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Chapter # 42 Photoelectric Effect & Wave Particle duality

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Solved Examples
42.1 Consider a parallel beamof light of wavelength 600 nmand intensity 100 W/m
2
. (a) Find the energy and linear
momentum of each photon. (b) How many photons cross 1 cm
2
area perpendicular to the beam in one
second ?
Sol. (a) The energy of each photon E = hc/
=
. eV 07 . 2
m 10 600
) s / m 10 3 ( ) s eV 10 14 . 4 (
9
8 15
=

The linear momentumis


s / m 10 3
eV 07 . 2
c
E
p
8

= =
= 0.69 10
-8
eV s/m.
(b) The energy crossing 1 cm
2
in one second
= (100 W/m
2
) (1 cm
2
) (1 s) = 1.0 10
-2
J.
The number of photons making up this amount of energy is
n =
eV 07 . 2
J 10 0 . 1
2

=
19
2
10 6 . 1 07 . 2
10 0 . 1



= 3.0 10
16
.
For a given wavelength , the energy of light is an integer times hg/ . Thus, the energy of light can be varied
only in quantums (steps) of

hc
. The photon theory is, therefore, also called the quantum theory of light.
42.2 Find the maximum wavelength of light that can cause photoelectric effect in lithium.
Sol. From table (42.1), the work function of lithium is 2.5eV. The threshold wavelength is
= hc/
=
eV 5 . 2
) s / m 10 3 ( ) s eV 10 14 . 4 (
8 16


This is the required maximum wavelength.
42.3 A point source of monochromatic light of 1.0 mW is placed at a distance of 5.0 m from a metal surface.
Light falls perpendicularly on the surface. Assume wave theory of light to hold and also that all the light
falling on the circular area with radius = 1.0 10
-9
m (which is few times the diameter of an atom) is
absorbed by a single electron on the surface. Calculate the time required by the electron to receive
sufficient energy to come out of the metal if the work function of the metal is 2.0 eV.
Sol. The energy radiated by the light source per second is 1.0 mJ. This energy is spread over the total solid
angle 4t. The solid angle subtended at the source by the circular area mentioned is
. sr 10
25
) m 0 . 5 (
) m 10 0 . 1 (
r
dA
d
18
2
2 9
2

t
=
t
= = O
Hence the energy heading towards the circular area per second is
t =
s / mJ 10
J 10 6 . 1 0 . 2
20
19


= 3.2 10
4
s = 8.8 hours.
Worked out Solved Examples
1. How many photons are emitted per second by a 5 mW laser source operating at 632.8 nm ?
Sol. The energy of each photon is

=
hc
E
=
) m 10 8 . 632 (
) s / m 10 3 ( ) s J 10 63 . 6 (
9
8 34


= 3.14 10
19
J.
Chapter # 42 Photoelectric Effect & Wave Particle duality
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The energy of the laser emitted per second is 5 10
-3
J. Thus the number of photons emitted per second
=
J 10 14 . 3
J 10 5
19
3

= 1.6 10
16
.
2. Amonochromatic source of light operating at 200 W emits 4 10
20
photons per second. Find the wavelength
of light.
Sol. The energy of each photon =
s / 10 4
s / J 200
20

= 5 10
-19
J.
Wavelength =
E
hc
=
=
) J 10 5 (
) s / m 10 3 ( ) s J 10 63 . 6 (
19
8 34


= 4.0 10
-7
m = 400 nm.
3. Ahydrogen atommoving at a speed v absorbs a photon of wavelength 122 nmand stops. Find the value of u.
Mass of a hydrogen atom = 1.67 10
-27
kg.
Sol. The linear momentum of the photon
=
m 10 122
s J 10 63 . 6 h
9
34

= 5.43 10
-27
kgm/s.
As the photon is absorbed and the atomstops, the total final momentum is zero. Fromconservation of linear
momentum, the initial momentum must be zero. The atom should move opposite to the direction of motion
of the photon and they should have the same magnitudes of linear momentum. Thus,
(1.67 10
-27
kg) u = 5.43 10
-27
kgm/s
or,
27
27
10 67 . 1
10 43 . 5

= u
m/s = 3.25 m/s.
4. A parallel beam of monochromatic light of wavelength 500 nm is incident normally on a perfectly absorbing
surface. The power through any cross-section of the beamis 10 W. Find (a) the number of photons absorbed
per second by surface and (b) the force exerted by the light beam on the surface.
Sol. (a) The energy of each of photon is
nm 500
) s / m 10 3 ( ) s eV 10 14 . 4 ( hc
E
8 15

=

=

=
nm 500
nm eV 1242
= 2.48 eV..
In one second, 10 J of energy passes through any cross-section of the beam. Thus, the number of photons
crossing a cross-section is
n =
eV 48 . 2
J 10
= 2.52 10
19
.
This is also the number of photons falling on the surface per second and being absorbed.
(b) the linear momentum of each photon is
p =
.
c
hv h
=

The total momentum of all the photons falling per second on the surface is
=
s / m 10 3
J 10
c
J 10
c
nhv
8

= =
= 3.33 10
- 8
N-s.
As the photons are completely absorbed by the surface, this much momentum is transferred to the surface
per second. The rate of change of the momentum of the surface, i.e., the force on it is
F =
s 1
s N 10 33 . 3
dt
dp
8

=

= 3.33 10
- 8
N.
Chapter # 42 Photoelectric Effect & Wave Particle duality
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5. Figure shows a small, plane strip suspended from a fixed support through a string of length l. Acontinuous
beam of monochromatic light is incident horizontally on the strip and is completely absorbed. The energy
falling on the strip per unit time is W. (a) Find the deflection of the string from the vertical if the mirror stays
in equilibrium. (b) If the strip is deflected slightly from its equilibrium position in the plane of the figure, what
will be the time period of the resulting oscillations ?
Sol. (a) The linear momentum of the light falling per unit time on the strip is W/c. As the light in incident on the
strip, its momentum imparted to the strip per unit time is thus W/c. This is equal to the force on the strip by
the light beam. In equilibrium, the force by the light beam, the weight of the strip and the force due to tension
add to zero. If the string makes an angle u with the vertical,
light
u
l
T cos u = mg
and T sin u = W/c.
Thus,
mgc
W
tan = u
.
(b) In equilibrium, the tension is
2 / 1
2
2
c
W
) mg ( T
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
or,
2 / 1
2
2
mc
W
g
m
T
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
This plays the role of effective g. The time period of small oscillations is
4 / 1
2
2
mc
W
g
2
m / T
2 t
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
t = t =

