LLP PROJECT IRMA INTER-COUNTRIES RESEARCH FOR MANUFACTURING ADVANCEMENT

STRATEGIC PROJECT GUIDELINES

Part I: Manufacturing Engineering Sector Introduction
Manufacturing engineering involves the analysis and modification of product designs so as to assure manufacturability, the design, selection, specification, and optimization of the required equipment, tooling, processes and operations: and the determination of other technical matters required to make a given product according to the desired volume, timetable, cost, quality level and other specifications. Manufacturing engineering is a relatively new term applied to some aspects of planning and control of manufacturing; it is a service function to the production department. Manufacturing engineering as a planning activity takes place between product design and the planning of the overall manufacturing process. Overall manufacturing planning is usually considered within the profession of industrial engineering. But in attitudes of greater specialization, manufacturing engineering may be considered a separate profession closely allied to industrial engineering [1]. Manufacturing, in its broadest sense, is the process of converting raw materials into products. It encompasses (l) the design of the product, (2) the selection of raw materials, and (3) the sequence of processes through which the product will be manufactured. Manufacturing is the backbone of any industrialized nation. Its importance is emphasized by the fact that, as an economic activity, it comprises approximately 20% to 30% of the value of all goods and services produced. A country's level of manufacturing activity is directly related to its economic health. Generally, the higher the level of manufacturing activity in a country, the higher the standard of living of its people. The word manufacturing is derived from the Latin manu factus, meaning made by hand. The word manufacture first appeared in 1567, and the word manufacturing appeared in 1683. In the modem sense, manufacturing involves making products from raw materials by means of various processes, machinery, and operations, through a well-organized plan for each activity required. The word product means something that is produced, and the words product and production first appeared sometime during the 15th century. The word production is often used interchangeably with the word manufacturing. Whereas manufacturing engineering is the term used widely in the United States to describe this area of industrial activity, the equivalent term in other countries is production engineering. Because a manufactured item has undergone a number of processes in which pieces of raw material have been turned into a useful product, it has a value-defined as monetary worth or marketable price. For example, as the raw material for ceramics, clay has a certain value as mined. When the clay is used to make a ceramic cutting tool or electrical insulator, value is added to the clay. Similarly, a wire coat hanger or a nail has a value over and above the cost of the piece of wire from which it is made. Thus manufacturing has the important function of adding value. Manufacturing is generally a complex activity involving a wide variety of resources and activities, such as the following [2]:

 Product design Purchasing Marketing Machinery and tooling Manufacturing Sales Process planning Production control Shipping Materials Support services Customer service Manufacturing activities must be responsive to several demands and trends: 1. A product must fully meet design requirements and product specifications and standards. 2. A product must be manufactured by the most environmentally friendly and economical methods. 3. Quality must be built into the product at each stage, from design to assembly, rather than tested in after the product is made. Furthermore, the level of quality should be appropriate to the product's use. 4. In a highly competitive environment, production methods must be flexible enough to respond to changes in market demands, types of products, production rates, production quantities, and ontime delivery requirements. 5. New developments in materials, production methods, and computer integration of both technological and managerial activities in a manufacturing organization must constantly be evaluated with a view to their appropriate, timely, and economical implementation. 6. Manufacturing activities must be viewed as a large system, the parts of which are interrelated. Such systems can now be modeled, in order to study the effect of factors such as changes in market demands, product design, and materials. Various other factors and production methods affect product quality and cost. 7. A manufacturing organization must constantly strive for higher levels of quality and productivity (defined as the optimum use of all its resources: materials, machines, energy, capital, labor, and technology). Output per employee per hour in all phases must be maximized. Zero-based part rejection (and consequent reduction of waste) are also an integral aspect of productivity.

