Judge Pimentel Crim Transcript - Book 2

Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) J !
"e #scar $imentel
1 %a&'rvin
CRI% L(CT)R( ')*)+T 2, B##- II .ow/ we can alrea!0 start wit1 Book II o2 t1e R$C3 Book II is & st mainl0 crimes/ t1is is w1ere 0o can 2in! t1e !i22erent crimes n!er t1e R$C/ t1eir elements an! t1e penalties t1at t1e law provi!es 2or t1eir violation3 T1e 2irst article in Book II is art3 114/ w1en t1e R$C was 4 ali2ie!/ it is t1e impression o2 t1ose w1o 4 ali2ie! t1at treason is t1e most 1eino s amon" all t1e crimes in t1e R$C/ as it involves t1e lo0alt0 o2 a citi5en o2 t1e co ntr0 an! t1en 1e will wa"e or levies war a"ainst 1is own co ntr0 to w1ic1 1e owes alle"iance to t1e same3 #r even i2 1e is an alien or a 2orei"ner/ o2 w1ic1 1e owes temporar0 alle"iance to t1e $1ilippines/ 1e levies war a"ainst t1e $1ilippines or a!1eres to its enemies 60 "ivin" its enemies ai! an! com2ort/ an! it ma0 6e committe! not onl0 wit1in t1e territorial & ris!iction o2 t1e $1ilippines 6 t even elsew1ere3 +o/ t1e law sa0s an0 person owin" alle"iance to t1e $1ilippines w1o levies war a"ainst t1e $1ilippines an! w1o a!1eres to t1e enem0 60 "ivin" t1e enem0 ai! an! com2ort s1all 6e " ilt0 o2 treason3 T1e ne7t para"rap1 involves a proce! ral provision/ w1ic1 is t1at 8no conviction can 6e 1a! in t1e crime o2 treason nless on t1e testimon0 o2 t1e 2 witnesses to t1e same overt act or 60 vol ntar0 con2ession o2 t1e acc se! "iven in open co rt3 .ow/ 2rom t1e ver0 provision o2 t1e law 0o will know t1at t1e law speaks o2 9ilipino citi5ens an! 2orei"ners as o22en!ers3 I2 1e is a 9ilipino Citi5en/ t1ere is no 4 estion o2 1is owin" alle"iance to t1e $1ilippines/ t1e onl0 pro6lem t1at we will enco nter in t1is aspect is t1e new law t1at will "rant ! al citi5ens1ip to a 9ilipino at one "iven point in time an! o2 co rse it will onl0 6e a matter o2 concern i2 t1e co ntr0 to w1ic1 1e is also a citi5en 6ecame an enem0 co ntr0 t1at t1ere is war 6etween t1e 2 nations3 :ow will 0o treat t1ere2ore t1at 9ilipino/ or t1at person w1o 1as alrea!0 o6taine! citi5ens1ip 2rom anot1er co ntr0 o2 w1ic1 1e also owes permanent alle"iance in cases w1ere t1at person a!1eres to its enemies/ an! never min! lev0in" war or "rantin" 2or t1e sake o2 ar" ment t1at 1e levies war an! t1at 1e loves more t1e ot1er co ntr0/ w1ere 1e was 6orn/ t1at wo l! 6e a 6i" pro6lem in re"ar! to t1e crime o2 treason3 'n! I 1ope t1ere are certain para"rap1s ; provisions in t1e new law treatin" s c1 pro6lem3 B t t1e wa0 1ow I perceive! t1e present Con"ress o2 t1e $1il/ t1e0 will never 1ave t1o "1t o2 t1at w1en t1e0 cra2te! t1e law/ not even I 6elieve in t1e o22ice o2 t1e $resi!ent3 <e will 6e 1avin" a pro6lem an! I ass re 0o t1at in case t1ere wo l! 6e a war wit1 ot1er nation/ t1at wo l! 6e a 6i" pro6lem3 's most o2 s citi5en w1om t1e0 call mo!ern-!a0 1eroes/ w1en t1e0 tr0 to escape t1eir own co ntr0 to work in ot1er co ntries/ is workin" in ot1er co ntries an act o2 terrorism= :onestl0/ is it an act o2 terrorism to work in ot1er co ntries= I !on>t t1ink so? To call t1em o r mo!ern-!a0 1eroes is a 2allac033 I 1ave more respect to people w1o are in o r own co ntr0/ tillin" o r lan! pro! cin" 6asic
necessities t1at we can 6 0 in t1e market ot1er t1an t1ose w1o claim to 6e 6rin"in" !ollars in o r co ntr03 <10= @o we nee! !ollars= <e 1ave o r own peso33 +o/ it>s a matter o2 concern as t1ere is a !i22erence w1en t1e o22en!er is a 2orei"ner owin" temporar0 alle"iance to t1e $1ilippines an! w1en !oes a 2orei"ner owes temporar0 alle"iance to t1e "overnment= It is onl0 w1en 1e is "rante! a permit to permanentl0 resi!e in t1e $1ilippines t1at 1e is consi!ere! to owe temporar0 alle"iance to t1e "overnment3 T1e "overnment instit tion t1at 1as t1e a t1orit0 to "rant s c1 kin! o2 permit is onl0 t1e B rea o2 Immi"ration an! @eportation3 )nlike 1owever w1en t1e person is a 9ilipino Citi5en/ a 2orei"ner ma0 commit a crime o2 treason elsew1ere 6 t 1e will not inc r criminal lia6ilit0 an! t1at is onl0 1 instance t1at I 6elieve t1at 1e ma0 6e e7empte! 2rom prosec tion3 It is w1en 1e a!1eres to t1e enem0 co ntr0 o2 w1ic1 1e is a citi5en o2 t1at enem0 co ntr0/ nat rall0 0o owe permanent alle"iance to 0o r own co ntr0 an! t1e moment t1at 0o a!1ere to t1e enem0 co ntr0 w1ic1 is 1owever 0o r co ntr0/ t1at is onl0 a ren nciation o2 0o r alle"iance to t1e "overnment an! nat rall0 0o will not 6e prosec te! i2 0o !i! commit t1e act o tsi!e t1e $1il territor0 6 t i2 0o are not a citi5en o2 t1e co ntr0 w1ere 0o committe! t1e act o2 treason 0o will 6e lia6le even i2 0o are an alien or a 2orei"ner3 T1e 2 wa0s o2 committin" act o2 treason A 1) lev0in" war an! 2) 60 a!1erin" to t1e enem0/ 60 "ivin" t1e enem0 ai! an! com2ort3 B t t1ere is no pro6lem a6o t lev0in" war/ 0o take p arms a"ainst 0o r own co ntr0/ 0o &oin t1e enem0 2orces/ t1at is alrea!0 an act o2 lev0in" war3 :owever/ in a!1erin" to t1e enem0/ it is not a simple a!1erence to t1e enem0 or t1at 0o s0mpat1i5e wit1 t1e enem0 t1at is re4 ire! 60 law3 Bo m st provi!e ai! an! com2ort asi!e 2rom t1e 2act t1at 0o are a!1erin" to t1e principles o2 t1e enem0/ 0o m st "ive ai! an! com2ort3 T1e two m st conc r/ ot1erwise t1ere is no a!1erence to t1e enem0 60 "ivin" t1em ai! an! com2ort3 Bo recall t1e case o2 La rel/ t1e same Jose $3 La rel in t1e case o2 sel2-!e2ense/ 6 t t1is time t1ere is no woman involve33 La rel ! rin" t1e Japanese occ pation an! t1at we 1ave 6een t1e s 6&ect o2 act al 1ostilities 2rom t1e 2amil0/ t1e0 almost anni1ilate! o r " errillas ! rin" t1ose times3 ?3 I 2 0o look at t1e recor!s o2 t1e CCCCCCCCCC 1ow come t1at 1ere are so man0 " erillas alrea!03 'n! t1e0 even incl !e t1e people w1o are espo sin" comm nism at t1at time3 T1e0 are !oin" it not 2or t1e love o2 t1e $1ilippines 6 t 2or t1e love o2 comm nism3 'n! 0et t1e0 were reco"ni5e! as war veterans3 'n! t1ere are ot1er 9ilipinos w1o were not a6le to properl0 re"ister t1eir name an! were !eprive! o2 w1at is ! e to t1em 6eca se t1e0 are nlettere!3 .ever were a6le to know 1ow to write t1eir names etc3 0et t1e0 2o "1t valiantl0 t1e Japanese3 T1ose are t1e people t1at !eserve to 6e pai!3 T1e0 are t1e persons w1o are s ppose! to 6e "iven 6ene2its3 T1e0 were not "iven 6ene2its 0et com2ort women3 <e !on>t know act all0 w1et1er t1ese women are com2ort women3 <10 com2ort= T1ere m st 6e a !e2inition o2 com2ort 2or p rposes o2 t1em 6ein" a6le to "et !ama"es 2rom t1e Japanese *overnment3 B t nevert1eless/ w1en it comes
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) J !"e #scar $imentel
2 %a&'rvin
to treason/ in lev0in" war t1ere m st 6e at least two witnesses3 :ow a6o t i2 it is a!1erin" to t1e enem0 60 "ivin" t1e enem0 ai! an! com2ort3 Is t1ere a nee! 2or t1e two-witness r le= <1at is t1e opinion o2 0o r a t1or o2 0o r 6ook= In !e2ense pon t1e a t1or Re0es sa0s wit1 respect to "ivin" t1e enem0 ai! an! com2ort/ t1e two-witness r le !oes not appl03 Is t1ere 1owever a !ecision 60 t1e + preme Co rt to t1is e22ect= T1at t1e two-witness r le !oes not appl0 60 "ivin" t1e enem0 ai! an! com2ort3 Is t1ere= T1ere is no !ecision it is simpl0 an opinion3 B t i2 0o will look at t1e provision o2 t1e law3 @oes it 4 ali20 w1et1er it is lev0in" war/ or w1et1er it is a!1erence to t1e enem0 60 "ivin" t1e enem0 ai! an! com2ort= It !oes not3 +o w1o are we to !istin" is1e! an! w1o are we to "ive o r interpretation= T1ere is a case alrea!0 !eci!e 60 t1e + preme Co rt3 I respect t1e opinion o2 t1e a t1or o2 t1e 6ook 6 t at t1is point I m st sa0 t1at 0o 1ave to answer accor!in" to t1e provision o2 t1e law3 (ven i2 0o answer accor!in" to Re0es or accor!in" to t1e 6ook 0o ma0 6e 6ot1 ri"1t3 B t i2 t1ere will 6e a !i22ic lt0 as 0o nee! in or!er t1at t1e same matter ma0 6e clari2ie! an! t1at is catastrop1ic3 #k/ two witness r le to t1e same covert act/ no pro6lem it is to t1e same act committe! in 60 reason on t1e provision o2 t1e law o2 treason t1e two witness m st testi20 own3 I2 it is on t1e contin ation o2 an act committe! in anot1er place or at anot1er time even i2 t1e o22en!er is t1e same even i2 no two witness r le t1ere is none t1e law is ver0 speci2ic an! s1o l! 6e interprete! strictl0 a"ainst t1e state it cannot 6e strictl0 interprete! as a"ainst t1e acc se!3 In ot1er wor!s/ 0o m st stick to t1e provision o2 t1e law/ an! t1ere m st 6e two witness o2 t1e same covert act committe! at one point in time3 :ow a6o t vol ntar0 con2ession in an open co rt/ vol ntar0 con2ession in an open co rt 6 t as 2or e7ample in t1e in2ormation t1at was 2ile! 2or t1e crime o2 treason33It was alle"e! t1at t1ere are two witnesses3 B t pon rea!in" t1eir a22i!avits it wo l! appear t1at t1e0 witness two overt acts 6 t it will lea! to t1e commission to t1e crime o2 treason3 .ow/ i2 t1e in2ormation o2 t1e acc se! is rea!/ ! rin" t1e trial an! t1e acc se! reali5es t1at 1e ma0 6e convicte! 1e will pro6a6l0 know w1at will 1appen to 1im 1e wo l!n>t want to t1row 1imsel2 at t1e merc0 o2 t1e co rt3 In or!er to avoi! t1e penalt0 o2 !eat1 consi!erin" t1at t1e law provi!es 2or a penalt0 o2 recl sion perpet a to !eat1/ 1e plea!s " ilt03 'n! ask merc0 2rom t1e co rt3 @espite t1e 2act t1at t1e two witnesses are not witnesses to t1e same overt act/ can t1e acc se! 6e convicte! o2 t1e crime o2 treason= <1at !o 0o t1ink= <ell appl0in" t1e r le in re"ar!s to 2ail re to o6&ect to an0 !e2ect in t1e in2ormation at t1e proper time3 's lon" as it !oes not involve t1e & ris!iction o2 t1e co rt/ it !oes not involve prescription3 'n! ! rin" t1ose previo s 0ears/ !o 6le &eopar!0 t1at t1ere was a recent !ecision t1at i2 0o !o not o6&ect to 6e imprisone! t1en !o 6le &eopar!0 0o ma0 6e convicte! 6eca se t1e0 appl0 also t1e !ecisions o2 t1e + preme Co rt in re"ar! to t1e sin"le in2ormation c1ar"in" m ltiple o22enses as a"ainst t1e acc se! an! i2 t1e acc se! 2aile! to o6&ect to t1e m ltiplicit0 o2 c1ar"es o2 one in2ormation t1e acc se! can 6e convicte! 2or so man0 as t1e n m6er o2 crimes alle"e! in t1e in2ormation3 Bes/ so i2 1e 2aile! to
o6&ect 1e vol ntaril0 con2esse!/ 1is " ilt in open co rt 1e can still 6e convicte! 6eca se it is a matter o2 proce! ral law3 It is not a matter o2 s 6stantive law3 $roce! ral law lan" 0an e1/ t1e 2-witness r le3 w10= In all ot1er crimes/ even a circ mstantial evi!ence wo l! 6e eno "1/ 1ow m c1 more i2 t1at is a witness to t1e commission o2 t1e crime or saw t1e commission o2 t1e crime33 'lri"1t/ w1en t1e o22en!er is a 2orei"ner/ t1e penalt0 is lower3 #k/ !o 0o 1ave an0 4 estion in re"ar! to treason= <1at are t1e sta"es o2 treason= It !oes not 2ollow t1e sta"es o2 a commission o2 a 2elon0 n!er t1e Revise! $enal Co!e3 It 2ollows its own sta"es as !e2ine! n!er t1e R$C/ an! is consi!ere! a !i22erent crime3 'n! t1ese sta"es areA $roposal an! conspirac0 to commit treason3 .at rall0 in or!er 2or t1at conspirac0 ma0 6e committe!/ t1ere m st alwa0s 6e a proposal to commit t1e crime o2 treason3 It>s like a man co rtin" a "irl/ t1e moment t1at a man likes a woman/ 1e will propose/ 1e will tell t1e "irl o2 1is 2eelin"s3 'n! t1e moment t1e "irl accepts 1is proposal t1en t1ere is alrea!0 conspirac03 Co5 t1ere is alrea!0 an a"reement 6etween two parties3 B t 6e care2 l a6o t t1e proposal/ 6eca se in treason it is !i22erent3 T1at t1e one proposin" m st alrea!0 1ave !eci!e! to commit t1e crime3 )nlike in or!inar0 proposal/ we !o not know w1et1er 1e is serio s or not3 Bo !o not know w1et1er 1e 1as !eci!e! alrea!0 to 6e tr e to 1is wor!s3 +o 6e care2 l? In treason/ a1/ no?i6a? :e 1as !eci!e! t1at 1e is "oin" to commit treason an! 1e proposes it to anot1er3 'n! t1at cons mmates t1e crime3 'n! in conspirac0/ t1at cannot 6e33 I2 t1ere is alrea!0 an a"reement 6etween two persons w1o 1ave alrea!0 committe! t1emselves to commit an act o2 treason an! t1e0 1ave !eci!e! to commit it/ t1en t1ere is alrea!0 conspirac03 'n! in relation to t1is/ 0o 1ave t1e misprision o2 treason3 B t 6e2ore !isc ssin" misprision o2 treason/ 0o 1ave to remem6er t1at t1e proposal/ t1e conspirac0/ are separate an! !istinct crimes 2rom treason in itsel23 T1e0 1ave separate an! !istinct elements33 In ot1er wor!s/ i2 2or e7ample 0o were not a6le to prove t1e crime o2 treason itsel2 6 t 0o were a6le to prove conspirac0/ w1ic1 is necessaril0 incl !e! in t1e crime o2 treason/ 0o can convict t1e person o2 conspirac0 to commit treason instea! o2 treason itsel23 #r even proposal/ alt1o "1 t1e0 are separate crimes 6 t t1e0 are also consi!ere! as sta"es o2 t1e commission o2 t1e crime o2 treason3 Bo 1ave a misprision o2 treason w1en a person owin" alle"iance to t1e "overnment o2 t1e $1ilippines/ w1o is .#T a 2orei"ner/ come into personal knowle!"e o2 an0 conspirac0 to commit treason an! 1e 2aile! to report t1e same wit1in a reasona6le perio! o2 time/ to t1e "overnor o2 t1e province/ to t1e cit0 ma0or o2 t1e cit0/ or to t1e provincial 2iscal now provincial prosec tor or t1e cit0 2iscal;prosec tor3 T1is is t1ere2ore/ a crime 60 omission3 B t a 2orei"ner is e7empte! 2rom t1is even i2 t1e0 owe temporar0 alle"iance to t1e "overnment3 It is ver0 clear 2rom t1e law3 B t w1ere s1o l! t1e person owin" permanent alle"iance to t1e "overnment o2 t1e $1ilippines report= Beca se 1e s1o l! report it to t1e "overnor/ or ma0or o2 1is resi!ence3 + pposin" 1e is 2rom + l
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province/ w1ile in manila 1e witnesse! an! 1as personal knowle!"e o2 t1e conspirac0 to commit treason3 @ rin" times o2 war/ s1o l! 1e "o to s l an! report to 1er "overnor or t1e provincial prosec tor t1ere= Bes33 Reportin" to t1e cit0 ma0or o2 manila is not a compliance to t1e provision o2 t1e law3 <10= T1e law sa0s to t1e place o2 1is resi!ence3 T1ere is a p rpose w10 t1e law provi!e! t1is33 to protect t1e person w1o witnesse! t1e conspirac0 an! act all0 to s1iel! 1im 2rom an0 retaliation in case o2 1is reportin" t1e conspirac03 :ow !oes 1e know t1at i2 1e reports t1e same in %anila t1e people 1e is reportin" are also in %anila are also in conspirac0/ e1 !i pata033 :e can 6e ass re! in 1is own province t1at t1e "overnor is not in conspirac0 wit1 t1e ot1ers or t1e cit0 prosec tor? t1at is w10 0o 1ave to 6e convince! 2irst t1at t1ese people w1om 0o are "oin" to report are also not part o2 t1e conspirac03 +o it is in 0o r own place o2 resi!ence t1at 0o 1ave to report3 'lri"1t/ t1e perio! t1ere is s 6&ect to t1e circ mstances o2 eac1 case3 (ac1 case wo l! 1ave to 6e treate! !i22erentl0 2or p rposes o2 !eterminin" w1et1er t1e perio! o2 time o2 w1ic1 0o 1ave reporte! is reasona6le or not3 +o 0o 1ave to se 0o r common sense33 I2 t1e person 1as 6een sick/ nat rall0 it will take time3 I2 t1at person is 1i!in" 2rom a c0-conspirator etc/ it will reall0 take time? 'n! sometimes 1e ma0 also 6e e7empte! 2rom 6ein" criminall0 lia6le 60 reason o2 ins pera6le ca ses or ma06e 60 reason o2 ncontrolla6le 2ear/ or 60 reason o2 t1e emplo0ment o2 irresisti6le 2orce3 +o/ t1at wo l! 6e a "oo! e7planation o2 art 114/ nless 0o 1ave a 4 estion? Incl !in" art 11,/ 11D3 #k/ art 11E33 FA is it possi6le 2or a person alrea!0 convicte! o2 t1e crime o2 treason to 6e convicte! also wit1 t1e crime o2 conspirac0 to commit treason= J !"eA .o/ 6eca se as I tol! 0o t1ese are sta"es o2 t1e crime o2 treason33 I2 a person 1as 6een convicte! wit1 t1e crime o2 treason/ 1e cannot an0more 6e c1ar"e! o2 proposal or conspirac0 to commit treason3 T1e one w1o is in conspirac0 or t1e one w1o proposes m st not 1ave committe! t1e crime o2 treason 1imsel23 Beca se i2 t1e0 1ave committe! alrea!0 t1e crime o2 treason/ nat rall0 t1e crime o2 conspirac0 an! proposal to commit treason are alrea!0 a6sor6e! in t1e crime o2 treason itsel23 <e 1ave !isc sse! alrea!0 t1ree articles? T1e ne7t is w1at= '2ter misprision o2 treason/ w1at wo l! come ne7t= '1133 espiona"e33 'n0 person w1o wit1o t an0 a t1orit0 t1ere2ore s1all enter a wars1ip/ a 2ort/ an0 militar0 installations/ etc 2or p rposes o2 "at1erin" an0 in2ormation/ plan/ etc relative to t1e !e2ense o2 t1e $1ilippines s1all 6e 1el! " ilt0 to t1e crime o2 espiona"e3 It is a""ravatin" to a p 6lic o22icer w1o in t1e per2ormance o2 1is o22icial 2 nction is in c sto!0 o2 t1ose plans an! 1e !elivers t1e same to t1e representative o2 t1e 2orei"n co ntr03 T1at is espiona"e3 T1is is a !ea! law3 :ave 0o 1ear! or 1ave 0o rea! an0 !ecision o2 t1e +C re"ar!in" t1e crime o2 espiona"e= %a0 nakakas 1an 6a nito= -asi wala naman? %a0 plano 6a ta0o
relative to t1e !e2ense o2 o r co ntr0= (1 k n" co p !>etat n"a/ n n" nan!0an na n"a an" m"a tao sa #akwoo! 1in!i pa nila natiktikan e1= 'n! t1e0 sai! it involves national sec rit033 <ell/ i2 t1at wo l! 6e t1e case/ 6 tas- 6 tas an! national sec rit0 natin33 <1at are t1e people in o r intelli"ence comm nit0 !oin" prior to t1is= .ot1in"33 #r ma06e t1ese people are "oo!3 T1ere are onl0 two t1in"s t1ere33 (it1er t1ese people are so "oo! 2or o r intelli"ence comm nit0 people t1at t1e0 cannot 6e !etecte! or t1at o r intelli"ence comm nit0 are sleepin"3 J st like in espiona"e33 w1at plans !o we 1ave t1at is not known to ever0one= <1at 2ort !o we 1ave t1at keep o r secret;con2i!ential matters in relation to t1e !e2ense o2 o r co ntr0= 9ort Boni2acio= (1 6inenta na 0 n e1? 9ort +antia"o/ a0 n 0o can 1ave 0o r we!!in" t1ere? 9ort %a"sa0sa0/ t1ere are so man0 s4 atters/ t1e0 will know w1atever is "oin" on33 Camp Crame G Camp '" inal!o/ 0o can easil0 pass t1ro "1 an! t1ro "1? 'll t1at 0o 1ave to !o is is & st even at ni"1t 6link 0o r li"1ts twice or trice t1e " ar!er will even sal te 0o 3 3tr0 me or tr0 it 2or 0o rsel23 <1o is a mem6er o2 t1e militar0 1ere or t1e police It>s a si"nal3 T1e " ar!s nee! s 6!ivision/ t1e " ar!s nee! at ni"1t/ t1e0>re & st pla0in" t1eir lines t1ree times3 T1e0 will not even ask 2or 0o r i!enti2ication3 T1at means to sa0 0o are a plent0 2orce3 I s1o l! know 6eca se I know so man0 t1in"s3 Tr03 +i" ra!o 0an3 <a" ka lan" makikipa"talo sa sec rit0 " ar!3 $we!e wala kan" ano/ 0o !on>t 1ave even pass etc33.o & st 6link it t1ree times3 T1ere is not1in" m c1 a6o t espiona"e nowa!a0s e7cept 2or t1e 2act t1at it can 6e committe! ! rin" war time or ! rin" 2irst time an! remem6er it m st onl0 6e t1e in2ormation/ t1e plans/ t1e !ata/ t1e !oc ments m st 6e relative to t1e !e2ense o2 t1e co nsel3 .ot1in" more not1in" less3 .ow t1e + preme Co rt came p wit1 anot1er !ecision in relation to t1is3 In t1e case o2 +antia"o vs +an!i"an6a0an/ ! rin" t1at time/ 2ormer +enator +antia"o w1o was t1en a Commissioner "rante! 9ilipino citi5en 60 wa0 o2 a!ministrative procee!in"s 60 wa0 to 34 In!ians3 'n" 1irap pala nito n" m"a Bom6a0 no1 1alos isa lan" pan"alan3 @o 0o know t1at we are 6ein" veste! wit1 t1e iss ance o2 clearances 2or several times I t1ink a6o t 30 to 40 times a !ine almost all askin" 2or clearances is t1e same man CCCCCCCCCC it is still a man CCCCCCCCCC3 Recentl0/ I tol! Ton0/ will 0o please enter m0 c1am6er= <1at 0o 1ave to !o is t1is 6eca se we are 6ein" pestere! wit1 clearances we !o not know w1et1er we are act all0 "ivin" a clearance to t1e o22en!er or not t1ere 1as 6een so man0 cases t1at were 2ile! in o r co rts an! in several co rts3 #ne is rape!/ t1e ot1er one is 1omici!e/ t1e ot1ers are esta2a an! etcetera an! I sai! look/ t1e 6etter position to take is simpleA ask 1im to "et a certi2ication 2rom t1e 6 rea o2 Immi"ration an! @eportation t1at it is a le"itimate alien w1o is act all0 resi!in" in t1e $1ilippines w1o is "iven a permanent resi!enc0 stat s/ ot1erwise i2 1e 1as 6een onl0 "iven a visitor>s Hisa w10 s1o l! we "ive 1im a clearance3 T1ere is no 2a lt t1ere i2 0o are onl0 a visitor an! 0o will ask 2or a clearance3 <10 s1o l!