6. Apoint source of light is placed at the centre of curvature of a hemispherical surface. The radius of curvature
is r and the inner surface is completely reflecting. Find the force on the hemisphere due to the light falling on
it if the source emits a power W.
Sol. The energy emitted by the source per unit time, i.e., W falls on an area
2
r 4t
at a distance r in unit time.
Thus, the energy falling per unit area per unit time is W/(
2
r 4t
). Consider a small area dA at the point P of the
hemisphere (figure). The energy falling per unit time on it is
2
r 4
dA W
t
. The corresponding momentumincident
dA
p
X
dA cosu
0
u
on this area per unit time is
c r 4
dA W
2
t
. As the light is reflected back, the change in momentum per unit time,
i.e., the force on dA is
c r 4
dA W 2
dF
2
t
=
.
Suppose the radius OP through the area dA makes an angle u with the symmetry axis OX. The force on dA
is along this radius. By symmetry, the resultant force on the hemisphere is along OX. The component of dF
Chapter # 42 Photoelectric Effect & Wave Particle duality
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along OX is
u
t
= u cos
c r 4
dA W 2
cos dF
2
If we project the area dA on the plane containing the rim, the projection is dA cosu. Thus, the component of
dF along OX is,
c r 4
W 2
cos dF
2
t
= u
(projection of dA).
The net force along OX is
( )

t
= dA of projection
c r 4
W 2
F
2
When all the small areas dA are projected, we get the area enclosed by the rim which is
2
r t . Thus,
.
c 2
W
r
c r 4
W 2
F
2
2
= t
t
=
7. A perfectly reflecting solid sphere of radius r is kept in the path of a parallel beam of light of large aperture. If
the beam carries an intensity I, find the force exerted by the beam on the sphere.
Sol.
Let Obe the centre of the sphere and OZ be the line opposite to the incident beam(figure). Consider a radius
OP of the sphere making an angle u with OZ. Rotate this radius about OZ to get a circle on the sphere.
Change u to u + du and rotate the radius about OZ to get another circle on the sphere. The part of the sphere
between these circles is a ring of area 2tr
2
sinu du. Consider a small part AAof this ring at P. Energy of the
light falling on this part in time At is
AU = IAt(AA cos u)
The momentum of this light falling on AAis AU/c along QP. The light is reflected by the sphere along PR. The
change in momentum is
Ap = 2
c
U A
cosu =
c
2
I At (AA cos
2
u)
along the inward normal. The force on AA due to the light falling on it, is
t
p
A
A
=
c
2
I AA cos
2
u.
This force is along PO. The resultant force on the ring as well as on the sphere is along ZOby symmetry. The
component of the force on AA along ZO
t
p
A
A
cos u =
c
2
IAA cos
3
u.
The force acting on the ring is
dF =
c
2
I(2tr
2
sinu du)cos
3
u.
The force on the entire sphere is
F =
}
t
I t
2 /
0
2
c
r 4
cos
3
u sin u du
=
}
t
I t

2 /
0
2
c
r 4
cos
3
u d(cos u)
Chapter # 42 Photoelectric Effect & Wave Particle duality
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=
}
t
= u
I t

2 /
0
2
c
r 4
2 /
0
4
4
cos
t
(
(

u
=
c
r
2
I t
Note that integration is done only for the hemisphere that faces the incident beam.
8. Find the threshold wavelengths for photoelectric effect froma copper surface, a sodiumsurface and a cesium
surface. The work functions of these metals are 4.5 eV, 2.3eV and 1.9eV respectively.
Sol. If
0
be the threshold wavelength and

be the work function,

=
hc
0
=

nm eV 1242
.
For copper,
eV 5 . 4
nm eV 1242
0

=
= 276 nm.
For sodium,
eV 3 . 2
nm eV 1242
0

=
= 540 nm.
For cesium,
eV 9 . 1
nm eV 1242
0

=
= 654 nm.
9. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 280 nm is used in an experiment on photoelectric effect with lithium ( = 2.5
eV) cathode. Find (a) the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons and (b) the stopping potential.
Sol. (a) The maximum kinetic energy is
K
max
=

hc
=
nm 280
nm eV 1242
2.5 eV
= 4.4 eV 2.5 eV = 1.9 eV.
(b) Stopping potential V is given by
eV = K
max
or, V =
e
eV 9 . 1
e
K
max
=
= 1.9 V..
10. In a photoelectric experiment, it was found that the stopping potential decreases from1.85 Vto 0.82 V as the
wavelength of the incident light is varied from 300 nm to 400 nm. Calculate the value of the planck constant
from these data.
Sol. The maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron is

=
hc
K
max
and the stopping potential
e e
hc
e
K
V
max

= =
.
If V
1
, V
2
are the stopping potential at wavelengths
1
and
2
respectively.
e e
hc
V
1
1

=
and
.
e e
hc
V
2
2

=
This gives,
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2 1
2 1
1 1
e
hc
V V
Chapter # 42 Photoelectric Effect & Wave Particle duality
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or,
|
.
|

\
|

=
2 1
2 1
1 1
c
) V V ( e
h
=
|
.
|

\
|


m 10 400
1
m 10 300
1
c
) V 82 . 0 V 85 . 1 ( e
9 9
=
|
.
|

\
|

1 7 8
m 10
12
1
) s / m 10 3 (
eV 03 . 1
= 4.12 10
-15
eV-s.
11. A beam of 450 nm light is incident on a metal having work function 2.0 eV and placed in a magnetic field B.
The most energetic electrons emitted perpendicular to the field are bent in circular arcs of radius 20 cm. Find
the value of B.
Sol. The kinetic energy of the most energetic electrons is