A. Description and Model of SWOT Analysis within the Manufacturing Engineering Sector
A SWOT is a planning tool used to understand the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business. It involves specifying the objective of the business or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are supportive or unfavorable to achieving that objective. SWOT is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats. There are several ways of graphically representing the SWOT analysis matrix or grid. The SWOT Model:

Internal Positive Strengths Opportunities External Weaknesses Threats Negative or potential to be negative

Strengths
Offensive -

Weaknesses
Defensive watch competition closely Surviveturn around

Opportunities

make the most of these Adjust -

Threats

restore strengths

A SWOT analysis process generates information that is helpful in matching an organization or groups goals, programs, and capacities to the social environment in which it operates. Note the SWOT itself is only a data capture - the analysis follows. Strengths Positive tangible and intangible attributes, internal to an organization. They are within the organizations control. Weakness Factors that are within an organizations control that detract from its ability to attain the desired goal. Which areas might the organization improve? Opportunities External attractive factors that represent the reason for an organization to exist and develop. What opportunities exist in the environment, which will propel the organization? Identify them by their time frames Threats External factors, beyond an organizations control, which could place the organization mission or operation at risk. The organization may benefit by having contingency plans to address them if they should occur. Classify them by their seriousness and probability of occurrence.

SWOT Analysis Model within the Manufacturing Engineering Sector Following SWOT analysis is based on assessing the effectiveness, efficiency and trends within manufacturing engineering education which is a strategic tool for revealing basic needs and requirements of the subject. After defining four basic areas of SWOT analysis within the sector we can seek ways to improve its performance in all aspects. This is done by thorough SWOT results analysis and determining the critical issues that need to be addressed. After ranking critical issues in order of importance, recommendations for action can be made. There are four basic SWOT areas in presented grid. To the left and right youll find criteria samples for evaluating each area. This are basically hints or FAQs, which can help you to identify possible areas by revealing of which you can describe the current status of manufacturing engineering sector of interest. Basically there are no required fields to fulfill. Nevertheless more information youll be able to put into the grid will allow more precise analysis of manufacturing engineering education sector.

SWOT Analysis Model within the Manufacturing Engineering Sector for IRMA Project:
STRENGTHS Criteria examples WEAKNESSES Criteria examples

Capabilities? Competitive advantages? Marketing - reach, distribution, awareness? Resources, Assets, People? Experience, knowledge, data? Innovative aspects? Location and geographical? Price, value, quality? Unique selling points? Accreditations, qualifications, certifications? Processes, systems, IT, communications? Financial reserves, likely returns? Cultural, attitudinal, behavioural? Management cover, succession? Others?
OPPORTUNITIES Criteria examples THREATS

Gaps in capabilities? Lack of competitive strength? Reputation, presence and reach? Sector management? Financials? Known sector vulnerabilities? Legislation milestones, deadlines and pressures? Cashflow, start-up cash availability? Continuity, supply chain robustness? Pressures on manufacturing core activities? Reliability of data, development predictability? Morale, commitment, leadership? Accreditations, licensing? Processes and systems, etc? Others?
Criteria examples

Market developments? New technology advancement? Industry trends? Technology development and innovation? Global influences? New markets? New target market segments? Geographical, export, import? New USP's? New major contracts? Business and product development? Information and research? Partnerships, agencies, distribution? Volumes, production, economies? Others?

Political effects? Legislative effects? Environmental effects? IT developments? Market demand? New technologies, services, ideas? Vital contracts and partners? Sustaining internal capabilities? Obstacles faced? Sustainable financial backing? Economy - home, abroad? Availability of staff? Possible force majeure impacts? Other sectors influence? Others?

Example of SWOT Analysis for Manufacturing Engineering Sector in IRMA Project: Strengths Weaknesses

1. Manufacturing Engineering (ME) covers vast 1. Vast and diversified field with different majority of industry mainstreams 2. Rapidly developing field in all EU countries 2. Development of ME is dependant on many additional factors 3. Sustainable economical growth of the field 4. ME employs considerable amount of employees 5. ME is a field supported by governments in many EU countries 6. ME is also supported by EU authorities 7. ME is supported by educational sector Opportunities Threats

1. Research of undeveloped potential of ME 1.Globalisation in all industrial sectors including ME 2. Analysis of requirements of life-long learning 2. Differentiation of development in individual in ME EU countries 3.Comparative analysis of old and newly accessed countries of EU 4.Cooperation improvement between educational sector and ME sector 5. Access to know-how in life-long learning by all EU countries

