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TEACHING SKILLS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND TELECOMUNICATION ELECTRICAL WIRING AND MOTOR CONTROL SYSTEM ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM Co e No! : TCTP"IS#

TITLE: INSTALL INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM EARTHING PURPOSE: This paper descriptions used to describe the system installation earthing system for electrical installations

DESCRIPTION: 1. Earthing system Earthing system The definition of grounding. Grounding is a system of connections made between the metals in the electrical installation to the mass of the earth. The importance of grounding. Earthing function is to provide security to the user from electrical shock and fire hazards when the earth leakage current to flow to the covers the portion of metal parts that can carry current.

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A$%antages an$ $isa$%antages o" earthing system a. Earthing system advantages: i. The whole system is tied to its general mass of earth. ii. All metals were included provided a path for leakage current to ground and cut the circuit. b. The weakness of earthing system: i. The cost of providing a complete grounding system is e!pensive. ii. TT systems "use E#$%& where the source of the earth is not provided by the supplier if one conductor is broken or dislodged earth connection there is no further leakage current path to the mass of the earth is harmful to consumers. 'rotective conductor $onductor protection formerly the earth continuity conductor. (t is a conductor that connects all parts of the conductor "metal& in the assembly to the main earthing terminal. This includes earthing conductor and bonding conductor. )ow to determine the size of the cross*circuit protection of conductors in an installation manual. The first way: %y using +, - table below.

TA&LE '( )
$ross*sectional area phase conductor ".& /inimum cross*sectional area conductor circuit protection ".'&

mm0 . 11 11 2 . 3+ . 4 3+

mm0 . 11 .50

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6etermine the value of k in Table +,$ the value of k for pvc cable with protection as the core conductor is 11+. /etallic materials used as wiring systems such as conduits ducts or duct bo! can be used as a protective conductor but must comply with (EE regulations the following: (f the conductor cross*sectional area less than 1 mm0 it must be insulated as well as strong and sturdy. -or protection conductor is not insulated it must be protected from chemical reactions. Each protective conductor connection must be made to comply with mechanical and electrical strength. -le!ible metal conduit can not be used as a protective conductor. .eparate protective conductor should be held. 'rotective conductor resistance is as follows: a& -or the conductor of kumprum and aluminum must not e!ceed 1 ohm. b& -or a conductor such as pipe type kondit mains or suckers bo! must not e!ceed 7.+ ohm. The things that cause high resistance The things that cause a high protective conductor resistance is as follows: a. $auses of 8earth lug8 rust b. #oose wire connections. c. $oat of paint on electrical e9uipment. d. Ground cable connection at the plug and socket loose products. e. The connection between the conduit and terminal bo! loose. /ulti*'rotective earthing. '/E "'rotective /ultiple Earthing&*T:*$. "no use E#$%& 6efinition of multiple protective earthing. This tool is used when the impedance of the faulty circuit to earth is low enough to operate a fuse or circuit breaker is leaking to earth. ;hen it is invoked the consent of the supplier shall be obtained in advance and is only used in low voltage only.

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<e9uirements on the installation of this system. a& (nstallation <e9uirements i. Earthing wire must have a resistance not e!ceeding 17 ohms "and the earth continuity conductor namely 7.+ ohm when a current of 17A ,7= drain for a minute during the test with are using the current power supply shuttle&. ii. :ot allowed any fuses circuit breakers connectors or one*way switch mounted on the neutral conductor. iii. All electricity consumers in the area must be paired with multiple protective earthing system. iv. /ust obtain consent from the parties concerned "electricity authorities& and only made for low voltage circuits only. b& 'lace of use .uch systems are commonly used in the following places: i. Area on a hill far from the coast. )ere the low resistance of rare earth. ii. <ocky areas sandy and dry. <esistance is also high ground here. iii. <emote areas. $able bersalutkan soil metal is used as a delivery system "distributors suppliers&. Advantages and disadvantages of multiple protective earthing system. a& Advantages i. Ground electrode resistance low and accessible for every user specify the source ground to the neutral wire. ;ith this e!pense can be saved because the number of electrodes the earth is not added. Earth loop impedance low enough to operate a fuse or circuit breaker when the leakage current to earth occurs. ;ith this the earth leakage circuit breaker is not re9uired. iii. E!penses can be saved during installation. b& 6isadvantages i. .hock would be felt if the metal work is not tied together close to the neutral wire or if the neutral wire is broken. ii. Ground current between the electrodes will berputer the earth and this makes the phone system is interrupted.