=
hc
K
=
nm 450
nm eV 1242
2.0 eV
= 0.76 eV = 1.2 10
-19
J.
The linear momentum =
mK 2 m = u
When a charged particle is sent perpendicular to a magnetic field, it goes along a circle of radius
qB
m
r
u
=
Thus, 0.20 m =
) m 20 . 0 ( ) C 10 6 . 1 (
s / m kg 10 67 . 4
19
25

= 1.46 10
-5
T..
12. A monochromatic light of wavelength is incident on an isolated metallic sphere of radius a. The threshold
wavelength is
0
which is larger than . Find the number of photoelectrons emitted before the emission of
photoelectrons will stop.
Sol. As the metallic sphere is isolated, it becomes positively charged when electrons are ejected from it. There is
an extra attractive force on the photoelectrons. If the potential of the sphere is raised to V, the electron should
have a minimum energy + eV to be able to come out. Thus, emission of photoelectrons will stop when
eV
hc
+ =

=
eV
hc
0
+

or, V =
|
.
|

\
|

0
1 1
e
hc
The charge on the sphere needed to take its potential to V is
. V ) a 4 ( Q
0
tc =
The number of electrons emitted is, therefore,
n =
e
aV 4
e
Q
0
tc
=
=
|
.
|

\
|

tc
0
2
0
1 1
e
ahc 4
13. Light described at a place by the equation E = (100 V/m) [sin (5 10
15
s
1
) t + sin (8 10
15
s
1
)t]
Chapter # 42 Photoelectric Effect & Wave Particle duality
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falls on a metal surface having work function 2.0 eV. Calculate the maximumkinetic energy of the photoelec-
trons.
Sol. The light contains two different frequencies. The one with larger frequency will cause photoelectrons with
largest kinetic energy. This larger frequency is
v =
t

=
t
e
=

2
s 10 8
2
v
1 15
The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is
K
max
= hv
= (4.14 10
15
eV-s)
|
|
.
|

\
|
t

1
15
s
2
10 8
2.0 eV
= 5.27 eV 2.0 eV = 3.27 eV.
QUESTION FOR SHORT ANSWER
1. Can we find the mass of a photon by the definition p = mv ?
2. Is it always true that for two sources of equal intensity, the number of photons emitted in a given time are
equal ?
3. What is the speed of a photon with respect to another photon if (a) the two photons are going in the same
direction and (b) they are going in opposite directions ?
4. Can a photon be deflected by an electric field ? By a magnetic field ?
5. A hot body is placed in a closed room maintained at a lower temperature. Is the number of photons in the
roomincreasing ?
6. Should the energy of a photon be called its kinetic energy or its internal energy ?
7. In an experiment on photoelectric effect, a photon is incident on an electron from one direction and the
photoelectron is emitted almost in the opposite direction. Does this violate conservation of momentum ?
8. It is found that yellowlight does not eject photoelectrons from a metal. Is it advisable to try with orange light
? With green light ?
9. It is found that photosynthesis starts in certain plants when exposed to the sunlight but it does not start if the
plant is exposed only to infrared light. Explain
10. The threshold wavelength of a metal is
0
. Light of wavelength slightly less than
0
is incident on an insulated
plate made of this metal. It is found that photoelectrons are emitted for sometime and after that the emission
stops. Explain.
11. Is p = E/c valid for electrons ?
12. Consider the de Broglie wavelength of an electron and a proton. Which wavelength is smaller if the two
particles have (a) the same speed (b) the same momentum (c) the same energy ?
13. If an electron has a wavelength, does it also have a colour ?
OBJECTIVE - I
1. Planck constant has the same dimension as
(A) force x time (B) force x distance (C) force x speed (D*) force x distance x time
-ni + l--i + +i lni( . l--- + =ni- ti-i t -
(A) n x =n (B) n x l-ii- (C) n x -in (D*) n x l-ii- x =n
2. Twophotons having
(A) equal wavelengths have equal linear momenta
(B) equal energines have equal linear momenta
(B) equal frequencies have equal linear momenta
(D*) equal linear momenta have equal wavelength
<i +ii- l-+ ln =ni- -
(A) -n< ti-i t. li+ =n =ni- ti- t
(B) -i( ti-i t. li+ =n =ni- ti- t
(B) ~il-ii ti-i t. li+ =n =ni- ti- t
(D*) li+ =n ti- t. -n< =ni- ti -i t
Chapter # 42 Photoelectric Effect & Wave Particle duality
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3. Let p and E denote the linear momentum and energy of a photon. If the wavelength is decreased
(A*) both p and E increase (B) p increases and E decreases
(C) p decreases and E increases (D) both p and E decrease
ni-il+ p -ii E l+=i +i i - +i li+ =n ( -i +- +- t l< - n< +n +i i -i -
(A*) p -ii E <i-i ti cn (B) p cni E +n tini
