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MOBILE BUG USING IC555

A MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

AARTHI PRIYA.K AASIFA AAFREEN.F AHALYA.R AISHWARYA.R

REGNO: 50510106001 REGNO: 50510106002 REGNO: 50510106004 REGNO: 50510106005

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN ELECRTONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

C.ABDUL HAKEEM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, MELVISHARAM. ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025 OCTOBER 2013

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that, the mini project report titled TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL USING IC555 entitled the bonafide work of AARTHI PRIYA.K, AASIFA AAFREEN.F, AHALYA.R, AISHWARYA.R who carried out the mini project work under my guidance and supervision.

__________________________________

signature of lab. Incharge (Mrs.A.Mala,M.E.)

__________________________________________________________ Submitted for the university practical examination held on

Examiners Date : . Internal:. centre code : External : .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my great pleasure to acknowledge the assistance and contribution of the individuals who co-operated us to complete the project work successfully. We first offer our thanks to our almighty that has given us the strength and support during the course of this mini project.

We express our profound gratitude to our honourable chairman HAJI JABAB S.ZIAUDDIN AHMED B.A., and our beloved correspondent HAJI JANAB V.M.ABDUL LATHEEF B.E.

We express our sincere thanks to our respected principal Dr.A.KUMAR, M.Tech., Ph.D., who has been kind enough to us in all aspects.

We wish to express our deep and unbounded gratefulness to Dr.G.SURESH, M.E., Ph.D., Professor and Head of the department of ECE, and our Project guide Mrs.L.MALA, M.E., Asst.Prof, Department of ECE for their enthusiastic guidance and helping in successful completion of project work. They provided us their precious time for valuable suggestions and encouragement throughout the work. It is their patience, encouragement at all time that this work has shaped up the way it is.

The project is team work and reflects the contribution of many people. We would like to thank everyone who contributed their time and efforts to help in completing the project work.

ABSTRACT
The objective of this project was to design and fabricate a printed circuit board that would emulate a traffic light. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) were used for the green, yellow and red lights of the traffic light. The lighting of the LEDs was timed using a timing IC. The timing and lighting order was set to emulate a traffic light, with timing. To time the traffic light, a 555 timer IC was used in its astable mode to generate pulses. The IC puts out rectangle pulses with a given frequency. The basic idea to provide the collision of the vehicles by providing appropriate signals to different directions for a limited time slot. The control signal are three lights red (stop), yellow (wait), green (go). Both red and yellow lights are illuminated at the same time before transitioning to green.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

TOPIC Introduction Circuit diagram Pin description Components list Working principle Description
Advantages and disadvantages

PAGE NUMBER 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 14 15

Future scope Conclusion Bibliography

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Traffic lights were first installed in 1868 in and are now used all over the world.The traffic lights using IC555 are used to control the flow of vehicles. In recent years the need of transportation has gain importance for logistics as well as for common human. This has given rise to number of vehicles on the road. Due to this reason traffic jams and a road accident are common sight in any busy city. Traffic signals provide an easy, cheap, automatic and justified solution to the road points where the vehicles may turn to other directions. E.g. Roundabouts, culverts, busy walk through etc. The normal function of traffic lights requires sophisticated control and coordination to ensure that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible and that pedestrians are protected when they cross the roads. A variety of different control systems are used to accomplish this, ranging from simple clockwork mechanisms to sophisticated computerized control and coordination systems that self-adjust to minimize delay to people using the road. Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals, traffic lamps, signal lights, stop lights and robots are signaling devices positioned at road intersections. Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to road users by displaying lights of a standard color (red, orange/amber, and green) following a universal color code. In the typical sequence of color phases:

The green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted. The orange/amber light denoting prepare to stop short of the intersection The red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding

CHAPTER 2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CHAPTER 3

PIN DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER 4

COMPONENT LIST
S.NO NAME RANGE QUANTITY

Resistor

470,220,1k

1,2,1

Capacitor

100f

LED (red, green, orange)

5mm round

3 (1 each)

Battery

(9-12)v

Connecting wires

As required

PCB

350x900

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CHAPTER 5 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The circuit is used to control traffic in public places. The heart of the circuit is IC555. The red led has an equal on-off period and when it is off, the first IC555 delivers power to the second IC555. This illuminates the green led and then the second IC555 changes state to turn off the green led and when the green light is turned off it turns on the orange led for a short period of time before the first IC555 changes state to turn off the second IC555 and turn on the red led.