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we "ive 0o a clearance3 +o/ 's I was sa0in"/ Commissioner +antia"o was c1ar"e! o2 t1irt0 2o r co nts o2 violatin" section 3e o2 rep 6licact301I3 Be2ore s1e co l! 6e arrai"ne!/ s1e went to t1e + preme Co rt an! c1allen"e! t1e 2ilin" o2 34 in2ormations a"ainst 1er conten!in" t1at t1e act i2 ever t1at s1e committe! is CCCCCCCCcontin in" crime3 'n! t1ere is onl0 one criminal intent t1at will 6e imp te! a"ainst 1er in t1e event t1at in!ee! s1e ca se! ! e in& r0 to t1e "overnment3 T1e s preme a"ree! wit1 1er an! o22er t1e prosec tor to !ismiss all t1e cases an! re2ile onl0 one in2ormation3 <ell/ t1at>s alrea!0 t1e !ecision o2 t1e + preme Co rt3 B t I was t1inkin"/ alon" t1e line o2 rep 6lic act 301I 6ein" a special law/ a law t1at is al m pro1i6ite!3 I2 t1e law is mala pro1i6ita/ !oes criminal intent 1a! an0 6 siness in CCC-t1e !etermination o2 w1et1er it 1as criminal intent or not3 I2 it is mala pro1i6ita criminal intent is not s ppose to enter into t1e pict re t1ere2ore t1e 2ilin" o2 34 in2ormations are correct3 B t t1e + preme Co rt sai!/ t1ere 6ein" onl0 one criminal intent etcetera onl0 one in2ormation s1o l! 6e 2ile! a"ainst 1er3 .ow/ as I 1a! 6een sa0in" alrea!0 t1at w1at 1appene! sometimes t1at it is !e6ata6le t1at certain special ca se ma0 re4 ire criminal intent an! some are not 6 t 6asicall0 all o22enses in violation o2 special laws !o not re4 ire criminal intent3 T1at is a "eneral "oal e7cept w1en t1e special law ses t1e wor!s knowin"l0 6eca se i2 t1ere is a wor! t1at t1e o22en!er knowin"l0 ca ses ! e in& r0 t1en t1ere m st 6e a t1en a criminal intent t1at i2 t1ere is no s c1 wa0 simpl0 p t t1at it was a ca se a ! e in& r0 to anot1er t1at is !i22erent?nevert1eless we 1ave 1onor in w1atever !ecision t1at is t1at will s1all we sa0 t1at was prom l"ate! 60 t1e s preme co rt t1ere will 6e 1onor t1e !ecision o2 t1e s preme co rt3 * Im not so sure whether this is still included in judge P.s discussion as regards Book 2 of RPC, parang Book !ut then I couldnt distinguish sa tape kasi dire"direcho naman so I just transcri!ed it.. if #ou think, we co$ered this in Book then disregard na lang * Contin o s crime re2ers to crime t1at s1all we call it t1at was prom l"ate! 60 t1e + preme Co rt 6eca se t1ere wo l! 6e c1aos an! 1orror nless we 1onor t1e !ecision o2 t1e + preme Co rt3 #k contin o s crime re2ers to crime t1at s1all we call it at even committe! onl0 2or t1e 2irst time 6 t t1e o22en!er contin es to commit nless 1e 1as alrea!0 serve! t1e sentence/ nless 1e 1as alrea!0 6een 2ile! p/ 1e 1as alrea!0 la nc1 1is 6elie2/ alle"iance to a partic lar association or p 6lic w1atever3 J st like in t1e case o2 CCCCCCCCC3 'ct all0 re6ellion is not w1at 0o call in a contin in" crime3 It is a contin in" crime in t1e sense t1at 0o committe! t1e same an! 0o contin e! even i2 0o 1ave not act all0 in t1e active participation o2 t1e act 6ein" committe! 60 0o r 2rien!s3 B t it is a contin o s crime3 T1e moment 0o committe! 0o call t1e state ntil t1e contin o s crime in s c1 a str ""le3 Remem6er t1e case o2 CCCCCCC an! companion cases CCCCCCCCCC3
T1ese people CCCCCCCCC an! ot1ers are act all0 .$' re" lars an! t1e0 appear n!er t1e 2i"1t o2 t1e arm0 as .$' re" lars 6 t t1e0 !eci!e! not to en"a"e an0more in arme! str ""le somew1ere in t1e so t1ern part o2 L 5on3 Instea! t1e0 !eci!e! to 6ecome s1all we call in en"a"e in certain activities or well-emplo0e! as la6orers or as workers in !i22erent esta6lis1ment s c1 as t1ose w1o were arreste! w1o are workin" in t1e 2actories3 +ome are workin" in certain constr ction si"1ts in Las $inas an! ot1er places in %etro %anila3 #t1ers are arreste! wit1o t a warrant t1e0 claim t1at t1e arrest is ille"al 6 t as t1e + preme Co rt state! t1at case3 It sai! t1at 0o contin e to commit t1e crime t1at 0o 1ave previo sl0 committe! 0o rsel2 to commit ntil s c1 time as 0o 1ave reno nce to live in t1at partic lar str ""le3 +o it is a contin o s crime/ a transitor0 crime3 ' transitor0 crime is a crime w1ere an0 o2 its elements or an0 o2 its in"re!ients will 6e committe! in anot1er place an! t1ere 0o can 2ile t1e case o2 an0 places 0o can p t its elements or in an0 o2 its in"re!ients o2 t1e one committe!3 'n e7ample o2 w1ic1 is o2 co rse t1e violation o2 B$ 22/ ille"al r les an! ille"al recr itment/ s0n!icate! esta2a/ etc3 (ven t1e s0n!icate! esta2a w1o is onl0 one criminal intent t1ere so 0o 1ave t1e pro6lem o2 w1ic1 to 6e "iven esta2a o2 t1is time 6eca se t1e little en"a"e in a esta2a alrea!0 covere! almost all parts o2 t1e co ntr03 'n! t1eir victims are comin" 2rom t1e !i22erent parts o2 t1e $1ilippines3 T1ere are alrea!0 2ile! cases a"ainst t1ese people3 +ome 1ave onl0 inten!in" to 2ile t1e places w1ere t1e0 1ave 6een victimi5e!3 T1e pro6lem t1ere is 1ow to "o a6o t in tr0in" t1e cases 6eca se i2 it is s0n!icate! esta2a/ t1ere is onl0 one sin"le criminal intent especiall0 in t1at person 60 t1e se o2 !irect contri6 tion 2rom t1e "eneral p 6lic an! t1e p rpose to w1om t1e people t1e0 collect t1e mone0 or w1atever3 Bo 1ave now several s0n!icate! esta2a cases3 :owever t1ere are t1ose w1o 2ile separate cases an! i2 t1e0 are "oin" 2or e7ample/ 1ave t1em cost relate!3 :ow a6o t t1ose ot1ers w1o !i! not 2ile3 <1at wo l! 1appen= )n!er t1e t1eor0 o2 CCCCCCCCCC/one criminal o22ense3 :ow a6o t t1e ot1ers w1o were not a6le to participate an! !eci!e to participate later on= :ow a6o t t1e ot1ers w1o were not a6le to participate !eci!e onl0 to participate later on3 T1ere are w1at we call !eci!e! 60 t1e + preme Co rt3 #ne element ma0 1ave taken place in one place an! ot1er ma0 1ave taken place in anot1er place etcetera?/ 0es 0o can 2ile 1ere an0 case in an0 o2 t1e places w1ere an0 o2 t1e essential elements or in"re!ients 1ave 6een committe!3 #k/ an0 4 estion= .ow let>s "o to penalties3 $enalties 2or $rincipal/ accomplices/ accessories penalties 2or cons mmate! 2elonies/ penalties 2or 2r strate! 2elonies an! 2or attempte! 2elonies3 I 1ave a!opte! a meter s0stem an! most o2 0o w1o were in m0 CRI% class are 2amiliar wit1 t1is/ no1 it is ver0 eas0 1ow to !o it an! I will repeat so 0o will
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remem6er t1e simple r le3 Bo 1ave t1ere a principal/ t1e e4 ivalent o2 t1e principal is alrea!0 cons mmate!3 Bo 1ave accomplice/ 0o 1ave accessor0/ 0o 1ave 2r strate! an! 0o 1ave attempte!3 'lri"1t/ in t1e comp tation o2 t1e penalties/ nat rall0 i2 t1e crime t1at a penalt0 is recl sion temporal s1all 6e e4 al 2or t1e person pon committin" t1e crime o2 1omici!e/ t1e law speaks o2 1omici!e 6ein" cons mmate!3 In t1at t1e person w1o will 6e sentence! to recl sion temporal will 6e sentence! to recl sion temporal is t1e minimal/ t1at is "iven/ t1at is w1at t1e law s1all we call it make an arran"ement in t1e provision o2 t1e law 6ein" interprete!3 .ow/ so/ let s sa0 in t1e crime o2 1omici!e3 T1e principal committe! t1e same an! it is cons mmate!/ no pro6lem3 T1e penalt0 is recl sion temporal3 B t s pposin" t1e crime committe! is a 2r strate! 1omici!e w1at t1en are t1e initial an! t1e principal/ t1e mete! o t or w1at is t1e penalt0 2or t1e principal in a 2r strate! 1omici!e= T1e $enalt0 s1all 6e one !e"ree lower/ so one !e"ree lower wo l! 6e recl sion ma0or3 + pposin" t1at t1e o22en!er is a principal in an attempte! 1omici!e/ t1e penalt0 s1all 6e 2 !e"rees lower w1ic1 is recl sion correctional3 #k/ ver0 simple 6eca se all t1at 0o 1ave to !o is i2 it is a crime 6ein" cons mmate! also one !e"ree lower/ one !e"ree lower3 .ow i2 it is attempte! 2 !e"rees lower in a principal3 T1e principal nat rall0 is a w1ole penalt03 I2 it is an accomplice/ 1 !e"ree lower i2 1e is an accessor0 2 !e"ree lower t1at is ver0 simple3 'lri"1t/ so in t1e previo s !isc ssion I sai! t1e principal an! t1e crime committe! is in t1e attempte! state/ t1e penalt0 t1at s1o l! 6e impose! to 1im is 2 !e"ree lower 2rom t1e penalt0 imposa6le or a principal in a cons mmate!3 In t1e case o2 t1e 1omici!e/ nat rall0/ t1e penalt0 is p10sical recl sion 6eca se it is cons mmate!3 .ow/ let s sa0 t1at t1e o22en!er is an accomplice/ 1e committe! t1e crime o2 1omici!e cons mmate! so t1e penalt0 is 1 !e"ree lower 2rom t1e penalt0 imposa6le in t1e crime o2 1omici!e t1at in recl sion ma0or an! t1at i2 1e is an accomplice an! committe! at 1e same time a 2r strate! 1omici!e t1e penalt0 is 2 !e"ree lower 2rom t1e penalt0 imposa6le 60 t1e law3 #ne an! one is nat rall0 2 an! so it is lower 2rom t1e recl sion temporal t1at wo l! 6e recl sion correctional3 .ow/ i2 were t1e accomplice is also in t1e crime o2 t1e attempte! 1omici!e/ t1e penalt0 3 !e"ree lower3 +o i2 1e is an accomplice to t1e attempte! 1omici!e/ t1e penalt0 s1all 6e (1ow man0 !e"ree lower=) it is 3 !e"ree lowere! 2or recl sion temporal is recl sion ma0or3 In t1e accessor0/ I2 t1e accessor0 commits cons mmate! pro6lem/ let>s sa0 1omici!e/ t1e penalt0 o2 t1e accessor0 is two !e"rees alrea!0 onl0 2or t1e accessor0 i2 it is cons mmate! 2rom a recl sion temporal it wo l! 6e recl sion correction3 ."a0on k n" papasok si0a !oon/ one/ two at "inawa n0a3 .ow/ s pposin" t1at an accessor0 committe! onl0 a 2r strate! 1omici!e/ t1e penalt0 s1all 6e 2 !e"rees lower 2rom an! w1at is 3 !e"rees lower3 'n! w1at is 2 !e"rees lower to recl sion temporal= It is recl sion ma0or3 .ow/ s pposin" it is an accessor0 o2 attempte! 2elon0?t1e penalt0 is
arresto menor3 ' person w1o mi"1t 1ave committe! an attempte! 1omici!e 6 t 1e is an accessor0 1e can 6e penali5e! wit1 one to t1irt0 !a0s3 :e ma0 6e p nis1e! in 1 !a0 i2 1e plea!e! " ilt0 it is to 6e penali5e! wit1 arresto menor3 In knowin" t1e simple comp tation o2 penalties an! i2 0o know t1is simple comp tation it will 1elp 0o o t3 (7ample/ na1 li po ako n" p lis attorne0 !a1il napasama lan" po ako sa crime scene3 -ai6i"an ko an" p mata0 at na"ta"o si0a sa amin3 'no po 6a an" sentens0a ko k n" mapat na0an na ako a0 na"kasala= .at rall0 t1e man is worrie! w1o co-acc se! an! 1e even !o not know t1at 1e>s an accessor0/ 6 t 6eca se 0o are 2amiliar wit1 t1e participation o2 t1e o22en!er/ 0o will & st tell 1im !on>t worr0/ I will take care o2 0o r case3 're 0o 1irin" me= 'lri"1t si"n t1at I am 0o r law0er3 +o k n" ma0aman s min"il kana3 'n! 0o will tell 1im 1e will & st 6e sentence! 2or onl0 10 !a0s & st plea! " ilt03 .ow/ i2 1e>s a minor/ pata0---li6reJ Beca se minorit0 is a privile"e miti"atin" circ mstance o2 w1ic1 1e is entitle! o2 one !e"ree lower 2rom arresto menor3 'n! t1ere is no lower like 1 !e"ree3 +o t1is simple comp tation/ I know t1at most o2 0o 1ere are t1ose m0 2ormer st !ents3 T1is is ver0 simple t1at i2 0o rea! t1e law in a week 0o will know 1ow3 @o 0o 1ave an0 4 estions= #2 co rse/ we are alrea!0 in t1e penalties an! we s1o l! know w1at co l! pro6a6l0 a22ect penalties3 T1ere are t1e mo!i20in" circ mstances an! 0o know we 1ave !isc sse! a""ravatin"/ miti"atin"/ t1e speci2ic/ t1e special/ t1e or!inar03 Bo know t1at t1ere is an a""ravatin" circ mstance t1at is 60 itsel2 is in1erent3 Say for example, what is inherent in certain crimes? Well, naturally in cases of estafa there is evident of pre meditation. In rape there is always present most of the time even if they are inherent in the commission of the crime it cannot be considered as aggravating even in a mitigating circumstance. There is in some cases that we have discovered that in inherent mitigating circumstances, although they are inherent mitigating circumstances. They are not considered as modifying circumstances. In a case of rape but the offender shall we call it a or he has a physical defect is inherent and is mitigating but would it be a modifying or mitigating circumstance in the crime of rape? If he is not. Naturally, it is not but it is aggravating if the person committing this is the crime committed during the time..
' " st 2E/ 2003 (T1e !a0 w1en its 2ree c t in civ)
D %a&'rvin
alri"1t? an0 person or an0 p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee 6 t t1at term is ver0 "eneric? it s1o l! 6e an0 p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee in c1ar"e o2 t1e en2orcement o2 t1e law w1o !etains anot1er wit1o t an0 le"al "ro n! will 6e criminall0 lia6le 2or 'RBITR'RB @(T(.TI#. 1ere/ to !i22erentiate it 2rom ki!nappin"/ in ki!nappin" t1e o22en!er ma0 also 6e a p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee 6 t 1e is actin" in 1is private capacit03 'n! 1is p rpose is to !eprive t1e person o2 1is li6ert0 an! t1at t1e person is 6ein" !etaine! in a place not !evote! 2or !etention o2 persons w1o 1ave 6een arreste! eit1er law2 ll0 or nlaw2 ll03 #n t1e ot1er 1an!/ in ar6itrar0 !etention/ a person is !eprive! o2 1is li6ert0 wit1o t an0 le"al "ro n! an! 1e is 6ein" !etaine! on a place 2or !etention o2 persons w1o 1ave 6een law2 ll0 arreste! in ot1er wor!s/ t1e p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee arrest a person or !etains a person onl0 wit1o t an0 & sti2ia6le ca se or wit1o t an0 le"al "ro n! an! t1e !etention o2 t1at person is in a place o2 proper !etention 2or t1ose w1o violates t1e law K in &ail/ in ot1er wor!s3 I2 it is o tsi!e t1e &ail or it is not in a !etention cell/ t1en t1at wo l! not 6e ar6itrar0 !etention 6 t t1at wo l! 6e ki!nappin" or a serio s ille"al !etention or ille"al !etention3 T1ere are times w1en a p 6lic o22icer ma0 6e t1e o22en!er in ki!nappin" alt1o "1 in art 2DE/ ki!nappin" ma0 6e committe! onl0 60 a p 6lic in!ivi! al/ not 60 a p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee3 B t a p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee ma0 6e c1ar"e! an! 2o n! " ilt0 o2 ki!nappin" i2 1e acte! in 1is personal capacit0 an! not on 1is o22icial capacit03 .ow in ar6itrar0 !etention/ t1e !etention ma0 1ave 6een ca se! 60 ille"al arrest or nlaw2 l arrest or 60 simple !etention wit1o t a le"al "ro n!3 T1e two are !i22erent 2rom eac1 ot1er3 <1en 0o sa0 it mi"1t 1ave 6een 60 reason o2 nlaw2 l arrest/ t1ere m st 6e an arrest e22ecte! 60 a p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee 6 t t1e same is nlaw2 l an! t1erea2ter t1e victim is !etaine! in a place o2 !etention3 #n t1e ot1er 1an!/ t1ere is onl0 ar6itrar0 !etention w1en a person w1o ma0 not 1ave 6een arreste! 6 t 1as 6een ar6itraril0 !etaine!3 #ne o2 t1e e7amples t1at 0o can 2in! in a case w1ic1 is appropriate to t1is w1erein t1e person was not arreste! is t1e case o2 *# v C' (I don t !now why but the tapes I transcribe always have this case" favorite talaga #to ni $udge") %r *o went to t1e police station an! in4 ire! w1et1er a certain %r3 Rolito *o is t1e person 6ein" s specte! o2 1avin" s1ot %r3 %a" an? an! w1en t1e policeman sai! t1at t1e0 are reall0 lookin" 2or %r3 *o/ Rolito *o sai! t1at I am Rolito *o an! t1e policeman sai! 0o & st wait an! 1e went to a cell/ opene! a cell an! or!ere! %r3 *o to "o insi!e3 %r3 *o o6&ecte!3 T1e policeman !i!n>t sa0 t1at 1e is placin" %r3 *o n!er arrest 6 t 1e & st or!ere! %r3 *o to "o insi!e t1e &ail? t1at is a classic e7ample o2 a person 6ein" !etaine! wit1o t 1avin" 6een arreste! 6 t t1ere is ar6itrar0 !etention3 Beca se 1e presente! 1imsel2 to t1e a t1orities3 It & st 1appene! t1at t1e0 are "oin" to p t 1im in &ail !espite t1e 2act t1at 1e presente! 1imsel2 to t1e a t1orities3 B t a twist o2 2ate3
.ow in ar6itrar0 !etention/ 0o m st 1ave to remem6er t1at w1en t1e penalt0 wo l! !epen! pon t1e perio! o2 w1ic1 t1e person 1as 6een !etaine!/ it wo l! 6ecome a serio s one i2 t1e perio! is more t1an a certain perio! o2 time3 )nlike in ki!nappin"/ i2 t1e !etention laste! 2or more t1an 3 !a0s/ it 6ecomes or i2 in serio s ille"al !etention i2 it is more t1an i2 t1e !etention is more t1an 3 !a0s/ t1en it is serio s ille"al !etention w1ile in ar6itrar0 !etention/ .#3 1ow man0 !a0s 6e2ore it 6ecome serio s ar6itrar0 !etention= %ore t1an D mont1s3 +o it co l! even 6e t1e 2a lt o2 t1e (7ec tive J !"e3 Bo are not 2amiliar wit1 t1e workin"s i2 t1e co rts pro6a6l0 6 t an (7ec tive J !"e o2 t1e RTC 1as control an! s pervision over all &ails wit1in 1is territorial & ris!iction3 :e 1as t1e power over visitation an! or!erin" t1e release o2 t1e prisoners w1o 1ave serve! t1e ma7im m o2 t1eir sentence or w1o is 6ein" !etaine! wit1o t an0 law2 l "ro n! an! t1e !esira6le perio! o2 time w1erein t1e e7ec tive time s1o l! visit t1e &ails is weekl03 In %akati/ 0o onl0 1ave one &ail 6 t t1ere are ot1er satellite &ails3 I call it satellite 6eca se t1e0 1ave a 1ol!in" center in t1e station in t1e %akati police station asi!e 2rom t1e 1ol!in" center t1ere 0o 1ave t1e %akati Cit0 Jail3 'n! 0o even 1ave to conten! wit1 t1e temporar0 !etention cells in 6aran"a0s/ etc so it is a pro6lem3 Bo wo l! not know i2 a person is ar6itraril0 !etaine! in a 1ol!in" center o2 a 6aran"a0 in t1at partic lar 6aran"a03 +o t1e (7ec tive J !"e m st ever 6e vi"ilant wit1 t1e !etention o2 prisoners w1o 1ave 6een nlaw2 ll0 arreste!3 I2 t1e0 were law2 ll0 arreste! t1ere wo l! 6e no pro6lem 6eca se t1ere wo l! onl0 6e a !ela0 o2 t1e !eliver0 o2 !etaine! persons to t1e proper a t1orities3 %eanin"/ a person 1as 6een nlaw2 ll0 !etaine! or nlaw2 ll0 arreste! an! !etaine! an! t1e onl0 pro6lem is t1e perio!s w1ic1 t1e case s1o l! 1ave 6een presente! to t1e proper & !icial a t1orit0 1as not 6een presente! wit1in t1e 1o rs speci2ie! 60 law s c1 asA 12 1o rs 2or li"1t o22enses/ 1L 1o rs 2or o22enses w1ic1 are p nis1a6le wit1 correccional penalties an! 2or a22lictive an! capital p nis1ment/ 3D 1o rs3 T1e & !icial a t1orities mentione! are t1is article is act all0 not alwa0s t1e & !"es3 T1e ori"inal concept o2 t1e r le is so rce! 2rom t1e provisions n!er t1e ol! r les o2 co rt re"ar!in" preliminar0 e7aminations 60 m nicipal & !"es t1en 60 & !"es o2 t1e peace or & stices o2 t1e peace co rts3 Bo know t1at t1ere are two sta"es o2 preliminar0 investi"ations in t1e m nicipal co rts t1en & stice o2 t1e peace co rts3 9irst is preliminar0 e7amination w1ic1 wo l! !etermine t1e e7istence o2 pro6a6le ca se 2or t1e iss ance o2 t1e warrant o2 arrest3 B t o2 co rse a2ter !eterminin" w1et1er a crime 1as 6een committe! or not3 It is more e7pe!itio s ! rin" t1ose times to 2ile a case wit1 t1e m nicipal co rt or t1e & stice o2 t1e peace co rt 2or p rposes o2 iss ance o2 t1e warrant o2 arrest3 It is more e7pe!itio s e13 Bo !on>t 1ave to wait 2or 10 !a0s/ 0o !on>t 1ave to wait 2or a resol tion/ 0o !on>t 1ave to wait 2or t1e 2ilin" o2 t1e in2ormation in t1e
E %a&'rvin
proper co rt 6e2ore a warrant o2 arrest s1all 6e iss e!3 +ometimes it takes mont1s/ !i 6a= <1en 0o 2ile a complaint wit1 t1e & stice o2 t1e peace co rt t1en/ now t1e m nicipal co rt or m nicipal circ it co rt/ 0o can easil0 o6tain a warrant 2or t1e arrest o2 t1e acc se! 6eca se all t1e J !"e 1as to !o is sc1e! le t1e preliminar0 e7amination o2 t1e witnesses/ even w1en a2ter t1e 2ilin" o2 t1e complaint an! pon !ocketin" o2 t1e same/ an! i2 t1e J !"e is not !oin" an0t1in" an! t1e witnesses are availa6le 1e can con! ct imme!iatel0 t1e preliminar0 e7amination o2 t1e witnesses3 'n! a2ter con! ctin" t1e preliminar0 e7amination o2 witnesses 60 searc1in" 4 estions/ 1e can t1en !etermine w1et1er t1e crime 1as 6een committe! an! w1et1er a warrant 2or arrest s1o l! 6e iss e! a"ainst t1e acc se! an! w1at is t1e amo nt o2 6ail or w1et1er t1e crime is 6aila6le or not3 +o t1en/ imme!iatel0/ a warrant ma0 6e "iven3 1 !a0 lan"J J st one !a0 lon"3 T1at is w10 t1is is taken a!vanta"e o2 law0ers an! complainants in t1e provinces3 In %etro %anila an! ot1er places/ w1en 0o "o to t1e prosec tor>s o22ice it will take 0o mont1s3 (ven in !r "s cases/ t1e preliminar0 e7amination in !r "s cases s1o l! not e7cee! 30 !a0s e13 'ct all0 not even 30 !a0s e1/ I 6elieve/ it s1o l! not e7cee!/ E !a0s= In act al practice= #k3 T1is is t1e instance w1en t1e peace o22icers w1o arreste! t1e o22en!er ma0 ask t1e o22en!er to e7ec te a waiver to waive 1is ri"1t n!er t1is article3 <aiver/ n!er article 12,3 w10= <ell/ i2 t1e o22en!er waives 1is ri"1ts n!er article 12,/ even i2 1e 1as 6een !etaine! an! no in2ormation 1as 6een 2ile! a"ainst 1im/ even 2or a perio! o2 more t1an 30 !a0s/ t1e arrestin" o22icers or t1e persons w1o 1as c sto!0 o2 1im is not criminall0 lia6le 2or t1e !ela0 o2 t1e !eliver0 o2 sai! !etaine! person in t1e proper & !icial a t1orities or even ar6itrar0 !etention3 B t never 6eca se in ar6itrar0 !etention t1e !etention is act all0 ille"al an! t1ere is no le"al "ro n! 2or 1is !etention3 'lri"1t? w1at wo l! 6e a proper waiver n!er art3 12,= ' waiver n!er article 12, 60 t1e respon!ent or t1e acc se! s1all 6e consi!ere! as vali! an! 6in!in" to t1e acc se! an! 1is propert0 onl0 w1en t1e waiver is wit1 t1e assistance o2 co nsel/ w1et1er a co nsel o2 1is own c1oice or t1e c1oice o2 t1e acc se! or t1e law0er 1as 6een appointe! 60 a or 1as 6een "iven 60 t1e law en2orcement a"encies to t1e o22en!er an! 1e accepte! t1e services o2 t1at law0er an! in a!!ition accor!in" to t1e +C/ t1e law0er m st 6e a competent an! in!epen!ent co nsel3 T1e meanin" t1ereo2 is t1at t1e law0er m st activel0 participate in t1e procee!in"s in t1e waiver3 :e will pro6a6l0 ask 4 estions w1et1er t1e acc se! n!erstan!s t1e meanin" o2 t1is waiver/ etc/ 1e will e7plain almost wor! 2or wor! t1e waiver t1at is 6ein" presente! to t1e acc se! wit1 1is assistance an! s all0/ it will 6e place! n!er oat13 <it1o t t1e assistance o2 a law0er t1at waiver is consi!ere! n ll an! voi!3
