L d = 9 d f when f c = 20, 25 and 32MPa for Grade 8.

8 bolts L d = 13 d f when f c = 20 MPa = 12 d f when f c = 25 MPa = 11 d f when f c = 32 MPa Hooked anchor bolts, as shown in Fig. 38, need to be detailed with a minimum embedment length as specified for bolts with an anchor head of same nominal diameter (specified by equation (66) or by its alternative simplified expressions) and with a minimum hook length calculated as follows:[24][26] A sf uf Lh (67) 0.7f cd f where: L h = hook length of anchor bolt The anchorage length (embedment length and hook length) should be such as to prevent bond failure between the anchor bolt and concrete prior to yielding of the bolt. When possible, a more positive anchorage should be adopted at the end of the hook, for example by means of a nut.

s d c1 2 d c1 2

y y

b fc

Figure 39 Yield line pattern - H-shaped column section with 2 anchor bolts
The plate thickness required to resist a design axial force N * t is calculated as follows: N t = 0.9f yit 2 i ti (68) (69)
fc1 d h

N* t 0.9f yi

y = min

5.4.7.

Design of the Steel Base Plate

d c1 , 2

b fc1

(70)

The recommended procedure to design or check the steel base plate varies depending upon the column section and number of bolts considered. Recommended models are illustrated below for the following combinations of column section and number of bolts: H-shaped column section - 2 anchor bolts (*) H-shaped column section - 4 anchor bolts (*) Channel - 1 anchor bolt (*) Channel - 2 anchor bolts (*) Hollow section (RHS, SHS, CHS) - 2 anchor bolts (*) Hollow section (RHS, SHS) - 4 anchor bolts (*) Hollow section (CHS) - varying no. of anchor bolts (IWIMM Model described in the literature review) Hollow section (RHS) - varying no. of anchor bolts (Packer-Birkemoe Model described in the literature review) The derivation of the models marked with (*) is illustrated in Section 11. It is important to note that, similarly to Murray Model, in the case of open sections the derived models to determine the capacity of the steel base plate capacity account only for the strength of plate present inside the column footprint. The reduction in plate capacity due to the bolt hole has been included in the model. The yield line patterns considered for open sections are assumed to develop inside the internal faces of the column profile. H-SHAPED COLUMN - 2 anchor bolts The yield line pattern considered by the recommended model is shown in Fig. 39 and is similar to the one considered in Murray Model modified to account for the reduction in plate capacity due to the anchor bolt holes.

where: N t = axial tension capacity of the base plate b fc1 = width of the column flange ignoring web thickness = b fc t w d c1 = clear depth between flanges (column depth ignoring thicknesses of flanges) t w = thickness of web d h = diameter of bolt hole 2b 2 2b fc1d h + 4y 2 = fc1 4sy y and s = as defined in Fig. 39 In this model the reduction in plate capacity due to the presence of a bolt hole along the yield line perpendicular to the web has been included. Further reductions due to other yield lines intersecting bolt holes have not been considered as they are very unlikely to occur and a more detailed analysis should be carried out in such situation. The critical yield line pattern is a function of the value of y calculated from equation (70). To ensure that none of the oblique yield lines intersects the bolt hole, as assumed in the model derived, the following condition needs to be satisfied: y > l2 where: l1 = l2 = s dh 2 d 1 4s
2

(71)

h
2

l 1l 3
d2 h 4

l2 1

24

STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 36 NUMBER 2 SEPT 2002