A supply voltage of 9v to 12v is needed because the second IC555 receives a supply of about 2v less than rail. This circuit also shows how to connect LEDs high and low to an IC555 and also turn off the IC555 by controlling the supply to pin 8. Connecting the LEDs high and low to pin 3 will not work and since pin 7 is in phase with pin 3, it can be used to advantage in this design.

In this arrangement, the capacitor is charged through two resistors, but only discharged through a resistor. The frequency is modified by changing the values of resistor and capacitors. Hence, the green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted. The orange/amber light denoting prepare to stop to a short duration, the red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding.

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CHAPTER 6 DESCRIPTION 6.1 IC555 TIMER

The 555 timer IC was first introduced around 1971 by the Signetics Corporation as the SE555/NE555 and was called "The IC Time Machine" and was also the very first and only commercial timer IC available.IC555 timer is a highly stable circuit capable of functioning as an accurate time-delay generator and as a free running multivibrator. When used as an oscillator the frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled by only two external components, a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C).The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling wave forms. Once triggered, the circuit cannot respond to additional triggering until the timed interval has elapsed.

6.2 CAPACITOR
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy electro-statically in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference across the conductors, an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad, which is equal to one coulomb per volt. An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them. C=Q/V

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6.3 RESISTOR A resistor is a passive two terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law. The ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of current in the circuit is called its resistance, and this can be assumed to be a constant (independent of the voltage) for ordinary resistors. I=V/R Where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. 6.4 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) Light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for general lighting. Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, early LEDs emitted lowintensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. When a light-emitting diode is switched on, electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. 6.5 BATTERY An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each battery consists of a negative electrode material, a positive electrode material, an electrolyte that allows ions to move between the electrodes, and terminals that allow current to flow out of the battery to perform work. Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable devices. Secondary (rechargeable batteries) can be discharged and recharged

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multiple times; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium ion batteries used for portable electronics. Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

CHAPTER 7 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 7.1 ADVANTAGES

Significantly enhanced operational tools congestion to effectively manage traffic accidents. It improves public transport service. Reduction in emergency response times and safer travel. Improve traffic guidance and traffic flow. Less cost. Reduce fuel consumption. Reduction in normal recurring. Increase traffic handling capacity of the intersection.

7.2 DISADVANTAGES
Excessive delay may be caused. These unnecessary delay results in significant fuel waste and higher motorist costs. Disobedience of signal.

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CHAPTER 8 FUTURE SCOPE

We can increase the efficiency of this system by using a microprocessor or a microcontroller. We can use this as remote traffic controller. Making the circuit for large application. Enhance the output voltage of clock IC. Auto timing alarm circuit. Timing control rail crossing gate.

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION
This type of traffic controlling system is used in UK traffic controlling system. The traffic controller using IC555 is used to control traffic flow. This type of traffic controlling system is used in UK traffic controlling system. At present the road accident is increasing day by day because of careless driving, breaking of traffic roles, insufficient traffic police and absence of traffic control system on the road. So it is very necessary to control the traffic system. This small traffic control circuit is very easy, simple and cheap in making. This circuit may be also use in higher application. It gives the user a friendly approach and could increase the fuel consumption and reduction in traffic jams and accidents.

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CHAPTER 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY www.IEEEXplore.com www.circuitstoday.com www.electronicsforyou.com www.circuitdiagram.org www.buildcircut.com