ECE 3710 Homework 1 Solution Manual Problem 2-20 Ohm's Law

Ohm's Law, V = IR, is true only when the voltage polarity across and current direction through a circuit element follow the reference conguration. Question 1 The given current direction and voltage polarity is set up as the reference conguration. Thus we can obtain the voltage by using Ohm's law, V = IR.

v = 2mA 500 = 1V
Question 2 The given current direction and voltage polarity is set up as opposite of the reference conguration. Therefore we must reverse the direction of the current, by multiplying -1 to the current amount, and then we can obtain the voltage by using Ohm's law, V = IR.

v = 10mA 2000 = 20V

Question 3 The given current direction and voltage polarity is set up as the reference conguration. Thus we can obtain the current by using a variation of Ohm's law, I = V/R.

i = 2V 500 = 0.004A
Question 4 The given current direction and voltage polarity is set up as opposite of the reference conguration. Therefore we must reverse the polarity of the voltage, by multiplying -1 to the voltage amount, and then we can obtain the current by using a variation of Ohm's law, I = V/R.

i = 10V 1000 = 0.01A

Problem 2-30 Kirchho's Current Law

There are 3 variations in describing Kirchho 's Current Law.

The sum of all currents entering a node is 0. The sum of all currents leaving a node is 0. The sum of all currents entering a node equals the sum of all currents leaving the same node.

Question 1 You can use any of the 3 ways to solve for

i0 ,

the solution manual will be using the 3rd.

i0 + i3 = i1 + i2 i0 + 1A = 2A 3A = 1A i0 = 2A
Question 2 Even though there are two junctions, the two junctions are connected by a wire. Thus, they two junctions form one single unique node.

i0 + i3 = i1 + i2 i0 1mA = 10mA 2mA = 8mA i0 = 9mA

Problem 2-41 Equivalent Resistance

From the given circuit, we can see that R2 and R3 are parallel. Thus, we are able to create an equivalent resistor, 1 1 + 400 )1 133.333. Req1 = R2 ||R3 = ( 200 Once we replace R2 and R3 with the equivalent resistor, Req 1 , we can see that Req 1 is in series with R1 . Thus, the equivalent resistance between points a and b, Rab , is the sum of R1 and Req 1 .

Rab = R1 + Req1 = 1000 + 133.333 1133.333

Problem 2-42 Equivalent Resistance

From the given circuit, we can see that R3 and R4 are in series. Thus, we are able to create an equivalent resistor, Req1 = R3 + R4 = 100 + 400 = 500. Once we replace R3 and R4 with the equivalent resistor, Req 1 , we can see that Req 1 is in parallel with R2 . Thus, we 1 1 1 = 250. are able to create another equivalent resistor, Req 2 = R2 ||Req 1 = ( 500 + 500 ) Once we replace R2 and Req 1 with the equivalent resistor, Req 2 , we can see that Req 2 is in series with R1 . Thus, the equivalent resistance between points a and b, Rab , is the sum of R1 and Req 2 .

Rab = R1 + Req2 = 1000 + 250 = 1250

Problem 2-43 Equivalent Resistance

From the given circuit, we are to obtain an expression for the equivalent resistance between nodes a and b. Then we are to obtain the value of the equivalent resistance with given resistor values. Question 1 From the given circuit, we can see that

R5

and

R6

are in series. Thus, we are able to create an equivalent resistor, Thus, we are able to create another equivalent resistor,

Req1 = R5 + R6 .
Then we can see that

R4 R3 R2

is in parallel with is in series with

Req1 .

Req2 = Req3 = Req4 =

R4 ||Req1 .
Then we can see that

Req2 . Req3 .

Thus, we are able to create another equivalent resistor, Thus, we are able to create another equivalent resistor,

R3 + Req2 .
Then we can see that is in parallel with and

R2 ||Req3 .
Finally, we can see that

R1

R8

are in series with

Req4 .

Thus, we are bale to nd an expression for the equivalent

resistance between nodes a and b.

