Phonetics Course PDF

Articulatory Phonetics Linguistics 201 Phonetics Anatomy The International Phonetic Alphabet Consonants
Articulatory Phonetics
Linguistics 201
Stops Fricatives Aricates Approximants movie
Vowels
Lax Vowels Tense Vowels Diphthongs
Practice
Phonetics
Articulatory Phonetics Linguistics 201 Phonetics Anatomy
Phonetics is the study of speech. Articulatory phonetics studies the ways in which speech sounds are produced: it is a branch of physiology. Acoustic phonetics studies the physical characteristics of the sound produced, and its perceptual correlates. We start with articulatory phonetics.
The International Phonetic Alphabet Consonants

Vowels
Practice
Larynx
Vowels
Practice
Vocal Folds and Glottis
Vowels
Practice
Vocal Tract
Vowels
Practice
The IPA
The International Phonetic Association, founded in Paris in 1886 by a group of language teachers led by Paul Passy, developed an alphabet to be used in faithfully recording speech sounds. Many of the symbols used in the alphabet came from an English-specic phonetic alphabet that Henry Sweet (pictured) had devised to represent English speech.
Vowels
Practice
Guiding Principles
1. Each sign should have its own distinctive sound 2. The same sign should be used for the same sound across all languages 3. As many ordinary roman letters should be used as possible, and the usage of new letters should be minimal
Vowels
Practice
Transcription
Many symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are the same symbols used in our orthography. These arent the same thing! When a symbol is from the IPA, it is enclosed in square brackets: [ ] Each IPA symbol corresponds to a phone: a single speech sound. When speech is represented in the IPA, we say that we are forming a phonetic transcription.

Vowels
Practice
Parameters for describing consonants
Manner of articulation: how the gesture in the oral tract occurs Place of articulation: where in the oral tract the gesture takes place Nasality: whether or not the velum is lowered allowing vibrating air into the nasal cavity Voicing: whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating

Vowels
Practice
Stops
Articulatory Phonetics Linguistics 201 Phonetics Anatomy The International Phonetic Alphabet
The manner of articulation stop refers to phones made by creating a complete blockage of the oral tract.
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Bilabial Stops
[p] [b] [m]
bilabial, voiceless, non-nasal: bilabial, voiced, non-nasal: bilabial, voiced, nasal:
spam ban man
Vowels
Practice
Alveolar Stops
[t] [d] [n]
alveolar, voiceless, non-nasal: alveolar, voiced, non-nasal: alveolar, voiced, nasal:
stand Dan tan
Vowels
Practice
Velar Stops
[k] [g] [N]
velar, voiceless, non-nasal: velar, voiced, non-nasal: velar, voiced, nasal:
scan get sing
Vowels
Practice
Glottal Stop
[P]
glottal, voiceless, non-nasal:
uh- oh
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Fricatives
The manner of articulation fricative refers to phones made by creating a radical narrowing in the oral tract. Through that radical narrow, a turbulence in the air-ow is created that makes a characteristic hissing sound.
Vowels
Practice
Bilabial Fricatives
[F] [B]
bilabial, voiceless, non-nasal: bilabial, voiced, non-nasal:
Fuji (in Japanese) deber (in Spanish)
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Labio-dental Fricatives
[f] [v]
labiodental, voiceless, non-nasal: labiodental, voiced, non-nasal:
fix vex
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Dental Fricatives
[T] [D]
dental, voiceless, non-nasal: dental, voiced, non-nasal:
thigh the
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Alveolar Fricatives
[s] [z]
alveolar, voiceless, non-nasal: alveolar, voiced, non-nasal:
sit zit
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Alveo-palatal Fricatives
[S] [Z]
postalveolar, voiceless, non-nasal: postalveolar, voiced, non-nasal:
mission vision
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Velar Fricatives
[x] [G]
velar, voiceless, non-nasal: velar, voiced, non-nasal:
Bach (in German) gaan (in Dutch)
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Glottal Fricative
[h]
glottal, voiceless, non-nasal, fricative:
heap
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Aricates
The manner of articulation aricate arises in phones that combine a stop gesture followed by a fricative.
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Alveo-Palatal Aricates
[] []
alveo-palatal, voiceless, non-nasal: alveo-palatal, voiced, non-nasal:
chime jive
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Approximants
The manner of articulation Approximant refers to speech sounds that involve a less radical narrowing in the oral tract than is found with fricatives, but greater than is found with vowels.
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Palatal Approximant
[j]
palatal, voiced, non-nasal:
yes
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Labial Approximants
[w] labio-velar, voiced, non-nasal: [] labio-velar, voiceless, non-nasal:
wad when
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Lateral Approximant
[l]
alveolar, voiced, lateral, non-nasal
lad
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Retroex Approximant
[]
alveolar, voiced, retroex, non-nasal
rad
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
material/xraypage.webarchive
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Articulation of Vowels
Tongue position: hi, mid, low, back, center, front Tense versus Lax Rounding of lips
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Front Lax
[I] [E] []
high, front, unrounded: mid, front, unrounded: low, front, unrounded:
rid red rad
Vowels
Practice
Central Lax
[1] [@] [2]
high, central, unrounded: mid, central, unrounded: low, central, unrounded:
roses Rosas cut
Vowels
Practice
Back Lax
[U] [O]
high, back, rounded: mid, back, rounded:
put caught, if dierent from cot
Vowels
Practice
Front Tense
[i] [y] [e] []
high, front, unrounded: beet (in European English) high, front, rounded: B ucher (in German)

