Chap 9 Sec1 PDF

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 9
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

1
C
form
(form drag)
Chapter 9: Surface Resistance

9.1 Introduction: drag and lift on immersed bodies

( )
'

S S
w
2
D
dA i
t dA i
n p p
A V
2
1
1
C

( )
'

dA j
n p p
A V
2
1
1
C
2
L
= lift coefficient

For inviscid fluid, C
D
= 0 since both the form and skin
friction components are zero, which is known as
DAlembert paradox. However, C
L
0 and can often be
predicted accurately with ideal-flow theory.

= drag coefficient
C
f
(skin friction drag)

2
external
flow
In general,

low Re < 1: C
f
> C
form
Stokes flow (lab 1)

med & high Re: 1. C
f
>> C
form

t/c << 1 i.e., streamlined body
2. C
form
>> C
f

t/c 1 i.e., bluff body

1. = subject of this chapter
2. = subject of chapter 11 along with C
L

Topics of Chapter 9

9.2 Surface Resistance with Uniform Laminar Flow
1. parallel plates (internal flow)
2. flow down an inclined plane (open channel flow)
3. parallel plates with pressure gradient (internal flow)

In this class:
1. parallel plates
2. extend as per 3. including inclined flow
3. flow down an inclined plane

9.3 Boundary Layer Flow
9.4 Laminar
9.5 Turbulent
9.6 Transition control (brief comments)

3
9.2 Surface Resistance with Uniform Laminar Flow

We now discuss a couple of exact solutions to the Navier-
Stokes equations. Although all known exact solutions
(about 80) are for highly simplified geometries and flow
conditions, they are very valuable as an aid to our
understanding of the character of the NS equations and
their solutions. Actually the examples to be discussed are
for internal flow (Chapter 10) and open channel flow
(Chapter 15), but they serve to underscore and display
viscous flow. Finally, the derivations to follow utilize
differential analysis. See the text for derivations using CV
analysis.

1. Couette Flow
boundary conditions

First, consider flow due to the relative motion of two
parallel plates

Continuity 0
x
u

Momentum
2
2
dy
u d
0
u = u(y)
v = o
0
y
p
x
p


4
or by CV continuity and momentum equations:
y u y u
2 1

u
1
= u
2

( )
0 u u Q A d V u F
1 2 x

x dy
dy
d
x y x
dx
dp
p y p
,
_

+ +
,
_
+ = 0

0
dy
d

i.e. 0
dy
du
dy
d

,
_

0
dy
u d
2
2

from momentum equation
C
dy
du

D y
C
u +

u(0) = 0 D = 0
u(t) = U C =
t
U

y
t
U
u

t
U
dy
du
constant

5
2. Generalization for inclined flow with a constant pressure
gradient

Continutity 0
x
u

Momentum ( )
2
2
dy
u d
z p
x
0 + +

i.e.,
dx
dh
dy
u d
2
2
h = p/ +z = constant
plates horizontal 0
dx
dz

plates vertical
dx
dz
=-1
which can be integrated twice to yield

A y
dx
dh
dy
du
+

B Ay
2
y
dx
dh
u
2
+ +
u = u(y)
v = o
0
y
p


6
now apply boundary conditions to determine A and B
u(y = 0) = 0 B = 0
u(y = t) = U

2
t
dx
dh
t
U
A At
2
t
dx
dh
U
2

+

1
]
1
2
t
dx
dh
t
U 1
2
y
dx
dh
) y ( u
2

= ( ) y
t
U
y ty
dx
dh
2
2
+

This equation can be put in non-dimensional form:

t
y
t
y
t
y
1
dx
dh
U 2
t
U
u
2
+
,
_

define: P = non-dimensional pressure gradient

=
dx
dh
U 2
t
2
z
p
h +

Y = y/t
1
]
1

dx
dz
dx
dp 1
U 2
z
2

Y ) Y 1 ( Y P
U
u
+
parabolic velocity profile

7

t
y
t
Py
t
Py
U
u
2
2
+

[ ]
t
dy U
t
q
u
udy q
t
0
t
0
1
]
1
+
t
0
2
2
dy
t
y
y
t
P
y
t
P
U
u t

=
2
t
3
Pt
2
Pt
+


8
2
U
dx
dh
12
t
u
2
1
6
P
U
u
2
+
,
_
+

For laminar flow 1000
t u
<
Re
crit
1000

The maximum velocity occurs at the value of y for which:
0
dy
du

t
1
y
t
P 2
t
P
0
U
u
dy
d
2
+
,
_

( )
P 2
t
2
t
1 P
P 2
t
y + + @ u
max

( )
P 4
U
2
U
4
UP
y u u
max max
+ +

note: if U = 0:
3
2
4
P
6
P
u
u
max

for U = 0, y = t/2

9
The shape of the velocity profile u(y) depends on P:

1. If P > 0, i.e., 0
dx
dh
< the pressure decreases in the
direction of flow (favorable pressure gradient) and the
velocity is positive over the entire width

,
_
sin
dx
dp
z
p
dx
d
dx
dh

a) 0
dx
dp
<

b) < sin
dx
dp

2. If P < 0, i.e., 0
dx
dh
> the pressure increases in the
direction of flow (adverse pressure gradient) and the
velocity over a portion of the width can become
negative (backflow) near the stationary wall. In this
case the dragging action of the faster layers exerted on
the fluid particles near the stationary wall is insufficient
to over come the influence of the adverse pressure
gradient


10
0 sin
dx
dp
>

> sin
dx
dp
or
dx
dp
sin <

3. If P = 0, i.e., 0
dx
dh
the velocity profile is linear
y
t
U
u

a) 0
dx
dp
and = 0
b) sin
dx
dp

For U = 0 the form ( ) Y Y 1 PY
U
u
+ is not appropriate

u = UPY(1-Y)+UY

= ( ) UY Y 1 Y
dx
dh
2
t
2
+

Now let U = 0: ( ) Y 1 Y
dx
dh
2
t
u
2

Note: we derived
this special case

11
Flow down an inclined plane

uniform flow velocity and depth do not
change in x-direction

Continuity 0
dx
du

x-momentum ( )
2
2
dy
u d
z p
x
0 + +

y-momentum ( ) +
z p
y
0 hydrostatic pressure variation
0
dx
dp

sin
dy
u d
2
2

c y sin
dy
du
+


12
D Cy
2
y
sin u
2
+ +

d sin c c d sin 0
dy
du
d y

+ +

u(0) = 0 D = 0

dy sin
2
y
sin u
2

= ( ) y d 2 y sin
2

u(y) = ( ) y d 2 y
2
sin g

d
0
3
2
d
0
3
y
dy sin
2
udy q
1
]
1
sin d
3
1
3

sin
3
gd
sin d
3
1
d
q
V
2
2
avg

discharge per
unit width

13
in terms of the slope S
o
= tan sin

3
S gd
V
o
2

Exp. show Re
crit
500, i.e., for Re > 500 the flow will
become turbulent

cos
y
p

d V
Re
crit
500

C y cos p +

( ) C d cos p d p
o
+

i.e., ( )
o
p y d cos p +

* p(d) > p
o

* if = 0 p = (d y) + p
o

entire weight of fluid imposed

if = /2 p = p
o

no pressure change through the fluid


14
9.3 Qualitative Description of the Boundary Layer

Recall our previous description of the flow-field regions for
high Re flow about slender bodies


15
w
= shear stress

w
rate of strain (velocity gradient)

=
0 y
y
u

large near the surface where
fluid undergoes large changes to
satisfy the no-slip condition

Boundary layer theory is a simplified form of the complete
NS equations and provides
w
as well as a means of
estimating C
form
. Formally, boundary-layer theory
represents the asymptotic form of the Navier-Stokes
equations for high Re flow about slender bodies. As
mentioned before, the NS equations are 2
nd
order nonlinear
PDE and their solutions represent a formidable challenge.
Thus, simplified forms have proven to be very useful.


