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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11

Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999


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Chapter 11: Drag and Lift

11.1 Basic Considerations

Recall separation of drag components into form and skin-
friction


( )

'


S
w
S
2
D
dA i

t dA i

n p p
A V
2
1
1
C
C
Dp
C
f


( )

'


dA j

n p p
A V
2
1
1
C
S
2
L


c
t
<< 1 C
f
> > C
Dp
streamlined body

c
t
1 C
Dp
> > C
f
bluff body

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
2
11.2 Drag of 2-D Bodies

First consider a flat plate both parallel and normal to the
flow



( ) 0 i

n p p
A V
2
1
1
C
S
2
Dp

S
w
2
f
dA i

t
A V
2
1
1
C

=
2 / 1
L
Re
33 . 1
laminar flow

=
5 / 1
L
Re
074 .
turbulent flow



where C
p
based on experimental data


vortex wake
typical of bluff body flow
flow pattern
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
4
( )


S
2
Dp
dA i

n p p
A V
2
1
1
C

=

S
p
dA C
A
1


= 2 using numerical integration of experimental data


C
f
= 0


For bluff body flow experimental data used for c
D
.

In general, Drag = f(V, L, , , c, t, , T, etc.)
from dimensional analysis

c/L

,
_

. etc , T ,
L
,
L
t
, Ar Re, f
A V
2
1
Drag
C
2
D


scale factor




57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
5
Potential Flow Solution:

,
_



sin
r
a
r U
2


2 2
U
2
1
p V
2
1
p

+ +


2
2 2
r
2
p
U
u u
1
U
2
1
p p
C


( )
2
p
sin 4 1 a r C surface pressure
r
u
r
1
u
r

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11


Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
6


57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
7

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
8

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
9

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
10

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
11








57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
12

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
13



57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
14



57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
15
< 0.3 flow is incompressible,
i.e., constant
11.7 Effect of Compressibility on Drag: C
D
= C
D
(Re, Ma)

a
U
Ma


speed of sound = rate at which infinitesimal
disturbances are propagated from their
source into undisturbed medium

Ma < 1 subsonic
Ma 1 transonic (=1 sonic flow)
Ma > 1 supersonic
Ma >> 1 hypersonic

C
D
increases for Ma 1 due to shock waves and wave drag

Ma
critical
(sphere) .6

Ma
critical
(slender bodies) 1

For U > a: upstream flow is not warned of approaching
disturbance which results in the formation of
shock waves across which flow properties
and streamlines change discontinuously







57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
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