Index

1.Introduction Autoimmune Disease

2. Criteria 3. Effects of Autoimmune disease 4. Classification 5. Development of therapies 6. Further reading 7. References

Introduction Autoimmune Disease

Criteria
For a disease to be regarded as an autoimmune disease it needs to answer to Witebsky's postulates (first formulated by Ernst Witebsky and colleagues in 1957 and modified in 1994) Direct evidence from transfer of pathogenic antibody or pathogenic T cells Indirect evidence based on reproduction of the autoimmune disease in experimental animals Circumstantial evidence from clinical clues

Effects of Autoimmune disease

It has been estimated that autoimmune diseases are among the ten leading causes of death among women in all age groups up to 65 years. A substantial minority of the population suffers from these diseases, which are often chronic, debilitating, and life-threatening. There are more than eighty illnesses caused by autoimmunity.

Classification
It is possible to classify autoimmune diseases by corresponding type of hypersensitivity: type II, type III, or type IV. (No type of autoimmune disease mimics type I hypersensitivity.) There is continuing debate about when a disease should be considered autoimmune, leading to different criteria such as Witebsky's postulates.

This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Accepte d/ suspect ed Hyperse nsitivity Autoantibody I, II, III, IV Notes

Name:

Acute disseminated encephalomyeliti s (ADEM)

Accept

Addison's disease

interferon omega; transglutaminase; aromatic acid carboxylase; GAD; HAI[disambiguation needed]; 17 hydroxylase; 21 hydroxylase IGHM; IGLL1: CD79A; CD79B; BLNK; LRRC8A Accepted T-cells VCP, ATXN2, OPTN, FIG4, TARDBP, ANG, VAPB, FUS, SETX, ALS2, SOD1 Suspecte anti-cardiolipin;anti pyruvate dehydrogenase; 2 glycoprotein I; phosphatidylserine; anti apoH; Annexin A5 CD8; HLA-B27

Agammaglobulin emia Alopecia areata Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Also Lou Gehrig's disease; Motor Neuron Disease) Ankylosing Spondylitis

Antiphospholipid syndrome

Accepte

HLA-DR7, HLAB8, HLA-DR2, HLA-DR3

Antisynthetase syndrome Atopic allergy

Atopic dermatitis Autoimmune aplastic anemia Autoimmune cardiomyopathy Autoimmune enteropathy Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune inner ear disease Autoimmune lymphoproliferat ive syndrome Autoimmune peripheral neuropathy Autoimmune pancreatitis Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome

Accepted

Accepted

II anti-mitochondrial antibodies; ANA; anti-smooth muscle antibodies, LKM-1; soluble liver antigen
[11]

complement activation

Accepted

cellmediated

Accepted Accepted

TNFRSF6; defective FasCD95 apoptosis

Accepted ANA; anti-lactoferrin antibodiesanticarbonic anhydrase antibodies; rheumatoid factor Unknown or multiple APS-1 see Addison's disease

Accepted

Accepted

Development of therapies
In both autoimmune and inflammatory diseases the condition arises through aberrant reactions of the human adaptive or innate immune systems. In autoimmunity, the patients immune system is activated against the body's own proteins. In inflammatory diseases, it is the overreaction of the immune system, and its subsequent downstream signaling (TNF, IFN, etc.), which causes problems. Mitigation of inflammation by activation of anti-inflammatory genes and the suppression of inflammatory genes in immune cells is a promising way of novel therapies.

Further reading
Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abbas, Nelson Fausto, Jon Aster, Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, Elsevier, 8th edition, 2010, 1464 pp., ISBN 978-1-4160-3121-5 Handbook of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, edited by Ronald Asherson, Elsevier, in 10 Volume Ronald Asherson, Andrea Doria, Paolo Pauletto, The Heart in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 1, 2004, ISBN 978-0-444-51398-4, ISBN 0444-51398-1

Ronald Asherson, Andrea Doria, Paolo Pauletto, Pulmonary Involvement in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 2, 2005, ISBN 978-0-444-51652-7, ISBN 0-444-51652-2 Ronald Asherson, Doruk Erkan, Steven Levine, The Neurologic Involvement in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 3, 2005, ISBN 978-0-444-516510, ISBN 0-444-51651-4 Michael Lockshin, Ware Branch (eds), Reproductive and Hormonal Aspects of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 4, 2006, ISBN 978-0-444-518019, ISBN 0-444-51801-0 Piercarlo Sarzi-Puttini, Ronald Asherson, Andrea Doria, Annegret Kuhn, Giampietro Girolomoni (eds), The Skin in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume Volume 5, 2006, ISBN 978-0-444-52158-3, ISBN 0-444-52158-5 Rolando Cimaz, Ronald Asherson, Thomas Lehman (eds), Pediatrics in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 6, 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-52971-8, ISBN 0-444-52971-3 Justin Mason, Ronald Asherson, Charles Pusey (eds), The Kidney in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 7, 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-52972-5, ISBN 0-444-52972-1 Ronald Asherson, Manel Ramos-Casals, Joan Rodes, Josep Font, Digestive Involvement in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 8, 2008, ISBN 9780-444-53168-1, ISBN 0-444-53168-8

References
Witebsky E, Rose NR, Terplan K, Paine JR, Egan RW (1957). "Chronic thyroiditis and autoimmunization". J. Am. Med. Assoc. 164 (13): 143947. doi:10.1001/jama.1957.02980130015004.

PMID 13448890. Rose NR, Bona C (September 1993). "Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky's postulates revisited)". Immunol. Today 14 (9): 42630. doi:10.1016/0167-5699(93)90244-F. PMID 8216719. Noel R. Rose and Ian R. MacKay, "The Autoimmune Diseases" fourth edition Parham, Peter (2005). The immune system. NY: Garland Science. p. 344. ISBN 0-8153-4093-1. American Academy of Dermatology, http://www.aad.org/public/publications/pamphlets/common_alopecia.h tml HtmlThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Jump up ^ J Sieper, J Braun, M Rudwaleit, A Boonen, and A Zink (2002). "Ankylosing spondylitis: an overview". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 61 (3): iii8. doi:10.1136/ard.61.suppl_3.iii8. PMC 1766729. PMID 12381506. Jump up ^ Khan MA, Khan MK (1982). "Diagnostic Value of HLAB27 Testing in Ankylosing Spondylitis and Reiter's Syndrome". Annals of Internal Medicine 96 (1): 7076; au

Certificate

The project report titled Autoimmune Disease in Sagar city prepared by Reetika Dangi B.sc. (Biotech) Vth Sem. under the guidance and supervision of Mr. Rakesh Kumar Saket , for partial fulfillment of the Degree B Sc.

Signature of H.O.D. Dr. Neera Sahay

Acknowledgement
Preparing a project of this nature is an arduous task and I was

fortunate enough to get support from large number of person . I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to all those who generously helped in successful completion of this report by sharing their invaluable time and knowledge It is my proud and privileged to express my deep regard to Respected Dr. J.P.N . Pandey Principal of Govt. Girls P.G College of Excellence Sagar Dr. Neera Sahay H.O.D. Zoology Department undertake the project I feel extremely exhilarated to have completed this project under the able and inspiring guidance of Mr. Rakesh Kumar Saket he rendered me all for allowing me to

possible help and guidance while reviewing the manuscript in finalizing this report . I also extend my deep regards to my teachers , family members, friends and all those whose encouragement has infused courage in me to complete the work successfully

Reetika Dangi B/11/97