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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6

Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999


1
Chapter 6 Momentum Principle
6.1 Momentum Equation

RTT with B = MV and = V
[ ]


+ +
CV CS
R B S
dA V V V d V
dt
d
F F
V = velocity referenced to an inertial frame (non-accelerating)
V
R
= velocity referenced to control volume
F
S
= surface forces + reaction forces (due to pressure and
viscous normal and shear stresses)
F
B
= body force (due to gravity)

6.2 Applications of the Momentum Equation
Initial Setup and Signs
1. Jet deflected by a plate or a vane
2. Flow through a nozzle
3. Forces on bends
4. Problems involving non-uniform velocity distribution
5. Motion of a rocket
6. Force on rectangular sluice gate
7. Water hammer

6.3 Moment of Momentum Equation

6.4 Navier-Stokes Equations
Differential form of momentum equation

( ) V z p
Dt
V D
2
+ + incompressible flow

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
2
Must be relative to a non-accelerating inertial
reference frame
6.1 Derivation of the Basic Equation
Recall RTT:


CS
R
CV
sys
dA V V d
dt
d
dt
dB


V
R
=velocity relative to CS=V V
S
=absolute velocity CS
Subscript not shown in text but implied!
i.e., referenced to CV
Let, B = MV = linear momentum
= V

CS
R
CV
dA V V V d V
dt
d
F
dt
) V M ( d

Newtons 2
nd
law
where F = vector sum of all forces acting on the
control volume including both surface and
body forces
= F
S
+ F
B


F
S
= sum of all external surface forces acting at
the CS, i.e., pressure forces, forces
transmitted through solids, shear forces,etc.

F
B
= sum of all external
body forces, i.e.,
gravity force

F
x
= p
1
A
1
p
2
A
2
+ R
x

F
y
= -W + R
y


R = resultant force on fluid
in CV due to p
w
and
w

General form for
moving but
non-accelerating
reference frame
small v in text and
must be referenced
to inertial reference
frame
free body diagram
i.e., reaction force on fluid
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
3
Important Features (to be remembered)
1) Vector equation to get component in any direction must
use dot product

x equation


CS
R
CV
x
dA V u V ud
dt
d
F

y equation


CS
R
CV
y
dA V v V vd
dt
d
F

z equation


CS
R
CV
z
dA V w V wd
dt
d
F

2) Carefully define control volume and be sure to include
all external body and surface faces acting on it.
For example,











(R
x
,R
y
) = reaction
force on fluid
(R
x
,R
y
) = reaction
force on nozzle
Carefully define
coordinate system with
forces positive in
positive direction of
coordinate axes
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
4
3) Velocity V must be referenced to a non-accelerating
inertial reference frame. Sometimes it is advantageous
to use a moving (at constant velocity) reference frame.
Note V
R
= V V
s
is always relative to CS.

4) Steady vs. Unsteady Flow

Steady flow


CV
0 V d V
dt
d


5) Uniform vs. Nonuniform Flow


CS
R
dA V V = change in flow of momentum across CS
= VV
R
A uniform flow across A

6) F
pres
=

dA n p


V S
ds n f V fd
f = constant, f = 0
= 0 for p = constant and for a closed surface

i.e., always use gage pressure

7) Pressure condition at a jet exit

at an exit into the atmosphere
jet pressure must be p
a



Text
uses
small v
i.e., in these cases
V used for B also
referenced to CV
(i.e., V = V
R
)
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
5
6.2 Application of the Momentum Equation
1. Jet deflected by a plate or vane

Consider a jet of water turned through a horizontal angle








x-equation:


+
CS
x x
dA V u V ud
dt
d
F F
steady flow

= ) A V ( V ) A V ( V
2 2 x 2 1 1 x 1
+

continuity equation: A
1
V
1
= A
2
V
2
= Q

F
x
= Q(V
2x
V
1x
)

y-equation:


CS
y y
A V v F F
F
y
= V
1y
( A
1
V
1
) + V
2y
( A
2
V
2
)
= Q(V
2y
V
1y
)

for above geometry only
where: V
1x
= V
1
V
2x
= -V
2
cos V
2y
= -V
2
sin V
1y
= 0
note: F
x
and F
y
are force on fluid
- F
x
and -F
y
are force on vane due to fluid


CS
x
A V u F
CV and CS are
for jet so that F
x

and F
y
are vane
reactions forces
on fluid
for A
1
= A
2
V
1
= V
2

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
6
If the vane is moving with velocity V
v
, then it is convenient
to choose CV moving with the vane

i.e., V
R
= V - V
v
and V used for B also moving with vane

x-equation:


CS
R x
dA V u F

F
x
= V
1x
[-(V V
v
)
1
A
1
] + V
2x
[-(V V
v
)
2
A
2
]

Continuity: 0 =

dA V
R

i.e., (V-V
v
)
1
A
1
= (V-V
v
)
2
A
2
= (V-V
v
)A
Q
rel
F
x
= (V-V
v
)A[V
2x
V
1x
]
Q
rel


on fluid V
2x
= (V V
v
)
2x

V
1x
= (V V
v
)
1x



Power = -F
x
V
v
i.e., = 0 for V
v
= 0

F
y
= Q
rel
(V
2y
V
1y
)

For coordinate system
moving with vane
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
7
2. Flow through a nozzle

Consider a nozzle at the end of a pipe (or hose). What
force is required to hold the nozzle in place?






Assume either the pipe velocity or pressure is known.
Then, the unknown (velocity or pressure) and the exit
velocity V
2
can be obtained from combined use of the
continuity and Bernoulli equations.

Bernoulli:
2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
V
2
1
z p V
2
1
z p + + + + z
1
=z
2

2
2
2
1 1
V
2
1
V
2
1
p +


Continuity: A
1
V
1
= A
2
V
2
= Q

1
2
1
2
1
2
V
d
D
V
A
A
V

,
_


0
d
D
1 V
2
1
p
4
2
1 1

,
_

,
_

+
Say p
1
known:
( )
2 / 1
4
1
1
d
D
1
p 2
V
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

CV = nozzle
and fluid
(R
x
, R
y
) =
force required
to hold nozzle
in place
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
8
To obtain the reaction force R
x
apply momentum equation
in x-direction

CS CV
x
dA V u V d u
dt
d
F
=


CS
A V u

R
x
+ p
1
A
1
p
2
A
2
= V
1
(-V
1
A
1
) + V
2
(V
2
A
2
)
= Q(V
2
- V
1
)
R
x
= Q(V
2
- V
1
) - p
1
A
1


To obtain the reaction force R
y
apply momentum equation
in y-direction




CS
y
0 A V v F since no flow in y-direction
R
y
W
f
W
N
= 0 i.e., R
y
= W
f
+ W
N

Numerical Example: Oil with S = .85 flows in pipe under
pressure of 100 psi. Pipe diameter is 3 and nozzle tip
diameter is 1

V
1
= 14.59 ft/s
V
2
= 131.3 ft/s

R
x
= 141.48 706.86 = 569 lbf
R
z
= 10 lbf

This is force on nozzle

steady flow and uniform
flow over CS
65 . 1
g
S


D/d = 3
Q =
2
2
V
12
1
4

,
_


= .716 ft
3
/s

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
9
3. Forces on Bends

Consider the flow through a bend in a pipe. The flow is
considered steady and uniform across the inlet and outlet
sections. Of primary concern is the force required to hold
the bend in place, i.e., the reaction forces R
x
and R
y
which
can be determined by application of the momentum
equation.











Continuity:

+
2 2 1 1
A V A V A V 0
i.e., Q = constant =
2 2 1 1
A V A V

x-momentum:

A V u F
x

( ) ( )
2 2 x 2 1 1 x 1 x 2 2 1 1
A V V A V V R cos A p A p + +
= ( )
x 1 x 2
V V Q

y-momentum:

A V v F
y

( ) ( )
2 2 y 2 1 1 y 1 b f y 2 2
A V V A V V w w R sin A p + +
= ( )
y 1 y 2
V V Q
R
x
, R
y
= reaction force on
bend i.e., force
required to hold
bend in place
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
10
4. Problems involving Nonuniform Velocity Distribution
See text pp. 192 194

5. Motion of a Rocket
See text pp. 194 198

6. Force on a rectangular sluice gate


The force on the fluid due to the gate is calculated from the
x-momentum equation:


A V u F
x


( ) ( )
2 2 2 1 1 1 2 visc GW 1
A V V A V V F F F F + +

( )
visc 1 2 1 2 GW
F V V Q F F F + +
= ( )
1 2 1
1
2
2
V V Q b y
2
y
b y
2
y
+
usually can be neglected
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
11
( ) ( )
1 2
2
1
2
2 GW
V V Q y y b
2
1
F +

,
_

1 2
2
y
1
y
1
b
Q



7. Water Hammer
See text pp. 198 204


6.3 Moment of Momentum Equation
See text pp. 204 208
b y
Q
V
b y
Q
V
2
2
1
1

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6


Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
12
V v V
t
V
Dz
DV
+

6.4 Navier-Stokes Equations



Differential form of momentum equation can be derived by
applying control volume form to elemental control volume

