57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 5

Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

1
Chapter 5 Pressure Variation in Flowing Fluids

For fluids in motion, the pressure variation is no longer
hydrostatic and is determined from application of Newtons
2
nd
Law to a fluid element.

ij
= viscous stresses net surface force in X direction
p = pressure
Ma = inertia force
W = weight (body force)

Newtons 2
nd
Law pressure viscous

Ma = F = F
B
+ F
S


per unit ( V) a = f
b
+ f
s

volume
a = V V
t
V
Dt
V D
+

f
s
= body force = k

g

f
s
= surface force = f
p
+ f
v

f
p
= surface force due to p = p
f
v
= surface force due to viscous stresses
ij

V
z y x x
p
X
zx
yx
xx
net

,
_

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 5
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
2
v p b
f f f
Dt
V D
+ +

p k

g
Dt
V D



inertia force = body force due + surface force due to
to gravity pressure gradients




x:
x
p
Dt
Du

x
p
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u

1
]
1

y:
y
p
Dt
Dv

y
p
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v

1
]
1

Neglected in this chapter and
included later in Section 6.4
when deriving complete
Navier-Stokes equations
Note: for V = 0

g
z
p
0
y
p
x
p
k

g p

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 5
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
3
z: ( ) z p
z z
p
g
Dt
Dw
+

( ) z p
z
p
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w
+

1
]
1

or a = (p + z) Eulers equation for inviscid flow

V = 0 Continuity equation for
incompressible flow


4 equations in four unknowns V and p
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 5
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
4
In text, Eulers equation is derived for l direction
[a = (p + z)]
l
e directional derivative

( ) z p a +

l
l


for a
l
= 0


l l

z p




i.e.,

z
p


Along a path of zero acceleration the pressure variation is
hydrostatic

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 5
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
5
In Chapter 5, we will study solutions to Eulers equations
for two special cases:

5.2 Examples of Pressure Variation Resulting from
Acceleration

Rigid body translation: j

a i

a a
y x
+ = constant

Rigid body rotation:
r
2
e r a = centripetal acceleration

5.3 Bernoullis Equation

For V = 0, Euler equation can be integrated to yield
Bernoullis equation

gz V
2
p
2
+

+ =constant

5.4 Application of Bernoulli equation

Stagnation and Pitot Tubes
Curved boundaries and Ideal-Flow Theory

5.5 Separation and its Effects on Pressure Variation

5.6 Cavitation

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 5
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
6
5.2 Examples of Pressure Variation From Acceleration

Uniform Linear Acceleration
( ) ( ) k

g g a g k

g a p
p k

g a
+


( ) [ ] k

a i

a a k

a g i

a p
z x z x
+ + +
( )
z x
a g
z
p
a
x
p
+

s = unit vector in direction of p
=p /|p|
=
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
2 / 1
2
z
2
x
z x
a g a
k

a g i

a
+ +
+ +


n = unit vector in direction of p = constant
= j

s ijkijk
=
[ ]
2 / 1
2
z
2
x
z x
) a g ( a
i

) a g ( k

a
+ +
+ +


= tan
-1
a
x
/ (g + a
z
) = angle between n and x
( ) [ ]
2 / 1
2
z
2
x
a g a s p
ds
dp
+ + > g
p = Gs + constant p
gage
= Gs
G
to p
by definition lines
of constant p are
normal to p
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 5
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
7
Rigid Body Rotation:

Consider a cylindrical tank of liquid rotating at a constant
rate k

= in text



( )
o
r a
centripetal acceleration

=
r
2
e r
=
r
2
e
r
V


) a g ( p
z r
e
z
e
r
1
e
r

=
r
2
e r k

g + grad in cylindrical coordinates

i.e.,
2
r
r
p

g
z
p

0
p

C (r)
and p = c ) z ( f r
2
2 2
+ +

p = gz r
2
2 2

+ constant +
g 2
V
z
p
2
constant
V = r
along path of a = 0 pressure distribution is hydrostatic
p
z
= -g
p = -gz + C(r) + c
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 5
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
8
The constant is determined by specifying the pressure at
one point; say, p = p
o
at (r, z) = (0, 0)

p = p
o
gz +
2
1
r
2

2


Note: pressure is linear in z and parabolic in r

Curves of constant pressure are given by

z =
2
2 2
o 1
br a
g 2
r
g
p p
+

which are paraboloids of revolution, concave upward, with
their minimum point on the axis of rotation

Free surface is found by requiring volume of liquid to be
constant (before and after rotation)

The unit vector in the direction of p is

( ) ( )
2 / 1
2
2 2
r
2
r g
e r k

g
s
1
]
1

+
+


2
r
g
dr
dz
tan

slope of s

i.e., r = C
1
exp

,
_

g
z
2
equation of p surfaces
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 5
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
9

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 5
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
10
5.3 Bernoulli Equation
Assume irrotational, inviscid, and incompressible flow =
ideal flow theory

Also, assume steady flow
= V = 0 V = irrotational

a = (p/ + gz), V = 0 inviscid, incompressible
0
a = V V = V V + V ( V) steady
= V
2
V
2
= V V

,
_

gz
p
V
2
1
2


0 gz
p
V
2
1
2

,
_

+

i.e., p + V
2
+ z = B = constant

p
1
+ V
1
2
+ z
1
= p
2
+ V
2
2
+ z
2


Also, from continuity and irrotational
V = 0 V = = k

z
j

y
i

x

+

= 0 = velocity potential

2
= 0 i.e., governing differential
equation for is Laplace equation
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 5
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
11
Application of Bernoullis Equation

Stagnation Tube













at V = 0

2
V
p
2
V
p
2
2
2
2
1
1
+ + z
1
= z
2


( )
1 2
2
1
p p
2
V

( ) d p
d p
2
1
+

l


= ( ) l

2


l g 2 V
1

V
2
= 0
gage
Limited by length of
tube and need for free
surface reference
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 5
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
12
Pitot Tube









0
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
z
g 2
V p
z
g 2
V p
+ +

+ +

at at
2 / 1
2
2
1
1
2
z
p
z
p
g 2 V

'

1
]
1

,
_

,
_

V
1
= 0

h
1
h
2

h = piezometric head
( )
2 1 2
h h g 2 V V h
1
h
2
from manometer
or pressure gage

for gas flow z
p
>>

p 2
V