T1ere are times w1en a person is n!er !etention an! t1ere are or!ers or t1ere is an or!er 2rom t1e & !icial o22icer or t1e e7ec tive o22icer 2or t1e release o2 t1at person3 In t1e event t1at t1e e7ec tion o2 t1e or!er 1as 6een !ela0e!/ t1ere is a !ela0 in t1e release w1ic1 s n!er article 12D o2 t1e R$C3 I2 t1e notices or instr ments t1at wo l! 6e a 6asis 2or t1e release o2 a person n!er !etention or as a convicte! prisoner/ t1e person w1o !ela0s t1e service o2 t1at notice s1all 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le 2or t1e !ela0 in t1e release or i2 t1ere is a procee!in"s 2or t1e release o2 t1at person/ an! t1at procee!in"s 1ave 6een !ela0e! 60 an0 p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee/ t1en it s1all also 6e consi!ere! as a !ela0 in t1e release3 Bo 1ave to remem6er t1at t1ere are two 6ranc1es o2 t1e "overnment t1at can or!er t1e release o2 a person in &ail3 T1e e7ec tive !epartment t1ro "1 t1e $resi!ent or 1is a t1ori5e! representative/ in t1e event t1at t1e $resi!ent "rants par!on/ amnest0/ comm tation o2 sentence or con!itional par!on an! wo l! t1e person taske! to release t1e partic lar person !ela0s wit1 malice or 6a! 2ait1 or t1ro "1 "ross or ine7c sa6le ne"li"ence 6eca se i2 t1e !ela0 in t1e release is !one in "oo! 2ait1/ t1ere is no crime t1at is committe! or 60 simple ne"li"ence/ 1e cannot 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le3 .at rall0 t1ere wo l! 6e a contin o s incarceration o2 t1e person w1ic1 is almost tantamo nt to ar6itrar0 !etention 6 t it is 6ein" consi!ere! as !ela0 in t1e release 6eca se t1ere is a le"al "ro n! 2or 1is incarceration w1et1er !etention or servin" sentence 60 virt e o2 a 2inal & !"ment3 T1e & !icial a t1orities (o2 co rse t1ere are man0 instances w1en t1e & !icial a t1orities can or!er t1e release o2 t1e person) 2irst/ i2 t1e co rt 2in!s t1at t1ere is no prima 2acie evi!ence or eit1er t1ere is no pro6a6le ca se in t1e iss ance o2 a warrant or 2 rt1er !etention o2 t1e person c1ar"e! o2 t1e commission o2 t1e crime an! t1at t1e in2ormation is not vali!/ t1e & !"e will !ismiss o tri"1t t1e case an! or!er t1e release o2 t1e o22en!er i2 1e is n!er !etention3 <1atever 6e t1e 6elie2 o2 t1e war!en is o2 no concern to t1e co rt an! to t1e person w1o is !etaine!3 Beca se it is t1e responsi6ilit0 o2 t1e J !"e/ act all0/ to see to it t1at 1is or!ers are correct in accor!ance wit1 law an! t1at it 6e o6e0e! 60 t1e person to w1om t1at release is !irecte!3 In case w1en t1e acc se! post 6ail or is "iven t1e privile"e o2 6ein" place! n!er reco"ni5ance w1ile n!er !etention3 Bo know t1at reco"ni5ance i2 t1e o22en!er is arreste! wit1o t a warrant 6 t t1e o22ense carrie! wit1 it a penalt0 w1ic1 is less t1at D mont1s/ t1e co rt 1as a !iscretion alt1o "1 1e ma0 not e7ercise it 6 t it ma0 6e e7ercise! to allow t1at persons to 6e place! n!er t1e reco"ni5ance o2 anot1er as lon" as 1e is not a reci!ivist/ 1a6it al !elin4 ent/ or s 22erin" 2rom reiteracion or even 4 asi-reci!ivism3 It !epen!s pon t1e !iscretion o2 t1e co rt3 I2 t1e acc se! post 6ail/ no pro6lem3 :is imme!iate release s1o l! 6e !one3 .ow in connection wit1 t1is/ even ! rin" preliminar0 investi"ations i2 t1e o22ense is 6aila6le/ t1e acc se! can ask 2or 6ail3 To w1om are 0o "oin" to 2ile 0o r petition= Bo are t1e law0er o2 t1e person w1o is eit1er in c sto!0 6eca se 1e
L %a&'rvin
waive! article 12, 6 t t1e preliminar0 investi"ation will take little time 6 t 0o want 0o r client to 6e o t 2rom &ail3 <10= Beca se 1e is 6ein" ma le! or 1e 6ecame t1e milkin" cow o2 t1e ot1er prisoners an! t1e war!ens3 +o 0o want 1im o t3 <1at are 0o "oin" to !o= .o in2ormation 0et 1as 6een 2ile!3 <1at are 0o "oin" to !o= .o 6ail 1as 0et 6een 2i7e!3 +a6i1in mo/ t makas ka na lan"= 'ct all0 t1ere is a reme!0 n!er t1e .ew R les on Criminal $roce! re3 9ile a petition n!er t1e (7ec tive J !"e o2 t1e Re"ional Trial Co rt o2 t1e station w1ere t1e crime 1as 6een committe!3 'n! alle"e in 0o r petition t1at t1e acc se! or t1e respon!ent is 6ein" !etaine! an! t1at t1e case is still n!er preliminar0 investi"ation an! t1at 1e mi"1t 1ave waive! 1is ri"1t n!er art 12, or even i2 1e is o t o2 or 1e is not in &ail/ t1ere is a !an"er t1at 1e>ll 6e imme!iatel0 arreste! pon 2ilin" o2 t1e in2ormation an! in or!er to pre-empt t1at/ 0o are askin" t1at t1e co rt 2i7 6ail 2or 1is provisional li6ert0 as t1e crime t1at 1e 1as committe! is 6aila6le3 T1e (7ec tive J !"e 1as t1e a t1orit0 to 2i7 t1e 6ail an! o2 co rse a!mit 6ail to 6e poste! 60 t1e respon!ent an! 1e will 6e release!3 :e cannot 6e arreste! an0more3 nless a2ter t1e 2ilin" o2 t1e in2ormation/ t1e J !"e to w1om t1e in2ormation 1as 6een 2ile! 2o n! t1at t1ere is an ins 22icient 6ail/ etc? 6 t t1e J !"e s1o l! not imme!iatel0 or!er t1e arrest o2 t1e acc se!3 T1at wo l! 6e !eprivin" t1e acc se! o2 ! e process3 :e will 6e t1e Co rt s1o l! iss e an or!er re4 irin" t1e acc se! to 2ile a!!itional 6ail even p to at least 4L 1o rs a2ter t1e iss ance o2 t1e or!er3 #t1erwise/ a warrant 2or 1is arrest s1all 6e iss e! an! 1is 6ail ma0 6e cancelle!3 +o 1in!i pwe!e na 6asta na lan" kakansela1in n" J !"e 0on3 T1e J !"e cannot imme!iatel0 or!er a warrant o2 arrest3 T1at is not onl0 "rave a6 se o2 !iscretion 6 t t1at is also oppression3 $ero i2 0o know t1e J !"e an! 0o know t1at t1e J !"e !oesn>t know 1is R les/ approac1 1im3 @o not imme!iatel0 6a! mo t1 1im3 J st ask 2or an a !ience wit1 1im an! ask t1at t1e clerk o2 co rt 6e present an! ask 2or a steno"rap1er so t1e0 wo l! not s spect t1at 0o are tr0in" to in2l ence t1e J !"e3 @ rin" 0o r meetin" 0o tell t1e J !"e/ 0o sa0 8Bo r :onor/ wit1 ! e respect/ t1e or!er t1at 0o iss e! is 4 estiona6le3 #2 co rse 1e wo l! 6e taken a6ack3 Bo sa0 0o r :onor/ wit1 ! e respect t1at is w10 I !i! not ask t1at it 6e set 2or a 1earin" 0et or I am not 0et 2ilin" a %otion 2or Reconsi!eration3 Bo can recall t1e or!er 6eca se 0o s1o l! 2irst "ive an opport nit0 to t1e acc se! to 2ile an a!!itional 6ail3 #t1erwise it will 6e tantamo nt to oppression Bo r :onor3 T1e J !"e will appreciate t1at an! 1e will recall t1e or!er3 In t1at wa0 0o will 6e maintainin" a "oo! relations1ip wit1 t1e Co rt3 T1e J !"e will remem6er 0o A %ar non" Mton" 6atan" to a1J3 .ot onl0 wit1 t1e R les 6 t 1e knows 1ow to approac1 a pro6lem3 @o not 6e a""ressive3 9ile ka a"a!/ an! ask t1at it 6e 1ear! wit1in t1ree !a0s 6 t not more t1an 10 !a0s 2rom t1e 2ilin" o2 t1e motion an! imme!iatel0 0o will anno nce to t1e "eneral p 6lic w1ile all law0ers are present t1e i"norance o2 t1e J !"e3 $ata0 ka3 :e will reconsi!er 1is or!er 6 t marka!o ka na3 <alan"1i0a to
a1/ pina1i0a pa ako3 'lam mo naman ma0 m"a J !"e na maninipis an" 6alat3 <e can take it in stri!e3 T1at is a reme!0 t1at is availa6le to 0o 3 +o !ela0 in t1e release3 Incl !in" t1e procee!in"s/ t1ere are instances w1en t1e procee!in"s are 6ein" !ela0e! not 6eca se o2 ne"li"ence 6 t 6eca se t1ere is a malicio s intention on t1e part o2 some6o!0 to !ela0 t1e procee!in"s 2or t1e release o2 t1e o22en!er3 'c4 ittal/ no pro6lem/ release kaa"a! 0an3 Bo know/ !o not alwa0s 6elieve in t1e &ailers3 T1e moment t1at t1e J !"e anno nce t1e ac4 ittal o2 t1e acc se! i2 t1e acc se! is a !etention prisoner an! 1e 1as le2t or 1e !oes not 1ave an0 t1in" o2 val e or importance in t1e &ail/ t1e acc se! can "o 2ree alrea!03 T1ere is no nee! 2or 1im to "o 6ack to t1e &ail3 +asa6i1in n n" &ailer/ !i/ ma!ami ka pan" pipirma1an ! n/ etc33 0o will 1ave to acco nt 2or t1is an! t1at/ 6akit ma0 i6ini"a0 6a sa i0o na kailan"an I-acco nt mo= @i k n" an! n/ 0o were "iven a 0ellow s1irt na an" nakala"a0/ CI@*/ %akati Cit0 Jail/ so 0an e1? 1 6arin mo/ i6i"a0 mo ! n sa &ailer3 Beca se I 1ave 6een o6&ectin" to t1is e1 since t1e 6e"innin"3 'lt1o "1 t1e policemen 1as sort o2 & sti2ication 2or it as t1e0 can easil0 spot a person w1o is escapin" 2rom t1eir c sto!0 6eca se o2 t1e 0ellow s1irt or w1atever s1irt it is/ t1at is to me not a s 22icient reason3 To me/ allow 1im to !ress p w1en 1e "oes to co rt an! lets see i2 t1is person is reall0 o2 "oo! manners/ etc or w1atever3 :ow are we "oin" to !etermine i2 t1is person reall0 is a person w1o acts like a criminal3 'll t1at 0o know i2 0o are t1e J !"e is t1at 1e>s wearin" a 0ellow s1irt3 % k1a n"an" ano ito? !i na"-aa1it33 e1 1in!i !in pina"-aa1it !oon e13 T1e0 are 6ein" allowe! to s1ave/ t1e0 are not allowe! to 2res1en p/ t1e0 6rin" t1em to t1e &ail as t1e0 are an! w1ile t1e0 are in &ail t1e0 will not even allow t1em to take a 6at1/ 60 "oll0J so I o6&ect to t1at3 I>ve 6een tellin" t1e &ailers/ 0o !on>t 6rin" a person 1ere i2 t1e prisoner 1as not taken 1is 6at13 'n! t1at 0o are not s ppose! to "ive 1im t1at 0ellow ni2orm3 'llow 1im to se t1e 6est clot1es or 1is + n!a0 clot1es3 :e can p1one 1is 1o se an! let 1is relatives 6rin" t1e 6est !ress t1at 1e 1as or t1e 6est s1irt an! pants t1at 1e 1as an! s1oes3 B t t1e &ailers will not allow t1at3 +a6i !in n" prisoners/ 8+ir ma1irap 0 n3N Bakit= (1 pa"ka na"!amit kami ! n/ ma"an!a/ naka lacoste kami pa"pasok namin" ! n wala na 0on3 +ome6o!0 will ask 2or t1at alrea!03 T1ere will 6e asportation o2 0o r clot1es 60 t1is people3 (7p lsion3 T1e 2irst kin! o2 e7p lsion is w1en a person w1o is resi!in" in t1e $1ilippines or an0 person w1o is a resi!ent o2 t1is co ntr0 is e7pelle! 2rom t1e $1ilippines not 2rom 1is !omicile or resi!ence/ 1aJ 9rom t1e $1ilippines3 %eanin" to sa0/ 1e was kicke! o t 2rom t1e $1ilippine territor03 <ell 1a! it 6een tr e t1at %arcos aske! to 6e 6ro "1t to $aoa0 an! not :awaii an! t1at t1e re6ellion !i! not s ccee! an! t1at 1e was 6ro "1t to :awaii instea! o2 $aoa0/ t1ere is e7p lsion3 B t 6eca se t1e re6ellion s ccee!e!/ t1e0 can 6rin" 1im an0w1ere3 B t it is e7p lsion 2rom t1e $1ilippines re2 sin" t1e entr0 o2 a 9ilipino citi5en ret rnin" to 1is own co ntr0= Is t1at also e7p lsion= In t1e case o2 Her/ an! 1is 2amil0 an! !escen!ants/ t1e0 were !enie! entr0 to t1e $1ilippines3 @o
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0o remem6er t1at case w1ic1 1as reac1e! t1e +C= Bo !o not recall= Her an! 1is 2amil0 to"et1er wit1 (rwin an! t1e ot1er one w1o were t1en Colonels in t1e '9$ were !enie! entr0 were askin" to 6e allowe! to enter t1e $1ilippines a2ter t1e0 1ave 6een e7pelle! 2rom t1e $1ilippines to"et1er wit1 %arcos3 T1e reason "iven 60 t1e +C in !isallowin" t1eir entr0 in t1e $1ilippines is to avoi! t1e 6reac1 o2 national sec rit0 as e7po n!e! 60 t1e #+* an! t1e @#J3 B t t1ose are !i22erent times3 I cannot still accept t1at as a vali! reason 6eca se i2 t1at is ! e to t1e "ro n!s o2 national sec rit0 w1at are t1e '9$ !oin"= Bo can assi"n even pro6a6l0 a Battalion to " ar! t1is people/ to " ar! t1eir movements etc3 an! 1ow can t1e0 create !ist r6ances in t1e co ntr0= 'n! i2 t1e0 are creatin" !ist r6ances/ arrest t1em/ p t t1em in &ailJ <ell/ t1at is a case-to-case 6asis onl03 <1at is know as pro hac vice. T1at case is onl0 applica6le to a partic lar person an! a partic lar time3 It is not !i22erent3 Bo !o not e7pel3 T1e wor! e7pel is w1en t1e person is 1ere in t1e $1ilippines an! 0o e7pel 1im 2rom t1e $1ilippines3 (7pellin" a person 2rom 1is resi!ence or 2rom 1is place o2 !omicile3 T1e most cele6rate! case in t1is respect is t1e case o2 Hillavicencio v3 L k6an3 B t t1at is not an act al case o2 e7p lsion 6 t t1at is a case o2 1a6eas corp s3 (L k6an/ %a0or o2 %anila/ transporte!/ accor!in" to J !"e/ 8all t1e "irls t1at 1ave 6een love! 6e2oreN to @avao? poli case) t1e +C or!ere! L k6an to pro! ce t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e "irl333 t1at is e7p lsion3 In 2act in 0o r special procee!in"s/ t1is is t1e onl0 case in 1a6eas corp s w1en t1e person s 6&ect o2 t1e petition is not !etaine! or 6ein" !eprive! o2 1is li6ert0 6 t was onl0 remove! 2rom 1is resi!ence an! t1e co rt "rante! t1e petition 2or 1a6eas corp s3 +o i2 t1ere is a pro6lem in reme!ial law w1en t1e pro6lem is 8Is t1ere an0 instance w1ere t1e writ o2 1a6eas corp s ma0 6e iss e! w1en t1e person is not 6ein" !eprive! o2 1is li6ert0/ t1is is t1e case also3N T1ere are so man0 t1in"s t1at 0o will learn 2rom t1e case o2 Hillavicencio v3 L k6an3 Break?3 <ell/ a2ter e7p lsion we 1ave violation o2 !omicile3 'n0 p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee in c1ar"e o2 t1e en2orcement o2 t1e law w1o searc1e! t1e !wellin" o2 anot1er wit1o t t1e permission o2 t1e occ pant or t1e owner an! wit1o t an0 a t1orit0 2rom t1e law3 9or articles/ "oo!s/ e22ects/ o2 t1e commission o2 t1e crime/ 2or instr ments in t1e commission o2 t1e crime s1all 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le 2or violation o2 !omicile an! in t1e event t1at 1e s rreptitio sl0 entere! s c1 premises an! was 2o n! 60 t1e owner an! was aske! to leave an! 1e re2 se!/ it 6ecomes an a""ravatin" circ mstance or i2 1e 1as alrea!0 taken or 1e 1as alrea!0 o6taine! 2rom t1e premises evi!ence or papers or !oc ments or w1atever an! 1e re2 se! to ret rn t1e same to t1e owner or t1e possessor/ t1e same is also an a""ravatin" circ mstance w1ic1 wo l! place t1e penalt0 to a m c1 1i"1er one t1an an or!inar0 violation o2 !omicile3 T1is partic lar provision
o2 t1e law 1as 6een !isc sse! recentl0 6 t t1e0 are not act all0 re2errin" an! t1e0 are not sin" t1e proper term3 @o 0o recall t1e case o2 Car!enas= +ome people claim t1at t1e a t1orities !o not 1ave a searc1 warrant an! t1e0 searc1e! t1e premises o2 Car!enas or w1at appears to 6e anot1er 1o se 6 t it is consi!ere! ma06e a !epen!enc0 6eca se t1ere is a "ate an! a point w1ere 0o can enter t1e ot1er 1o se 2rom t1e ot1er 1o se3 +o it wo l! appear to 6e a !epen!enc0 as t1e same is not in1a6ite! at t1e time3 I2 it is tr e/ it is not an ille"al searc1 6eca se t1ere is no crime n!er t1e R$C o2 ille"al searc13 Is t1ere= <ala? noneJ It is violation o2 !omicile3 Bon an" proper term !on3 +o ever06o!0 is talkin" ille"al searc1 6 t no3 it is a violation o2 !omicile3 <1en 0o are invite! in a 2or m/ se t1e proper term so t1e0 will 6e impresse! o2 0o r e7pertise in t1is respect3 I2 it is tr e/ (no personal knowle!"e !aw si J !"e onl0 spec lations) t1en it is a crime3 'n! an0 evi!ence o6taine! 60 reason o2 violation o2 !omicile are ina!missi6le3 +o pro6lema 0an3 -asi in t1e case/ t1e0 2or"ot to o6e0 t1e law i2 it is tr e3 +o t1e0 1ave to prove t1at3 #t1ers sai!/ an0wa0/ it is in relation to re6ellion or co p !Metat3 It is onl0 re6ellion t1at 1as 6een !eci!e! 60 t1e +C as a contin in" crime3 Is t1ere an0 !ecision 60 t1e +C t1at co p !Metat is a contin in" o22ense= <ala ano= B t t1e principle is t1e same/ it is a crime a"ainst national sec rit03 +o m0 opinion is t1at co p !>etat is still a contin in" o22ense3 B t it wo l! 6e !e6ata6le as t1e elements o2 co p !Metat an! t1e elements o2 re6ellion are two !i22erent t1in"s3 T1e0 !o not 1ave t1e same elements3 'ct all0 6e2ore I sai! t1at t1e0 ma0 6e !i22erent/ I alrea!0 1ave some !o 6ts t1at co p !Metat is a contin in" o22ense 3 it mi"1t not 6e a contin in" o22ense 6eca se it is a swi2t attack accompanie! 60 w1at= violence/ intimi!ation/ strate"0 or stealt1 2or t1e p rposes as en merate! an! t1at t1e initiators are mem6ers o2 t1e '9$ or t1e police or an0 persons emplo0e! in t1e "overnment eit1er wit1 or wit1o t t1e assistance o2 t1e civilians3 It is consi!ere! as co p !>etat3it is !i22erent 2rom re6ellion3 <ell t1e0 were sa0in" t1at i2 t1e searc1 is in p rs it o2 an arrest in relation to re6ellion/ t1ere is no nee! 2or a searc1 warrant3 .#J even i2 t1ere is a !eclaration o2 a state o2 re6ellion/ t1ere is still a nee! 2or t1em to resort to t1e & !icial a t1orities to ask 2or an a t1orit0 to searc1 t1e premises o2 a person w1o mi"1t 6e s specte! o2 1avin" committe! a crime3 #r w1o mi"1t 6e keepin" certain contra6an!s or evi!ence in relation to t1e commission o2 a crime3 T1at is t1e pro6lem now o2 t1e prosec tors3 <ell/ it s1all 6e a "oo! e7ercise o2 knowle!"e o2 0o r criminal law i2 0o will 2ollow t1e moves o2 t1e prosec tors an! t1e !e2ense in t1is case? act all0/ t1e case o2 Car!enas an! t1e #akwoo! case will 6e consoli!ate!? I am s re o2 t1at 6eca se it arose o t o2 one inci!ent3 +o i2 it is a co p !>etat wit1 t1e assistance o2 a civilian/ t1en its co p!>etat3 I2 it is re6ellion it !oes not matter i2 t1ese people are mem6ers o2 t1e '9$ or not or t1e lea!ers are civilians/ it !oesn>t matter? so t1at wo l! 6e t1e sit ation at t1is point 6 t I am s re t1at t1e two cases will 6e consoli!ate! as t1ere is no point in not consoli!atin" t1em3
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(ven t1is p0rami!in" sc1emes 1a= Ban" m"a m ltitel/ mm"/ isan" kaso lan" 0an e13 T1at is s0n!icate! esta2a3 (1 6ini0ak-6i0ak3 @i mo na t lo0 malaman k n" ano "a"awin mo? all t1e co rts 1a 1ave t1e cases o2 Bala!&a0/ %ateo/ etc 2rom 'n"eles Cit0 to somew1ere else/ 2rom % ntinl pa even la" na/ t1e0 1ave cases3 I t1ink t1e 6etter approac1 t1ere is 2or t1e !epartment o2 & stice to 2irst ree7amine all t1is cases an! a2ter ree7amination "ive t1em 1, !a0s an! t1en create a task 2orce an! t1en i2 t1ere is onl0 one case/ 2ile onl0 one case wit1 several victims3 Beca se sin" t1e case o2 +antia"o v3 +an!i"an6a0an/ i2 t1ere is onl0 one intent/ t1ere is onl0 one crime3 even i2 t1ere are several victims3 +o t1at is violation o2 !omicile3 '2ter violation o2 !omicile it is act all0 t1e malicio s o6tention o2 a searc1 warrant an! t1e a6 se in its implementation3 ' searc1 warrant is a writ iss e! 60 a competent co rt !irectin" or a!!resse! to an0 peace o22icer comman!in" t1e peace o22icer to searc1 a partic larl0 !escri6e! premises an! to sei5e t1ose t1at are partic larl0 !escri6e! in t1e warrant an! to 6rin" t1em to t1e co rt pon t1e e7ec tion o2 t1e searc1 warrant an! a searc1 warrant 1as a li2etime onl0 o2 10 !a0s3 )nlike a warrant o2 arrest/ w1ic1 1as no li2etime nless t1e crime 1as alrea!0 prescri6e! w1en t1e warrant o2 arrest was iss e!3 <ala na 0on3 B t w1en t1e warrant o2 arrest was iss e!/ will t1e crime prescri6e= .o3 T1e crime will not prescri6e w1en no warrant o2 arrest 1as 6een iss e!3 ($'R'.* C#.TR'@ICT#RB B'T'?) 'not1er t1in" pec liar a6o t a searc1 warrant is t1at a searc1 warrant ma0 eit1er 6e implemente! at an0 time o2 t1e !a0 or ni"1t3 #r pon !iscretion o2 t1e co rt it ma0 6e implemente! onl0 ! rin" !a0time3 #r even ni"1t time onl03 T1e reason w10 t1ere is a nee! 2or t1e co rt to speci20 w10 it s1o l! 6e implemente! ! rin" t1e !a0time is t1at t1ere are instances w1en t1e searc1 warrant is 6ein" se! 2or e7tortion p rposes3 T1e0 can make se o2 t1is to 1arass ot1ers or to e7tort mone0 2rom ot1ers an! t1e co rts are s ppose! to protect t1e interest o2 t1ose livin" wit1in t1e $1ilippines3 :ow !o t1ese law en2orcement a"ents o6tain a searc1 warrant malicio sl0= T1ere was a time in 1II,/ w1en I was a J !"e o2 a +pecial Co rt/ w1en some people 2rom t1e CI+ or CI@= 1II4= ' police ma&or at t1e time or a police c1ie2 s perinten!ent applie! 2or a searc1 warrant in one o2 t1e 1o ses 1ere in t1e cit0 o2 %akati 2or ille"al possession o2 2irearms3 T1e respon!ent was a *erman3 '2ter t1e application was ra22le! to m0 co rt/ t1e searc1 warrants are still 6ein" ra22le! 1a/ 0o & st cannot "o to a partic lar J !"e ! rin" or!inar0 !a0s an! ask 2or t1e partic lar J !"e to take co"ni5ance o2 0o r warrant application/ no3 0o s1o l! "o to t1e o22ice o2 t1e clerk o2 co rt an! it s1all 6e ra22le! 60 t1e o22ice o2 t1e (7ec tive J !"e to an0 o2 t1e J !"es t1ere an! a2ter t1e ra22le 1ere comes t1e
applicant an! 1is !eponent an! t1e0 are askin" 2or an imme!iate action 2or t1eir application3 <ell it was a6o t 3A00 pm an! I sai! ok/ w1ere is 0o r witness an! 1e presente! 1is witness3 I aske! t1em to raise t1eir 1an!s an! aske! t1em i2 t1e0 are swearin" to t1e tr t12 lness o2 t1eir statements/ etc3 a2ter t1at/ I aske! searc1in" 4 estions recor!e! 60 t1e steno"rap1er an! a2ter 1avin" 6een satis2ie! at t1at time t1at t1ere is a "oo! reason 2or t1e iss ance o2 a searc1 warrant/ an! o2 co rse a2ter t1e !eponent claime! to 6e a 2ormal !river o2 t1e !eponent an! 1e knows even t1e serial n m6er o2 t1e 2irearm t1at is s ppose! to 6e sei5e! in t1e 1o se o2 t1e respon!ent/ I iss e! a searc1 warrant3 T1ere was a ret rn t1e ne7t !a0/ positive ret rn t1at t1ere was a 34, cali6er pistol/ w1ic1 matc1 t1e serial n m6er in!icate in t1e application an! t1e *erman was incarcerate! in &ail3 +o t1e *erman "ot a law0er an! 1e was in4 este!/ an! a2ter in4 est/ 1e imme!iatel0 poste! 6ail/ t1e in2ormation was 2ile!3 In t1e meantime/ 1e was alrea!0 "at1erin" evi!ence a"ainst t1e applicant an! t1e !eponent3 It was esta6lis1e! t1at t1e 2irearm t1at was alle"e!l0 taken 2rom 1is 1o se is a plante! 2irearm3 :e was a6le to present to t1e co rt t1at t1e 2irearm is re"istere! n!er t1e name o2 1is 6 siness partner 2rom w1om 1e is collectin" more t1an 10 % pesos as t1e0 1a! a 2allin" o t3 'n! t1at t1e 6 siness partner o2 1is 1as some police a t1orities 2or 1is 2rien!s3 It was also esta6lis1e! t1at t1e !eponent w1o was claimin" to 6e a 2ormer !river o2 1is 1as never 6een a 2ormer !river 6 t a peace o22icer/ a policeman also/ wit1 a rank o2 $#13 we s 6poenae! all t1is people an! t1e0 never !i! appear3 T1ere was even a se o2 a 2ictitio s name an! alt1o "1 t1e %a&or se! 1is real name 1e was assi"ne! alrea!0 in Bon"ao/ Tawi-tawi/ + l an! 1e cannot 6e reac1e! 6eca se 1e is in t1e & n"les o2 Bon"ao3 T1ere is a pro6lem as to w1et1er 1e can 6e serve! wit1 notice3 w1en a2ter all t1e evi!ence was presente! I iss e! an or!er 4 as1in" t1e searc1 warrant an! !eclarin" t1at t1ere was a malicio s o6tention o2 t1e searc1 warrant 6eca se all t1e statements t1ere are not tr e3 +o 0o can "o a2ter t1e applicant/ t1e !eponent an! i2 t1ere are ot1ers w1o are in conspirac0 wit1 t1em "o a2ter t1em an! 2ile a case o2 malicio s o6tention o2 a searc1 warrant3 T1at is 1ow t1e0 !o it or & st 2or t1e sake o2 1arassment3 Bo !on>t like 0o r nei"16or an! 0o 1ave a policeman w1o is an o22icer 2or a 2rien!3 Bo 1ave some 2rien!s 2rom t1e n!erworl! (+i %il!5 0onJ a3k3a *ran! %a!ame/ %aster Initiator/ an! accor!in" to R0an/ Bipolar F een) 8pare/ e7ec te ka n"a n" a22i!avit3 Bakit= +a6i1in mo ma0 3 kilo n" s1a6 !on nakita mo i!ineliver sa 6a1a0 nila 33N even i2 t1e metamp1etamine 10!roc1lori!e cannot 6e 2o n! insi!e t1at 1o se/ i2 t1e searc1 warrant is implemente! ! rin" t1e !a0 or t1e ni"1t/ t1is people will 6e em6arrasse!? (:mmmm? w1ic1 "ives me an i!ea?3) sir/ ano 6a 0an= :in!i e1/ meron !aw 3 kilon" s1a6 !ito sa 6a1a0 na ito/ !ala-!ala !aw n" ma0-ari n" 6a1a0 na ito/ nak kakalat na sa s 6!ivision 0onJ kapit6a1a0 ko pala p s1er e1? wala n"a nak 1a 6 t t1e impression t1at 1e is a p s1er will alwa0s 6e t1ere? 0o 1ave alrea!0 !estro0e! 1is name3 +o t1ere is t1is provision n!er t1e R$C w1ic1 p nis1es a person 2or malicio sl0 o6tainin" a searc1 warrant3 (ven t1e a6 se o2 t1e implementation o2
