Clap Operated Light

While living in rent or in hostel the problem like stealing is often in absent time. Here is the circuit of simple and inexpensive sound operated light to overcome this type of problem which can turn on the light when someone claps, or tries to open your door or even inserts a key in the door lock. The switching of light is alternately i.e. light on by one sound pulse and off by another. It is also called clap operated light or clap switch. Clap Activated Switch The clap activated switching device can basically be described as a low frequency sound pulse activated switch that is free from false triggering. The input component is a transducer that receives clap sound as input and converts it to electrical pulse. This pulse is amplified and used to drive IC components which changes output state to energize and also de-energize a relay causing the device to be able to switch larger devices and circuits. The output state of the switching device circuit can only change, when the circuit receives two claps within a time period that will be determined by the RC component value in the circuit. The transducer (microphone) is connected to an amplifier sub-circuit which is connected to comparator IC.

Circuit Description of sound operated light

The entire circuit of sound operated light is designed and builds around an operational amplifier IC (IC1) and JK flip-flop IC (IC2). The sound coming from outside is senses by microphone and converts it to corresponding electrical signal where sensitivity of sound is controlled by potentiometer VR1. The high value of reference voltage is given to pin 3 of IC1 in order to change the output voltage from pin 6. Here IC2 (JK flip-flop) is wired as a toggle flip-flop and its output is connected to relay driver transistor T1 through resistor R1 which energized the relay RL1 when sound is heard by microphone. The bulb from sound operated light is connected to AC source through relay contact as shown in circuit diagram.

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon) R1 = 22 K R2, R5 = 10 K R3 = 470 R4 = 10 K VR1 = 10 K Capacitors C1 = 0.1 F C2 = 470 F/35V Semiconductors IC1 = A741 (operational amplifier) IC2 = CD4027 T1 = 2N2222 IC = 7806 D1, D2 = 1N4001 Miscellaneous X1 = 230V AC primary to 0-9V, 250 mA secondary transformer RL1 = 6V, 200, 1C/O Relay MIC = Condenser Microphone Bulb 230V, 60W

DESIGN

PCB LAYOUT

PARTS DESCRIPTION:
The Transducer (Microphone) Microphones are types of transducers, they convert acoustic energy i.e. sound signal. Basically, a microphone is made up of a diaphragm, which is a thin piece of material that vibrates when it is struck by sound wave. This causes other components in the microphone to vibrate leading to variations in some electrical quantities thereby causing electrical current to be generated. The current generated in the microphone is the electrical pulse. There are two major types of microphones based on the technical methods of converting sound into electricity namely the organic and condenser microphone. Table 1 shows the comparison between the dynamic and condenser microphone. Condenser microphones generally have flatter frequency responses than dynamic, and therefore mean that a condenser microphone is more desirable if accurate sound is a prime consideration as required in this design. Mic Level and Line Level The current generated by a microphone is very small and this current is referred to as mic level and typically measured in milli-volts. Before it is usable, the signal must be amplified, usually to line level, with typical value within (0.5 2) volts, which is stronger and more robust signal. The line level is the standard signal strength used by audio processing equipment [7] Transistor The bipolar NPN transistors used in this design are basically used as switch, to trigger the relay and as amplifier to boost the mic level to line level. When a transistor is used as switch, it must be either OFF or fully ON. In the fully ON state, the voltage VCE across the transistor is almost zero and the transistor is said to be saturated because it cannot pass any more collector current IC. The transistor is off when VIN is less than 0.7 V, because the base current will be zero. The power developed in a switching transistor is very small In the OFF state Power = VD *IC but IC = 0 (3.3.1) P=0 In the ON state Power = VC * IC but VCE O (almost) (3.3.2)

P0 So, the power is very small Relays The relay is an electrically operated switch. If a small voltage is applied to its input terminal, it activates an electromagnet and closes its contacts. These contacts can then switch on larger amounts of current and voltage safely. But a low power transistor is also needed to switch the current for the relays coil. LM741 op-amp The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers which feature improved performance The 741 is used as a comparator and not an amplifier. The difference between the two is small but significant. Even if used as a comparator the 741 still detects weak signals so that they can be recognized more easily. It is important to understand these circuits as they very regularly appear in examinations. A comparator is an circuit that compares two input voltages. One voltage is called the reference voltage (Vref) and the other is called the input voltage (Vin). When Vin rises above or falls below Vref the output changes polarity (+ becomes -). Positive is sometimes called HIGH. Negative is sometimes called LOW.