mid, front, unrounded: bait (in European English) mid, front, rounded: sch on (in German)
Vowels
Practice
Central Tense
[a]
low, central, unrounded: car (in Bostonian)
Vowels
Practice
Back Tense
[u] [o] [A]
high, back, rounded: mid, back, rounded: low, back, unrounded:
food (in European English) boat (in European English) cot
Vowels
Practice
Front Tense Diphthongs
[ij] [eI]
high, front, unrounded: beet (in American English) mid, front, unrounded: bait (in American English)
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Central Tense Diphthongs
[aI] [aU]
low, central, unrounded: ice low, central, rounded: blouse
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Back Tense Diphthongs
[uw] [ow] [OI]
high, back, rounded: mid, back, rounded: mid, back, rounded:
food (in American English) boat (in American English) boy
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Practice
[ f2nAl@Ists m2st kijp DeI Pijz spEktkjuwl1lij klijn ] Phonologists must keep their ears spectacularly clean.
Consonants
Vowels
Practice
Practice
[ juw maIt faInd D@ PAn laIn tuwtowij2lz An D@ kls wEbsaIt hElpf2l. ] You might nd the on-line tutorials on the class website helpful.
Consonants
Vowels
Practice

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Articulatory Phonetics Linguistics 201 Phonetics Anatomy The International Phonetic Alphabet Consonants

Stops Fricatives Aricates Approximants movie

Articulatory Phonetics Linguistics 201 Phonetics Anatomy

The International Phonetic Alphabet Consonants

Vocal Folds and Glottis

Articulatory Phonetics Linguistics 201 Phonetics Anatomy

The International Phonetic Alphabet Consonants

Parameters for describing consonants

Articulatory Phonetics Linguistics 201 Phonetics Anatomy

The International Phonetic Alphabet Consonants

[p] [b] [m]

bilabial, voiceless, non-nasal: bilabial, voiced, non-nasal: bilabial, voiced, nasal:

spam ban man

[t] [d] [n]

alveolar, voiceless, non-nasal: alveolar, voiced, non-nasal: alveolar, voiced, nasal:

stand Dan tan

[k] [g] [N]

velar, voiceless, non-nasal: velar, voiced, non-nasal: velar, voiced, nasal:

scan get sing

glottal, voiceless, non-nasal:

bilabial, voiceless, non-nasal: bilabial, voiced, non-nasal:

Fuji (in Japanese) deber (in Spanish)

labiodental, voiceless, non-nasal: labiodental, voiced, non-nasal:

dental, voiceless, non-nasal: dental, voiced, non-nasal:

alveolar, voiceless, non-nasal: alveolar, voiced, non-nasal:

postalveolar, voiceless, non-nasal: postalveolar, voiced, non-nasal:

velar, voiceless, non-nasal: velar, voiced, non-nasal:

Bach (in German) gaan (in Dutch)

glottal, voiceless, non-nasal, fricative:

alveo-palatal, voiceless, non-nasal: alveo-palatal, voiced, non-nasal:

palatal, voiced, non-nasal:

[w] labio-velar, voiced, non-nasal: [] labio-velar, voiceless, non-nasal:

alveolar, voiced, lateral, non-nasal

alveolar, voiced, retroex, non-nasal

high, front, unrounded: mid, front, unrounded: low, front, unrounded:

rid red rad

[1] [@] [2]

high, central, unrounded: mid, central, unrounded: low, central, unrounded:

roses Rosas cut

high, back, rounded: mid, back, rounded:

put caught, if dierent from cot

Articulatory Phonetics Linguistics 201 Phonetics Anatomy

[i] [y] [e] []

The International Phonetic Alphabet Consonants

low, central, unrounded: car (in Bostonian)

Stops Fricatives Aricates Approximants movie

[u] [o] [A]

high, back, rounded: mid, back, rounded: low, back, unrounded:

food (in European English) boat (in European English) cot

Front Tense Diphthongs

Central Tense Diphthongs

low, central, unrounded: ice low, central, rounded: blouse

Back Tense Diphthongs

[uw] [ow] [OI]

high, back, rounded: mid, back, rounded: mid, back, rounded:

food (in American English) boat (in American English) boy

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