(C) p +n ti ni E cni (D) p E <i-i ti +n ti n
4. Let n
r
and n
b
be reprectively the number of photons emitted by a red bulb and a blue bulb of equal power in a
given time.
(A) n
r
= n
b
(B) n
r
< n
b
(C*) n
r
> n
b
(D) the information is insufficient to get a relation between n
r
and n
b
ni-il+ l+=i l-lz-- =n n =ni- zil+- in nin - -ii -in - = -=l - +i i-i +i = i +nzi n
r
n
b
t . -i -
(A) n
r
= n
b
(B) n
r
< n
b
(C*) n
r
> n
b
(D) n
r
n
b
n =i i-- +- + ln <i ni =--i ~i-- t
5. The equation E = pc is valid
(A) for an electron as well as for a photon (B) for an electron but not for a photon
(C*) for a photon but nor for an electron (D) neither for an electron nor for a photon
=ni+i E = pc = t -
(A) :n + i- + ln =ii ti +ii- + ln (B) :n+i- + ln l+-- +ii- + ln -ti
(C*) +i i- + ln l+-- :n +i- + ln -ti (D) - -i :n + i- + ln ~i - ti +ii- + ln
6. The work function of a metal is hv
0
. Light of frequency v falls on this metal. The photoelectric effect will take
place only if
l+=i ii- + ln +i +n- hv
0
t := ii- v ~i l-i +i +izi ~il-- ti -i t +izi l - ii --- ti ni.
l< -
(A*) v > v
0
(B) v > 2v
0
(C) v s v
0
(D) v < v
0
/2
7. Leigth of wavelength falls on a metal having work function hc/
0
. Photoelectric effect will take place only if
- n< +i +izi (+ ii- ~il-- t . l=+i +i +n- hc/
0
t +izi l - ii + n - ti --- ti ni.
l< -
(A) >
0
(B) > 2
0
(C*) s
0
(D) <
0
/2.
8. When stopping potential is applied in an experiment on photoelectric effect, no photocurrent is observed.
This means that
(A) the emission of photoelectrons is stopped
(B*) the photoelectrons are emitted but are reabsorbed by the emitter metal
(C) the photoelectrons are accumulated near the collector plate
(D) the photoelectrons are dispersed from the sides of the apparatus.
+izi l - ii i n n l-i i+ li ~ii l- l+i i-i t . +i : +izi l - iii l-i- -ti ti -i t :=+i -i
t -
(A) +ii :n+i-i +i -i<- < ti ni t
(B*) +ii :n+i-i --- ti t t. l+-- -=+ ii- ,ii - ~ziili- l+ i t t
(C) +i i :n + i-i = n it+ -n + =ni (+lzi- ti t t
(D) +ii :n+i- -+i + l+-ii = it lnil- ti t t
9. If the frequency of light in a photoelectric experiment is double, the stopping potential will
(A) be doubled (B) be halved
(C*) become more than double (D) become less than double
+izi l - ii i n n l< ~il-- +izi +i ~i l-i < n-i + <i i . -i l-i i+ li ti i ni -
(A) <n-i (B) ~iii
(C*) <n- = ~li+ (D) <n- = +n
10. The frequency and intensity of a light source are both doubled, the stopping potential statements.
(a) The saturation photocurrent remains almost the same.
(b) The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is doubled
(A) Both (a) and (b) are true. (B*) (a) is true but (b) is false
(C) (a) is false but (b) is true (D) Both (a) and (b) are false
Chapter # 42 Photoelectric Effect & Wave Particle duality
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+izi =i- +i ~il-i ( -i-i <i -i < n-i + <i i-i t l--- +i-i l-i +il -
(a) =- -- +izi l - iii nnin =ni- t-i t
(b) +ii :n+i-i +i nl- -i <n-i ti i-i t
(A) (a) ~i (b) <i-i ti = t (B*) (a) = l+-- (b) ~= t
(C) (a) ~= t . l+-- (b) = t (D) (a) (b) <i-i ti ~= t
11. A point source of ligth is used in a photoelectric effect. If the source is removed farther from the emitting
metal, the stopping potential
(A) will increase (B) will decrease
(C*) will remain constant (D) will either increase or decrease
+izi l - ii n +izi +i (+ l-< = i - +- l+i ni t l< = i - +i -= + ii- = < i n ii i -i
l-i i+ li -
(A) c ini (B) +n ti ini
(C*) l-- tni (D) c i ni ~ii +n ti i ni
12. A point source causes photoelectric effect from a small metal plate. Which of the following curves may
represent the saturation photocurrent as a function of the distance between the source and the metal ?
(+ l-< = i -. ii- +i (+ zi i -n = ii- +i =-t + i- < i + +n- + n = - -- +izi l - iii +i +-
+- ini +n- t
(A) a (B) b (C) c (D*) d
13. A nonmonochromatid light is used in an experiment on photoelectric effect. The stopping potential
(A) is related to the mean wavelength (B) is related to the longest wavelength
(C*) is related to the shortest wavelenth (D) is not related to the wavelength
(+ +izi l - ii i n n t ii +izi +- l+i i-i t l-i i+ li -
(A) ni -n< = =li- t (B) == n-i - n< = = li- t
(C*) == zii - n< = =li- t (D) -n< = = li- -ti t
14. A proton and an electron are acceleration by the same potential diffenrence. Let
e
and
p
denote the de
Broglie wavelength of the electron and the proton respectively
(A)
e
=
p
(B)
e
<
p
(C*)
e
>
p
(D) The relation between
e
and
p
depends on the acceleration potential difference
(+ i i- -ii (+ :n +i- =ni- lii- = l- t ni-i l+ :n+ i- -ii ii- +i i i nni -n< +nzi

