7 m W
0 . 1 5 2
0 . 0 4 0
0 2 4 6 8 1 0
0
2
4
6
8
1 0




19
Single pass Double pass

















FIG : 3.5a & 3.5b CRO output.















FIG : 3.6 ER for 373 mW power.
3.1.4 Doubl e pass Vs si ngl e pass (power = 447 mW)



2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
m
V
)
T i m e ( s )
0 . 1 8 5
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
2
4
6
8
10


0 . 0 5 0
E R f o r 3 7 3 m W

20
Single pass Double pass
















FIG : 3.7a & 3.7b CRO output.

















FIG : 3.8 ER for 447 mW power.
3.1.5 Doubl e pass Vs si ngl e pass (power = 556 mW)
Single pass Double pass


2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
m
V
)
T i m e ( s )
0 .2 1 1
0 .0 6 5
E R f o r 4 4 7 m W
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
2
4
6
8
10




21















FIG : 3.9a & 3.9b CRO output.
















FIG : 3.10 ER for 556 mW power

3.2 Graph for average ER



2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
m
V
)
T i m e ( s )
E R f o r 5 5 6 m W
0 . 2 5 9
0 . 0 8 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
2
4
6
8
10




22












FIG : 3.11 Average ER curve.

3.2.1 Standard ER Vs r curve (experi mental )










FIG : 3.12 Eeperimental curve (J. M. Yarborough, J. Falk, and C. B. Hitz)[2]
3.3 E R Vs r pl ot

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
D
o
u
b
l
e

p
a
s
s
(
m
V
)
S i n g l e p a s s ( m V )
E quation y = a + b*x
A dj. R - S quare 0.99537
V alue S tandard E rror
B Interc ept 0.01319 0.00638
B S lo pe 3.36139 0.11461
M e a n E R
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
2
4
6
8
10



DIS PlACEMENT -- em


23

























FIG : 3.13 Variation of ER with r
3.4 Anal ysi s


6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
E

R
Distance(r in cm)
Power 447 mW
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
2
4
6
8
10




6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
E

R
Distance(r in cm)
Power 556mW
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
2
4
6
8
10




6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
E

R
Distance(r in cm)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
2
4
6
8
10


Power 373 mW


6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
E

R
Distance(r in cm)
Power 327 mW
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
2
4
6
8
10




24
In the analysis part our main aim is to verify our experimental result (that we get from CRO
data) with theoretical one. If we calibrate the CRO voltage with power and taking all the losses
due to different equipment then we can get the output power. But it is not necessary as our main
interest is to study the ratio of ER.
Theoreti cal curve


















FIG : 3.14 Theoretical curve.

Average ER from the graph we get 3.2 including all losses. From cosine variation for phase
match condition we get the value of ER average in between the range 3.2 to 3.5. For theoretical
calculation we take the loss factor and plot the theoretical curve. From this curve value of ER is
3.6. So our experimental good agreement between the theoretical value and experimental value
has been achieved. Efforts are being made to increase the ER by double-pass operation by
choosing more suitable scheme.





Bi bl i ography

-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
E

R
Distance (r)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
2
4
6
8
10


Theoritical curve

25

[1] Nonlinear Optics, Third Edition, Robert W. Boyd.
[2] J.M. Yarborough, J. Falk, C.B. Hitz: Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 70 (1971)
[3] S. Umegaki: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 15, 1595 (1976)
[4] Fundamentals of Nonlinear Optics, Peter E. Powers.
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