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t1e writ or t1e searc1 warrant is p nis1a6le3 @ rin" t1e times w1en .'RC#% was still t1e implementin" arm o2 t1e @an"ero s @r "s Law/ I 1ave 1a! t1e e7perience o2 reall0 won!erin" 1ow it come to pass t1at t1ese people can 6ecome so ima"inative? t1e0 will ask 2or a searc1 warrant? reall0 some o2 t1is people ma0 6e en"a"e! in a ne2ario s trait 6 t ! rin" t1e implementation/ t1ese people 2rom t1e .'RC#% will sa0 8#/ 6a"o 0an" re2ri"erator mo a1J +an mo 6a kin 1a 0an= Tin"nan mo n"a= *ina"amit 0an sa pa""awa n" s1a6 para t mi"as an" s1a6 3 - nin 0an 1ak tin3 <as1in" mac1ine? 0 n" m"a !amit n0o nilala"a0 n0o rito para 0 n" m"a traces n" s1a6 walan" %akita/ k nin mo !in 0an/ e6i!ens0a3 9loor polis1er pan" alis n" e6i!ens0a? 6isikleta pan" !eliver? kotse pan" transport? asawan" 6a6ae ta"a!ala !aw k nin !inJ 'n armore! personal carrier wit1 a cannon was se! to 6reak !own t1e 2ence an! t1e !oor3 ReasonA it was 6olte! 60 iron 6ars3 J !"eA 0o s1o l! onl0 se necessar0 2orce3 T1at is nnecessar03 I2 t1e0 complain/ police ma0 6e 1el! lia6le 2or a6 se in t1e implementation o2 a searc1 warrant3 +ome even tie t1e respon!ent to a postJ In t1e )+/ police o22icers ask 2irst o2 t1ere are c1il!ren in t1e 1o se3 I2 t1ere are c1il!ren/ t1e0 are remove! 2irst3 'n o22icer was even !ismisse! 2or !isarran"in" t1e ca6inet o2 a c1il!3 T1e e7ception onl0 is w1en t1ere is a possi6ilit0 t1at t1e contra6an! ma0 6e 1i!!en in t1e to0s or t1e c1il!>s ca6inet3 B t t1e ca6inet m st 6e ret rne! to its arran"ement3 T1ere is a 1ierarc10 in w1o will 6e witnesses in t1e implementation o2 a searc1 warrant3 .ow i2 t1e respon!ent in t1e searc1 warrant is present in t1e 1o se/ 1e can 6e t1e onl0 an! sole witness to t1e searc1 an! t1at is vali!3 :e s1o l! 6e t1e witness in all t1e sta"es o2 t1e searc13 :e s1o l! alwa0s 6e present t1ro "1o t t1e searc1 in all t1e sta"es o2 t1e searc1 ot1erwise co l! 6e a reason on t1e part o2 %r3 O to ask 2or t1e non-a!mission o2 t1e articles or !oc ments t1at were sei5e! ! rin" t1e implementation o2 t1e searc1 i2 1e was not present3 +o a respon!ent w1o was 1an!c 22e! to a post !ownstairs even i2 t1e peace o22icer "ives o t t1e reason t1at 1e is a !an"ero s person t1at 1e ma0 6e a6le to "ra6 a " n 2rom w1ere 1e is 1i!in" t1em/ it is not a s 22icient reason 2or 1im to 6e !isallowe! to witness t1e searc13 'll t1at 0o 1ave to !o is to 1an!c 22 1im also3 Bo know/ t1is peace o22icers/ i2 t1e0 want to make it appear t1at t1e killin" is le"al/ t1e0 will 1an!c 22 t1e o22en!er wit1 1is 1an!s in 2ront3 T1at s1o l! not 6e t1e case3 T1e 1an!s s1o l! alwa0s 6e at t1e 6ack i2 a policeman will 1an!c 22 a person3 +o i2 0o !e2en!/ i2 0o 6ecome a private prosec tor in t1e killin" o2 a person w1o 0o 6elieve was a victim o2 salva"e/ pa0 attention to 1ow 1e was 1an!c 22e!/ wit1 1is 1an!s at t1e 2ront or wit1 1is 1an!s at t1e 6ack3 I2 1e was 1an!c 22e! wit1 1an!s in 2ront an! 1e is n!er c sto!0 an! 1e is 6ein" 6ro "1t to t1e station/ etc? t1ere co l! 6e a !o 6t especiall0 i2 1e was s1ot t1ere is prima 2acie evi!ence t1at 1e was salva"e!3 Beca se i2 0o 1an!c 22e! 1im wit1 1is 1an!s at 1is 6ack/ 1ow co l! 1e possi6l0 "ra6 0o r " n= T1e " 0 cannot even
r n 2or a n m6er o2 meters i2 1is 1an!s is at t1e 6ack 6eca se 1e will not 1ave an0 6alance? I2 t1e respon!ent is not present/ t1at is w1en an0 mem6er o2 1is 2amil0 ma0 6e a witness to t1e searc1 2or as lon" as t1e mem6er o2 1is 2amil0 is o2 s 22icient a"e an! !iscretion3 T1at is t1e alternative3 I2 t1e respon!ent or an0 mem6er o2 1is 2amil0 is not present/ t1en "et 2 competent in!epen!ent n6iase! witnesses w1o are 6ot1 resi!ents o2 t1e same committee3 @o not invite t1e !r nkar!s in t1e comm nit03 .or t1e nei"16ors t1at 1ave a "r !"e a"ainst t1e owner o2 t1e 1o se t1at is to 6e searc1e!3 T1e s al witnesses are t1ose w1o m st protect t1eir nameA license! en"ineer/ a teac1er or an0 pro2essional/ or an0 person known in t1e comm nit0 2or 1is 1onest03 +o 0o ask amon" t1e resi!ents3 I2 t1e searc1 1as 6een con! cte! in violation o2 t1is article/ t1e searc1 will 6e treate! as i2 t1ere are no witnesses3 T1e ne7t article is pro1i6ition/ interr ption/ an! !issol tion o2 peace2 l meetin"s3 Remem6er t1at peace2 l meetin"s i2 !one in p 6lic places ma0 6e re" late! 60 t1e local "overnment3 It is not an a6sol te ri"1t to con! ct a peace2 l meetin" in a p 6lic place3 +o 0o cannot sa0 t1at well we will 1ol! a meetin" at t1e (@+' +1rine 6eca se it is a p 6lic place3 Is it a p 6lic place= T1e (@+' +1rine= :as it 6een !eclare! a c1 rc1= (@i !in alam ni J !"e) 1ow a6o t t1e vicinit0= I2 t1ose t1at are well-!resse! an! are known to 6e s0mpat1i5ers o2 t1e (@+' want to 1ol! a peace2 l meetin" t1ere/ t1e0 can/ !i 6a= (1 1ow a6o t t1ose t1at !i! not take a 6at1 2or 1 week= <ill t1e0 6e "iven an0 permit= @i 6a t1e0 !enie! t1e permit= T1e0 s1oo! t1em awa0= T1at co l! 6e consi!ere! as a violation o2 t1is or a violation o2 t1eir ri"1ts3 T1e pro6lem is t1e peace2 l meetin" 1ere ma0 6e wit1 a permit or wit1o t a permit3 I2 it is wit1 a permit/ it is !one in a p 6lic place3 I2 it is wit1o t a permit/ it was !one in a private place an! t1at is le"al3 To pro1i6it t1e same/ to interr pt t1e same or to !issolve t1e same is w1at is pro1i6ite! 60 law3 Bo cannot & st interr pt a peace2 l meetin" in a p 6lic place w1erein t1e0 were "iven a permit3 #r i2 it is !one in a private place even i2 t1ere is no permit 0o cannot also interr pt t1em or !isr pt t1em nless o2 co rse t1e meetin" wo l! amo nt to a meetin" o2 an ille"al association or it wo l! 6e a meetin" 2or p rposes o2 committin" a crime3 T1at is t1e r le3 +o i2 0o sa0 t1at t1e street is a p 6lic place 2or t1e se o2 t1e people/ it can 6e re" late! 60 t1e local a t1orities especiall0 i2 it wo l! a22ect p 6lic or!er or p 6lic sa2et0 t1en t1e0 can on t1at "ro n!s prevent t1e 1ol!in" o2 a peace2 l meetin" or !isr pt or even !issolve a peace2 l meetin"3 Interr ption o2 reli"io s wors1ip3 It is onl0 reli"io s cele6rations or reli"io s ceremonies3 T1e pro6lem is we !on>t know t1is or"ani5ations w1ic1 are claimin" to 6e a reli"io s "ro p K w1et1er t1e0 can 6e consi!ere! as a reli"ion3 :ow a6o t t1e "ro p o2 (li +oriano= 'n" @atin" @oon= Can we call it a reli"ion= :ow
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a6o t Brot1er %ike= Can we call (l +1a!!ai a reli"ion= :in!i e13 :ow a6o t 0 n" ka0 (cleo/ etc? can we call t1em a reli"ion= T1ere is a !e2inition o2 reli"ion w1ic1 t1e0 1ave not met3 I"lesia .i Cristo an! '"lipa0ans/ t1e0 1ave 6een reco"ni5e! 60 t1e + preme Co rt as a reli"ion3 Je1ova>s <itnesses/ in (6ralina" v3 + perinten!ent o2 Ce6 / 1as 6een consi!ere! as a reli"ion3 Is a Born '"ain or a C1ristian Reli"ion can 6e consi!ere! as a reli"ion= T1e +C sai! t1at it is not a reli"ion 6 t onl0 a mani2estation o2 one>s reli"io s 6elie23 T1e +C !i! not sa0 in $eople v3 Heneracion t1at it is a reli"ion/ i2 0o st !0 t1e !ecision o2 t1e +C in t1is respect3
+ept3 1/ 2003 %n# pu!lic officer or emplo#ee who shall prohi!it or interrupt the holding of a peaceful meeting shall !e lia!le under %rticle & . <1en 0o sa0 peace2 l meetin"/ it is act all0 allowe! 60 law an! t1at t1e p rpose o2 t1e meetin" is not an0 o2 t1ose t1at wo l! 6e in violation o2 t1e provision o2 t1e R$C or 2or an0 immoral p rpose3 <e can pro1i6it peace2 l meetin" i2 it !oes not con2orm wit1 t1e r les an! re" lations o2 t1e local "overnments 6eca se t1e local "overnments are allowe! to re" late even peace2 l meetin"3 +a0 2or e7ample/ 0o went in t1e mi!!le o2 (@+'/ 0o want to 1ol! a peace2 l meetin" t1ere 6 t t1en it wo l! a22ect tra22ic/ it wo l! a22ect t1e 2low t1e transportation/ it wo l! a22ect so man0 comm ters/ so it can 6e pro1i6ite! 60 t1e "overnment3 Bo cannot also 1ol! a peace2 l meetin" in ot1er places w1ic1 wo l! nat rall0 a22ect also t1e ri"1ts o2 ot1ers3 Bo are not onl0 s ppose! to t1ink onl0 o2 0o r ri"1t 6 t 0o 1ave to take into consi!eration also t1e ri"1ts o2 ot1er people3 I2 t1e two ri"1ts clas1es/ s all0 t1e one w1o 1as a more important ri"1t t1an t1e ot1er s1all prevail3 <1en/ 1owever/ t1e meetin"s are in private places/ t1ere is no pro6lem t1ere/ no one can re" late t1at e7cept t1e owner o2 t1e esta6lis1ment3 Interruption of religious worship or manifestations of an# religion 3 T1ere is no pro6lem wit1 t1at3 Remem6er t1e cases o2 I"lesia ni Cristo an! anot1er reli"ion3 B t t1en in t1e case o2 I"lesia ni Cristo w1ere t1e preac1er was rea!in" t1e 6i6le t1en 1e !elivere! 1is sermon t1en t1e0 !ist r6e! or interr pte! t1e same/ accor!in" to t1e +C/ it is .#T in violation o2 'rt 132 o2 R$C 6 t it is in violation o2 'rt3 1313 B t w1en sa0 2or e7ample/ 10 or 20 persons were insi!e a room or a 6 il!in" t1en t1e0 are 1avin" t1eir pra0ers an! t1e same is interr pte!/ it is covere! 60 'rt 132 o2 t1e R$C3 'ffending the religious feelings of the faithful?nak J 'ct all0/ it is committe! in a place o2 wors1ip or w1ile t1ere is a marria"e ceremon0 or a
mani2estation o2 a reli"io s wors1ip t1at an0 act t1at wo l! ten! or t1at is o22en!in" to t1e 2eelin"s o2 t1e 2ait12 l 6 t t1en t1e 2ait12 l act all0 are ver0 m c1 serio sl0 a22ecte! 60 it?t1en t1at is t1e onl0 time it wo l! 6ecome a crime3 It is not act all0 t1e 2eelin" o2 t1e C1 rc1 or an06o!0 else 6 t it is t1e 2eelin" o2 t1e 2ait12 l t1at is s ppose! to 6e t1e 6asis 2or t1e commission o2 t1e crime3 I2 it is committe! in t1e place o2 reli"io s wors1ip/ it is not nee!e! 2or t1e people to 6e present3 #nl0 w1en it is act all0 an o22ense to t1eir 6elie2 an! ! rin" a mani2estation o2 t1eir reli"io s 6elie2 t1at t1eir presence is re4 ire!3 +o/ in one case !eci!e! 60 t1e +C/ t1e scatterin" o2 t1e 1 man e7creta in a c1 rc1 even wit1o t t1e 2ait12 l 6ein" present/ it is consi!ere! o22ensive to t1e reli"io s 2eelin"s o2 t1e 2ait12 l3 .at rall0/ not onl0 t1e smell is o22ensive 6 t t1e act o2 t1e person w1o !i! it3 Bo7in" a priest w1ile t1e priest is sa0in" a mass/ t1at is o22ensive to t1e reli"io s 2eelin"s o2 t1e 2ait12 l3 FA % st t1e reli"io s or"ani5ations claimin" to 6e s c1/ 6e re"istere! 6e2ore 6ein" lia6le n!er t1is provision= J !"eA I cannot answer 0o t1at 6eca se not even t1e law sa0s it 1as to 6e re"istere!3 B t t1ere was a case w1ere t1e0 !i! not consi!er t1e same as o22ensive to t1e reli"io s 2eelin"s 6eca se instea! o2 t1e or" 6ein" consi!ere! as a reli"ion/ it is merel0 consi!ere! as an association o2 persons 2or p rposes o2 6elievin" on somet1in"3 Like t1e c lts/ t1e0 are not reli"ionsJ Is t1e or" o2 (cleo o2 + ri"ao a reli"ion= T1ere are so man0 c1ar"es even in t1e .ort13 :ow a6o t t1e p0rami! o2 -i6 loi= @on>t 0o know t1at3 -i6 loi is constr ctin" a p0rami! somew1ere in $an"asinan "oin" to %anaoa"3 <1at is 1e "oin" to !o wit1 t1at= (1/ nan""alin" lan" ka0 (rnie Baron 0an" p0rami! na 0 n e13 B t so man0 people 6elieve! in it3 <e "o to Re!ellion and Coup d etat3 <1at is t1e !i22erence 6etween re6ellion an! co p !> etat= Re6ellion is committe! 60 an0 person w1o 60 means o2 p 6lic prisin" or takin" p o2 arms a"ainst t1e *overnment inten!s to take awa0 t1e alle"iance o2 t1e people 2rom its "overnment or take awa0 t1e people>s territor0 or to take an0 militar0 naval or ot1er militar0 installations or to take awa0 t1e powers o2 t1e $resi!ent o2 t1e $1ilippines3 T1ere m st 6e 13) a p 6lic prisin"P 23) takin" p o2 arms a"ainst t1e "overnmentP 33) an! t1e p rpose m st 6e to take awa0 t1e alle"iance o2 t1e people 2rom t1eir own "overnment or to take an0 part o2 t1e territor0 o2 t1e $1ilippines or its militar0 naval installations or to !eprive t1e $resi!ent o2 1er;1is powers3 <1en 0o compare it to co p !> etat t1e comparison is a6o t t1e means o2 committin" t1e crime3 In co p !> etat/ t1e commission o2 t1e crime is accompanie! wit1 violence/ stealt1/ strate"0 etc3 committe! 60 mem6ers o2 t1e '9$ or t1e militar0 or t1e police or an0 p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee an! t1eir p rpose is to take over t1e "ov>t itsel2 or an0 o2 its militar0 or naval installations
13 %a&'rvin
or an0 means o2 telecomm nications wit1 or wit1o t t1e participation o2 t1e civilian pop lation3 It can 6e committe! sin"l0 or collectivel03 Bo 1ave 1a! 0o r own e7perience as an a! lt 6eca se in 1ILI?1ow man0 0ears a"o= '1/ 0o are not 0et a! lts3 +o/ t1is is 0o r 2irst time to enco nter s c1 a to rist attraction3 B t t1en t1ere is a lot o2 4 estion t1at even t1e @#J cannot make 1ea! or tails/ t1e0 cannot !etermine w1et1er it is co p !>etat or it is re6ellion3 #2 co rse/ I 1ave personal knowle!"e t1at t1e 1st case t1at t1e0 2ile! is a"ainst Car!enas an! it is 2or re6ellion3 9or t1e same inci!ent/ t1e0 2ile! a"ainst t1e %a"!alo "ro p a case o2 co p !> etat3 T1e two are !i22erent 2rom eac1 ot1er arisin" 2rom t1e same inci!ent3 I t1ink t1at t1e0 1ave a lot o2 e7plainin" to !o an! t1e0 1ave a lot o2 pro6lem3 It cannot 6e !one 6eca se it wo l! constit te as 2or m s1oppin"3 It wo l! res lt to 2 & !"ments or or!ers to 6e iss e! 60 t1e co rts w1ic1 ma0 6e in con2lict or contrar0 to eac1 ot1er3 +o/ t1e0 1ave to p t t1eir act to"et1er an! c1ar"e onl0 t1ese people o2 one crime an! t1e0 s1o l! not 2ile so man0 cases/ onl0 one case 6ec3 it arise o t o2 one criminal intent3 T1is is a 2elon0 or a crime covere! 60 t1e R$C an! it re4 ires a criminal intent an! t1e case t1at s1o l! 6e 2ile! s1o l! 1ave onl0 one criminal intent3 T1ere co l! 6e no m ltiple criminal intents 1ere3 T1e pro6lem 1ere t1at I can see is t1e participation o2 eac1 an! ever0 o22en!er?t1ere are t1ose w1o were not "rante! 6ail w1en t1e0 are mere 2ollowers3 <1at is t1e penalt0 2or a mere 2ollower in re6ellion or co p !> etat= Recl sion Temporal nless m0 recollection is not an0more to 6e tr ste!3 'n! i2 its recl sion temporal/ 6ail is a matter o2 ri"1t3 It is onl0 t1ose w1o are consi!ere! lea!ers/ 2inanciers/ or"ani5ers/ t1o "1 in case t1e lea!ers are nknownQt1ose w1o speaks 2or t1e "ro p/ s1all 6e consi!ere! as lea!ers3 T1e pro6lem o2 t1ese people in t1e %a"!alo "ro p/ i!inawit n" i!inawit an" m"a kasama 6ec ever06o!0 wants to talk3 T1e moment t1at 0o speak 2or t1e "ro p/ pata0 kaQno 6ail 6ec t1e penalt0 is recl sion perpet a3 I t1ink it is not planne! so well 6 t it ma0 1ave 6een planne! in or!er to !ivert t1e attention o2 t1e a t1orities into w1at crime reall0 was committe! 60 t1em3 T1e ot1er pro6lem t1at I can see is w1et1er t1e act o2 askin" t1e $resi!ent to step !own is an act to !eprive to !eprive 1er or 1er powers3 .ow/ let>s tr0 to anal05e onl0 2or t1e p rposes o2 aca!emic !isc ssions 6ec we !o not know all t1e 2acts3 Let s s ppose t1at it is tr e t1at t1ese people s rreptitio sl0 entere! t1e #akwoo!3 I2 it is a co p !> etat/ is it a swi2t attack on an0 o2 t1e "ov>t installations= <1at is in t1e crime o2 co p !> etat= <1ere is t1e swi2t attack to 6e !irecte!=?e1/ p ro 2orei"ners an" nan! n e13 T1e0 sai! t1at t1e onl0 important person t1ere is t1e am6assa!or o2 ' stralia3 (1/ 0o know 1e can & mp easil0 6ec 1e comes 2rom t1e place o2 t1e kan"aroos3 :e1e1e B t !i! t1e0 sei5e an0 means o2 comm nication3 <1at !i! t1e0 sei5e t1ere= <o l! t1ere 6e a complete presence o2 a co p !> etat t1ere in 0o r opinion= (4B-none) Base! on t1eir testimonies/ we !on>t know 0et 6ec we !on>t 1ave act al 2acts3
:ow a6o t re6ellion= Re6ellion is t1e risin" p 6licl0 an! takin" p o2 arms a"ainst t1e "ov>t t1e p rpose o2 w1ic1 is to take awa0 t1e alle"iance o2 t1e people 2rom t1e "ov>t or to take awa0 an0 part o2 t1e territor0 o2 t1e $1ilippines 2rom t1e "ov>t or naval/ militar0 or an0 ot1er installations or to !eprive t1e $resi!ent o2 1er e7ec tive powers an! prero"atives3 T1ere is a le"al 4 estion 1ere3 T1ere is a p 6lic prisin"/ t1ere>s no 4 estion a6o t t1at3 T1ere is a takin" p o2 arms a"ainst t1e "ov>t?t1ere were !ispla0 o2 2irearms an! 6om6?no pro6lem3 T1e pro6lem t1ere is provin" t1eir intention to take part o2 t1e territor0 o2 t1e $1ilippines3 '1/ 8partN?#akwoo!3 It>s a part o2 t1e territor03 %e!0o we 1ave to anal05e3 T1e place w1ere #akwoo! is is a part o2 t1e territor0 o2 t1e co ntr0 so papasok ! n 0 n3 'not1er p rpose ma06e is to !eprive t1e $resi!ent o2 1er powers an! prero"atives so ma06e it will 6e alon" t1e line o2 re6ellion3 B t t1en t1ink a6o t se!ition3 Beca se 1ere t1e o22en!ers are militar0 o22icers so i2 t1e militar0 o22icers are not per2ormin" t1eir ! ties an! t1e0 are actin" in t1eir civilian capacit0/ we can>t consi!er t1at as wit1in t1e am6it o2 re6ellion3 B t t1e0 are militar0 o22icers3 Co l! t1e0 6e in t1e act al per2ormance o2 t1eir ! ties= T1e0 are sa0in" 0es 6ec t1e0 are !oin" it in or!er to save t1e nation 2rom t1ese people3 T1ere are a lot o2 pro6lem t1at we 1ave to solve in t1is case3 FA In co p !> etat/ w1at !oes t1e term 8!irecte! a"ainst ! l0 constit te! a t1orities o2 t1e Rep 6lic o2 t1e $1ilippinesN entail= J !"eA T1e act o2 takin" over installations/ means o2 comm nications etc is !irecte! towar!s t1e a t1orities3 Is t1ere an0 provision a6o t co p !> etat t1at a part o2 t1e territor0 o2 t1e $1ilippines is s ppose! to 1ave 6een taken over 60 t1em an! t1at it is !irecte! towar!s t1e "ov>t a t1orities= T1e p rpose o2 co p !> etat is ver0 !e2inite3 's o2 t1e moment/ t1e0 a t1orities cannot make p t1eir min!3 Car!enas was c1ar"e! o2 re6ellion3 T1en t1e0 c1ar"e! Trillanes an! co3 wit1 co p !> etat3 B t t1ere is onl0 one inci!ent3 Can 0o !ivi!e a sin"le inci!ent to two or more crimes/ 0o cannot/ 0o 1ave to c1oose w1ic1 o2 t1e crimes t1e0 1ave committe!/ ot1erwise/ i2 t1e0 are not in2orme! o2 t1e nat re an! ca se o2 t1e acc sation a"ainst t1em/ 0o violate t1eir constit tional ri"1t to 6e in2orme!3 FA Can t1e civilian 6e c1ar"e! wit1 co p !> etat even i2 it is sai! t1at it can onl0 6e committe! 60 t1e militar0 o22icers or emplo0ees= J !"eA Bes/ i2 1e assiste!3 Look at a certain portion o2 t1e law on co p !> etat? 8wit1 or wit1o t t1e assistance o2 civiliansN3 +o/ t1e civilians t1ere can 6e c1ar"e! even as a 2inancier/ as an or"ani5er 6 t act all0 t1e civilian can onl0 6e a co-or"ani5er to"et1er wit1 a man in ni2orm or a "ov>t o22icer or emplo0ee3 T1at is t1e w1ole pro6lem a6o t it e13 Reall0/ I am still at a 4 an!ar0 at t1is point3 Look at t1e penalt0 2or re6ellion an! co p !> etat3 Its onl0 t1e lea!ers/ t1e or"ani5ers/ t1e 2inanciers an! t1ose w1o speaks 2or t1em t1at are consi!ere! as
14 %a&'rvin
lea!ers are p nis1a6le wit1 recl sion perpet a3 T1ose w1o are merel0 2ollowers wo l! s 22er onl0 a penalt0 o2 recl sion temporal an! t1ere2ore t1e0 are entitle! as a matter o2 ri"1t to 6ail3 T1is is not a crime w1ere t1e penalt0 is recl sion perpet a to !eat13 T1e most severe penalt0 t1at co l! 6e impose! is recl sion perpet a3 I2 t1e lea!ers etc are s ppose! to 6e p nis1e! 60 t1at penalt0/ t1e 2ollowers are s ppose! to 6e sentence! onl0 2or a penalt0 o2 recl sion temporal3 Bo !on>t 1ave to 2ile a motion 2or t1em to 6e a!mitte! to 6ail/ no more3 T1e0 are entitle! to 6ail as a matter o2 ri"1t3 It is t1e co rt t1at s1o l! 2i7 t1e 6ail3 Bo cannot !en0 t1em to t1eir constit tional ri"1t to 6ail3 .ow/ let>s "o to (edition3 T1ere m st 6e a t m lt o s prisin" an! t1e p rpose are ver0 !e2inite K 13) to prevent t1e proclamation o2 an0 law or 1ol!in" o2 a pop lar election R it>s not t1at 6eca se t1ere is no law t1at is 6ein" prevente! 2rom 6ein" proclaime! an! t1ere is no pop lar election t1at is so "1t to 6e prevente!3 $ro6a6l0 2004/ i2 t1e0 onl0 sai! t1at t1eir intention is to prevent t1e 1ol!in" o2 a pop lar election/ it mi"1t 2all n!er se!ition3 Beca se w1en 0o sa0 t m lt o s prisin"/ it m st 6e !one 60 at least 4 persons w1o are provi!e! wit1 means o2 violence/ t1at is t1e meanin" o2 t m lt o s3 )n!er t1e law/ 1owever/ on !eat1 ! e to t m lt o s a22ra0 or p10sical in& ries ! e to t m lt o s a22ra0/ t1e movements o2 t1e o22en!ers an! t1e o22en!e! parties t1ere are in a con2 se! an! !isoriente! manner/ & st like t1ese instances w1ere t1ere are r m6les etc3 t1at is w1ere 0o consi!er it t m lt o s3 J st like t1e (@+' 3/ it was t m lt o s/ t1ere was no !irection3 (ver06o!0 comes 2rom an alle0/ 0o !on>t know w1et1er t1e0 take a 6at1 or not3 <1at is t1e ne7t p rpose?23) prevent t1e .ational *ov>t to 2reel0 e7ercise its 2 nction R so w1en 0o ask t1e presi!ent to step !own or to leave t1e #22ice o2 t1e $resi!enc0/ t1at wo l! mean t1at 0o are askin" t1e $resi!ent to a6!icate an! prevent t1e $resi!ent 2rom e7ercisin" 1er ! ties3 T1e t1ir! is !i22erent?33) to in2lict an act o2 1ate or reven"e a"ainst an0 p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee3 'n! t1e 2o rt1 an! t1e 2i2t1/ t1ese are all 2or political an! social en!s3 <e are reall0 at a loss now3 T1e pro6lem 2 rt1er is e7acer6ate! 60 t1e 2act t1at t1ere are t1ose w1o were not at #akwoo!3 In or!er t1at a person ma0 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le 2or re6ellion/ 1e m st 1ave taken a !irect participation in t1e commission o2 re6ellion3 T1ere is no attempte! re6ellion or 2r strate! re6ellion? none3 T1e mere attempt or 2r stration is alrea!0 a cons mmation o2 t1e crime o2 re6ellion as lon" as 0o 1ave taken part in t1e attempt3 I2 0o are s ccess2 l/ 0o cannot 6e p nis1e!3 Bo !on>t violate an0 law/ it is w1en 0o are ns ccess2 l in t1e re6ellion t1at 0o "et p nis1e!3 Look w1at 1appene! to Cor0 an! compan0/ i2 t1e re6ellion t1en !i! not s ccee! in topplin" !own %arcos/ t1e0 wo l! 1ave 6een c1ar"e! o2 re6ellion?tapos sila3 B t t1e0 s ccee!e! t1at>s w10 all t1eir acts are le"al incl !in" t1e mass resi"nations o2 p 6lic o22icers an! emplo0ees/ t1e s 6stit tion o2 ol! mem6ers o2 t1e +C/ etc3 <e were all t1en aske! to resi"n3