B. Trends and Main Indicators in the Manufacturing Engineering Sector

Engineering activities involved in the creation and operation of the technical and economic processes that convert raw materials, energy, and purchased items into, components for sale to other manufacturers or into end products for sale to the public. Defined in this way, manufacturing engineering includes product design and manufacturing system design as well as operation of the factory. More specifically, manufacturing engineering involves the analysis and modification of product designs so as to assure manufacturability, the design, selection, specification, and optimization of the required equipment, tooling, processes and operations: and the determination of other technical matters required to make a given product according to the desired volume, timetable, cost, quality level and other specifications [3]. Manufacturing is one of the most complex of human group activities. It comprises hundreds or thousands of simultaneous and serial subactions, some of which occur in fractions of a second while others take hours, months, or even years to have full effect. These actions may be material, technical, informational, social or economic. Historically, the function of manufacturing engineering was limited to developing and optimizing the production process. In brief, the manufacturing engineering function bridges the gap between the product design and full production. This can best be understood by considering the total process through which a designer's concept becomes a marketable product: 1. From the results of a needs analysis or market analysis, a product designer conceptualizes a product and then drawings and one or more prototypes of this product are produced.

2. The finalized prototype and its part drawings are released to the group responsible for the manufacturing engineering function, which starts designing and building an economically justifiable process by which the product will be produced. 3. When the manufacturing process developed by manufacturing engineering has been thoroughly tried and proved workable, it is turned over to the production group, which assumes responsibility for product manufacture. This method is known as the serial method of product production or the conventional productproduction system design process (Fig. 1). A method developed after the serial method, known as concurrent design/concurrent engineering, has been practiced in Japan since the late 1950s and since around 1980 in the most progressive companies in the United States. Concurrent design/concurrent engineering means the consideration of issues of product design, manufacture, and use concurrently, but not necessarily simultaneously. Team is formed of all the necessary specialists who meet periodically to review the status of the design, report on the success or difficulties in satisfying their individual functional constraints, and collectively determine their next steps. An alternative arrangement has the team meeting continually. The starting point for a new design includes all the history of previous products, how they were designed and manufactured, as well as the institutions of people who did the work and who will do the next design. This concept is important, because, by the time the concept validation phase is finished, 75% of the total life-cycle cost of a product has been determined. Thus any downstream function can optimize only the remaining 25% no matter what it does or how much money it spends [4].
Market needs Product performance specification Product design Production system technology Production system specification Production system design Production cast model Investment decision methods

Fig. 1 Flow chart showing the components of the serial method of product production The planning and control of the mechanical means of changing the shape, condition, and relationship of materials within industry toward greater effectiveness and value. Manufacturing engineering is a relatively new term applied to some aspects of planning and control of manufacturing; it is a service function to the production department. As industry and technology evolve to greater levels of sophistication, complexity, and specialization, the broad area of figuring out what to do becomes more involved and at the same time better understood. By this process some of what had been originally performed by either the production department or the industrial engineer becomes a separate activity with its own background of knowledge, principles, and techniques.

Manufacturing engineering as a planning activity takes place between product design and the planning of the overall manufacturing process. Overall manufacturing planning is usually considered within the profession of industrial engineering. But in attitudes of greater specialization, manufacturing engineering may be considered a separate profession closely allied to industrial engineering. Place of the manufacturing engineering in the chain Product Design Manufacturing Engineering Industrial Engineering is presented on Fig. 2. The purpose of manufacturing engineering is to refine and adjust the design of the product (preferably with the product designer) to the problems involved in its proposed manufacture. Conversely it should solve certain problems, mainly mechanical, such as those involved in processing, tools, dies, and new or special equipment necessary to manufacture the product efficiently and according to the established specifications.
Technical Task
Conceptual Design of Product, Study of Functions

Product Design

Analyses of Product Design on Analytical Models Production of Product Prototype, its Testing and Evaluation Creation of Drawing Documentation, Users Manuals

Manufacturing Engin.

Analyses of Product Technology of Construction Project of Technological Methods of Materials Processing Design of Tools, Instruments and Manufacturing Machines Creation of Technological Documentation, NC programs

Industrial Engineering

Design of Complex Manufacturing Systems Planning, Control and Optimization of Production Securing of Power, Observation of Terms, Costs Implementation of Production in Manufacturing Systems

Product

Fig. 2 Place of Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering in Process Realization of Product Product design, manufacturing engineering, and industrial engineering overlap variously according to the situation, policy, and organization. The techniques of manufacturing engineering are mainly in the field of mechanical engineering, but some are closely related in concept and performance to, if not directly derived from industrial engineering. Intelligent activity in manufacturing engineering requires a comprehensive understanding of both the intention and meaning of the product design and the means and principles of industrial

engineering. The manufacturing engineer often acts as liaison between product design and industrial engineering [6].