16
Near the turn of the century (1904), Prandtl put forth
boundary-layer theory, which resolved DAlemberts
paradox. As mentioned previously, boundary-layer theory
represents the asymptotic form of the NS equations for high
Re flow about slender bodies. The latter requirement is
necessary since the theory is restricted to unseparated flow.
In fact, the boundary-layer equations are singular at
separation, and thus, provide no information at or beyond
separation. However, the requirements of the theory are
met in many practical situations and the theory has many
times over proven to be invaluable to modern engineering.

The assumptions of the theory are as follows:

Variable order of magnitude
u U O(1)
v <<L O() = /L

x
L O(1)

y
1/ O(
-1
)

2

2


17
The theory assumes that viscous effects are confined to a
thin layer close to the surface within which there is a
dominant flow direction (x) such that u U and v << u.
However, gradients across are very large in order to
satisfy the no slip condition.

Next, we apply the above order of magnitude estimates to
the NS equations.

,
_
2
2
2
2
y
u
x
u
x
p
y
u
v
x
u
u
1 1
-1

2
1
-2

,
_
2
2
2
2
x
v
x
v
y
p
y
v
v
x
v
u
1 1
2
1
-1

0
y
v
x
u

1 1

Retaining terms of O(1) only results in the celebrated
boundary-layer equations

2
2
y
u
x
p
y
u
v
x
u
u

0
y
p

0
y
v
x
u
elliptic
parabolic

18
Some important aspects of the boundary-layer equations:
1) the y-momentum equation reduces to

0
y
p

i.e., p = p
e
= constant across the boundary layer

from the Bernoulli equation:
+
2
e e
U
2
1
p constant
i.e.,
x
U
U
x
p
e
e
e

Thus, the boundary-layer equations are solved subject to
a specified inviscid pressure distribution

2) continuity equation is unaffected

3) Although NS equations are fully elliptic, the
boundary-layer equations are parabolic and can be
solved using marching techniques

4) Boundary conditions

u = v = 0 y = 0

u = U
e
y =

+ appropriate initial conditions @ x
i

edge value, i.e.,
inviscid flow value!

19
There are quite a few analytic solutions to the boundary-
layer equations. Also numerical techniques are available
for arbitrary geometries, including both two- and three-
dimensional flows. Here, as an example, we consider the
simple, but extremely important case of the boundary layer
development over a flat plate.

9.4 Quantitative Relations for the Laminar Boundary Layer

Laminar boundary-layer over a flat plate: Blasius solution
(1908) student of Prandtl

0
y
v
x
u

2
2
y
u
y
u
v
x
u
u

u = v = 0 @ y = 0 u = U
@ y =

We now introduce a dimensionless transverse coordinate
and a stream function, i.e.,

y
x
U
y

( )

f xU
Note:
x
p
= 0
for a flat plate

20
( )

f U
y y
u
U / u f

( ) f f
x
U
2
1
x
v

substitution into the boundary-layer equations yields

0 f 2 f f

+
Blasius Equation

0 f f
@ = 0 1 f
@ = 1

The Blasius equation is a 3
rd
order ODE which can be
solved by standard methods (Runge-Kutta). Also, series
solutions are possible. Interestingly, although simple in
appearance no analytic solution has yet been found.
Finally, it should be recognized that the Blasius solution is
a similarity solution, i.e., the non-dimensional velocity
profile f vs. is independent of x. That is, by suitably
scaling all the velocity profiles have neatly collapsed onto a
single curve.

Now, lets consider the characteristics of the Blasius
solution:

U
u
vs. y

V
U
U
v

vs. y

21

Re
x 5
value of y where u/U

= .99

x U
x
Re


22

U / x 2
) 0 ( f U
w

i.e.,
x Re
664 . 0
U
2
c
x
2
w
f

see below

L
0
f f f
) L ( c 2 dx c
L
1
C
=
L
Re
328 . 1

L U

Other:
,
_
0
x
*
Re
x
7208 . 1 dy
U
u
1 displacement thickness

measure of displacement of inviscid flow to due
boundary layer

,
_

0
x
Re
x
664 . 0 dy
U
u
U
u
1 momentum thickness

measure of loss of momentum due to boundary layer

H = shape parameter =
*
=2.5916

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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 9

Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

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