e
-ii
p
t -
(A)
e
=
p
(B)
e
<
p
(C*)
e
>
p
(D)
e
-ii
p
n = i + lii - l-i +-i t
OBJECTIVE - II
1. When the intensity of a light source is increased,
(A*) the number of photons emitted by the source in unit time increases
(B*) the total energy of the photons emitted per unit time increases
(C) more energetic photons are emitted
(D) faster photons are emitted
+izi = i - +i -i -i cii i-i t -
(A*) (+i+ =n n =i- = -=l- +ii-i +i =i c-i t
(B*) (+i+ =n n -=l- +ii- +i +n -i c i-i t
(C) ~li+ -i + +ii- -=l- ti- t
(D) ~li+ - nl-ziin +ii- -=l- ti- t
2. Photoelectric effect supports quantum nature of light because
(A*) there is a minimum frequency belowwhich no photoelectrons are emitted
Chapter # 42 Photoelectric Effect & Wave Particle duality
Page # 10
manishkumarphysics.in
(B*) the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons depends only on the frequency of light and not
on its intensity
(C*) even when the metal surface is faintly illuminated the photoelectrons leave the surface imme
diately
(D) electric charge of the photoelectrons is quantized
+izi l - ii +izi +i +in |l- +i l +-i t . +i l+ -
(A*) (+ l-lz-- ~il-i = +n ~il-i +i: +ii :n+ i- -=l - -ti ti -i t
(B*) +i i :n + i -i +i ~li+-n nl- -i + n ~il-- +izi +i ~i l-i ti l-i +-i t . :=+i -i -i -ti
(C*) l ~il-- +izi t- i ini ti -i ii +ii :n+i- =-t = - - -=l- ti - nn- t
(D) +i i :n + i-i +i l - ~i zi +ii|- ti -i t
3. A photon of energy hv is absorbed by a free electron of a metal having work function < hv
(A) The electron is sure to come out
(B) The electron is sure to come out with a kineitc energy hv -
(C) Either the electrons does not come out or it comes out with a kinetic energy hv -
(D*) It may come out wiht a kinetic energy less than hv -
hv -i ini (+ +i i-. (+ ii- + n +- :n + i- ,ii ~zii li- l+i i-i t. l=+i +i +n- < hv t
(A) :n+i- l-lz-- = -=l- tini
(B) :n+i- l-lz-- = -=l- = -=l- tini l=+i nl- -i hv - tini
(C) i -i :n+i- -=l- ti -ti tini i l+ t hv - -i + =ii -=l- tini
(D*) t hv - = +n -i + =ii -=l- ti =+-i t
4. If the wavelength of light in an experiment on photoelectric effect is doubled,
(A) the photoelectric emission will not take place (B*) the exposure time is increased
(C) the intensity of the source is decreased (D*) the exposure time is decreased
l< l+=i +izi l- in n +izi +i -n< <n-i + <i i -
(A) +izi l- -=- -ti tini (B*) +izi l - -= - ti ii =+-i t ~i -ti ii
(C) l-i i+ li c i ni (D*) l-i i+ li +n ti i ni
5. The photocurrent in an experiment on photoelectric effect increases if
(A*) the intensity of the source is increased (B) the exposure time is increased
(C) the intensity of the source is decreased (D) the exposure time is decreased
+izil - ii i n n +i i increases if -
(A*) =i- +i -i -i c i-i t (B) -<ii=- =n c i-i t
(C) = i - +i -i-i +n ti i-i t (D) -<ii=- =n +n ti i-i t
6. The collector plate in an experiment on photoelectric effect is kept vertically above the emitter plate. Light
source is put on and a saturation photocurrent is recorded. An electric field is switched on which has
vertically downward direction
(A) The photocurrent will increase (B*) The kinetic energy of the electrons will increase
(C) The stopping potential will decrease (D) The threshold wavelength will increase
+izi l - ii i n n = n it+ -n . -= + -n ai+ -i i - ii t : t (+ +izi = i - -in ii ni
t -ii +i i iii ~ l+- +i i ti t (+ l - -i zi -i i -i- +i ~i l-- ~i- l+i i-i t -
(A) +i i iii n lz ti ni (B*) :n+i-i +i nl- -i c ini
(C) l-i i+ li +n ti i ni (D) <tni -n< c ini
7. In which of the following situations the heavier of the two particles has smaller be Broglie wavelength? The
two particles
(A*) move with the same speed (B) move with the same linear momentum
(C*) move with the same kinetic energy (D*) have fallen through the same height
l--- n = l+- ll-il-i n <i +ii n = iii +i +i i i nni - n< +n ti ni` <i-i +i -
(A*) (+ =ni- -in = nl-ziin t (B) (+ =ni- li+ =n + =ii nl-ziin t
(C*) (+ ti nl- -i + =ii nl-ziin t (D*) (+ ti - -i: = lni n t
EXERCISE
1. Visible light has wavelengths inthe range of 400 nmto 780 nm. Calculate the range of energy of the photons
of visible light (in joules).
<z +izi +i - n< i= 400 nm = 780 nm t <z +izi + +ii- +i -i +i i= ai- +i
Chapter # 42 Photoelectric Effect & Wave Particle duality
Page # 11
manishkumarphysics.in
HCV_Ch.42_1
Ans. 2.56 10
19
J to 5.00 10
19
J
2. Calculate the momentum of a photon of light of wavelength 500 nm.
500 nm -n< in v+izi + +ii- +i -n< +i ni-i +il( HCV_Ch.42_2
Ans. 1.33 10
27
kg-m/s
3. An atom absorbs a photon of wavelength 500 nm and emits another photon of wavelength 700 nm. Find
the net energy absorbed by the atom in the process.
(+ nii 500 nm +i +ii - ~ziili- +-i t -ii 700 nm -n< +i < =i +ii - -=l- +-i t :=
vl+i n nii ,ii +n ~ziili- -ni +i tini ` HCV_Ch.42_3
Ans. 1.1 10
19
J
4. Calculate the number of photons emitted per second by a 10 W sodium vapour lamp. Assume that 60%
of the consumed energy is converted into light. Wavelength of sodium light = 590 nm. HCV_Ch.42_4
10 W + =iln i n- ,ii -=l - +i i - +i =i +i ni-i +il( t nil-( l+ ~zii li- -ni +i
60% iin +izi n <n i-i t =i ln +izi +i - n< = 590 nm.
Ans. 1.77 10
19
5. When the sun is directly overhead, the surface of the earth receives 1.4 10
3
W/m
2
of sunlight. As-
sume that the light is monochromatic with average wavelength 500 nm and that no light is absorbed in