C. Manufacturing Engineering in Higher Education

The discipline of Manufacturing Engineering is evolving rapidly to meet the needs of manufacturing industries. It is important for the development of the discipline to define a common basis for communication and to strengthen networks among educators. This the only way we can fully realize the benefits of the diversity in the discipline that exist nationally and internationally. The IRMA Project is an opportunity for manufacturing educators to address issues related to global shifts in manufacturing, shifts in jobs, pollution, international trade, and international manufacturing. Important areas in manufacturing engineering higher education: Integrating Product Design into Manufacturing Engineering Curricula Education on Design and Manufacture of Sustainable Products Innovations in Manufacturing Engineering Education (Multimedia/Poster) Educational Methods for Manufacturing Engineering Education Globalization Issues in Manufacturing Education New Technologies for Manufacturing Engineers Building Connections for Manufacturing Engineering Education Teaching Teams in Manufacturing Engineering Education Manufacturing is a vital part of most developed economies, and is these days a very highlydeveloped activity, bringing together skills such as engineering, state of the art computer systems, and high level business management. Many people then that a Higher Manufacturing Engineering Degree is now the norm if people want to work in any of the various roles offered by Manufacturing Engineering. Manufacturing Engineers can play a part in every aspect of the manufacturing process including developing products, running operations, designing manufacturing systems, and advising and supporting customers. As a graduate of a Manufacturing Engineering Degree program is possible to work duties would centre on the manufacturing process, either in its totality or with focus on a particular area. Engineers might design or develop new products, using your skills to produce designs that were effective and could be manufactured economically. They might take responsibility for supervising a production line from raw materials to finished product. Some people with Manufacturing Engineering Degrees work as Sales Engineers, helping to sell products where technical expertise is required to present the product to the customer. With a Manufacturing Engineering Degree to engineer credit will find a surprisingly wide range of possible jobs open to you, reflecting the breadth and depth of them degree studies. As well as positions in manufacturing industry, them well-developed technology and problem-solving skills will enable you to seek posts in consultancy firms, computer businesses, and financial institutions, to mention only a few. Modern manufacturing depends increasingly on sophisticated technology, and the knowledge engineers acquire through earning a Manufacturing Engineering Degree will ensure that you are excellently equipped to forge a successful career. Manufacturing engineers have the task of improving manufacturing processes to be better, faster, and cheaper. The success of manufacturing engineers has a direct correlation to the advancement of technology and the widespread availability of innovation, making this facet of engineering essential. A professional in this field constantly reviews the allocation of resources, analyzes productivity, and seeks ways to maximize production while minimizing cost. Manufacturing engineering careers present challenging and rewarding opportunities that never fail to engage intellectual curiosity and push the edge of innovative thinking.