It was a !irective t1at we s 6mit o r 8co rtes0N resi"nation3 'ct all0/ it>s a 2orce! resi"nation 6ec at t1at time we 1ave a re6el constit tion3 T1e onl0 sta"es o2 re6ellion an! co p !> etat are $roposal an! Conspirac03 #ne area o2 concern t1at I 1ave is s pposin" t1at 0o 1ave alrea!0 committe! conspirac0 to commit re6ellion333meanin" t1at a proposal 1as 6een ma!e to 0o an! t1at 0o a"ree! to t1e proposal an! !eci!e! to commit re6ellion3 B t w1en re6ellion is alrea!0 a6o t to take place/ 0o s !!enl0 t rne! c1icken/ 0o !o not want an0more to participate in t1e re6ellion/ 0o went to 0o r 1ome province3 .ow/ 4 estion/ can 0o still 6e 1el! lia6le 2or conspirac0 to commit re6ellion= Co l! t1ere 6e a sta"e o2 spontaneo s !esistance in re6ellion consi!erin" t1at it is a crime a"ainst t1e provision o2 t1e R$C= T1e0 sa0/ 1owever/ t1at t1ere is none 6ec t1ere co l! 6e onl0 spontaneo s !esistance in t1e event o2 an attempt or an attempte! 2elon03 B t as we know t1e nat re o2 attempte! o2 re6ellion is in t1e nat re o2 a proposal3 'n! acc!" to t1e law/ 0o are onl0 s ppose! to 6e lia6le i2 0o take !irect an! active part in t1e crime o2 re6ellion3 +o/ t1is is an area w1ic1 is pre"nant wit1 meanin"s3 Bo can !e2en! 0o r stan! eit1er wa03 T1ere is no & rispr !ence3 's I sai!/ co p !> etat came o t onl0 as a law in 1II1/ I 6elieve3 '2ter t1eir e7periences ! rin" t1e times w1en *rin"o/ t1e "reat %e7ican'merican-9ilipino/ sta"e! several attempts an! 1e was not s ccess2 l3 .ow/ 1e is still not s ccess2 l3 <1en will 1e 6e s ccess2 l= :e1e1e I !on>t know?I can>t tell 0o w1at crime is committe! in #akwoo!3 #ka03 )islo#alt# of pu!lic officers or emplo#ees. 'n0 person w1o possesses all t1e means to resist a re6ellion an! 2aile! to !o t1e same s1all 6e " ilt0 o2 !islo0alt03 T1ese are t1e cowar!s3 B t n!er t1e law/ it speaks onl0 o2 re6ellion/ it !oes not speak o2 se!ition nor co p !> etat3 +o/ 0o will ask pro6a6l0 8sir/ w1at wo l! 1appen i2 t1ese people 2aile! to resist a co p !> etat 6 t t1e0 1ave t1e necessar0 means= Can we p nis1 t1em=N (1/ s pposin" t1at is a 4 estion in t1e 6ar3 %eron?in C' 40L/ 0es?I researc1e!3 1e1e1e C' 40L as amen!e! 60 R' E0,,3 'n! I>ll point to 0o t1e e7act provision o2 t1e law?its I t1ink?in 'rt3 DL3 :ere it is3 8'n0 o22icer or sol!ier/ w1o 6ein" present at an0 m tin0 or se!ition?N t1e wor! m tin0 1ere is act all0 co p !> etat3 Be2ore t1e law on co p !>etat was passe!/ it is act all0 a m tin03 <1en 0o r own sol!iers t rn a"ainst 0o / t1at is m tin03 T1is is w1at 1appene! 1ere3 To contin e 8?!oes not se 1is tmost en!eavor to s ppress t1e same or knowin" or 1avin" reason to 6elieve t1at a m tin0 or se!ition is to take place/ !oes not wit1o t !ela0 "ive in2ormation t1ereo2 to 1is comman!in" o22icer s1all s 22er !eat1 or s c1 ot1er p nis1ment as t1e co rt ma0 !irect3N T1is 1as not 6een amen!e! 1a/ an! t1is is covere! 60 Co rt %ars1all 6ec R' E0,,/ alt1o "1 it stren"t1ens t1e civilian s premac0 over t1e militar0 6ec it was not incl !e! in !islo0alt0 o2 p 6lic o22icers or emplo0ees t1en it 2alls n!er militar0 law3 T1e penalt0 o2 !eat13 T1is is w1at we call
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8cowar!iceN in militar0 parlance3 (1 tinak6 1an mo e1/ alam mo3 T1is law is important3 I>ll "ive 0o a cop0 o2 t1is incl !in" t1e 8'rticles o2 <arN w1ic1 is C' 40L3 It>s 1i"1 time t1at 0o s1o l! 6e 2amiliar wit1 t1is 6ec o2 t1e 4 estion at #akwoo! an! ot1er 4 estions t1at ma0 arise in t1e 2 t re3 In re"ar! to Inciting to re!ellion*inciting to sedition/ t1ere is no pro6lem wit1 t1ese3 T1e onl0 t1in" t1at 0o 1ave to remem6er 1ere is t1at t1e o22en!er m st not 1ave committe! an act o2 re6ellion or conspirac0 to commit an act o2 re6ellion or conspirac0 to commit se!ition or se!ition itsel23 %eanin" 1e is still n!eci!e!/ 1owever/ 1e incite! ot1ers to commit an0 acts o2 se!ition or re6ellion 60 means o2 1is speec1es/ 6anners/ etc3 t1ese are t1e t1in"s t1at 0o s1o l! remem6er in connection wit1 incitin" to re6ellion or incitin" to se!ition3 T1ere 1ave 6een ot1er instances w1ere t1ose w1o committe! acts o2 incitin" to se!ition 1ave 6een committin" acts o2 re6ellion alrea!0 or se!ition3 :owever/ t1e 2act is t1at 0o 1ave to prove t1at t1e0 1ave committe! acts o2 re6ellion or se!ition3 Remem6er t1at re6ellion is a contin in" o22ense3 T1is p ts into a serio s 4 estion t1e act o2 e22ectin" warrantless arrest a"ainst t1ose w1o are in t1e act o2 or prior to t1e commission o2 re6ellion3 <o l! 0o consi!er conspirac0 to commit re6ellion as a contin in" o22ense= .o/ it is onl0 re6ellion3 T1ere2ore/ 0o cannot arrest a person w1o is committin" onl0 an act o2 conspirac0 to commit re6ellion3 .eit1er co l! 0o arrest a person 2or conspirac0 to commit co p !> etat3 It is consi!ere! as contin in" crime 6ec o2 t1e !isc ssion in t1e +enate an! in t1e :o se o2 Rep w1en t1ese laws are 6ein" amen!e! esp t1e passa"e o2 t1e law on co p !> etat3 It was t1e position o2 t1e Con"ressmen t1en t1at t1e crime o2 re6ellion is a prolon"e! str ""le 2or t1e p rpose o2 overt1rowin" t1e "ov>t t1at is w10 it is consi!ere! as contin in"3 I2 it is a crime t1at i2 committe! ri"1t now/ it en!s t1ere/ it co l! not 6e a contin in" crime3 T1e moment t1at t1ere is a p 6lic prisin"/ t1ere is a takin" p o2 arms/ t1ere is no res lt 0et o2 t1e p 6lic prisin" an! t1e takin" p o2 arms/ it takes a lon" time in or!er to ac1ieve t1eir p rpose t1en t1at is w10 it is consi!ere! as a contin in" crime3 +o/ t1at is t1e e7planation w10 re6ellion is a contin in" crime an! t1at t1e o22en!er at an0 sta"e o2 t1e re6ellion is eli"i6le to 6ecome a can!i!ate 2or warrantless arrest3 T1at is t1e case o2 )mil v3 Ramos an! companion cases3 T1ose cases/ remem6er t1em3 Cite t1em in t1e event t1at 0o are aske! a 4 estion as to w10 re6ellion is a contin in" crime3 Re6ellion cannot 6e comple7e! wit1 an0 ot1er crime3 T1e0 are all a6sor6e! i2 it is in 2 rt1erance o2 re6ellion?0o steal/ 0o kill/ 0o 6 rn/ etc3 0o rape3 'lt1o "1 rape 1as 6een trans2erre! to crime a"ainst persons/ t1e 2act is t1at it is still consi!ere! a private crime3 It is onl0 t1e 2act o2 trans2er 2or p rposes o2 prosec tin" t1e same de oficio wit1o t t1e nee! o2 participation 60 t1e o22en!e! part03 T1e same r le applies to co p !> etat3 T1e0 can prolon" t1e same3 It will start 2rom a swi2t attack/ t1en t1e emplo0ment o2 2orce/ violence/ intimi!ation
an! t1e p rpose is almost t1e same3 B t t1en in re6ellion/ some o2 t1e p rposes t1ere are !i22erent 2rom co p !> etat3 FA <1at i2 t1e people w1o are committin" re6ellion mana"e! to take 1osta"e t1e $resi!ent an! t1e $resi!ent 1as a !a "1ter3 T1ese people t1reatene! to rape 1er !a "1ter i2 t1e0 wo l! not trans2er control o2 t1e "ov>t to t1em3 +o/ its in 2 rt1erance o2 t1e? J !"eA ?act all0/ t1at was a 4 estion t1at I propo n!e! a6o t , 0ears a"o in an e7am3 %a06e 0o "ot 1ol! o2 m0 e7ams 4 estion3 (T1on0A & !"e/ I & st t1o "1t o2 it now3 ) J !"eA T1ere were so man0 answers !i22erent 2rom eac1 ot1er3 T1e rape t1ere is .#T act all0 one t1at satis2ies t1e l st o2 t1e o22en!er3 T1e p rpose t1ere is an assa lt pon t1e woman1oo! o2 t1e "irl in or!er to ac1ieve t1e p rpose o2 t1e re6els3 I t1ink it is a6sor6e!3 T1at>s t1e answer t1at I "ave/ 6ec I s all0 answer m0 e7am 4 estions 6 t its & st onl0 in m0 !ata6ank w1ic1 I am keepin" in m0 comp ter3 're t1ere an0 more 4 estions= <ell/ R' L2I4 a6sor6s ille"al possession o2 2irearms e7plicitl0 an! t1ere is no conse4 ence o2 1avin" an ille"all0 possesse! 2irearm in crimes o2 re6ellion/ se!ition an! co p !> etat3 It is simpl0 a6sor6e!/ no a""ravatin" circ mstance3 Let s see3 CRI%(+ '*'I.+T $#$)L'R R($R(+(.T'TI#. '2ter t1is/ t1ere are ot1er provisions o2 t1e law to !isc ss3 %rticle +& is act all0 one o2 t1e crimes o2 pop lar representations3 T1is s all0 1appens w1en an0 person w1o 60 means o2 2ra ! or 2orce s1all prevent t1e meetin" o2 t1e .ational 'ssem6l0 or an0 o2 its committees or s 6committees or an0 o2 t1e constit tional commissions or committees or !ivisions t1ereo2/ or o2 an0 provincial 6oar! or cit0 or m nicipal co ncil or 6oar!3 To 6e ver0 clear a6o t it/ t1e le"islative 6o!0 t1at is s ppose! to 6e covere! onl0 60 t1is provision is onl0 p to t1e m nicipal 6oar!3 T1e +an"" nian" Br"0 or +3-3 are .#T covere! 60 t1is3 T1ere 1ave 6een instances w1en 2ra ! ma0 6e emplo0e! in or!er to prevent a mem6er o2 t1e .ational 'ssem6l0 2rom atten!in"3 +a0 2or e7ample/ t1e sec3 o2 an0 committee or s 6committee is partial to one o2 t1ose n!er investi"ations/ so s1e calle! all t1e mem6ers tellin" t1em t1at t1e c1airman o2 t1e committee 1as !eci!e! to postpone t1e meetin" 2or t1e ne7t mont1?0o !on>t 1ave to appear to!a03 +o/ all t1e mem6ers !i! not appear an! it came to t1e attention o2 t1e c1airman t1at it was t1e sec3 o2 t1e committee w1o ma!e s c1 misrepresentation/ t1ere2ore/ t1ere is 2ra !3 9orce?0o act all0 point a " n at t1em so t1at t1e0 cannot atten!3 )istur!ance or disruption of the proceedings. T1e !ist r6ance m st 6e wit1 t1e intent to cast !is1onor or not !is1onor to act all0 s1ow !isrespect to t1e
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6oar! itsel2 or t1e 6o!0 to interr pt its procee!in"s3 T1ere are instances w1ere we 6elieve t1at t1e act o2 certain in!ivi! als 60 reason o2 t1e 6e1avior o2 t1ose atten!in" t1e same/ even i2 it ca ses !isr ption as lon" as t1ere is no criminal intent to !isr pt t1e same wo l! not 6e a violation o2 t1is article nor s c1 acts t1at wo l! impair t1e respect ! e to s c1 6o!0/ it is not consi!ere! a violation o2 t1e law3 Bo know 1ow it is in t1e co ntr0/ 0o 1ave seen t1e tantr ms o2 t1ose in t1e Con"ress an! t1ose people in t1e "aller03 T1ere was a time w1en a Con"ressman 2rom !own in %in!anao/ I t1ink 1is name is @elan"alen/ 1e is act all0 a ver0 artic late person 6 t t1e pro6lem is 1e is s all0 at t1e opposin" si!e o2 w1at is pop lar t1at is w10 1e is receivin" all t1e interr ptions/ t1e impairment o2 1is speec1es3 B t t1en 1e !oes not react/ 1e took t1em in stri!e3 #ne w1o was not a6le to control 1er temper was +enator +antia"o w1en s1e saw 2 women 2rom t1e ric1 comm nities 1ere/ I t1ink s1e reco"ni5es t1em3 +1e claime! t1at t1e0 are impairin" t1e respect ! e to 1er3 .o?it m st 6e ! e to t1e committee or t1e 6o!0 itsel2?not to a partic lar Con"ressman or mem6er o2 t1e committee or s 6committee3 T1en we 1ave $iolation of parliamentar# immunit#. 'n0 person w1o violates t1e parliamentar0 imm nit0 o2 an0 mem6er o2 Con"ress w1et1er t1e same was committe! ! rin" a special or re" lar session an! t1e mem6er o2 Con"ress is "oin" to an! 2rom atten!in" t1e meetin" in Con"ress 60 2orcin" 1im or t1reatenin" 1im not to atten! t1e session or 2rom t1e meetin" o2 t1e 'ssem6l0 or even preventin" 1im 2rom e7pressin" 1is opinion or castin" 1is votes or searc1in" 1im or arrestin" 1im 2or an0 crime t1e penalt0 o2 w1ic1 is D 0ears or less s1all 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le n!er t1is article3 Bo 1ave to c1an"e t1e last wor! in 'rticle 14,/ instea! o2 prision ma0or/ its s ppose! to 6e prision correccional3 T1ere is no pro6lem in t1e prevention o2 t1e mem6ers o2 Con"ress 2rom atten!in" or 2rom e7pressin" 1is opinion or 2rom castin" 1is vote3 T1e pro6lem is arrestin" 1im or searc1in" 1im3 T1e wor! 8searc1N is act all0 a wor! t1at is ver0 important to Con"ressman3 <ill it incl !e violation o2 special laws= T1e parliamentar0 imm nit0 o2 a mem6er o2 Con"ress in re"ar! to searc1 an! arrest are onl0 2or crimes p nis1a6le n!er t1e R$C an! !oes not cover violations o2 special laws3 I2 t1e Con"ressman is violatin" a special law even i2 t1e crime is p nis1a6le 60 less t1an D 0ears/ 1e is not imm ne3 <1at will appl0 t1en is 1is constit tional ri"1t a"ainst ille"al searc1es an! sei5 re3 'n! t1e evi!ence t1at ma0 6e o6taine! a"ainst 1im s1all 6e !isallowe! 2orm a!mission3 +o/ i2 a con"ressman is seen pla0in" cara y cru% in violation o2 $@ 1D02/ 0o can arrest 1im even i2 1e is "oin" to an! 2rom Con"ress3 :e violate! t1e law on 2irearms? pasok pa rin s0a3 <1at is pro1i6ite! onl0 is o2 co rse/ t1e searc1 w1en t1e 2irearm is not in plain view/ t1e 2irearm is ina!missi6le in evi!ence an! 0o cannot convict 1im3 Bo cannot ka1it na ! maan pa 0an n" le77 s o pe"as s3 :owever/ i2 1e commits acts o2 lascivio sness in $e"as s/ 0o cannot arrest 1im 6ec it is p nis1a6le n!er R$C 6 t t1e penalt0 is onl0 prision correccional3 #r
esta2a/ wa" lan" lalaki3 I2 0o are "oin" to look at 'rt3 31,/ i2 t1e amo nt is less t1an $D/000 t1e penalt0 cannot e7cee! prision correccional3 +o/ oor!er s0a less t1an $D/000/ meron 6an" or!er ! n na less t1an $D/000/ si" ro Coke lan" no1 tsaka mani3 Remem6er 1a/ I will repeat/ i2 t1e violation is a"ainst a special law/ parliamentar0 imm nit0 !oes not appl0 n!er t1e R$C3 :ow a6o t in t1e Constit tion= T1at is t1e pro6lem3 <1at is t1e provision n!er t1e Consti in connection wit1 t1e parliamentar0 imm nit0 o2 a mem6er o2 Con"ress3 @oes it involve all crimes or all o22enses= 'll o22enses 0an e13 +o/ i2 0o are "oin" to invoke parliamentar0 imm nit0 n!er t1e R$C/ ito lan"3 B t i2 0o invoke parliamentar0 imm nit0 n!er t1e Consti/ wala nan" maramin" sapan?li6re pa rin3 FA (9ollowin" 4 estion S3 in $oli mi!terms) Con"ressman Cr 5 was convicte! o2 sli"1t p10sical in& ries an! sentence! 2or imprisonment 2or 1, !a0s3 T1e !ecision 6ecame 2inal3 T1e co rt or!ere! a !ecision 2or 1is imprisonment3 :e ar" e! t1at 1e cannot 6e imprisone! since con"ress is in session3 Is t1is ar" ment tena6le= J !"eA Imprisone!?not searc1e! or arreste!3 :is ar" ment is correct/ 1e cannot 6e imprisone! 6ec 1e cannot 6e arreste!3 B t i2 1e is "oin" vol ntaril0 to serve 1is sentence/ 1e co l! 6e imprisone!3 T1e law !i! not !istin" is1 w1et1er t1e arrest s1o l! 6e ma!e 60 reason o2 2inalit0 o2 & !"ment or 60 reason o2 1avin" committe! a crime even n!er t1e constit tion3 <1o ma!e t1is= (4B-'tt03 Jimene5) #1/ si Jack pala e13 :e>s "oo!3 I !on>t know w1et1er we 1ave t1is alrea!0 in a case3 B t 0o know/ Jack knows 'LL t1e cases in t1e +CR' (1e1e1e )3 FA +ir/ a2ter tapos ka na ma"in" Con"ressman/ can 1e 6e imprisone! alrea!03 J !"eA Ba3 FA :in!i ma"preprescri6e k nwari 0 n" crime o 0 n" penalt0= J !"eA T1at is t1e pro6lem3 FA #r is it s spen!e!3 J !"eA T1ere is also no provision a6o t s spension3 ' penalt0 2or a li"1t penalt0 prescri6es in 2 0ears/ nat rall0/ t1e session will 1ave to 1ave an en! 2or 2 0ears3 2 0ears 0 n" prescription !i 6a= *rantin" t1at it is 1 0ear/ t1e session will 1ave a recess in one 0ear/ ! n mo si0a arest 1in3 'n0 4 estion re violation o2 parliamentar0 imm nit03 Illegal %ssem!lies3 'lam n0o naman 0 n e1/ w1en people "at1er to"et1er 2or p rposes o2 committin" an0 o2 t1e crimes p nis1a6le n!er t1e R$C or an0 law 2or t1at matter/ it s1all 6e consi!ere! as ille"al assem6l03 It is an ille"al association/ t1e mere 2act t1at 0o are a mem6er o2 an association t1e p rpose o2 w1ic1 is to commit an0 o2 t1e crimes n!er t1e R$C or an0 ot1er law an! or t1e p rpose o2 t1e association is immoral/ it is an ille"al association3 Is t1e
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Comm nist $art0 o2 t1e $1ils an ille"al association= I2 it is tr e t1at t1eir p rpose is to collect revol tionar0 ta7es wit1o t trial or ! e process n!er o r e7istin" laws/ it is an ille"al association3 B t !e2initel0 t1e .$' at present is consi!ere! as an association t1at is ille"al3 It is act all0 t1e C$$ t1at ma0 6e at one point a le"al assoc3 6ec we alrea!0 !ecriminali5e! R' 1E00 t1at is o tlawin" mem6ers1ip in t1e C$$3 )irect %ssault. T1ere are two kin!s o2 !irect assa lt3 13) !irect assa lt w1en an0 person emplo0s 2orce or violence pon a person in a t1orit0 or t1eir a"ents w1en t1ere is no p 6lic prisin" 6 t t1eir p rpose is to ac1ieve t1e p rposes o2 re6ellion or se!ition3 -asama 6a an" co p !>etat= #1/ a0an !i na naman kasama an" co p !> etat3 23) an0 person w1o s1all attack an! emplo0 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation s1all serio sl0 !iso6e0/ resist an0 person in a t1orit0 or t1eir a"ents an! it s1all 6ecome 4 ali2ie! w1en t1e assa lt is wit1 a weapon or w1en t1ere is a la0in" o2 1an!s a"ainst a person in a t1orit0 or w1en t1e o22en!er is a p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee3 B t 0o 1ave to 2irst !etermine w1o are t1e persons in a t1orit0 or t1eir a"ents3 .at rall0/ a person in authorit# is an0 person w1o 60 reason o2 appointment or election is in c1ar"e o2 t1e e7ec tion o2 t1e laws or 1e is veste! wit1 & ris!iction3 )n!er t1ose w1o are 8appointe!N persons in a t1orit0 are t1e & !"es/ & stices/ prosec tors3 T1e0 are t1e 2irst kin!s o2 person in a t1orit03 T1e p 6lic o22icers w1o are electe! an! in c1ar"e o2 t1e e7ec tion o2 t1e laws an! some o2 t1em are veste! wit1 & ris!ictions are t1e ma0ors/ "overnors/ con"ressmen an! ot1er persons w1o 60 reason o2 t1eir 6ein" electe! are c1ar"e! wit1 t1e e7ec tion o2 t1e law3 T1ere are/ 60 special provisions o2 law/ persons in a t1orit03 ' teac1er in t1e p 6lic sc1ools or t1ose w1o are principals/ !irectress/ even t1e 1ea! o2 a !epartment in t1e B rea s are consi!ere! as persons in a t1orit0/ #.LB/ 1owever/ incl !in" t1ose teac1ers in t1e private sc1ools as lon" as t1e sc1ools are reco"ni5e! 60 t1e "overnment t1e0 are consi!ere! as persons in a t1orit0/ 6 t onl0 ! rin" t1e per2ormance o2 t1eir o22icial ! ties?onl0 in t1e per2ormance o2 t1eir o22icial 2 nctions3 T1e0 cannot 6e consi!ere! as persons in a t1orit0 60 reason or on occasion o2 t1e per2ormance o2 t1eir o22icial 2 nctions 6 t t1ere is an e7ception to t1e e7ception3 )n!er R' I1D, or t1e Compre1ensive @an"ero s @r "s 'ct o2 2002/ i2 it is in connection wit1 t1e en2orcement o2 R' I1D,/ a teac1er or an0 mem6er o2 t1e aca!eme s1all 6e consi!ere! a person in a t1orit0 wit1in 100-meter ra!i s o2 t1e sc1ool (2rom t1e 2ence) w1ere 1e is teac1in"3 :e can call t1e assistance o2 an0 person in or!er to en2orce R' I1D,3 T1at is t1e onl0 e7ception to t1e r le3 T1is is t1e onl0 time t1at teac1ers are consi!ere! as person in a t1orit03 T1en 0o 1ave law0ers w1o are consi!ere! as persons in a t1orit0 6 t onl0 in t1e act al per2ormance o2 t1eir o22icial 2 nctions3 +o/ 1in!i mo pwe!en" 6at k-6at kan 0 n" a6 "a!o ! n esp i2 1e is con2errin" wit1 1is witness3
FA +ir/ w1at i2 t1e teac1ers are en2orcin" t1e R' I1D, an! 2or e7ample/ t1ese st !ents 1ave a "r !"e a"ainst t1e teac1er an! 1e p10sicall0 assa lte! t1e teac1er wit1in t1e sc1ool/ wo l! t1at 6e also !irect assa lt= J !"eA .#3 Beca se t1e teac1er m st 6e 'CT)'LLB en2orcin" R' I1D,/ t1e reason t1at 1e m st 6e assa lte! is t1at 1e is en2orcin" I1D, or 1e 1as en2orce! I1D,/ t1at is w1en t1ere is a !irect assa lt3 In connection wit1 persons in a t1orit0/ t1e !e"ree o2 assa lt is rat1er li"1ter t1an t1e !e"ree o2 assa lt in a"ents o2 persons in a t1orit0 2or p rposes o2 !irect assa lt3 In person in a t1orit0/ t1e mere la0in" o2 1an!s on a person in a t1orit0 wit1 intention to !e20 t1e a t1orit0 o2 t1at person in a t1orit0/ it is alrea!0 !irect assa lt3 'n a"ent o2 a person in a t1orit0/ t1e assa lt m st 6e serio s t1at t1e a"ent o2 a person in a t1orit0 ma0 s stain even p10sical in& ries in connection wit1 t1e assa lt an! t1at is t1e onl0 time w1en t1ere co l! 6e a possi6ilit0 t1at t1ere is a !irect assa lt/ not serio s resistance or !iso6e!ience 6ec t1e0 are !i22erent 2rom eac1 ot1er3 @o 0o remem6er t1e case o2 a policeman w1o was servin" a warrant o2 arrest a"ainst an acc se! an! instea! o2 s rren!erin" 1imsel2 to t1e police/ t1e acc se! !elivere! a 6low to t1e 6reast o2 t1e policeman3 +a n"a0on/ pata0 0 n3 B t t1e policeman c1ar"e! 1im onl0 o2 !irect assa lt/ t1e +C sai! .#/ t1e assa lt is not so serio s as to consi!er it wit1in t1e p rview o2 !irect assa lt3 It is onl0 serio s resistance or !iso6e!ience3 -a0a pa" nan ntok ka n" police/wa" mo lan" " " lpi1in n" mas0a!o serio s resistance lan"?6aka sli"1t resistance pa n"a e13 B t t1e moment 0o !o it to a person in a t1orit0 s c1 as 6r"0 c1airman/ teac1ers etc3 t1e mere la0in" o2 1an!s to t1ese people wit1 intent to !e20 t1eir a t1orit0 is alrea!0 !irect assa lt3 'n" & !"e or ma0or 60 reason o2 t1e per2ormance o2 t1eir o22icial 2 nctions a1/?nakita mo sa Ba" io3 Bo are 2rom + l 3 8Ito 0 n" walan"1i0an" & !"e na na"sentens0a sa akin e13 %a" lpi n"a3N @irect 'ssa lt pa 0 n 6ec3 it was 60 reason o2 t1e per2ormance o2 t1e o22icial 2 nction o2 t1e & !"e3 +ame is tr e wit1 t1e ma0or3 %n agent of a person in authorit# is a person w1o is onl0 in c1ar"e o2 t1e en2orcement o2 t1e laws3 B n 0 n" m"a police/ 6r"0 8ta"a0N/ !i mo na kasi alam n"a0on e1333%'$+'/ Br"0 Tano!/ Banta0 Ba0an3 I t1ink Con"ress s1o l! a!opt a law creatin" positions 2or t1ese people so t1at it wo l! 6e ni2orm3 <e !o not know alrea!0 w1o is an a"ent o2 a person in a t1orit03 T1ere is a pro6lem t1ere?esp now/ t1ere is move to !isen2ranc1ise t1e people in t1e s4 atters area3 I 1ave 6een tellin" 0o since 1st 0ear/ t1ese people are not s ppose! to 6e voters o2 t1eir localit0 6ec t1e0 are not le"all0 resi!in" in t1ese places3