between the sun and the earths surface. The distance between the sun and the earth is 1.5 10
11
m.
(a) Calculate the number of photons falling per second on each square metre of earths surface directly
below the sun.
(b) How many photons are there in each cubic metre near the earths surface at any instant ?
(c) How many photons does the sun emit per second ?
= l= + (+<n - ti-i t -i i +i =-t 1.4 10
3
i ni
2
=i +izi nti +-i t ni- nil
l+ +izi (+ii t. l=+i ~i =- - n< 500 nm t -ii = ( i +i =-t + i- n +izi ~ziili- -ti
ti-i t = ( i +i <i 1.5 10
11
ni. t
(a) = + ai+ -i- i + (+i+ -izi+n l- =+ ~il-- ti- in +ii -i +i =i +i ni-i +il
(b) := -ii i +i =-t + =ni + i-ni n l+-- +i i - t `
(c) = l- = + l+-- +i i - -=l - +-i t `
Ans. (a) 3.35 10
21
(b) 1.2 10
13
(c) 9.9 10
44
6. A parallel beam of monochromatic light of wavelength 663 nm is incident on a totally reflecting plane
mirror. The angle of incidence is 60 and the number of photons striking the mirror per second is 1.0
10
19
. Calculate the force exerted by the light beam on the mirror.
i i- + =n-n < i 663 nm - n< in (+ ii v+izi +i =ni-i-- ~il-- l+i i-i t ~i--
+i i 60 t -ii vl- = + <i = +i- in +ii- +i =i 1.0 10
19
t <i ln- in v+izi +
+ii nn- in n +i ni-i +il( HCV II_Ch-42_6
Ans. 1.0 10
8
N
7. A beam of white light is incident normally on a plane surface absorbing 70% of the light and reflecting
the rest. If the incident beam carries 10 W of power, find the force exerted by it on the surface.
=+< v+izi +i n-- = (+ =n-n =-t ln-i t -i t =-t 70% v+izi +i ~zii li- +-i t
-ii zii +i il-- + < -i t ~n =-t ~il-- v+izi +i zil+- 10 W t -i :=+ ,ii =-t nni( n(
n +i ni- -i:( ` HCV_Ch.42_Ex._7
Ans. 7.43 10
8
N
8. A totally reflecting, small plane mirror placed horizontally faces a parallel beam oflight as shown in
figure. The mass ofthe mirror is 20g. Assume that there isno absorption in the lens and that 30% of the
light emitted by the source goes through the lens. Find the power of the source needed to support the
weight of the mirror. Take g = 10 m/s
2
.
(+ i -i i- + zii <i -i l- = +izi + =ni-- + =in- l-zii- =i ii ni t < i +i < ni-
Chapter # 42 Photoelectric Effect & Wave Particle duality
Page # 12
manishkumarphysics.in
20 n in t t ni- nil l+ n = ,ii +i : ~zii ii -ti ti -i t -ii = i - = -=l - +izi +i 30% n = = n -i
t < i + ii +i = - ln- +- + ln ~iz+ +izi = i - +i zil+- ai- +il g = 10 m/s
2
t
9. A 100 W light bulb is placed at the centre of a spherical chamber of radius 20cm. Assume that 60% of
the energy supplied to the bulb is converted into light and that the surface of the chamber is absorbing.
Find the pressure exerted by the light on the surface of the chamber.
20 = ni lzii in ni ni+i +-i + + -< 100 i +i +izi - ii ni t t ni- nil l+ - +i <i ni
60% -i +izi n ll- - ti i-i t -ii +-i +i =-t i -i ~zii i+ t +-i +i =-t +izi ,ii nnii ni
<i ai- +il
Ans: 100 MW
10. A sphere of radius 1.00 cm is placed in the path of a parallel beam of large aperture. The intensity of the
light is 0.50 W/cm If the sphere completely absorbs the radiation falling on it Find the force exerted by
the light beam on the sphere.
t - ,i+ in +izi + =ni-- + nin n 1.00 = ni lzii +i (+ ni ni i ni t +izi +i -i -i 0.50
i = ni
2
t l< ni ni :=+ - ~il-- ll+i +i i -i ~zii li- + n -i t . -i +izi ,ii ni n ~ii l-
n ai- +il
Ans: 4.0 10
7
Pa
11. Consider the situation described in the previous problem. Show that the force on the sphere due to the
light falling on it is the same even if the sphere is not perfectly absorbing.
lzn z- n li - l-il- l-i +il <lzi - +il l+ ni ni i -i ~zii i+ -ti ti ni -i ii ~il-- +izi
+ +ii ni n n =ni- ti ti ni
Ans : 5.2 10
9
N
12. Show that it is not possible for a photon to be completely absorbed by a free electron.
<lzi - +il l+ (+ n+- :n + i- + ,ii +i i- +i i -i ~zii ii = i -ti t
Ans :
13 Two neutral particles are kept 1m apart .Suppose by some mechanism some charge is transferred
from one particle to the other and the electronic potential energy lost is completely converted into a
photon .Calculate the longest and the next smaller wavelength of the photon possible .
<i -<i=i- +i 1 ni. < i n t t ni- nil l+ l+=i +i = (+ +i = < = +i + z ~i zi -ii-i -l-
l+i i-i t -ii ii i t : =- i - l-il- -i . +i i- n ll- - ti i-i t = i +i i- +i == n-i -ii
-== zii ~nni -n< +i ni-i +il
Ans: 860 m, 215 m
14. Find the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons ejected when light of wavelength 350 nm is
incident on a cesium surface .Work function of cesium = 1.9 ev
=iln +i =-t 350 nm - n< +i +izi ~il-- ti - -=l - ti - in +i i - :n + i-i +i ~li+-n nl-
-i ai- +il =iln +i +i +n- = 1.9 ev
Ans: 1.6 V
15. The work function of a metal is 2.5 10
19
J (a) Find the threshold frequency for photoelectric emission
(b) If The metal is exposed to a light beam of frequency 6.0 10
14
Hz what will be the stopping potential
is
(+ ii- +i +i+n- 2.5 10
19
n t (a) +izi - -=- t- <tni ~il-i ai- +il (b) l< ii- +i
6.0 10
14
t ~il-i + +izi = -<iil=- l+i i . l-ii+ li l+--i ti ni`
Ans: (a) 3.8 10
14
Hz (b) 0.91 V
16. The work function of a photoelectric material is 4.0 eV. (a) What is the threshold wavelength ? (b) Find the
wavlength of light for which the stopping potential is 2.5 V.
(+ +izi - ii- +i +i +n- 4.0 eV t (a) <tni -n< l+--i t ` (b) -= +izi +i - n< ai- +il .