To achieve success in manufacturing engineering, quality education is an absolute must. Engineers draw heavily on mathematical and scientific knowledge, and these are skills best developed in a manufacturing engineering degree program. An excellent manufacturing engineering degree program also provides students with an opportunity to fuse math and science with top-notch communications skills. But, how can a potential student decide if manufacturing engineering is the right field to pursue? There are several things to consider. First, a potential student should investigate the scope of his engineering interests. Manufacturing engineering is just one facet of the engineering industry. A manufacturing engineer enjoys improving the production process from start to finish. He or she has the ability to keep the whole production process in mind as he or she zeroes in on a particular portion of the process. For example, successful students in manufacturing engineering degree programs are inspired by the notion of starting with a natural resource, such as a block of wood, and ending with a usable, valuable product, such as a desk. Secondly, earning a college degree in manufacturing engineering involves intense and thorough study of advanced mathematics and science, including calculus, computer science, physics, and other upper level courses. Potential students should thrive in such courses. Proper preparation for earning an engineering education includes high school courses in math, science, computers, and computer assisted drafting. Even within this highly specialized field of engineering, many choices exist. Whether a student is interested in developing an initial set of engineering skills before pursuing a more intense degree program, or whether a professional engineer is hoping to expand a general knowledge of manufacturing engineering with an advanced degree, distance learning provides a plethora of appealing opportunities. Certificate Programs Engineering certificate programs offer worthwhile options to both new students seeking an introductory educational experience and current manufacturing engineering professionals who want a more in-depth knowledge of their specialty. Online engineering certificate programs encourage students to learn and improve skills in a narrow, specific facet of the field. Improving key skills allows manufacturing engineering majors to develop a focused expertise that could translate into stronger employment opportunities and job growth. In addition, when a student completes the requirements for a certificate in engineering, most online degree programs allow that student to transfer these credits towards a more advanced, intense degree program. Certificate programs vary, and potential students should discuss particular degree programs with school admissions counselors. Associate Degree Engineering students who commit to pursuing an Associate degree will discover opportunities in several engineering fields. Many programs allow students to take elective courses dedicated to manufacturing engineering. Most Associate degree programs provide students with a thorough, broad knowledge of engineering technology. Students who earn an Associate degree will also qualify for many entry-level jobs in engineering technology fields. This is an attractive opportunity for students to get their feet wet in the classroom and on the job before deciding to pursue a more intense degree program. Bachelor of Science in Engineering The Bachelor of Science degree is the foundation for the majority of manufacturing engineering careers. Most B.S. in Engineering programs focus heavily on the general concepts of engineering, math, science, and technology. Known to be intense and rigorous, B.S. programs also place immense emphasis on merging strong engineering skills with the ability to effectively communicate. Students pursuing a B.S. in Engineering should also expect to study humanities, history, and ethics. Online manufacturing engineering degree programs offer students this well-

rounded education over the Internet, making the experience possible from anywhere with Internet access. Master of Science in Manufacturing Engineering After a couple of years of work experience, many engineers find it necessary to increase their knowledge of a specific niche of engineering in order to open doors to job promotion and career advancement. Thus, many manufacturing engineers pursue a Master of Science in Manufacturing Engineering degree. This degree program focuses on advanced technical skills, problem-solving abilities, and a sophisticated understanding of everything involved in the manufacturing process. M.S.M.E. degree programs allow students to specialize their talents and skills, which increases job value and employability in advanced positions. Because most students make the decision to pursue and M.S.M.E. while working, online degree programs are an attractive and convenient way for students to study and plan for the future while maintaining present commitments. Master of Science in Engineering Management Potential students should consider the Master of Science Degree program in Engineering after a few years of work experience. Most M.S.E.M. degree programs appeal to current engineers who anticipate taking on their first management role. This advanced curriculum combines sophisticated engineering knowledge with leadership training and project management courses. The goal of M.S.E.M. degree programs is to develop engineering professionals who are effectively able to manage and lead a group of engineers. Distance education is an advantageous way to pursue and obtain an M.S.E.M. degree because it allows experienced engineers to continue working full-time while advancing their skills, education, and training. Online degree programs also allow students to focus more heavily on the unique management skills associated with specific fields of engineering. Career options for aspiring manufacturing engineers Industrial Engineer. The work of an industrial engineer is very similar to the work of a manufacturing engineer. This field requires knowledge of manufacturing processes. An industrial engineer focuses on the product development process and seeks to constantly streamline and improve manufacturing techniques. Professionals working in this field often pursue advanced training in quality assurance and operations management. Industrial engineers find work in several industries and enjoy various prospective job fields, including manufacturing, technology, and service. As modern technology continues to advance, industrial engineers are learning that the techniques developed to benefit the manufacturing process also apply to most other industries. Business Consultant. When a manufacturing company is having trouble addressing problems, they often hire a business consultant to offer advice and potential solutions. Successful engineering business consultants are experts in particular niches or industries. Business consultants are able to look at problems objectively, formulate plans for improvement, and most importantly, effectively communicate with clients. Business consultants with degrees in manufacturing engineering are especially valuable to companies seeking to update and streamline production and assembly procedures. Operations Research Analyst. An operations research analyst studies processing and manufacturing procedures in order to determine areas for improvement and growth. Professionals in this occupation rely on extensive research and observation to form decisionmaking methods and problem solving techniques. Like a manufacturing engineer, operations research analysts are able to view the bigger picture of a production process in order to gauge how to make the individual components of the process cheaper and more efficient. Operations research analysts focus on the end result and continually try to improve their products. This type of position is found in various parts of the engineering industry, including manufacturing engineering and industrial engineering.