Req = R1 + Req4 + R8 = R1 + R2 ||(R3 + (R4 ||(R5 + R6 ))) + R8

Question 2 Using the given resistor values and the obtained expression for

Req ,

we can calculate the value of

Req

Req = 1000 + 400||(400 + (100||(300 + 100))) + 1000 2218.1818

Problem 2-46 Circuit Analysis

The student should recognize that the given circuit is a simple current dividing circuit and all reference voltage polarity and direction are set up as the reference conguration. Question 1 Using the given values, the application of the current dividing equation will give us the value of

i2 .

i2 =

R1 R1+R2

Is =

1000 1000+3000

10A = 2.5A

Question 2

v0 . R1 resistor, let us call said current i1 = 7.5A, and use Ohm's law to obtain v0 . v0 = i1 R1 = 7.5A 1000 = 7500V . Another method is to recognize that R1 and R2 are in parallel and use the knowledge that the voltage across each resistors will be the same. v0 = i2 R2 = 2.5A 3000 = 7500V .
There are dierent ways to obtain the voltage One can obtain the current owing into the

Problem 2-50 Protoboard

The protoboard given follows the rules described in the lecture notes. It has one dierence when compared to the protoboards you received for the in-class labs. The one dierence is that the top two and bottom two rows are not one node each but are two nodes each, broken in the middle gap. Students must keep that in mind when solving this problem. Question 1 Let us look at node A. Node A is not connected to any source or ground. Thus, the voltage of node A will be oating. Question 2 Let us look at node B. If we follow the wire connection from node B, we can see that node B is connected to AGND by wires. Thus, the voltage of node B is zero volts. Question 3 Let us look at node C. Node C is not connected to any source or ground. Thus, the voltage of node C will be oating. Question 4 Let us look at node D. If we follow the wire connection from node D, we can see that node D is connected to a node having +5 volts. Thus, the voltage of node D is 5V.

Problem 2-60 Using Digital Multimeter (DMM) as a volt meter

When we look at the given experiment, we can see that we are using the volt meter to measure the voltage across the

R1

resistor and the given circuit is a simple voltage divider.

Take note of which node the leads of the volt meter is connected to. From the given experiment, students should be able to see that the voltage across

R1

will have positive polarity on the top terminal and negative polarity on the

bottom terminal. Since the Red (+) lead is connected to the positive polarity and the Black (-) lead is connected to the negative polarity, the volt meter will read positive voltage and the voltage amount can be calculated as

V =

500 500+700

15V = 6.25V

Problem 2-70 Linearity

Recall that a circuit element is linear when Superposition and Homogeneity holds. When we look at the given examples, all but one is not linear. Let us have a look at the equation Superposition,

Vx+y

Vo = 0.9(Vs 2). f (x + y ) = f (x) + f (y ) = 0.9(Vx + Vy 2) = 0.9Vx + 0.9Vy 1.8 = Vx + Vy = 0.9Vx + 0.9Vy 3.6.

Thus, superposition does not stand

for the given equation. Homogeneity, f (k x) = k f (x) Vkx = 0.9(k Vx 2) = 0.9kVx 1.8 = k Vx = k (0.9Vx 1.8) = 0.9kVx k 1.8. stand for the given equation. *See if you can prove why all the other examples are linear. Thus, homogeneity does not

Problem 2-80 Analysis of a circuit using Superposition

Remember the steps one must follow to analyze a circuit using superposition.

V1

Choose one independent voltage/current source. Zero out all other Independent voltage/current sources. sources in the circuit.) Calculate voltage/current in question due to the chosen voltage/current source. Repeat for all other independent voltage/current sources. Sum all partial voltage/current values in question for your nal answer (You must leave the dependent voltage/current

Question 1 in volts due to

is

alone,

V1is .

Zero out Since be

Vs

by replacing it with a short circuit.

R1 0.5is .

and

R3

have the same amount of resistance, we know that the current owing into each resistor will

(KCL, current division)

The current reference direction owing through reference conguration. Thus,

R1 and the voltage reference polarity V1 = 0.5is 100 = 250mA 100 = 25V

is the opposite of the

Question 2

V1

in volts due to

Vs

alone,

V1Vs . R2
(No voltage across

Zero out Since

is

by replacing it with an open circuit. No current will ow through

R2 ).

R1

and

R3

have the same amount of resistance and the voltage reference polarity across

R1

follows the

reference conguration of a voltage divider, we know that the voltage across Question 3

R1

is

0.5Vs = 1V.

V1

in volts due to both sources.

Since we already have voltage due to each sources, we can simply sum the voltage due to each sources to obtain in volts due to both sources.

V1

V1 = V1is + V1Vs = 25V + 1V = 24V