l=+ ln l-i i+ li 2.5 i - t
Ans (a) 310 nm (b) 190 nm.
17. Find the maximum magnitude of the linear momentumof a photoelectron emitted when light of wavelength
Chapter # 42 Photoelectric Effect & Wave Particle duality
Page # 13
manishkumarphysics.in
400 nm falls on a metal having work function 2.5 eV
2.5 eV +i+n- ini ii- 400 nm -n< +i +izi ~il-- ti- -=l- +ii :n+ i- + li+ =n
+i ~li+-n lnii ai- +il
Ans: 4.2 10
25
kg/ ms
18. When a metal plate is exposed to a monochromatic beam of light of wavelength 400 nm a negative
potential of 1.1 is needed to stop the photocurrent .Find the threshold wavelength for the metal.
(+ ii- l+i. 400 nm -n< in (+ ii +izi = -<iil=- +i i-i t . +izi l- iii+i i+-
+ ln 1.1 i - +iin+ li +i ~iz+-i ti -i t ii- + ln < tni -n< ai- +il
Ans: 620 nm
19. In an experiment on potential of 1.1 V is needed to stop the photocurrent the data collected are as
follows :
wavelength (nm) : 350 400 450 500 550
stopping potential (v) 1.45 1.00 0.66 0.38 0.16
Plot the stopping potential against inverse of wavelength (1/ l ) on a graph paper and find (a) then planck
constant, (b) the work function of the emitter and (c) the threshold wavelength.
+izi l - ii + (+ i n n . li--li-- - n< ini (+ ii +izi i + ln l-i i+ li ni n t ~i +
:= +i t
-n< (nm) : 350 400 450 500 550
l-i i+ li (V) : 1.45 1.00 0.66 0.38 0.16
(+ n i+ - n< + +n + =i-i. l-i i+ li +i ~i i -i: -ii ai- +il (a) -ni+ l--i +,
(b) -=+ +i +i +n- -ii (c) <tni -n<
Ans : (a) 4.2 10
15
eV s (b) 2.15 eV (c) 585 nm
20. The electric field associated with a monochromatic beam becomes zero 1.2 10
15
times per second
Find the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons when this light falls on a metal surface whose
work functions is 2.0 eV
(+ ii = = i l - -i zi l- = + 1.2 10
15
i zi - ti i-i t t +izi. 2.0 eV +i +n- ini
ii- +i =-t ~il-- ti -i t -i +i i :n+ i-i +i ~li+-n nl- -i ai- +il
Ans : 0.48 eV
21. The electric field associated with a light wave is give by E = E
o
sin [(1.57 10
7
m
1
) (x ct).]
Find the stopping potential when this lights is used in an experiment on photoelectric effect with the
emitter having work function 1.9 eV.
(+ +izi -n = = z l- -i zi l--- =zi ,ii +- l+i i-i t - E = E
o
sin [(1.57 10
7
m
1
) (x ct)]
:= +izi +i -in 1.9 eV +i+n- in -=+ + =ii +izi l- ii in t- l+i i-i t -i
l-i ii li +i ni- ai- +il
Ans: 1.2 V
22. The electric field at a point associated with a light wave is E = (100 V/m ) sin [3.0 10
15
S
1
)t]
sin [(6.0 10
15
s
1
)t] If this light falls on a metal surface having a work function of 2.0 eV , what will be
the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons ?
l+=i l-< (+ +izi -n + =ii = z l- -izi E = (100 i -/ni) sin [3.0 10
15
S
1
)t]
sin [(6.0 10
15
s
1
)t] t l< t 2.0 eV +i+n- ini ii- +i =-t ~il-- ti-i t -i +i i :n+i-i
~li+-n nl- -i l+--i tini`
Ans : 3.93 eV
23. A monochromatic light source of intensity 5m W emits 8 1015 photons per second .This light ejects
photoelectrons from a metal surface. The stopping potential for this setup is 2.0 V. Calculate the work
function of the metal.
5 lnni i -i -i +i (+ ii +izi = i - l- = + 8 10
15
+i i - -=l - +-i t t +izi (+ ii- +i =-t
= +i i :n + i - -=l - +-i t := -ii + ln l-i i+ li 2.0 i - t ii- + +i +n- +i ni-i +il
Ans : 1.9 eV
24 Show figure is the plot of the stopping potential versus the frequency of the light used in an experiment
on photoelectric effect .Find (a) ratio h/e and (b) the work function.
(+ +izi l - i n n +- +izi +i ~i l-i + =i -i l-i i+ li +i n i+ l-zi n <zii i ni t ai- +il
(a) ~-i- h/e -ii (b) +i +n-
Chapter # 42 Photoelectric Effect & Wave Particle duality
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manishkumarphysics.in
Ans : (a) 4.14 10
15
Vs (b) 0.414 eV
25. A photographic film is coated with a silver bromide layer. When light falls on this film silver bromide
molecules dissociate and the film records the light there. Aminimum of 0.6 eV is needed to dissociate
a silver bromide molecule .Find the maximum wavelength of light that can be recorded by the film
(+ +i i n il++ l+-n l=- i ni: +i - -c ii ni t := l+-n +izi ~il-- ti -i t -i l=- i ni:
+ ~i li l- ti i- t -ii l+-n + -= iin +izi = = l-- ti i-i t (+ l=- i ni: ~i +i li l-
+- + ln - --n 0.6 eV +i ~iz+-i ti -i t t ~li+-n - n< ai- +il i := l+-n ,ii = = l-- +i
i =+-i t
Ans: 2070 nm
26. In an experiment on photoelectric effect, light of wavelength 400 nm is incident on a cesium plate at the
rate of 5.0 W .The potential of the collector plate is made sufficiently positive with respect to the
emitter so that the current teaches its saturation value .Assuming that on the average one of every 106
photons is able to eject a photoelectron, find the photocurrent in the circuit .
+izi l - ii + (+ i n n . =iln -n 400 nm - n< +i +izi 5.0 i +i < = ~il-- t -= +
+ =i -i = n it+ +i li :--i i -- ii i-i t l+ iii = - -- ni- i-- + n -i t t ni-- t ( l+ ~i =-- 10
6
+ii- (+ +i i :n+i- +i -=- = i ti-i t. li n +iiiii ai- +il
Ans : 1.6 A
27. A silver ball of radius 4.8 cm is suspended by a thread in a vacuum chamber. Ultraviolet lights of
wavelength 200 nm is incident on the ball for some time during which a total light energy of 1.0 10
7 J falls on the surface. Assuming that on the average one photoelectron fine the electric potential at