The differential equation of linear momentum: elemental
fluid volume approach


+
CV CS
dA V V dV V
dt
d
F 1-D flow approximation
= ( ) ( )

in
i i
out
i i
V m V m &
where dydzu AV m & x-face
mass flux
( )dxdydz V
dt
d


= ( ) ( ) ( ) dxdydz V w
z
V v
y
V u
x
1
]
1


x-face y-face z-face
combining and making use of the continuity equation yields

dxdydz
Dt
V D
F
where

+
surface body
F F F
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
13
Body forces are due to external fields such as gravity or
magnetics. Here we only consider a gravitational field; that
is,

dxdydz g F d F
grav body

and k

g g for g z
i.e., k

g f
body


Surface forces are due to the stresses that act on the sides of
the control surfaces
symmetric (
ij =

ji
)

ij
= - p
ij
+
ij
2
nd
order tensor

normal pressure viscous stress

= -p+
xx

xy

xz

yx
-p+
yy

yz

zx

zy
-p+
zz




As shown before for p alone it is not the stresses
themselves that cause a net force but their gradients.

dF
x,surf
= ( ) ( ) ( ) dxdydz
z y x
xz xy xx
1
]
1



= ( ) ( ) ( ) dxdydz
z y x x
p
xz xy xx
1
]
1

ij
= 1 i = j

ij
= 0 i j
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
14
This can be put in a more compact form by defining
k

xz xy xx x
+ + vector stress on x-face
and noting that
dF
x,surf
= dxdydz
x
p
x
1
]
1


f
x,surf
=
x
x
p
+

per unit volume



similarly for y and z
f
y,surf
=
y
y
p
+

yz yy yx y
+ +

f
z,surf
=
z
z
p
+

zz zy zx z
+ +

finally if we define
k

z y x ij
+ + then

ij ij surf
p f +
ij ij ij
p +

Putting together the above results

Dt
V D
f f f
surf body
+

g f
body


ij surface
p f +
V V
z
V
V V
t
V
Dt
V D
a +


57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
15

ij
p k g a +
v

inertia body
force force surface surface force
due to force due due to viscous
gravity to p shear and normal
stresses


For Newtonian fluid the shear stress is proportional to the
rate of strain, which for incompressible flow can be written


ij ij
= coefficient of viscosity



ij
= rate of strain tensor

=
x
u


,
_

y
u
x
v

,
_

z
u
x
w


,
_

x
v
y
u

y
v


,
_

z
v
y
w

,
_

x
w
z
u

,
_

y
w
z
v

z
w






dy
du
1-D flow
rate of strain
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
16
( )
ij
p k

g a +

( ) V
x
2
ij
i



V p k

g a
2
+
( ) V z p a
2
+ + Navier-Stokes Equation
0 V Continuity Equation

Four equations in four unknowns: V and p
Difficult to solve since 2
nd
order nonlinear PDE

1
]
1


1
]
1

2
2
2
2
2
2
z
u
y
u
x
u
x
p
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u


1
]
1


1
]
1

2
2
2
2
2
2
z
v
y
v
x
v
y
p
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v


1
]
1


1
]
1

2
2
2
2
2
2
z
w
y
w
x
w
z
p
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w

0
z
w
y
v
x
u



Navier-Stokes equations can also be written in other
coordinate systems such as cylindrical, spherical, etc.

x:
y:
z:
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
17
There are about 80 exact solutions for simple geometries.
For practical geometries, the equations are reduced to
algebraic form using finite differences and solved using
computers.

Exact solution for laminar flow in a pipe
(neglect g for now)

use cylindrical coordinates: v
x
= u
v
r
= v
u = u(r) only v

= w = 0


Continuity: ( )

0 rv
r
rv = constant = c
v = c/r
v(r = 0) = 0 c = 0
i.e., v = 0


Momentum:

1
]
1


2
2
2
2
2 2
2
r
u
r
u
r
1 u
r
1
x
u
x
p
Dt
Du


1
]
1

,
_

2
2
r
u
r
u
r
1
r
p 1 u
r
w
r
u
v
z
u
u
t
u


57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
18

,
_

x
p 1
r
u
r
r r
1


A r
2 r
u
r
2
+



( ) B r ln A r
4
r u
2
+ +



u(r = 0) A = 0
u(r = r
o
) = 0 ( ) ( )
2
o
2
r r
4
r u



i.e. ( ) ( )
2
o
2
r r
x
p
4
1
r u

parabolic velocity profile

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