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+($T3 3/ 2003 I t1ink I 1ave partiall0 !isc sse! @irect 'ssa lt alrea!03 Remem6er t1e importance 6etween persons in a t1orit0 an! a"ents o2 a person in a t1orit03 T1e persons in a t1orit0 w1o are assa lte! w1ile I. T:( 'CT #9 t1e per2ormance o2 t1eir ! ties/ !irect assa lt3 Bo assa lt t1em #. #CC'+I#. t1ereo2/ !irect assa lt3 Bo assa lt t1em BB R('+#. o2 t1e per2ormance o2 t1eir ! ties/ t1at is !irect assa lt3 B t 0o 1ave still to 4 ali20 !irect assa lt in t1is respect 6ec one o2 t1e important elements o2 !irect assa lt asi!e 2rom t1e assa lt etc3/ t1is is t1e secon! 2orm o2 !irect assa lt 6ec t1e 1st one is t1e p rpose o2 t1ese people are to ac1ieve t1e p rposes o2 t1e crime o2 se!ition or re6ellion3 Co p !>etat is not incl !e! 1a so i2 a 4 estion is posite! in a wa0 t1at !irect assa lt was committe! a"ainst a person in a t1orit0 to ac1ieve t1e p rpose o2 co p !> etat/ t1at is not !irect assa lt 6ec t1e law was not amen!e! 60 'rt 134-'3 Be care2 l w1en t1e0 ask 0o a trick0 4 estion like t1at3 In t1e 2n! kin! o2 !irect assa lt/ t1at is w1en t1ere is assa lt/ attack/ etc pon a person in a t1orit0/ t1ere m st 6e an intention to !e20 t1e a t1orit0 o2 a person in a t1orit0 wit1o t s c1 an intention it will not 6e a !irect assa lt3 Let s s ppose/ in 6r"0s t1e s al paci2iers o2 tro 6les w1et1er it 6e serio s or sli"1t or an0 commotion in t1e comm nit0 is alwa0s t1e 6r"0 captain3 T1e0 will alwa0s ask 2or t1e 6r"0 captain/ p nta1an mo si kapitan3 I2 0o 1ave live! in a place w1ere t1ere are so man0 people in t1e comm nit0 esp in con"este! areas -- ma06e 0o are an apartment !weller/ 0o will not e7perience t1is i2 0o are rentin" a con!omini m nit or in a s 6!ivision/-- t1ere are s al 2riction amon" people w1o live! in con"este! areas3 Let s s ppose t1at 2 women 4 arrel an! t1e0 are !ist r6in" t1e tran4 ilit0 o2 t1e comm nit0 so people sen! some6o!0 to look 2or t1e 6r"0 c1airman t1en t1e 6r"0 c1airman came3 T1e 6r"0 c1airman 1as 6een tr0in" to paci20 6ot1 an! convincin" t1em to enter t1eir respective resi!ences3 <1ile t1e 6r"0 c1airman is act all0 con! ctin" one o2 t1e prota"onist towar!s 1er apartment/ 1ere is t1e 1 s6an!Qa sec rit0 " ar!/ pon seein" t1at t1e 6r"0 captain is 1ol!in" t1e arms o2 1is wi2e/ t1e sec rit0 " ar! imme!iatel0 con2ronte! t1e 6r"0 captain? 8C1airmanJ <alan" c1airman c1airman sa akin3 <alan" pwe!en" 1 mawak sa katawan o 6raso n" asawa koJ 'ko lan" ma0 karapatan !0an3 'lisin mo 0an" kama0 mo3N B t in !oin" so/ 1e was a6le to la0 1is 1an!s on t1e 6r"0 c1airman an! 0o know t1at most o2 t1e 6r"0 c1airman are retire! "ov>t emplo0ees/ retire! private emplo0ees/ t1e0 are alrea!0 passe! t1eir prime an! a small p s1 1ere an! t1ere will make t1em st m6le/ pro6a6l0 lose t1eir 6alance an! s stain in& ries3 T1e captain 2ile! a case o2 !irect assa lt a"ainst t1e sec rit0 " ar!3 Bo !o not 1ave an0 respect to a 6r"0 captain an! to an ol! man3 T1e 2eelin"s o2 people like t1at esp w1en t1e0 are o6sesse! wit1 &ealo s0 an! ot1er t1in"s an! t1e0 6elieve t1at t1e c1airman is takin" a!vanta"e o2 t1e sit ation?is t1ere an0 intention to !e20 t1e a t1orit0 o2 t1e 6r"0 captain t1ere= .#.(3 It m st 6e s1own t1at t1e p rpose o2 t1e o22en!er in assa ltin" or la0in" 1an!s pon person in a t1orit0 is to !e20 1is a t1orit03 I2
t1ere is none/ t1ere is no !irect assa lt3 'lso/ in !irect assa lt a"ainst t1ese people w1o are veste! wit1 & ris!iction an! w1o are in c1ar"e o2 t1e e7ec tion o2 t1e laws/ even on occasion o2 t1e per2ormance o2 t1eir ! ties or 60 reason t1ereo2 an! t1e0 are assa lte!/ t1en it is !irect assa lt3 Bo m st note t1at even serio s intimi!ation a"ainst persons in a t1orit0 w1o 6elon"s in t1is class are consi!ere! !irect assa lt3 #1/ 0es/ 0o look at t1e law/ even serio s intimi!ation is incl !e!3 Bo !on>t even nee! to la0 0o r 1an!s on t1e person in a t1orit03 Intimi!atin"/ 2or e7ample/ "oin" to t1e ma0or an! tellin" 1im t1at 80o 1ave to !o t1is/ ot1erwise?N/ t1is is !irect assa lt3 ' & !"e w1o sentence! a person/ t1e0 saw eac1 ot1er in Batanes/ 6 t t1e person was sentence! in %akati/ t1e0 met eac1 ot1er t1ere/ t1en t1e person w1o was sentence! assa lte! t1e & !"e a2ter 1avin" serve! 1is sentence/ t1at is !irect assa lt3 T1ere is no prescriptive perio! 2rom t1e time o2 sentencin" or 2rom t1e time t1at t1e & !"e 1as committe! an0 act t1at wo l! ca se an0 reprisal a"ainst 1im3 Indirect assaults3 T1e onl0 person or persons w1o ma0 6e a victim o2 in!irect assa lt is a civilian 6 t i2 1e is an a"ent o2 a person in a t1orit0 1e m st not 6e in t1e per2ormance o2 1is ! ties ot1erwise/ i2 1e is in t1e per2ormance o2 1is ! ties/ it wo l! still 6e !irect assa lt an! not in!irect assa lt3 +o/ I !on>t know i2 t1ere is a case cite! in 0o r 6ook t1at t1e o22en!e! part0 m st 6e an a"ent o2 a person in a t1orit0/ t1at is not correct3 'n0 person w1o comes to t1e ai! o2 a person in a t1orit0 or 1is a"ent an! 1e 1imsel2 was assa lte! an! t1e person w1o was assa lte! 1as 6een known to t1e person w1o assa lte! 1im as a person assistin" a person in a t1orit0 or "ivin" an0 ai! to a person in a t1orit0/ t1ere is an in!irect assa lt3 <1at is important in !irect assa lt an! in!irect assa lt is t1at t1e victims m st 6e known to 6e s c1 60 t1e o22en!er3 I2 t1e victims are not known to 6e s c1/ t1ere is no !irect assa lt/ it is as i2 0o 1ave assa lte! a private person3 .ow/ !irect assa lt can 6e comple7e! wit1 ot1er crimes3 In crimes a"ainst persons/ it can 6e comple7e!3 (73 +erio s p10sical in& ries wit1 !irect assa lt/ m r!er wit1 !irect assa lt/ 1omici!e wit1 !irect assa lt3 :ow a6o t carnappin" wit1 !irect assa lt= .#3 It cannot 6e comple7e! 6ec one is a special law an! t1e ot1er is 2elon0 n!er t1e R$C3 'n! t1e0 can onl0 6e comple7e! wit1 eac1 ot1er i2 t1e0 are consi!ere! as special comple7 crime3 I 1ave e7plaine! alrea!0 !irect assa lt/ in!irect assa lt3 <1at else= @o 0o 1ave an0 4 estions re"ar!in" t1ese assa lts3 I cannot remem6er an0more w1at are ot1er areas t1at can 6e !isc sse! 1ere3 T1e ne7t topic is t1e )iso!edience to (ummons iss e! 60 t1e .ational 'ssem6l0/ 60 a Constit tional Commission or t1e Committees o2 t1e .ational 'ssem6l03 <e all know t1at t1e onl0 a t1orit0 t1at t1e .at>l 'ssem6l0 1as to
1I %a&'rvin
s mmon a person is in connection wit1 an0 in4 ir0 in ai! o2 le"islation3 T1e0 !on>t 1ave an0 a t1orit0 to 2in! t1e " ilt or innocence o2 an0 part0 6 t t1at is w1at is 1appenin" now3 T1e t1r st o2 t1eir 4 estions most o2 t1e time is to 2in! o t w1et1er t1e " 0 is " ilt0 or not " ilt03 'n! w1et1er t1e " 0 is tellin" a " 0 or not3 @o t1e0 1ave t1at power to !etermine w1et1er t1e person is tellin" a lie or not3 T1e0 are onl0 6ein" aske! to 6ecome reso rce persons3 T1e0 are not 6ein" calle! as witnesses3 It is not an impeac1ment procee!in"s3 +o/ w1en 0o 6ecome Con"ressman or +enators/ please ask 4 estions onl0 in or!er to "et t1in"s o t o2 t1e witness 2or t1e p rpose o2 amen!in" a law/ passin" a law or repealin" a law3 @o not tell a person w1o is testi20in" t1at 80o are l0in"JN @oes 1e 1ave t1at power3 T1at is an a6 se o2 0o r parliamentar0 imm nit03 I2 0o 2o n! 1im l0in"/ wo l! it ai! 0o in passin" a le"islation= :in!i e13 Its & st so 2r stratin" to s w1o 1ave st !ie! t1e law on 1ow t1ese people can act all0 violate t1e law itsel2 t1at t1e0 1ave sworn to protect3 Like t1is/ i2 0o !o not o6e0 t1e s mmons o2 t1ese people 0o ma0 6e sent to &ail3 .at rall0/ t1at is s1owin" !isrespect to a Constit tional 6o!0 so 0o will 6e sent to &ail3 It is a crime asi!e 2rom it is contempt o s to t1e !i"nit0 o2 t1e +enate an! an0 o2 t1e 6o!0 t1at is convene! 2or t1at p rpose3 T1e +enate or .at>l 'ssem6l0 can sen! two kin!s o2 re4 ests 2or a person to appear3 #ne is an invitation3 I2 it is an invitation/ 0o ma0 or ma0 not appear an! 0o !on>t inc r an0 criminal lia6ilit03 B t i2 it is alrea!0 a s mmon/ t1at is !i22erent alrea!0/ 0o 1ave to appear3 .ow/ w1en 0o are s mmone! an! 0o appear/ 0o still 1ave an o6li"ation i2 0o are calle! to testi20 not as a witness 6 t as a reso rce person3 :e 1as to 6e place! n!er oat13 #at1 means t1at 1e will 1ave to take 1is oat1 60 raisin" 1is ri"1t 1an!?ri"1t 1an!/ not le2t 1an!3 'n! I tol! 0o at one point t1at $res (R'$ w1en 1e took 1is oat1/ ka0a na"kalokoloko si" ro/ 1e raise! 1is le2t 1an! 6e2ore C1ie2 J stice .arvasa an! no6o!0 1ave t1e " ts to tell (rap t1at t1at is wron"3 %insan natatawa ako sa 1 s"a!o n"a e1 tinataas an" kaliwan" kama0 e13 +inasa6i ko/ 8m k1a atan" si +atanas an" i0on" @i0os a13N (:e1e1e ) kasi kaliwa e13 It m st 6e t1e ri"1t 1an! 6ec3 0o are "oin" to swear 6e2ore *o!3 T1at is w10 w1en a person a!minister an oat1 to anot1er 0o m st tell 1im 8@o 0o swear to tell t1e tr t1 t1e w1ole tr t1 in t1is procee!in"s an! w1atever3N 'n! t1at t1ere m st 6e an accompan0in" p1rase o2 8so 1elp 0o *o!N t1at is w10 it is consi!ere! as an oat13 <it1o t t1at t1ere is no oat1/ it wo l! 6e onl0 an a22irmation 6ec3 t1ere are people w1o !on>t 6elieve in *o! or an oat13 +o w1at 0o are "oin" to !o is ask 1im to stan! properl0/ i2 1e can stan!/ an! ask 1im w1et1er 1e solemnl0 a22irms t1at w1at 1e is "oin" to tell is t1e tr t1 an! not1in" 6 t t1e tr t1/ no ot1er3 T1at is a solemn a22irmation3 Bo cannot sa0 t1at 8I !on>t 6elieve in *o!Qno oat13N B) t1en t1ere is a s 6stit te/ 0o will 6e aske! to take a solemn a22irmation an! i2 0o re2 se t1at is w1en it 6ecomes a crime wit1o t an0 & sti2ia6le reason3 B t 1ow can 0o & sti20 an0more not takin" eit1er an oat1 or a22irmation3 Bo can c1oose an0 one o2 t1e two3 I2 0o 1ave 6een sworn an! 0o are to testi20/ 0o
1ave to answer t1e 4 estions 6 t nat rall0/ t1ere is a law t1at sa0s t1at i2 t1e answer to t1e 4 estion wo l! incriminate 0o an! ma0 6e se! a"ainst 0o in an0 co rt o2 law or in an0 ot1er procee!in" t1at is a "ro n! 2or 0o to invoke 0o r ri"1t to sel2-incrimination an! t1at is a le"al e7c se or a le"al an! vali! reason3 .ow/ i2 0o answer all t1e 4 estions/ 0o ma0 6e aske! also to pro! ce papers/ !oc ments/ 6ooks/ an! ot1er written materials 6 t never an article or "oo!s3 T1ese ma0 6e s 6&ects o2 a s mmon w1ic1 tantamo nt to a s 6poena duces tec m3 +o/ in t1e event t1at 0o violate all t1ese/ t1en 0o 1ave a pro6lem3 T1at s w1en 0o are s ppose! to 6e p nis1e! 2or violatin" t1e law3 <e are t1r alrea!0 w1o are persons in a t1orit0 an! t1eir a"ents3 <e are t1r wit1 !irect assa lts an! !iso6e!ience to s mmons3 T1e ne7t article involves crimes w1ic1 are consi!ere! as ,umults or Pu!lic )isorder. T m lts an! p 6lic !isor!er is act all0 an0 serio s !ist r6ance in a p 6lic place or in an0 "at1erin"s or in an0 peace2 l meetin"s an! t1ese t m lts an! p 6lic !ist r6ances are consi!ere! as violation o2 'rt3 1,33 .ow/ in t1ese t m lts an! !ist r6ances w1ic1 incl !e t1ose t1at will involve p 6lic or!er/ t1e law pro1i6its a person even in makin" an o tcr0 in a peace2 l meetin" or "at1erin" to incite people to commit re6ellion or se!ition3 'n! t1e last o2 w1ic1 is t1at 6 r0in" t1e 6o!0 o2 a person wit1 pomp an! t1at person was le"all0 e7ec te!3 In t m lts an! !ist r6ances in p 6lic places or in peace2 l "at1erin"s/ t1e same m st 6e committe! 60 at least 4 arme! persons or 4 persons provi!e! wit1 means o2 violence in or!er t1at t1e same ma0 6e consi!ere! as t m lt o s3 <e 1ave 1a! t1e occasion o2 !isc ssin" t m lt o s prisin" in se!ition an! t1is is t1e same3 J st remem6er 4 or more arme! persons or 4 or more persons w1o are provi!e! wit1 means o2 violence3 Bo 1ave to remem6er t1at 6ec3 t1e 2 ma0 6e interc1an"e! wit1 eac1 ot1er 6 t t1e wor! 9#)R will alwa0s 6e t1ere?more t1an 33 T1ose makin" an o tcr0 in a peace2 l meetin" to incite ot1ers to commit re6ellion or se!ition 60 means o2 speec1es/ placar!/ etc3 t1at is consi!ere! as in violation o2 'rt3 1,33 -nlawful use of means of pu!lication. T1ere are I t1ink 2o r3 13) T1e p 6lication wit1 malice o2 2alse news w1ic1 is known to t1e o22en!er t1at it is act all0 2alse3 I sai! malicio s 6ec3 t1ere m st alwa0s 6e malice3 I2 t1ere is no malice/ t1ere is no violation3 (ven i2 0o p 6lis1 a million 2alse news3 Bo 1ave 1a! t1e e7perience o2 rea!in" 2alse news in newspapers or ot1er articles/ onl0 to 6e correcte! later on/ so i2 it is correcte! t1en t1ere is no malice3 T1ose w1o insists 1owever t1en it is malicio s i2 act all0 t1e ver0 2ace o2 t1e news involves alrea!0 w1at appears to 6e tainte! wit1 malice3 23) T1e p 6lication o2 resol tions/ or!ers w1ic1 are not 0et a t1ori5e! to 6e p 6lis1e! or release!3 It is act all0 common3 Bo will note t1at sometimes a resol tion is not 0et o22iciall0 release! 6 t it is alrea!0
20 %a&'rvin
p 6lis1e! 6ec3 some enterprisin" reporters are alrea!0 e4 ippe! wit1 a cop0 o2 t1e or!er3 Its common to co rts an! even t1e #22ice o2 t1e $resi!ent3 T1ere was one time/ a !ecision o2 t1e +C w1ic1 was not 0et 6een s ppose! to 6e release! 6 t t1e same was release! premat rel03 .ow/ I !on>t know i2 t1e case o2 t1e - raton" Balelen" will 6e premat rel0 release!3 T1ere are so man0 enterprisin" people t1ere e13 *one were t1e !a0s w1en 0o can tr st 0o r emplo0ees3 (ven in t1e +C3 Look w1at 1appene!/ sa 6a"a0 ma0 94 naman e1/ n"a0on %43 (+ir/ sinon" %4=) +i %awana0/ %a1 sa0/ %ateo/ %ike?apat 0 n na 8%N? nareceive ko lan" sa te7t 0 n 1a3 33) T1ose w1o 60 means o2 wor!s or tterances s1all enco ra"e people to !iso6e0 t1e law an! t1ose w1o act all0 e71orts t1e commission o2 an0 violation o2 an0 act3 43) '6o t p 6lication o2 articles/ news etc t1at are a t1ore! 60 an anon0mo s persons or w1o p t t1eir name as anon0mo s3 T1at is alrea!0 2o r3 8@on>t pa0 0o r ta7es etc3 I will not3 9ollow me3N 'n! t1at is alrea!0 a violation o2 t1is article3 Bec3 t1at enco ra"es ot1er people to !iso6e0 t1e law3 I. t1e )3+3/ 0o !on>t pa0 0o r ta7es/ 0o "o to &ail/ !ito I>ve 6een tellin" 0o / look at t1e income ta7es o2 t1e millionaires compare! to 2i7 earners w1ose income are recor!e!3 T1e p 6lication o2 t1ese articles in connection wit1 t1ese crimes are consi!ere! as nlaw2 l se o2 p 6lication3 %larms and (candals. T1e 2irst kin! is 60 !isc1ar"in" a 2irearm in a town or a p 6lic place or 60 e7plo!in" an0 e7plosive !evice in a town or in a p 6lic place3 T1e wor! 8townN 1ere is mislea!in"3 .at rall0/ a town is p to its 6o n!ar03 (1 s pposin" a town is compose! o2 2lat lan!s an! mo ntaino s ran"es/ e1 0o !isc1ar"e! 0o r 2irearms on top o2 a mo ntain/ its wit1in a town3 T1e town 1ere is act all0 a translation o2 t1e wor! 8po6lacionN w1ere people act all0 in t1at town resi!es/ it>s t1e center o2 t1e town/ t1at>s w10 t1e0 sai! 8or in an0 ot1er p 6lic placeN3 I2 it is in an0 town e1 !i la1at na 0an/ an0w1ere3 It wo l! 6e an0w1ere in a town 6 t t1e0 accompanie! 8or in a p 6lic placeN3 T1at means to sa0 t1at t1e town is t1e po6lacion or t1e center o2 t1e town/ t1e place w1ere t1e c1 rc1/ m nicipal 1all/ commercial an! resi!ential areas3 I2 0o will notice/ t1e c1ar"e is alwa0s in 2ront o2 t1e m nicipal 1all in t1e ol! towns 6ec3 t1e $resi!ente o2 t1e town at t1e time is alwa0s n!er t1e priest3 @ rin" t1e +panis1 times/ t1e0 call t1e ma0or/ $resi!ente3 'larm an! scan!al wit1 t1e se o2 a 2irearm/ !i22erentiate it wit1 ille"al !isc1ar"e o2 2irearm an! attempte! 1omici!e3 Bo s1o l! know t1e !i22erences 60 now3 's I sai!/ alarm an! scan!al is committe! w1en t1e p rpose o2 t1e o22en!er is to ca se alarm/ scan!al or 2ear w1en a person !isc1ar"es a 2irearm in a town or a p 6lic place3 :owever/ it is a !isc1ar"e o2 a 2irearm w1en a 2irearm is pointe! to
anot1er wit1o t an0 intention to kill t1at person an! t1en t1at 2irearm was !isc1ar"e! an! it !i! not 1it t1e person to w1om it was pointe! to3 Bo m st 1ave to remem6er t1at t1is 1as 6een aske! more t1an 10 times in t1e 6ar e7ams3 'n! attempte! 1omici!e/ 0o point t1e " n at t1e !irection o2 t1e person wit1 intent to kill eit1er 0o 1it 1im or !i! not 1it 1im3 I2 0o 1it 1im an! t1e wo n! will not ca se 1is !eat1 t1at is attempte! 1omici!e3 +o/ w1en 0o are a poor s1ot/ 0o can alwa0s sa0 t1at is onl0 ille"al !isc1ar"e3 I !on>t 1ave an0 intention to kill3 - n" papata0in kita e1 !apat t m6a ka na !0an3 $al sot 0 n 1a3 T1at is 1 o2 t1e !e2enses t1at 0o 1ave in attempte! 1omici!e o2 w1ic1 t1e 6 llet !i! not 1it t1e victim3 B t 0o cannot take t1e !e2ense o2 alarm an! scan!al 6ec3 in t1e latter 0o !i! not point t1e " n at t1e !irection o2 anot1er person3 Lets take a 6reak3 (#1 no/ 6lank na ot1er si!e o2 tape3) %a&a1>s notesA 'rticle 1,E3 (vasion o2 +ervice o2 +entence 13) #r!inar0 prisoner escapes 2rom &ail w1ile servin" sentence T'""ravatin" circ mstancesQw1en t1e escape s1all 1ave taken place 60 means o2 nlaw2 l entr0/ 6reakin" !oors/ win!ows/ "ates/ walls/ roo2s or 2loors or 60 sin" picklocks/ 2alse ke0s/ !is" ise/ !eceit/ violence or intimi!ation or t1ro "1 connivance wit1 ot1er convicts or emplo0ees o2 t1e penal instit tion3 23) @ rin" calamities or !isor!er % tin0 1ere means 8riotN3 I2 convict w1o eva!e service o2 sentence "ives 1imsel2 p wit1in 4L 1o rs 2ollowin" t1e iss ance o2 a proclamation 60 t1e C1ie2 (7ec tive anno ncin" t1e passin" awa0 o2 s c1 calamit0/ 1e s1all 6e awar!e! wit1 1;, re! ction o2 t1e penalt0 I%$#+(@ pon 1im3 T1is awar! is not "iven to prisoners w1o participate! in t1e m tin0 or riot3 33) Hiolation o2 Con!itional $ar!on 43) Hiolation o2 Con!itions in @estierro (& !"e>s a!!ition to t1e list o2 kin!s o2 evasion) now/ re4 ire! to post a 6on! to keep t1e peace 2or a perio! not e7cee!in" D 0ears3 I2 1e re2 ses/ 1e will 6e sentence! to imprisonment not e7cee!in" D mont1s3
+eptem6er L/ 2003 'rticle 1D03 'n0 person w1o s1all commit a 2elon0 a2ter 1avin" 6een convicte! 60 2inal & !"ment/ 6e2ore 6e"innin" to serve s c1 sentence/ or w1ile servin" t1e same is consi!ere! a .-%(I"R/CI)I0I(,3 It m st 6e a 2elon0 1a/ so 1e m st 6e a 4 asi reci!ivist i2 1e commits t1e secon! crime w1ile 6ein" trie! or w1ile servin" sentence3 T1at is w10 1e is calle! a 4 asi-reci!ivist3 To !istin" is1 it 2rom reci!ivism/ 1a6it al !elin4 enc0 an! reiteracion3 Reiteracion/ t1ere m st 6e
21 %a&'rvin
at least 3 convictions an! 2or w1at= #nl0 two o2 t1e same or e4 al penalt03 'n! i2 it is 2or a li"1t penalt0/ t1ere m st 6e at least 2 convictions in or!er t1at 1e ma0 s 22er reiteracion3 B t all m st 6e 2elonies3 In reci!ivism/ 6elon"in" to t1e same title o2 t1e Co!e3 In 1a6it al !elin4 enc0/ 0o 1ave ro6o/ 1 rto/ 2alsi2icacion/ esta2a/ less serio s or serio s p10sical in& ries wit1in 10 0ears 2rom 1is last release or !ate o2 1is last conviction3 Her0 eas0 to memori5e t1em 1a 6 t almost ever0 0ear t1e0 are 6ein" aske! in t1e 6ar e7ams3 (it1er an0 o2 t1e 4 or ,3 1orgeries3 %a0 I ask 0o ?can 0o !escri6e to me t1e *reat +eal o2 t1e Rep 6lic o2 t1e $1ilippines= Beca se forging the 2reat (eal of the Repu!lic of the Philippines or t1e stamp o2 t1e C1ie2 (7ec tive or t1e si"nat re o2 t1e $resi!ent is a crime t1at entails a penalt0 o2 recl sion temporal3 B t t1en we !on>t know t1e *reat +eal o2 t1e $1ils3 I2 0o will look at 0o r 6ook/ I 6elieve t1at 0o will not a"ree to t1e !escription o2 t1e *reat +eal o2 t1e Rep o2 t1e $1ils 6ec3 it even incl !es a lion an! an 'merican ea"le an! we are not act all0 in 'merica/ we !on>t 1ave an0 lion in t1e $1ils e7cept onl0 in t1e 5oos3 #r an 'merican ea"le?I 1ave not even seen an 'merican ea"le even in t1e 5oo3 #1/ 1ow co l! it 6e t1at it is incl !e! in t1e !escription o2 t1e *reat +eal o2 t1e Rep 6lic o2 t1e $1ils3 .o wa03 T1is is a !escription o2 t1e *reat +eal o2 t1e Commonwealt1 o2 t1e $1ils3 (ven in 0o r mone0/ t1e0 ma!e a mistake in printin" it t1ere3 In $20/ I 6elieve it is t1ere3 T1ere appears to 6e a +eal t1ere/ 0o can 2in! an ea"le an! a lion3 B t t1at is not t1e *reat seal?t1at is 2or t1e Commonwealt13 'n! we are not an0more n!er 'merica3 +o/ t1e0 1ave to !escri6e t1e *reat +eal o2 t1e Rep 6lic o2 t1e $1ils or as t1e 1istorians to !escri6e it 6ec p to now we still !on>t know3 T1e stamp/ t1ere is no pro6lem/ it is t1e one 6ein" se! 60 t1e person w1o are act all0 :ea!s o2 +tates3 It is compose! o2 a woo!en 1an!le o2 a6o t more t1an D inc1es wit1 a stamp 6eneat1 an! it is alwa0s 6ein" place! in an0 comm nications w1ic1 t1e $resi!ent o2 t1e Rep 6lic o2 t1e $1ilippines is sen!in" to ot1er :ea!s o2 +tates or ministers or ot1er !i"nitaries3 T1at is t1e stamp3 :is si"nat re/ no pro6lem3 B t it is not Jose Helar!e?no3 It m st 6e t1e real name o2 t1e $resi!ent3 T1at is w10?o1/ t1is is & st makin" it a li"1t moment 1a3 (stra!a was electe! in a 2ictitio s name3 .ot 1is real name3 +o/ 1e 1as t1e ri"1t to se a 2ictitio s name/ 1e 1as 6een sin" a 2ictitio s name/ so 1e can se anot1er 2ictitio s name3 'inUt it so= :e se! t1e name o2 Josep1 (stra!a w1en 1is real name is (&ercito3 <ell/ lets see w1at will 1appen3 I2 one co nter2eits t1e *reat +eal o2 t1e Rep 6lic o2 t1e $1ils3 #r t1e stamp o2 c1ie2 e7ec tive or si"nat re o2 t1e $resi!ent or even se t1em knowin" 2or a 2act t1at t1e0 are 2alsi2ie!/ all o2 t1ese acts are p nis1a6le3 I 1ave 1a! an e7perience o2 tr0in" a woman w1o claims to 6e t1e niece o2 a 2ormer $resi!ent sin" !oc ments w1ic1 "ives 1er t1e power to assi"n nits in t1e 6liss con!omini m at * a!al pe %akati an! was a6le to "et more t1an a million 6 cks 6ec one nit is to cost an applicant $L0/0003 It t rne! o t t1at t1e si"nat re