the surface of the ball assuming zero potential at infinity. What is the potential at the centre of the ball?
(+ l-i l-- +-i n iin +i =ti-i = 4.8 = ni lzii ini -i <i +i n < n+ii ni t + z =n + ln n <
200 nm - n< ini i n-i +izi ~il-- ti -i t l== =-t + n 1.0 10
7
n +izi -i ~il-- ti -i
t t ni- nil l+ + <= ti +i i - (+ +i i :n + i - +i -= - = i ti -i t ( ~- - l - li
zi - ti -i t . -i n < +i =-t li ai- +il n < + + -< li l+--i t `
Ans : 0.3 V in each case
28. In an experiment on photoelectric effect , the emitter and the collector plates are placed at a separation
of 10 cm and are connected through an ammeter without any cell
(+ +izi l - in n -= + ( = n it+ -n 10 =ni < i ii ni t -ii l-i l+=i = n + (+ ~ni=
i i ni t (l-zi) connected through an ammeter without any cell i
figure (42-E3) A, Magnetic field B exists parallel to the plates. The work function of the emitter is
2.39eV and the light incident on it has wavelengths between 400 nm and 600 nm Find minium value of
B for which the current registered by the ammeter is zero Neglect any effect of space charge.
-ni + =ni-i- (+ --+i -izi -l-i- t -=+ +i +i+n- 2.39 eV t -ii ~il-- +izi +i -n<
400 nm = 600 nm + i- n t B +i t ---n ni- ai- +il . l=+ ln ~ni zi - iii <zii ni l+=i
~--+izii ~i zi +i ii -n ni- nil
Ans: 2.85 10
5
T
29. In the arrangement shown in figure (42 E4) , y = 10 nm d = 0.24mm and D = 1.2 m. The work function
of the material of the emitter of 2.2 eV stop the photocurrent.
l-zi n <lzi- -ii n . y = 1.0 mm . d = 0.24 mm -ii D = 1.2 m t -= + + <ii +i +i+n- 2.2 eV
Chapter # 42 Photoelectric Effect & Wave Particle duality
Page # 15
manishkumarphysics.in
t +i i iii +i i +- + ln ~iz+ l-i i+ li V ai- +il
30. In a photoelectric experiment the collector plate is at 2.0 V with respect to the emitter plate made of
copper ( = 4.5 eV.). The emitter is illuminated by a source of monochromatic light of wavelength 200
nm Find the minimum and maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons reaching the collector.
(+ +izi l- in n. -i ( = 4.5 eV.) +i -i t: -=+ -n + =i-i =nit+ -n 2.0 V t -=+
+i 200 nm - n< in (+ ii +izi = +ilzi- l+i i-i t = n it+ t -- in +i i :n + i -i +i - --n
( ~li+-n nl--i ai- +il
Ans: 2.0 eV, 3.7 eV
31. A small piece of cesium metal ( = 1.9 eV) is kept at a distance of 20cm from a large metal plate having
a charge density of 1.0 10
9
C/m on the surface facing the cesium piece. A monochromatic light of
wavelength 400 nm is incident on the cesium piece. Find the minimum and the maximum kinetic
energy of the photoelectrons reaching the large metal plate. Neglect any change in electric field due to
the small piece of cesium present.
=iln ii- ( = 1.9 eV) +i (+ zi i + i. (+ i ii- +i -n = 20 = ni < ii ni t l=+ =iln +
+ =in- ini =-t 1.0 10
9
+ ninni
2
~i zi i- t =iln + + 400 nm - n< ini (+ ii +izi
~il-- t ii- +i i -n t -- in +i i :n + i -i +i - --n -ii ~li+-n nl- -i ai- +il =iln
+ zi + +i -l-il- + +ii l- -izi n l- - +i -n ni- nil
Ans: 22.6 eV , 3.7 eV
32. Consider the situation of the previous problem. Consider the fastest electron emitted parallel to the
large metal plate. Find the displacement of this electrons parallel to its initial velocity before it strikes
the large metal plate
lzn z- n li - l-il- l-i +il ni- nil l+ -=l- -i-n :n+i- ii- +i i -n + =ni-i -
-=l- ti -i t ii- +i i -n = +i- = := :n+ i- +i il-i+ n + =ni-- l-ii- ai- +il
Ans: 9.2 cm
33. A horizontal cesium plate ( = 1.9 eV) is moved vertically downward at a constant speed v in a room full
of radiation of wavelength 250 nm and above .What should be the minimum value of v so that the
vertically upward component of velocity is non positive for each photoelectron?
=iln ( = 1.9 eV) +i (+ -i l- -n . (+ ( = +n n ti 200 nm - n< +i ll+i -n + - ii t ~i
t . -i i -i- +i ~i l-- -in v = nl-ziin +ii i-i t v +i - --n ni- l+--i ti l+ + +i i :n + i-
+ ln n +i -i i - +i ~i i+ ~i-in+ ti `
Ans : 1.04 10
6
m/s
34. A small metal plate (work function ) is kept at a distance d from a singly ionized. Fixed ion. A
monochromatic light beam is incident on the metal plate and photoelectrons are emitted. Find the
maximum wavelength of the light beam so that some of the photoelectrons may go round the ion along
a circle.
ii- (+i +n- ) +i (+ zi i -n . (+ (+ii ~il-- ~+ n l-i ~i- = d < i ii t : t ii- +i =-t
(+ ii +izi ~il-- ti -i t -ii +i i :n + i - -=l - ti - t +izi +i t ~li+-n - n< ai- +il
l=+ +ii -=l- +z +ii :n+ i- ~i- + -ii ~i -ii+i ini + =+
Ans:
d 8 e
dhc 8
o
2
o
tc +
tc
35. A light beam of wavelength 400 nm is incident on a metal plate of work function 2.2 eV (a) A particular
electrons absorbs a photon and makes two collisions before coming out of the metal Assuming that
10% of the extra energy is lost to the metal in each collision find the kinetic energy of this electrons as
it comes out of the metal (b) Under the same assumptions find the maximum number of collisions the
electrons can suffer before it becomes unable to come out of metal.
2.2 eV +i+n- ini ii- +i -n 400 nm -n< +i +izi ~il-- t (a) (+ llzi :n+ i- +ii
:n + i- +i ~zii ii +- + z-i- ii- = it ~i- = <i ++ n ~l-l+- -i +i 10% ii- n ii i-i
t . ii- = it ~i- :n + i - +i nl- -i ai- +il (b) =ni- iiii + =ii. ii- = it ~i- +i =in
ii- = :n+ i- ,ii +i ni + n ++i +i ~li+-n =i ai- +il
Ans (a) 0.31 eV (b) 4

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