Engineering Technician. Engineering technicians apply scientific, mathematic, and engineering theories and methods to solve technical problems in various fields of engineering. Most engineering technician jobs require an Associate degree, so job advancement and depth is designed for a young professional who may still be exploring career interests. Engineering Technicians who work in the manufacturing industry serve as assistants to more experienced engineering professionals for research, product design, manufacturing procedures and various related tasks. The function of an Engineering Technician general involves more practical and physical assignments like using an engineer's plan to build a prototype of a product or utilizing computer assisted drafting tools to generate virtual models. Engineering Managers. Engineering managers are experienced engineering professionals who are successfully able to combine an immense command of engineering technique and theory with excellent communication skills. In general, an engineering manager guides, oversees, and directs teams of engineers and is responsible for the productivity and results of his team. Many engineering managers work in the manufacturing industry, and a background in manufacturing engineering is a solid foundation for future engineers hoping to pursue this advanced career path. Information Systems Managers. Systems managers develop, modify, and monitor information systems. Information systems collect and track data, and they enable users to recall and pull up information quickly. Information systems managers have to keep up with the constantly improving and changing computer technology and create plans to implement the latest technology on existing systems. In addition, systems managers coordinate and supervise the efforts of teams of computer programmers, computer engineers and systems analysts. Information systems managers rely on their manufacturing engineering degrees constantly, in order to appropriately address the requirements of managing information systems.

D. Best Practices that may be Improved by the Project IRMA

For instance, the excellence of enterprises and universities and their capacity to advance the manufacturing technologies realization and education by the Project IRMA could be analyzed/evaluated through the following topics: Creative use of progressive tools for design phases using the modern tools with elements of artificial intelligence as strategic approaches for implementation of modern technologies. It will include the SW technologies (CAD/CAM/CAE/PDM/PLM), optimization of product design focused on price and manufacturing costs, cooperation and out-sourcing on product design, modern CAPP systems and their implementation Use of sophisticated approaches during the production phases focused on new methods in organization and management of manufacturing processes, ERP, MRP systems, logistics, innovation of manufacturing tools, visualization of manufacturing management Implementation of out-sourcing methods of manufacturing processes management. Out-sourcing decision making processes. Implementation phases of out-sourcing management. Environmental impacts of cutting edge manufacturing technologies. Environmental approaches of waste management. Nanotechnology in manufacturing processes. Development, testing and implementation of nanotechnology use in modern manufacturing processes focused on improvement of manufacturing process effectiveness. Environmental impact and risks of nanotechnology use in manufacturing. Project IRMA partners must to realize central, always up-to-date view on project plans, schedules, reports, and cost estimations in order to stay ahead of the competition. On the base of this is recommended:

 improve the accuracy of all documents; speed up project time to market; collaborate efficiently with all partners and sub-partners in a global European environment; improve all works process to obtain operational transparency; and satisfy all portal customers, profitably. Best practices in Manufacturing Engineering and education Best practices - copying the best Is this what we need? Global economic structure is changing day by day. Todays best practices are not tomorrows. Learn whats best now and use innovation! We must focus on creating future best practices!

References
[1] BUMBALEK, S.: Manufacturing Engineering and their Place in Industry, Science and on Universities. Manufacturing Technology, No. 4, 2000, pp. 3-4 (in Czech). [2] KALPAKJIAN, S. - SCHMID, S. R.: Manufacturing Engineering and Technology. PrenticeHall, New Yersey, 2001, 1148 p., ISBN 0-201-36131-0. [3] NIEBEL, B. W. - GJESDAHL, M. S.: Production Engineering. American Technical Publishers, 1971, 148 p., ISBN 92-833-1004-7. [4] MARCINCIN, J. N.: Tasks and Purposes of Manufacturing Engineering and Industrial Engineering. In: Proceedings of the conference New Trends in Manufacturing Technique Operation. FVT Presov, 2001, pp. 453-455, ISBN 80-7099-723-0. [5] VASILKO, K. - BOKUCAVA, G.: Manufacturing Technologies. ES FVT TU, Presov, 2001, 203 p., ISBN 80-7099-623-4 (in Slovak). [6] VASILKO, K. - MARCINCIN, J. N. - HAVRILA, M.: Manufacturing Engineering. FVT TU of Kosice with a seat in Presov, Presov, 2003, 424 p., ISBN 80-7099-995-0.