o2 t1e $resi!ent t1ere was 2alsi2ie! an! s1e se! t1at 2alsi2ie! !oc ment3 +1e was not c1ar"e! n!er 'rticle 1D1 6 t c1ar"e! n!er 'rticle 1D2 o2 t1e R$CQ sin" a 2alsi2ie! si"nat re o2 t1e presi!ent o2 t1e Rep 6lic3 T1ere was a law0er w1o was 2o n! 60 %arcos ! rin" 1is time to 6e 2or"in" 1is si"nat re 6 t 1e never !ismisse! t1at law0er 2rom malacaVan" an! !i! not allow 1im to 6e emplo0e! in t1e "ovt ! rin" 1is time3 :ow a6o t counterfeiting coins3 'n! w1o will attempt to co nter2eit o r coins an0wa0 esp3 t1e one wit1 a 1ole in t1e mi!!le3 It>s more e7pensive to co nter2eit o r coins t1an to 1ave it minte! in anot1er co ntr0 t1en 1ave it em6osse! in t1e mintin" s1op o2 t1e Central Bank3 .evert1eless/ 0o 1ave to remem6er t1at in co nter2eitin" o2 coins w1et1er t1e coin is in circ lation or not/ i2 0o co nter2eit t1e same/ it is p nis1a6le3 T1e reason 6ein" t1at t1e !an"er t1at t1is co nter2eiter ca ses to t1e econom0 o2 t1e nation is t1ere3 's i2 1e can co nter2eit a coin not in circ lation 1ow m c1 more t1at 1e cannot co nter2eit t1e ones in circ lation3 :e can alwa0s co nter2eit t1em3 :e knows t1at 1e 1as t1e e7pertise3 #n t1e ot1er 1an!/ i2 it is a mutilation of coins/ t1e coin t1at m st 1ave 6een m tilate! m st 6e o2 circ lation/ it m st 6e c rrent3 T1e act o2 importing all t1ese/ uttering t1em is p nis1a6le3 B t !o 0o know w1at is act al m tilation o2 coins= % tilation o2 coins is t1e e7traction o2 t1e precio s metal 2rom t1e coin itsel23 T1e mere p nc1in" o2 a 1ole/ t1e mere !e2acin" o2 a coin/ t1e 6 rnin" o2 a coin is not p nis1a6le n!er 'rticle 1D4 o2 t1e R$C3 T1ese 6 rnin"/ p nc1in" an! !e2acin" o2 coins are p nis1a6le n!er $@ 24E w1ic1 was !ecree! 60 %arcos ! rin" %artial Law3 It se! to 6e t1at ma06e 0o are ri!in" on &eepne0s an! 0o 1ave seen some !rivers !ecoratin" t1eir container o2 coins an! 6ills wit1 coins naile! to t1e woo!en containers3 T1is is t1en w1at is pro1i6ite! 60 %arcos even t1e makin" o2 pen!ants o t o2 coins3 T1e0 are pro1i6ite!/ t1en/ ! rin" t1e %artial Law/ even p to to!a0 6ec t1is 1as not 6een amen!e! an! t1is is a "oo! law3 Bec m tilation is not covere! 60 24E neit1er !oes 24E covers m tilation o2 coins as m tilation o2 coins is t1e e7traction o2 t1e precio s metals 2rom t1e coin itsel23 's I sai! t1e coin t1at m st 6e m tilate! m st 6e a c rrenc0 t1at is circ latin" at t1e time w1en it was m tilate!3 .ow/ t1e selling of false or mutilated coins without conni$ance/ w1ic1 coins are o2 $1il c rrencies/ t1e0 are consi!ere! as in violation o2 'rt3 1D, o2 t1e R$C3 <e 1ave 2or"eries3 <1en 0o talk o2 2or"er0 an! co nter2eitin"/ 0o will 6e remin!e! t1at t1e !e2inition o2 2or"er0 is makin" it appear t1at a partic lar !oc ment is a "en ine !oc ment or to alter or intercalate or s perimpose or to c1an"e t1e !ates or 2i" res or an0t1in" t1at can 6e 2o n! in sai! !oc ment/ t1at is consi!ere! as 2or"in"3 T1e co nter2eitin" is act all0 t1e one t1at is s ppose! to 6e makin" it appear t1at a partic lar !oc ment is a "en ine one?a commercial !oc ment 2or t1at matter3 It is t1e 2or"in" t1at incl !es intercalation/ c1an"in"/
22 %a&'rvin
s perimposin"/ etc3/ t1at is w1at is known as 2or"er03 :owever/ t1e0 are 6ein" interc1an"e! 60 t1e law an! we s1o l! not !istin" is1 w1en t1e law !on>t !istin" is13 %rticle 33 is t1e 2or"in" o2 treas r0 or 6ank notes t1at are pa0a6le to 6earer or t1e importation or tterin" o2 s c1 2alse or 2or"e! notes an! !oc ments3 <1en a commercial !oc ment is pa0a6le to 6earer/ it is pa0a6le to t1e 1ol!er o2 an0 commercial !oc ment or a ne"otia6le instr ment3 In c1ecks/ i2 it is pa0a6le to cas1/ it is pa0a6le to 6earer3 <10= @o 0o 1ave to i!enti20 0o rsel2 in or!er to encas1 t1e c1eck= T1e "eneral r le is t1at 0o !on>t 1ave to e7cept w1en t1e amo nt is so 6i" t1at 0o 1ave to i!enti20 0o rsel23 <ell/ t1e practice now o2 t1e 6anks is t1at even i2 t1e amo nt is onl0 $,0/ t1e0 will ask 2or one I3@3 or i2 t1e amo nt is si5ea6le/ t1e0 will ask 2or 2 I!s so t1at t1e0 will 6e a6le to !etermine w1o is t1e person w1o is act all0 6earin" t1e c1eck an! to w1om t1e0 are act all0 "oin" to pa0 t1e c1eck3 In case/ t1ere is a mistake/ t1e0 can "o a2ter 0o 3 B t 0o can insist t1at 0o !o not 6e i!enti2ie! w1enever 0o are encas1in" a c1eck pa0a6le to cas1?0o can insist nless it wo l! violate t1e 'nti-%one0 La n!erin" Law3 T1e ot1er co nter2eitin" or t1e importation or s c1 co nter2eite! commercial or ne"otia6le instr ments are t1ose t1at are not pa0a6le to 6earer 6 t are pa0a6le to #R@(R3 '"ain/ we "o to c1ecks3 I2 a c1eck is pa0a6le to a partic lar person/ it is pa0a6le to or!er3 (ven ot1er commercial !oc ments/ i2 it pa0a6le to t1e name o2 a partic lar person/ t1en it is pa0a6le to or!er3 I9 it 6lank/ its pa0a6le to 6earer 6ec t1ere are letters o2 cre!it an! ot1er commercial !oc ments are 6lank in or!er t1at t1e 6earer t1ereo2 i2 1e presents t1e same/ 1e can transact 6 siness in connection wit1 t1e !oc ments 1e 1as in 1is possession3 In connection wit1 t1e illegal possession of all these/ 0o 1ave to remem6er t1at t1e person m st know t1at t1e0 are co nter2eits3 I2 1e !oes not know/ t1en t1ere is no crime3 -nowle!"e/ t1ere2ore/ is important3 I2 t1ere is no knowle!"e/ i2 1e is act all0 naware t1at w1at 1e 1as in 1is possession is a co nter2eit/ t1en no crime is committe!3 (ven in t1e se o2 2alsi2ie! si"nat re or co nter2eits or stamps or seal o2 t1e "ov>t/ i2 t1e o22en!er !o not know t1at t1e0 are co nter2eits or 2alsi2ie!/ t1en 1e !oes not inc r an0 criminal lia6ilit0/ even i2 1e ses t1e same3 Bo m st remem6er -.#<I.*LB )+(?-.#<I.*LB $#++(++3 I2 t1ere is no s c1 wor! -.#<I.*LB in t1e in2ormation/ no crime an! i2 0o are 2or t1e acc se!/ wa" ka na ma"-isip n" i6an" !epensa/ ma po ka na lan" an! let t1e prosec tion !o 1is worst 6ec 0o r client will s rel0 6e ac4 itte!3 J st like/ 2or e7ample/ in 4 ali2ie! t1e2t wit1 a6 se o2 con2i!ence/ i2 w1at was se! in t1e in2ormation as t1e 4 ali20in" circ mstance to make t1e crime 2all n!er t1e 4 ali2ie! t1e2t is onl0 'B)+( #9 TR)+T '.@ C#.9I@(.C(/ t1ere is no 4 ali2ie! t1e2t3 <1at m st 6e alle"e!?*R'H( 'B)+( #9 TR)+T '.@
C#.9I@(.C(3 I2 t1e wor! 8"raveN is not t1ere/ !o not teac1 t1e prosec tor an0more 6ec 1e will amen!3 I2 0o r client 1as alrea!0 6een arrai"ne!/ 1e can 6e convicte! o2 t1e2t onl0 esp3 o2 t1e amo nt is less t1an $22/000/ it wo l! 6e "oo! 2or 0o r !e2ense3 <e 1ave alrea!0 !e2ine! 2or"er03 'n! I sai! t1at makin" a !oc ment appear to 6e "en ine w1en in 2act it is not an! t1ere is a s perimposition/ intercalation/ c1an"e in !ates/ etc3 w1en in 2act t1ose are not t1e real 2i" res or t1e real n m6ers3 T1e onl0 pro6lem 1ere t1at 0o 1ave to remem6er is w1en it can 6e !e! ce! 2rom t1e !oc ment itsel2 t1at t1ere is no intention to 2alsi20 or 2or"e3 (1/ !inala sa0o/ $1il peso kasin" laki nito (6on! paper si5e) is t1ere a 2or"er0 or 2alsi2ication= <ala3 Can 0o encas1 t1is= Bec its ver0 eas0 to !iscern t1at t1is is not t1e real one3 B t i2 0o intercalate t1e wor!s in a real !oc ment/ it is 2alsi2ication even i2 it is easil0 !iscerni6le 6ec it is in a "en ine !oc ment3 1alsification of legislati$e documents3 T1ose !oc ments t1at are alrea!0 approve! or pen!in" approval3 $ro6a6l0/ t1e0 are 6ills or or!inances etc3 provincial resol tions3 I2 it is a 6ill/ t1e same m st eit1er 6e pen!in" approval or alrea!0 approve!3 T1ese are in connection wit1 le"islative !oc ments3 B t i2 it is onl0 a propose! 6ill/ it is not 0et a 6ill pen!in" approval3 Bo can c1an"e ever0t1in" t1ere i2 0o wis13 B t t1e a t1or/ s all0/ will not like it3 T1en/ we 1ave 1alsification !# Pu!lic 'fficer, /cclesiastical 4inister and !# a 5otar# Pu!lic. T1ere are en merations t1ere n!er 'rt3 1E1/ at least 10 en merations3 T1e o22en!er 1ere m st 6e a p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee or an ecclesiastical minister or a notar0 p 6lic3 T1e p 6lic o22icer/ in an0 o2 t1e 2alsi2ications/ 1e ma0 commit it3 :owever/ in 2alsi2ication 60 a notar0 p 6lic/ t1e 2alsi2ication m st 6e committe! onl0 in !oc ments o2 w1ic1 1is participation in t1e !oc ment is nee!e! s c1 as w1en 1e 1as to a!minister a & rat or w1en 1e 1as to p t an acknowle!"ment in t1e !oc ment 60 virt e o2 1is commission as a notar0 p 6lic3 Bo know t1e notar0 p 6lic are act all0 p 6lic o22icers 6ec t1e0 "o to t1e process o2 6ein" appointe! 60 t1e co rts in connection wit1 !oc ments t1at m st 6e an a t1entication an! nee!s t1e participation 60 a notar0 p 6lic3 In connection wit1 an ecclesiastical minister/ it m st onl0 6e in relation to t1e civil stat s o2 a person partic larl0 in connection wit1 an0 act in relation to t1e solemni5ation o2 marria"e3 +o/ it !oes not onl0 cover a 2alsi2ication o2 t1e marria"e contract 6 t also t1ose t1at involve t1e preparation o2 a marria"e contract/ e7/ marria"e license/ t1e a22i!avit re4 est to solemni5e t1e marria"e o tsi!e o2 one>s paris1 or in co rts in relation to t1e cele6ration o2 a marria"e or t1e solemni5ation t1ereo23 I2 t1e priest 2alsi2ie! a marria"e license w1ic1 1as alrea!0 e7pire! to make it appear t1at it is still c rrent or it is still e22ective/ t1at is 2alsi2ication 60 an ecclesiastical minister in relation to t1e solemni5ation o2 marria"e3
23 %a&'rvin
Remem6er in altering true dates, 6ec t1e ot1ers are ver0 eas0 to interpret no1/ i2 one act all0 altere! a !oc ment to re2lect t1e tr e !ate/ it is not 2alsi2ication3 T1at is t1e case o2 a priest o2 'lla"an/ . eva (ci&a w1o o6taine! 1is ce! la;CTC an! w1en 1e was alrea!0 in 1is paris1/ notice! t1at 1is !ate o2 6irt1 is erroneo s3 <it1o t askin" t1e permission o2 t1e local treas rer/ 1e c1an"e! 1is !ate o2 6irt1/ 1e was s e!3 :e was convicte! 60 t1e C9I t1at is w10 1e appeale!3 T1en/ +C sai!/ .#/ i2 1e c1an"es t1e !ates an! in!icate! t1e tr e !ate t1at is not 2alsi2ication3 T1ere are times w1en we are 6ein" misle! or 60 an 1onest mistake/ 1ere t1ere will 6e no 2alsi2ication 6ec t1ere m st 6e an act al intention to 2alsi203 I2 0o can prove t1at t1ere is no intention to 2alsi20 to !istort t1e tr t1/ t1ere co l! 6e .# 2alsi2ication3 T1is is not a special law/ t1is is a 2elon0 an! it re4 ires criminal intent3 B t t1en/ 6e care2 l w1en 0o 6ecome a notar0 p 6lic/ wa" ka naman" ma"la"a0 ! n n" karat lan" para ka naman" 6ill6oar!3 Tsaka wa" kan" ma"lala"a0 n" 8e7pert in marria"e co nselin"N3 T1ere is a new case !eci!e! 60 t1e +C t1at s c1 is pro1i6ite! an! 2ine! t1e law0er wit1 I t1ink $,0/000 an! an0 repetition o2 t1e same o22ense wo l! merit a s spension o2 not less t1an D mont1s3 <1enever 0o notari5e/ 6e care2 l/ an! ask 2or 1is comm nit0 ta7 certi2icate an! 1is TI. n m6er3 'lwa0s ask/ !o not rel0 on a Msa0 so>3 I2 1e is a 2orei"ner/ onl0 1is passport n m6er iss e! at an! w1en3 T1at wo l! 6e s 22icient3 FA (6l rre!) Can t1e +C prom l"ate r les relatin" to notari5ation t1r t1e (Commerce (or somet1in" like t1at) 'A I t1ink/ t1e +C s1o l! not !o t1at3 .otari5ation t1r electronic !oc ments or (-commerce 6ec i2 0o will look at t1e & rat/ +)B+CRIB(@ '.@ +<#R. T# B(9#R( %( T:I+ CCCCCCC @'B 'T CCCCCCCC <IT: T:( '99I'.T (O:IBITI.* T# %( :I+ CTC .)%B(R '.@ TI. .)%B(R3 @#.( I. T:( CITB #9 %'-'TI/ $:IL+3 T1en/ 0o r name etc3/ 0o si"n3 In t1e acknowle!"ment/ $(R+#.'LLB '$$('R(@ B(9#R( %(/ CCCCCCCC/ -.#<. T# %( '.@ B(9#R( %( -.#<. T# B( T:( +'%( $(R+#. <:# (O(C)T(@ T:( 9#R(*#I.* @#C)%(.T C#.+I+TI.* #9 2 $'*(+3 +o/ t1ere m st 6e a personal appearance/ can 0o !o t1at in t1e (Commerce= I t1ink t1e0 1ave to revise t1e r les3 'ct all0/ alt1o "1 I am 2or t1e se o2 t1ese tec1nolo"ies/ 6 t we s1o l! alwa0s 6e care2 l t1at o r pro2ession is not p t to test or ma06e p t into &eopar!0 60 reason o2 o r !esire to se t1is I3T3 or t1ese tec1nolo"ies t1at we 1ave at t1is point3 I wo l! 1ave to !isa"ree wit1 t1at 6 t o2 co rse/ i2 t1at is alrea!0 a man!ate o2 t1e +C/ w1at can 0o !o= #k3 :ow a6o t 1alsification !# Pri$ate Indi$iduals. <ell/ t1e private in!ivi! als/ i2 1e 2alsi2ies a p 6lic !oc ment/ !ama"e is not necessar03 In all ot1er 2alsi2ications o2 p 6lic !oc ments en merate! in 'rt3 1E1/ !ama"e is not necessar03 It is onl0 t1at t1e 2alsi2ication is in a private !oc ment t1at !ama"e is
essential or is necessar03 T1ere is no pro6lem re 2alsi2ication3 9alsi2ication ma0 6e a means o2 committin" a crime an! t1ere2ore can 6e comple7e! wit1 ot1er crimes s c1 as malversation/ esta2a/ an! ot1er crimes o2 w1ic1 it>s a necessar0 means o2 committin" ot1er crimes3 In relation wit1 all t1ese 2alsi2ications/ t1e se an! possession o2 all t1ese 2alsi2ie! !oc ments w1et1er p 6lic or private/ i2 t1ere is an intent to se t1em an! t1at t1e o22en!er knows t1at it is 2alsi2ie!/ 1e is lia6le3 I2 1e !oes not know t1at t1e !oc is 2alsi2ie!/ 1e is not lia6le 2or possession3 I2 1e !oes not inten! to se t1e same even i2 1e knows t1at t1e same is 2alsi2ie!/ is 1e lia6le 2or possession= .o/ t1ere m st still 6e an I.T(.T T# )+(3 :ow !o 0o know t1at 1e is sin" it as a so venir= :ave 0o seen t1at t1ere are 2ake !oc ments an! t1e0 are even !ispla0in" it 6 t t1e0 cannot 6e c1ar"e! 6ec t1eir intention is act all0 not to se t1e same 6 t simpl0 to !emonstrate 1ow t1e same was !one3 %rt. 6& is 1alsification of 7ireless Ca!les, ,elegraph and ,elephone 4essages and the -se thereof. T1ere is no pro6lem a6o t tele"rap1/ as a matter o2 2act/ !o we still 1ave tele"rap1 o22ices= RC$I= $TGT= %eron pa ata e13 RC$I/ p1one na lan" no13 I !on>t know i2 t1e0 are still en"a"e! wit1 tele"rap1s kasi iton" cell p1one e1/ !i mo na kailan"an" t mele"rama/ I-!ial mo lan" ok na i2 t1ere is a cell site3 :ow a6o t 2alsi2ication o2 telep1one messa"es= I2 0o sent in 0o r cell p1one/ a 2alse messa"e or one t1at is (TTTwit1 a weir! s4 eakin" so n!TTT) T1e 2alsi2ication t1at is 6ein" contemplate! in t1is case is t1e one t1at was committe! a lon" time a"o3 (TTs4 eaks pa rinTT) I2 t1e telep1one operator c1an"e! t1e !ate or t1e 1o r t1at is t1e 2alsi2ication o2 a telep1one messa"e3 B t 0o 1ave to pa0 2or t1e !eliver0 o2 t1e messa"e t1r a messen"er per kilometer3 It se! to 6e $2;km/ now/ I t1ink its $10 or $, or even more t1an t1at/ it !epen!s esp in t1ose areas w1ere t1ere are no cell sites3 (1/ eto naman" atin" m"a kapati!/ 6rot1ers or 2rien!s w1o are in t1e 6 n!oks/ t1e0 !on>t like t1e cell sites so t1e0 !estro0 t1em3 T1at is wron"/ e1 sila !in/ t1e0 are act all0 sin" t1at to contact t1eir s periors an! 2rien!s so w10 !o t1e0 1ave to !estro0 t1em?& st to make a statement= I !on>t 6elieve so3 I2 its to make a statement/ t1at is !estr ctin"3 'lmost ever06o!0 1ave in one wa0 or t1e ot1er 6een in !an"er o2 or 1as act all0 1as committe! 1alsification of 4edical Certificates as a principal 60 in! cement or 1alsification of certificate of 4erit or Certificate of (er$ice. %e!ical certi2icate are s all0 6ein" aske! 60 st !ents/ law0ers 2rom t1eir !octors/ etc3/ & st to e7c se t1emselves 2rom appearin" in a certain case or i2 t1e0 were not a6le to appear esp t1e law0ers/ to 6e e7c se! 2orm appearin" an! to satis20 t1e co rts or!er in askin" t1em to e7plain3 'ct all0/ I 1ave 1a! t1e occasion o2 1avin" to 2ine a law0er an! a !octor re"ar!in" t1is3 #ne time/ w1en I
24 %a&'rvin
came 2rom t1e airport an! sent o22 m0 sister ver0 earl0 in t1e mornin"/ I was alrea!0 in t1e airport an! I le2t t1e airport at DA30am an! w1ile passin" 60 at t1e %a7>s resta rant alon" Baclaran near Ro7as Blv!3 <it1 t1e ta7i ca6 takin" t1e service roa! as t1ere are so man0 ven!ors at t1e ot1er si!e3 <1ile lookin" at t1e people crossin" at t1e street/ I saw t1e law0er w1o is s ppose! to appear in m0 co rt t1at !a03 :e was in Baron" Ta"alo" an! 1e 1as a companion in a re! !ress an! re! s1oes3 I let it pass3 B t w1en t1e case was calle! at LA30 am 1e is not aro n!3 't I/ 1e still is not aro n!3 +o/ I aske! m0 clerk o2 co rt to call 1is o22ice3 T1e clerk in t1e o22ice sai!/ 8+ir/ 1e is in co rtN <1ere= 8<ell/ accor!in" to o r sc1e! le/ Branc1 14L3N :e is not 1ere3 +o/ t1e clerk o2 co rt aske! pon m0 instr ction/ 8Can we contact 1im at 1ome= :e mi"1t 6e asleep or not 2eelin" well3N Bes/ sir3 8$lease "ive me t1e n m6erN +o/ we calle! 1im in 1is 1o se/ t1e wi2e answere!/ 8#1/ 1e le2t ver0 earl03 :e is in co rt3N <e !i! not p rs e t1e matter3 +o/ w1at we !i! is 2or 1im to e7plain w10 1e s1o l! not 6e cite! 2or contempt as it was 1is 2irst appearance in t1e trial3 <1en 1e receive! t1e or!er o2 e7planation/ 1e 2ile! an e7planation to"et1er wit1 a me!ical certi2icate attestin" t1at 1e 1as 6een ill 2or 4 ite some time an! 1e was a!vise! to take a 6e! rest3 +o/ we & st place! 1is e7planation in recor! t1en we s 6poenae! t1e !octor 2or t1e ne7t 1earin"3 :ere comes t1e !octor3 <1ere 0o t1e one w1o iss e! t1is me!ical certi2icate= 8BesN Is 1e reall0 sick= 8#1/ 0es 0o r 1onorN3 #r!erA <it1o t e7plainin"/ 0o are 1ere60 6ot1 2ine! $,/000 2or not tellin" t1e tr t13 .o e7planation3 +o/ t1e0 were askin"/ & !"e 6akit naman $,/000/ no e7planation3 <10= # r e7planation is satis2actor03 T1e !octor/ n!er 1is oat1/ is claimin" t1at I am sick3 I am sick3 8.o/ 0o are not sick3 @o 0o want me to call 0o r wi2e=N .o/ 0o r 1onor3 I2 0o want me to call 0o r wi2e t1en 0o will know3 8Bo r 1onor/ I t1ink t1at is n2air an! t1e co rt is a6 sin" 1is power3N I sai!/ Come 1ere/ t1e two o2 0o 3 Co nsel/ !o 0o want me to tell 0o r wi2e t1at on t1e !a0 0o were s ppose! to appear in co rt 0o were wit1 a woman at EA30 in t1e mornin"3 'n! t1e woman was wearin" a re! !ress an! a re! s1oes3 8.o more/ 0o r 1onor/ no more/ please3N (1e1e1e ) 8I will pa0 t1e 2ine incl !in" t1at o2 t1e !octor 6 t !o not incl !e t1at in t1e or!er3N #1/ 1e imme!iatel0 pai! t1e 2ine3 B t t1en/ 1e 1as alrea!0 committe! a prevarication in co rt3 T1e !octor 1as alrea!0 iss e! a 2alse me!ical certi2icate o2 w1ic1 1e is a principal 60 in! cement an! t1e !octor is also a principal 60 !irect participation3 Be care2 l 1a/ 0o mi"1t 6e seen 60 t1e & !"e3 (1e1e1e ) (1/ 1 li3 +o/ w1en 1e appears in m0 co rt/ I s all0 ask 1im/ 8$aVero=N 8'1/ 0o r 1onor/ no more3N T1e last 1im I tol! 1im/ paVero/ san 6a 0 n" nakap lan" sapatos? 8no/ 0o r 1onor3 <ala na 1o i0on3N 9alse certi2icate o2 merits or service?0o can & st "o to Recto3 T1e0 are e7perts t1ere incl !in" 0o r transcript o2 recor!s3 It wo l! appear to 6e ori"inal3 B t it is t1ose people w1o are " ilt03 B t 0o / as an in! cer/ 0o are also " ilt0 as a principal 60 in! cement3
<1en using 8false certificate9 t1is/ t1ere m st 6e an act al knowle!"e t1at t1e0 are 2alse3 I2 t1ere is none/ 0o cannot 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le3 T1e 4anufacture and -se of the Instruments or Implements for 1alsification/ t1is is a !ea! law alrea!03 Bec 0o can 6 0 t1em even at stores/ t1e arc1itects/ t1e0 1ave all t1ese even importe!3 It is alrea!0 a !ea! law/ ! rin" t1e ol!en times--0es/ ! rin" t1e time w1en we are not importin" 0et t1ese instr ments t1at can 6e se! 2or 2alsi2ication3 T1e man 2act re t1ereo2/ !ami !0an/ t1e0 are man 2act rin" inks/ instr ments t1at can 6e se! 2or 2alsi2ication an0w1ere3 T1ese are !ea! laws3 .ow/ -surpation of %uthorit#, Rank and ,itle and Improper -se of 5ames, -niforms and Insignia. Lets "o to s rpation o2 a t1orit0 or o22icial 2 nctions3 T1e onl0 r le 1ere t1at 0o m st know is t1at in s rpation o2 a t1orit0/ t1ere m st 6e an act al o22ice w1ic1 t1at person !o not 6elon" 6 t 1e is s rpin" t1e a t1orit0 o2 t1at o22ice or t1at partic lar ! t0 or 2 nctions o2 a person3 Bo claim to 6e a "eneral like Ro0et $a!illa3 Ro0et $a!illa claims to 6e a Bri"3 *en o2 :<orl! 'rm03 Is t1ere a s rpation o2 a t1orit0= .o/ 6ec t1ere is no s c1 t1in" as :-<orl! 'rm03 ' person w1o claims to 6e a D-+tar *en?o1/ %on"ca!o?!o 0o remem6er *en3 %on"ca!o ! rin" t1e Japanese occ pation3 :e 1as 1is own re"ime an! 1e promote! 1imsel2 to D-star "eneral 6 t no6o!0 can c1ar"e 1im 6ec t1ere is no s c1 rank or o22ice3 :is son w1o was m0 classmate 1as to 4 it sc1ool 6ec ever0one was tr0in" to "et 1is "oat (==) so 1e 4 it law sc1ool3 :e was m0 classmate an! 1e was a s10 t0pe o2 person3 It was 6ec o2 t1e a!vent rism o2 1is 2at1er an! makin" 1imsel2 a D-star "eneral t1at ca se! 1is c1il!ren some pro6lem3 <ell/ o2 co rse/ we !on>t know 1ow 1e "ot t1at i!ea3 B t o2 co rse/ i2 0o are s ppose! to 6e "iven a rank o2 a D-+tar *eneral/ 0o 1ave to 6e !ea! alrea!0 6ec t1ere are onl0 2 persons w1o were "iven s c1 rank onl0 a2ter t1eir !eat1?%c'rt1 r an! (isen1ower3 It was a post1 mo s promotion3 <it1 respect to o22icial 2 nctions/ t1ere m st 6e an act al s rpation o2 o22icial 2 nctions 6elon"in" to s c1 person3 I2 it !oes not 6elon" to anot1er person or i2 t1e 2 nction is not amon" t1ose incl !e! in 1is &o6 !escription/ t1en t1ere is no s rpation o2 o22icial 2 nctions3 Illegal use of -niforms or Insignia. T1e ni2orm m st e7ist/ so wit1 t1e insi"nia an! even t1e improper se o2 t1ese ni2orms3 B t t1e pro6lem now is t1at 0o can wear a ni2orm o2 t1e 'rm0 even i2 0o are a tric0cle !river3 T1ere was a $resi!ential @ecree w1ic1 %arcos iss e! ! rin" t1e %artial Law perio! w1ic1 pro1i6its t1e se o2 2ati" e an! camo 2la"e ni2orms 6 t t1en t1e0 are not implementin" it3 I 1ope t1at t1e0 will as most o2 t1ose w1o are in t1e 6 n!oks are sin" also t1e ni2orms o2 t1e militar03 Bo !on>t know an0more w1et1er t1e0 are o2 t1e $1il 'rm0/ +co t Ran"ers or w1atever3 Te onl0 t1in" t1at 0o can