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Earth e+e,tro$e (ntroduction Earth electrodes are rods "rods& stingy or strips planted in the ground to provide an effective connection to the mass of the earth. The types of earth electrodes. $ommon ground electrode type used is as follows: a& Galvanise pipe 0*3 m long ! > mm diameter. b& .tem "rod& copper 0*3 m long ! , mm diameter. c& .tingy 37 cm ! 37 cm. d& $opper .trip "strip& 177 m ! 7., cm ! 3 cm. e& .tructural steel buildings. f& lead and metal liner which covers the cable. )ow do ( install the earth electrode .oil containing gas or o!ygen is not suitable for grounding the work because it can cause rust. Earth electrode must be buried deep into the soil and should be kept away from gas pipes water pipes or cables. Electrode must be buried in the soil is easily embedded electrodes. .andy and rocky land is unsuitable for grounding the work so the electrode should be buried in other places that are not sandy or planted in a deeper level. ;ays to reduce the resistance of earth electrodes Among them are: a& 'ut salt around the electrodes. b& 'lant in moist places. c& Apply the iron powder around the electrodes. d& Apply the coal around the electrodes. e& 'ut sulfate solution. f& 'lanting two electrodes in parallel bars. g& /ake many hole electrode. h& (ncreasing the length or cross*sectional area of the electrode interface

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Lightning arrestors or +ightning .rote,tors /+ightning arrestor0 in the high1rise 23i+$ings The purpose of the installation of lightning arrestors is to conduct resulting from lightning to the ground to protect the building and electrical e9uipment. #ightning arrestors are usually installed in the town which has a high electrical current and is e!posed as the substations high voltage lines the line of low voltage building sub*station high*rise buildings factories which are flammable or e!plosive and other areas easier struck by lightning. E9uipment for lightning arrestors #ightning arrestors e9uipment is divided into three ma?or namely: * i. rod ii. conductors iii. electrodes <od #ightning arrestors rods in various forms "pictured below&. The purpose of lightning rods is that in the event of lightning flash 5 thunder of lightning in a given locality lightning arrestors rods are the first devices will be struck by lightning because of the pointed lightning rod in the upper and can protect a building from lightning.

Ty.e o" +ightning Ro$s

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$onductors The purpose of this conductor is the electrical current of lightning arrestor is the rod that result when the lightning struck by lightning arrestor rod to flow to the electrode. $onductor used is copper tape. Earth Electrode -or installation on a small building such home ground electrode is usually used but for large buildings and high ground electrodes are buried in piles of buildings and buildings with piles into the ground.

Lightning Rod Copper Tape

DFB

Earth chamber

Earth Electrode

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STRUCTE O) LIGHTNING )LASH6THUNDER

This illustration is designed to demonstrate the main aspects and individual components of a structural lightning protection system

# Do7n ,on$3,tor net7or8

The down conductor system is the means of carrying the current of a lightning strike safely to the earth termination network

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!. -i!ings $onductor

'lant a conductor 3. Air Termina+s

@se air terminals in the form of vertical air rods for the protection of prominent roof top features or e9uipment. @se strike pads to e!pose concealed conductors ( Air termina+ 2ases

$hoose the correct air terminal base. This will ensure that the vertical air rods are both solidly fi!ed to the fabric of the structure and have a low resistance connection to the conductor network ' Con$3,tor :ointing ,+am.s

.elect a component for the interconnection of multiple conductors or for changes of direction. Aointing clamps will ensure a low resistance corrosion resistant connection

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- Test ,+am.s

(n order to allow periodic disconnection and testing of the earth termination network select a test clamp to be placed within the run of each down conductor. 4 Earth e+e,tro$es

$hoose an earth electrode to suit the ground conditions in the locality of the structure. Electrodes are available in the form of rods and plates "lattice or solid&. 5 Earth ro$ ,+am.s

.elect a high copper content alloy earth rod clamp for the connection of the earthing conductor to the earth rod. (n this below ground application the clamp must ensure a good electrical contact and resist corrosion throughout the lifetime of the installation 9 Earth ins.e,tion ,ham2ers

(n order to allow periodic disconnection and testing of the earth termination network select a test clamp to be placed within the run of each down conductor

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#;

&on$ing

%onding is the most commonly employed method of avoiding the damaging effects of side flashing. All continuous metalwork should be considered for bonding. All metallic services eg cable armoring gas water or steam piping entering the building should also be bonded as directly as possible to the earth termination network

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<UESTIONS: 1. ;hy earth system is very important in electrical installationB

0. #ist , advantage of multiple protective earthing system.

3. #ist , disadvantage of multiple protective earthing system.

,. .tate > ways to reduce the resistance of earth electrodes.

+. E!plain clearly about structure of ligthning flas5thunder system.

RE)ERENCES: 1. Electrical ;iring and (nstallations * Abdul .amad )anif 0. E#E$T<($A# TE$):C#CGD "-or =ocational .econdary .chool& ThereforeE Abd. .amad %in )a?i )anif /ohd. )a?i /ustafa %in :azis Editor: Amirudin %in Abdullah #ibrary Education .ystem .dn. #td. (.%: F1G*F70*0>+*,