COMPUTERARCHITECTURE IT0205

M.Thenmozhi/Kayalvizhi Jayavel/M.B.Panbu Asst.Prof.(Sr.G)/Asst.Prof.(Sr.G)/Asst.Prof.(O.G) DepartmentofIT SRMUniversity,Kattankulathur

Disclaimer
Thecontentsoftheslidesaresolelyforthepurposeofteachingstudents atSRMUniversity.AllcopyrightsandTrademarksof organizations/personsapplyevenifnotspecifiedexplicitly.

UNITIV:memoryorganization

MemoryHierarchy Mainmemory Auxiliarymemory Associativememory Cachememory Virtualmemory

MemoryManagementHardware

Memoryhierarchy
MainMemory memoryunitthatcommunicatesdirectlywith theCPU Auxiliarymemory devicesthatprovidebackupstorage(e.g) magneticdisksandtapes Cachememory highspeedmemoryusedtoincreasethespeed ofprocessingbymakingprogramsanddataavailabletotheCPU atarapidrate

MAINmemory
StaticRandomAccessMemory internalflipflopsthatstorethe binaryinformation DynamicRAM storesthebinaryinformationintheformof electricchargesthatareappliedtocapacitors ReadOnlyMemory storeprogramsthatarepermanently residentinthecomputerandfortablesofconstantsthatdonot changeinvalueoncetheproductionofthecomputeris completed Bootstraploader functionisstartthecomputersoftware operatingwhenpoweristurnedon

Mainmemory
Bootstrapprogramloadsaportionofoperatingsystemfrom disctomainmemoryandcontrolisthentransferredtooperating system RAMchip utilizesbidirectionaldatabuswiththreestate bufferstoperformcommunicationwithCPU Memoryaddressmap pictorialrepresentationofassigned addressspaceforeachchipinthesystem

blockdiagramandfunctiontableofram

Auxiliarymemory
Accesstime averagetimerequiredtoreachastoragelocation inmemoryandobtainitscontent Seektime timerequiredtopositiontheread/writeheadtoa location Transfertime timerequiredtotransferdatatoorfromthe device Transferrate no.ofcharactersorwordsthatthedevicecan transferpersecond

Associativememory
AssociativememorycanalsobecalledasContentaddressable memory(CAM) CAMisaccessedsimultaneouslyandinparallelonthebasisof datacontentratherthanbyspecificaddressorlocation AssociativememoryismoreexpensivethanaRAMbecauseeach cellmusthavestoragecapabilityaswellaslogiccircuits Argumentregister holdsanexternalargumentforcontent matching Keyregister maskforchoosingaparticularfieldorkeyinthe argumentword

Blockdiagramofassociative memory

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Onecellofassociativememory

Match logic will be explained using Chalk and Talk

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Cachememory
Localityofreference referencestomemoryatanygiven intervaltendtobeconfinedwithinafewlocalizedareasof memory Cachememory logicallyplacedbetweenCPUandmain memory Hitratio ratioofthenumberofhits(successinfindingthe wordsinCache)tothetotalCPUreferencestomemory (hits+misses) Mapping transformationofdatafrommainmemorytocache memory

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Cachememory
Threetypesofmappingprocedures

Associativemapping storesbothaddressand contentofthememoryword;Inthematching process,iftheaddressisfound,the corresponding12bitdataisreadandsenttothe CPU Directmapping consistsofindexfieldandtag field;no.ofbitsintheindexfieldisequaltothe numberofaddressbitsrequiredtoaccessthe cachememory;eachwordinthecacheconsists ofdatawordanditsassociatedtag;hit:tagfieldof CPUaddress=tagfieldinthecache
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Cachememory
Threetypesofmappingprocedures

SetAssociativemapping eachwordofcache canstoretwoormorewordsofmemoryunder thesameindexaddress;whenamissoccursin setassociativemapping,tagreplacement algorithmshouldbeapplied

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ASSOCIATIVEMAPPINGCACHE

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Virtualmemory
Virtualmemory permittheusertoconstructprogramsasthoughlarge memoryspacewereavailable,equaltothetotalityoftheauxiliarymemory AnaddressusedbyaprogrammerisVirtualaddress Setofvirtualaddressesarecalledaddressspace Anaddressinmainmemoryiscalledalocationorphysicaladdress Setofphysicaladdressesconstitutememoryspace

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Virtualmemory
Addressspace>memoryspaceifvirtualmemoryisavailable. Mappingavirtualaddress

Virtualaddressregister storesvirtualaddress Memorymappingtable tomapavirtual addresstoaphysicaladdress Mainmemoryaddressregister storesphysical address Addressmappingcanalsobedoneusingpages

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Memorytableformappingavirtualaddress

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Addressmappingusingpages
Blocks physicalmemoryisbrokendownintogroupsofequalsize Page groupsofaddressspaceofthesamesize Pageframeissometimesusedtodenoteablock Memorypagetableconsistsof8wordsoneforeachpage Addressinthepagetabledenotesthepagenumber Contentofthewordgivestheblocknumberwherethatpageisstored inmainmemory Presencebit indicateswhetherthepagehasbeentransferredfrom auxiliarymemoryintomainmemory 3highorderbitsofthevirtualaddressspecifyapagenumberandan addressforthememorypagetable.

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Memorymanagementhardware
Basiccomponentsinclude: Facilityfordynamicstoragerelocationthatmapslogicalmemory referencesintophysicalmemoryaddresses Provisionforstoringcommonprogramsstoredinmemorybydifferent users Securityagainstunauthorizedaccessbetweenusersandpreventing usersfromchangingOSfunctions Segment setoflogicallyrelatedinstructionsordataelementsassociated withagivenname(addressgeneratedbyasegmentedprogramislogical address) Translationlookasidebuffer(TLB) fastassociativememoryusedtohold themostrecentlyreferencedtableentries

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Exampleoflogicalandphysicaladdresses

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Needforcache StaticanddynamicRAMComparison Memoryaddressmapping Contentaddressablememory function Localityofreference Mappingproceduresincachememory Addressspaceandmemoryspace Needformemorymanagementhardware Componentsofmemorymanagementhardwareunit

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