2, %a&'rvin
!istin" is1 t1ese people 2orm t1e real arm0 is t1at t1e0 are not wearin" 6oots 6 t +partan slippers3 +o/ t1at is w1at 0o ma0 6e a6le to 2in! 2rom t1ese people3 .ow/ w1en 0o are -sing a 1ictitious 5ame/ t1ere m st 6e at least 3 intentions3 13) Intention to conceal a crime or 23) Intention o2 eva!in" a & !"ment an! t1e ot1er one is 33) to ca se !ama"e to anot1er3 <1ile in concealing true name/ t1e 2act t1at 0o conceal 0o r tr e name to 1i!e 0o r i!entit0 is eno "13 +o/ t1e0 are sa0in" t1e se o2 t1e name 8Jose Helar!eN is to conceal t1e commission o2 t1e crime?t1e0 1ave to prove it3 Like t1e news o2 Jose $i!al3 (1 kasi n n" araw !aw ma6ilis an" tak6o kasi motori5e! noon e1 n"a0on ma1ina na/ pi!al na lan" an" "ina"amit3 (1e1e1e ) -a0a ma6ilis !aw n n" (R'$ e13 @o 0o know t1at one !a0 I was rea!in" t1e newspaper a6o t a 2amil0 w1o travele! ntil 'l6a0 on a Mpa!0ak-pa!0ak> tric0cle 2orm %anila or FC3 It took t1em?4 mont1s3 $a"katapos n n/ t1e0 2eat re! Jose $i!al on t1e ot1er si!e3 (1a1a1a ) T wan" t wa ako e13 I was la "1in" 1ar! w1en I was rea!in" t1e stor03 Loko tala"a an" In4 irer3 B t well/ it is !i22erent 2rom ille"al se o2 alias3 Bo can se an alias so lon" as it is in connection wit1 t1e e7ercise o2 0o r pro2ession s c1 as actin"/ sin"in" or even as a sportsman3 B t i2 0o are an or!inar0 person/ all 0o 1ave to !o is se 0o r nickname or t1e name t1at 0o are known in 0o r localit03 '6o t 1alse ,estimonies3 <1en t1ose people w1o are not an0more in t1eir c1airs testi20 an! w1enever t1e0 sa0 t1at t1e0 are present an! t1e0 are testi20in" 2or a !e2en!ant in a criminal case/ t1e0 will 6e 1el! " ilt0 o2 "ivin" a 2alse testimon0 a"ainst a !e2en!ant in a criminal case3 T1e penalt0 is 4 ite steep 1a3 'ct all0/ t1ese are t1e Bias witnesses/ t1e $ro2essional witnesses/ t1e $ai! witnesses t1at s all0 testi20 a"ainst a !e2en!ant3 I2 it is in 2avor o2 t1e !e2en!ant/ t1e penalt0 is not as steep as "ivin" a 2alse testimon0 a"ainst a !e2en!ant in a criminal case3 B t t1e 2alse testimon0 m st 6e material to t1e res lt o2 t1e case3 I2 its not/ t1en t1ere is no 2alse testimon03 T1e testimon0 ma0 6e 2alse 6 t i2 it is not material to t1e case at 1an!/ t1ere is no crime t1at was committe!3 (ven 2alse testimon0 "iven in 2avor o2 an acc se!/ t1en its also p nis1a6le even i2 it res lte! in 1is ac4 ittal3 T1e time w1en 0o can 2ile a case o2 "ivin" 2alse testimon0 is w1en t1e co rt 1as alrea!0 ren!ere! a !ecision3 Bec it is t1e time 2or t1e co rt to state in its !ecision t1at in!ee! t1e acc se! was a victim o2 2alse testimonies "iven 60 t1e witnesses a"ainst 1im3 T1e +C 1as not 6een recommen!in" t1e prosec tion o2 some people even w1en t1ere is 2alse testimonies/ it is p 2or t1e person w1o 1as 6een a22ecte! to 2ile t1e necessar0 c1ar"es a"ainst t1e witnesses3 It is akin to plantin" evi!ence3 :ere 0o are plantin" oral testimonies3 In plantin" o2 evi!ence/ 0o plant t1e material/ !oc mentar0 or o6&ect evi!ence t1emselves3 1alse testimon# in Ci$il Cases/ t1e penalt0 1ere is act all0 !epen!ent pon t1e amo nt o2 t1e controvers03 In 2alse testimon0 a"ainst a !e2en!ant/ even t1e !e2
1imsel2 w1o "ave a 2alse testimon0 in 1is 2avor ma0 6e c1ar"e! o2 "ivin" 2alse testimon0 a"ainst a !e23 :ow a6o t 2alse testimon0 in 2avor o2 t1e acc se! "iven 60 t1e acc se! 1imsel2?can 1e 6e convicte! 2or "ivin" o2 2alse testimon0 in 2avor o2 an acc se!= Look at 0o r 6ook3 In an opinion o2 an a t1or/ 1e sai! B(+3 Bec i2 1e can "et awa0 wit1 it/ 1e is ac4 itte!/ so it>s as i2 0o are con!onin" t1e 2act t1at 1e 1as prevaricate! in co rt3 +o/ 1e s1o l! 6e lia6le3 :ow a6o t 1alse testimon# in 'ther Cases and Perjur# in (olemn %ffirmation3 9alse testimon0 in ot1er cases/ t1ese are a!ministrative/ 4 asi& !icial or ot1er procee!in" s c1 as in Con"ress an! it is not an0more consi!ere! as 2alse testimon0 in ot1er cases 6 t simpl0 per& r03 J st t1e same as w1en 0o make a 2alse narration o2 2acts in a sworn statement w1ic1 2acts are material an! re4 ire! in t1e statement3 +o/ i2 0o ma!e a 2alse narration o2 2acts in a statement 6 t s c1 2alse narration o2 2acts is not material to w1at is 6ein" aske! o2 0o / t1en is it per& r0= .#3 :ow a6o t in 0o r 6io-!ata= Lets "o into 2alsi2ication an! into per& r03 I2 in 0o r 6io-!ate/ 0o ma!e a 2alse statement/ co l! t1at 6e a 2alsi2ication o2 private !oc ment= I2 it is o22iciall0 re4 ire!/ B(+3 I2 simpl0 0o s 6mit t1at 2or p rposes o2 prisin" some6o!0 o2 0o r 4 ali2ications/ an! t1e0 !i! not 6elieve it/ 0o are not lia6le3 <ell/ i2 1owever/ 0o p t t1e same n!er oat1 an! it is material to 0o r application/ t1en it is per& r03 :ow a6o t recantations= <e 1ave %a1 sa0?%awana0?%e!el3 $ ro 8%N 0an e13 T1e0 are act all0 e71i6itin" 2or t1e p 6lic t1at it pa0s to per& re one>s sel23 To m0 min!/ t1ese people !eserve a 1i"1 penalt03 's c1il!ren wo l! 6e t1inkin" t1at/ well/ t1ese people are not p t to &ail !espite t1e 2act t1at t1e0 are l0in" to t1eir teet1 an! t1e people know t1at t1e0 are l0in"3 T1at is w10 t1ese a22i!avit o2 !esistance in criminal cases are 6ein" looke! pon wit1 ca tion 60 t1e Co rt3 I2 t1e co rt 2in!s t1is a22i!avit is a prevarication/ t1e co rt s1o l! not onl0 cite t1e person w1o e7ec te! t1e same 2or contempt 6 t also ask t1e p 6lic prosec tor to 2ile a case o2 per& r0 a"ainst t1em3 'n! i2 it>s o22ere! as an evi!ence t1en/ o22erin" 2alse testimon0 in an evi!ence or i2 not/ t1e0 are lia6le 2or per& r03 <e 1ave 1a! an e7perience re t1is 2alse testimonies o2 witnesses containe! in t1eir a22i!avits o2 w1atever/ t1ese are 6ein" receive! wit1 ca tion3 's a matter o2 2act/ t1e +C/ in most cases/ consi!ers t1em merel0 as a scrap o2 paper3 B t t1ere are a22i!avit o2 !esistance t1at are !one in "oo! 2ait13 Like 2or e7ample/ in one case o2 esta2a/ w1erein an o22en!e! part0 claims t1at w1at was sol! to 1im is an nre"istere! lan! o2 w1ic1 t1e acc se! claims to 6e aro n! 2,0 s43m3 it t rne! o t t1at w1en it>s s rve0e!/ its onl0 1,0 s4m3/ 1e s e! t1e " 0 2or esta2a3 I onl0 aske! 1im one 4 estion/ 8<1en 1e sol! 0o t1at propert0/ !i! 1e tell 0o t1at it 1as 6een s rve0e!=N .#/ 1e !i! not tell me3 +o/ I sai! 8T1at>s all3 +it !own3N Bec i2 its not s rve0e!/ t1at person !oes not even know t1e metes an! 6o n!s o2 t1at propert0 t1at 1e is sellin"/ 1ow can 0o c1ar"e 1im o2 esta2a o2 preten!in" to possess propert03 .o wa03 I2 t1e o22en!e! part0 e7ec tes an a22i!avit o2 !esistance/ t1ere is a reason 2or 1im to e7ec te s c1
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6ec o2 1is misinterpretation o2 t1e 2acts o2 t1e case an! an in& stice wo l! 6e committe! to an acc se!3 T1ere are times w1en 0o s1o l! 1onor a22i!avits o2 !esistance 6 t most o2 t1e time/ "ina"awa ka lan" collection a"enc03 .ow/ 1ow a6o t 'ffering 1alse ,estimonies3 It is t1e part0 w1o is involve!3 %a06e t1e !e2en!ant or t1e plainti22 w1o entices ot1ers to o22er a 2alse testimon0 or to o22er a testimon0 o2 a 2alse witness3 It is !i22erent 2rom s 6ornation o2 per& r03 Bo tell t1e prospective witness to 6ecome 0o r witness an! to testi20 2alsel03 In o22erin" 2alse testimon0/ 0o know t1at t1is " 0 is not tellin" t1e tr t1 alt1o "1 0o are not t1e one w1o tol! 1im not to tell t1e tr t1/ 6 t 0o still o22ere! 1is testimon0 in evi!ence/ t1at is w1en it is a crime o2 o22erin" 2alse testimon03 @o not s e t1e law0er 2or o22erin" 2alse testimon0 nless 0o know t1at 1e consente! to it an! 1e is a part0 to it 6ec it is t1e law0er w1o alwa0s o22er not onl0 t1e oral testimon0 o2 t1e witness 6 t also t1e !oc mentar0 evi!ence/ it is 1is &o63 +o/ 0o alwa0s sa0 an! I 1ope t1at 0o won>t min!3 %ost o2 0o are committin" a mistake w1enever 0o 2ormall0 o22er t1e testimon0 o2 t1e witness 6ec 0o are onl0 sa0in"/ 8I2 0o r 1onor please/ t1e witness will testi20 etc3N T1at is not a 2ormal o22er3 I am onl0 act all0 tr0in" to "o on3336ec I will 6e commentin" later?6 t t1e wa0 1ow to 2ormall0 o22er t1e testimon0 o2 t1e witness is 60 sa0in" 8I2 0o r 1onor please/ we are 2ormall0 o22erin" t1e testimon0 o2 %r3 J an @ela Cr 5 to prove t1e 22?777N B t !o not en merate to t1e smallest !etail t1e testimon0 t1at 1e is "oin" to "ive3 #nl0 in "eneral3 I2 it>s onl0 to esta6lis1 t1e alle"ation in 0o r in2ormationQ8to esta6lis1 0o r 1onor t1e alle"ation in t1e in2ormationN T1at is all3 B t i2 0o sa0/ we are o22erin" t1is witness 0o r 1onor3 I will tell 0o / I will not accept t1e witness esp i2 s1e is a woman?e1/ ma"alit pa an" asawa ko sa akin3 (1e1e1e ) +o/ 6e care2 l in 0o r 2ormal o22er3 4achinations, 4onopolies and Com!inations3 %ac1inations in p 6lic a ction/ well/ i2 0o ask an0 "i2t or consi!eration so t1at 0o will sta0 awa0 2rom a p 6lic a ction/ 0o emplo0 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation so t1at ot1ers will not atten! etc3/ t1en t1ere is a mac1ination o2 a p 6lic a ction3 T1e p 6lic a ction 1ere is eit1er t1e sale o2 properties 60 an a ctioneer w1o ma0 eit1er 6e a p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee or a private person3 #r in p 6lic 6i!!in"s3 T1e !i22erence in a ction an! in 6i!!in" is t1at in a ction w1at is s all0 6ein" sol! are t1ose t1at are s ppose! to 6e sol! wit1 t1e consent o2 t1e or wit1o t t1e consent (i2 it is an or!er o2 a co rt or an or!er o2 a 4 asi-& !icial 6o!0)3 <1en it is/ 1owever/ a private a ction t1en it is alwa0s wit1 t1e consent o2 t1e owner3 I !on>t know i2 we 1ave in t1e $1ils a private a ctioneer license! 60 t1e "ov>t3 .one no1 nlike -rist0>s o2 .ew Bork3 In t1e $1ils/ 0o 1ave a ctions 6ein" con! cte! 60 t1e c stoms re"ar!in" con2iscate! articles or @(.R or ot1er a ctions !one 60 s1eri22s on properties t1at are levie! on e7ec tion3 'll t1ese are consi!ere! as
a ctions3 <ell/ p 6lic 6i!!in"s are re"ar!in" pro&ects3 (it1er private or p 6lic contract or propert03 (7ample/ 0o want to 6 il! 0o r 1o se at t1e lowest price/ 0o can p 6lis1 t1at t1ere will 6e a p 6lic 6i!!in" in connection wit1 t1e constr ction o2 a 1o se etc3 <ell/ t1ese people will nat rall0 present to 0o t1eir 6i!s an! it co l! 6e a close! or open 6i!3 #ne lesson t1at 0o 1ave to learn in a ctions or 2oreclos re/ i2 t1ere will 6e a 2oreclos re sale o2 properties/ in t1e event t1at t1ere will 6e a writ o2 e7ec tion/ t1e 2irst t1in" t1at 0o 1ave to !o i2 0o are t1e s1eri22 is write a !eman! letter to t1e losin" part0 2or 1im to pa0 t1e amo nt3 I2 1e !oesn>t pa0 t1e amo nt wit1in t1e perio! 0o "ave 1im/ 0o lev0 on 1is personal propert0 m na3 T1en i2 t1ere are no personal properties or t1e0 are ins 22icient/ lev0 on t1e real properties3 B t i2 0o are a6le to lev0 several real properties/ 0o 1ave to sell t1em one 60 one an! not in 6 lk 6ec t1en t1e sale wo l! 6e invali!3 4onopolies and Com!ination in Restraint of ,rade3 <ala naman" pro6lema !ito e13 B n" m"a cartel lan" ito/ 0 n" m"a monopolies3 :ow a6o t t1e Importation and )isposition of 1alsel# 4arked %rticles or 4erchandise made up of 2old, (il$er or other Precious 4etals3 T1e r le is t1is/ ver0 simple QI2 0o are a seller/ etc3 or importer/ 0o 1ave to eit1er place in t1e precio s metal itsel2 t1e karat or t1e contents o2 t1e precio s metal in t1e article itsel23 #r i2 not/ 0o can place a mark or marker w1ic1 s1ows t1e contents o2 t1e precio s metal or karats3 #t1erwise/ i2 t1ere are no s c1 in!ication/ 0o are violatin" 'rt3 1LE3 ,rademarks and trade names or (er$ice 4arks3 Tra!emarks an! tra!e names are act all0 6ein" se! interc1an"ea6l03 B t in t1e $1ils/ we tr0 to !i22erentiate t1em3 9or e7ample/ in a s1irt o2 w1ic1 t1e tra!e name is Lacoste/ t1e tra!emark t1ere is t1e 2i" re o2 an alli"ator on t1e le2t si!e o2 t1e s1irt3 :owever/ n!er t1e R$C/ t1e0 are interc1an"ea6le3 .ow/ s 6stit tin" t1e tra!emark act all0 moron n" tra!emark 0 n" is/ ipinapalit mo lan" e1 w1ic1 is !i22erent 2rom n2air competition3 In -nfair Competition/ 0o make a colora6le imitation o2 t1e pro! ct3 (to/ tala"an" t1ere is a !i22erent pro! ct 6 t 0o s 6stit te t1e tra!e name o2 anot1er or t1e tra!emark o2 anot1er3 T1at is t1e !i22erence 6etween t1e two3 +ervice mark/ walan" pro6lema 0an/ ka"a0a n" @:L an! ot1ers en"a"e! in services3 In n2air competition it is !i22erent 1a/ look at t1e cases o2 Beer na Beer or +an %i" el Corp v3 'sia Beer w1erein t1e latter won t1e case 6ec accor!in" to t1e +C/ it is not a colora6le imitation o2 +an %i" el $ale $ilsen3 B t to me/ it can 6e mistaken 2or t1e ot1er e13 B t t1e wor! 8Beer na BeerN act all0 is ver0 6i" no1 an! accor!in" to t1e +C/ 0o cannot & st appropriate t1e wor! MBeer> 6ec it is act all0 known all over t1e worl! since time immemorial t1at an0 concoction w1ic1 involve malt is consi!ere! a 6eerQit>s a common name3 :ow a6o t t1e case o2 Bali a6o t an In!ian w1o is man 2act rin" Bali socks?1e was s e! 60 Bali corporation o2 +wit5erlan! an! t1e co rts are 6ein" aske! to iss e an
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in& nction3 T1e +C sai! .# I.J).CTI#.3 <10= Bo are not man 2act rin" socks/ 0o !eclare t1at 0o onl0 man 2act re leat1er pro! cts3 B t i2 0o are "oin" to look at +on0 Corp o2 'merica v3 a certain +on0 w1o p t p a resta rant in .ew Bork3 T1e +on0 Corp o2 'merica was a6le to o6tain a permanent in& nction a"ainst t1at la!0 w1ose name is +on0 w1o p ts p a resta rant not competin" wit1 t1e 6 siness o2 +on0 Corp o2 'merica3 B t 6ec accor!in" to t1em/ it>s a well-known name so t1e0 cannot se or t1e0 cannot tili5e t1e same3 %an" @onal!>s an! %c@onal!>s/ 6iro mo 6a naman" tal 1in pa n" %c@onal!s si %an" @onal!/ c1eap naman3 Iton" isa e1 arro5cal!o lan"3 (1/ @onal!o an" pan"alan ka0a %an" @onal! naman3 Bakit ikaw na lan" 6a an" @onal!=
+ept3 10/ 2003 T1e law on opi m is now R' I1D,3 T1is will 6e more len"t1il0 !isc sse! in +pecial $enal Laws class 6ec it will take s at least 2 !a0s e1/ 4 1o rs or more3 It is a matter o2 "reat concern 2or s esp in 0o r class 6ec I am s re t1at in criminal law R' I1D, will 6e incl !e! in t1e 6ar e7ams3 <1o wo l! 1ave t1o "1t t1at o ter space will 6e incl !e! in t1e 6ar e7ams= (1e1e1e ) &Nag!wento na si $udge tung!ol sa bar exams and the fact that his name is mentioned in the 'rim (xam this year when he do not even !now who the examiner is.) CRI%(+ '*'I.+T $)BLIC %#R'L+ '6o t gam!ling 2or"et all a6o t it 6ec we are "oin" to !isc ss t1at also in o r special laws as it is covere! 60 a compre1ensive anti-"am6lin" law known as $@ 1D023 2ra$e (candal3 I2 0o were aske! a 4 estion/ wo l! t1e act o2 %a0or Ben&amin '6alos o2 %an!al 0on" in c1ar"in" an actress w1o 6are! 1er assets at (@+' o2 "rave scan!al eno "1 to convict 1er 2or s c1 a crime= <1at is t1ere in "rave scan!al t1at is s ppose! to 1ave 6een committe! 60 t1e o22en!er= 'n0 1i"1l0 scan!alo s con! cts w1ic1 o22en!s !ecenc0 or "oo! c stoms3 <o l! wearin" a 6ikini in t1e mi!!le o2 a street a 1i"1l0 scan!alo s con! ct= To m0 min!/ .#/ e1 t1ere are even ot1ers w1o are r nnin" t1e streets ! rin" #6lation @a0 in )3$3/ 0o can "o t1ere an! watc1 t1em an! t1e0 are not committin" a crime o2 "rave scan!al3 It is somet1in" w1ic1 is worse t1an t1at/ it is an e71i6ition o2 an act w1ic1 is 1i"1l0 immoral an! scan!alo s/ 1ow m c1 more i2 it is ille"al3 I2 it is ille"al/ it s1o l! 6e a crime3 :ere/ it is 1i"1l0 immoral3 It o22en!s t1e !ecenc0/ t1e sensi6ilities o2 man wit1 respect to !ecenc0 an! "oo! con! ct3 I remem6er an inci!ent 2eat re! in a newspaper an! t1is is in o ter space 1a3 <1en on 6oar! a E4E plane "oin" to anot1er co ntr0/ a man an! a woman in 2ront o2 all t1e
passen"ers 1a! se7 in 2 ll view o2 all t1e passen"ers3 '1/ t1at is alrea!0 "rave scan!al3 I2 t1e0 !i! t1at in 2 ll view o2 t1e p 6lic/ t1at is "rave scan!al3 (ven i2 0o "o to L neta/ t1ese people are e71i6itin" w1at is not normal an0more/ it constit te an o22ense to !ecenc0 an! "oo! c stoms/ t1at is alrea!0 consi!ere! as "rave scan!al3 't ni"1t/ 0o ma0 1ave passe! t1r several places 1ere in %etro %anila an! 0o will see in some slea50 an! w1atever kin! o2 &oints t1ere are/ even in t1e streets/ 0o will see t1ese la!ies !resse! in skimp0 clot1es an! per2ormin" acts w1ic1 are not onl0 provocative 6 t also wo l! constit te as lew! in t1e e0es o2 some people/ t1e0 are not 6ein" arreste! 2or "rave scan!al as t1e people t1ere are not a22ecte! 60 t1eir acts3 +o/ t1ere is still an element t1at t1e people s1o l! 6e a22ecte! 60 t1e con! ct o2 t1e o22en!er3 J st like in o22en!in" reli"io s 2eelin"s/ it>s t1e 2ait12 l3 :ere in "rave scan!al/ it>s t1e p 6lic t1at are o22en!e! not a simple pr !e or w1oever 1e is 6 t it is t1e "eneral p 6lic w1o is a22ecte!3 I2 t1e p 6lic will accept it/ t1ere is no "rave scan!al3 'n! remem6er t1at w1at ma0 6e moral to!a0/ ma0 6e immoral tomorrow !epen!in" pon times3 It>s t1e time/ t1e "eneration an! t1e people t1at !ictates w1at is !ecent an! not to t1em an! w1at is 1i"1l0 scan!alo s an! w1at is not3 B t in "eneral terms/ t1ere are acts t1at are reall0 1i"1l0 scan!alo s3 T1ose t1at s1o l! 6e !one in private/ s1o l! 6e !one in private an! i2 !one in p 6lic t1at wo l! 6e 1i"1l0 scan!alo s3 '6o t Immoral )octrines, '!scene Pu!lications and /:hi!itions, and Indecent (hows3 It is not onl0 p 6lications in ma"a5ines an! in ot1er 2orms o2 literat res t1at t1is article covers3 It involves also t1ose t1at are 6ein" s1own in cinemas/ t1eaters or in some ot1er p 6lic places t1at people are allowe! to enter3 Bo !on>t 1ave to look 2or o6scene ma"a5ines or literat res/ 0o can see t1em even in 6ookstores/ in t1e streetsQat t1e si!ewalks or at t1e newsstan!Qan! t1e "ov>t is act all0 not !oin" an0t1in" a6o t it3 Its onl0 nin"as k "on esp w1en t1e0 wo l! like to catc1 t1e attention o2 t1e people as it is nearin" election time3 B t a2ter t1at/ no more3 +1ows?t1at wo l! even incl !e t1e C@s or an0t1in" t1at wo l! 6e an instr ment in t1e e71i6ition o2 lew! s1ows or s1ows t1at are o6scene/ t1e0 are consi!ere! as in violation o2 t1is article3 T1at is w10 in some t1eaters/ t1e0 1ave 6een closin" t1em !own 6ec t1e0 e71i6its lew! s1ows3 T1is 1as a co nterpart in a law or !ecree passe! 60 %arcos w1ic1 is $@ IDI in relation to sellin" o6scene literat res/ !istri6 tin"/ 1an!lin" o t/ t1at is covere! 60 $@ IDI3 In immoral !octrines 1a/ p 6lications lan" ito w1ile in $@ IDI/ it>s t1e sellin" or !istri6 tin"3 T1en 0o 1ave 0agrants and Prostitutes3 Ha"rants?well/ an0 person w1o is a6le 6o!ie! w1o 2ails to 6rin" 1imsel2 to a law2 l callin" an! 1e 1as no means o2 s 6sistence s1all 6e consi!ere! as a va"rant3 'n0 person w1o loiters or 2re4 ents 1o ses o2 ill-rep te as a pimp or ot1erwise/ an! even i2 1e 1as a means o2 s 6sistence/ 1e is also consi!ere! as a va"rant3 T1en/ t1ose w1o loiters or in1a6its nin1a6ite! 6 il!in"s wit1o t an0 means o2 s 6sistence or t1ose w1o are
2L %a&'rvin
wan!erin" a6o t t1e co ntr0 wit1o t an0 means o2 s 6sistence/ t1e0 are consi!ere! as va"rants3 Bo s1o l! !istin" is1 va"rants 2rom men!icants3 Bec men!icants are not necessaril0 va"rants 6 t t1e0 are t1ose w1o are askin" 2or alms3 <1en I was a st !ent in one o2 t1e niversities/ ever0 mornin"/ I s all0 see a man w1o is a6o t more t1an D0 0ears ol! alrea!0 at t1e "ate o2 t1e sc1ool askin" 2or alms3 :e sta0s t1ere p to Lpm t1en "oes 1ome3 #ne time/ some6o!0 aske! me 6ec I sai! 8'n" ti0a"a naman niton" matan!an" ito3 -ilala mo 6a 0an=N +a6i n" kai6i"an ko/ 8#o/ ma0aman pa sa atin" la1at 0an3 (1 ma0 apat na pinton" apartment 0an !ito sa $3 .oval e13 't meron pan" !alawa sa $i0 %ar"al3N :e earns more t1an $,00 ever0!a0 ! rin" t1ose times3 B t t1en 1e is into men!icanc0 w1ic1 is pro1i6ite! n!er a presi!ential !ecree iss e! 60 %arcos not in va"ranc0 n!er 'rt3 202 o2 t1e R$C3 :e is not a va"rant 6 t 1e is a men!icant 6ec 1e 1as a means o2 liveli1oo! or s 6sistence3 T1ese are t1e va"rants3 <1en 0o see people w1o are at t1e corner stores !oin" not1in" t1e w1ole !a0/ in ta"alo" 0o call t1em Ba"am n!o or i2 not/ -at pas3 Bo know w1at is -at pas?6ec t1eir occ pation is -ain/ T lo"/ $as0al3 (1e1e1e ) T1e0 are a6le 6o!ie! 6 t t1e0 !on>t want to !evote t1emselves to an0 law2 l callin" or occ pation 6 t t1en t1e0 1ave means o2 s 6sistence t1at is w10 we cannot consi!er t1em as va"rants/ t1e0 eat 27 or 37 a !a03 T1e0 can 6 0 "in or 6eer an! t1at is t1eir preocc pation t1e w1ole !a03 T1at means to sa0 t1at t1e0 1ave a means o2 s 6sistence w1et1er it came 2rom an ille"al so rce/ le"al so rce or !ole o t/ t1at is still a means o2 s 6sistence3 Bo remem6er +ec3 %ike @e2ensor w1en 1e was involve! in an inci!ent at $a!i>s $oint in FC w1ere 1e interce!e! 2 0o n" "irls w1o were arreste! alle"e!l0 2or va"ranc03 T1e policemen t1ere can 6e s e! 2or nlaw2 l arrest3 <10= T1e "irls were pa0in" 2or t1eir !rinks3 T1e0 1ave or!ere! 2oo!3 (ven i2 t1e0 were t1ere ever0!a0/ it is not 0o r 6 siness to in4 ire w1ere t1ere are "ettin" t1eir mone03 <1at is onl0 wron" t1ere is t1at accor!in" to +ec3 %ike @e2ensor/ t1e0 are 1is 2rien!s3 :e !i! not sa0 t1e le"al reason3 T1e le"al reason is t1at t1ese people 1ave a means o2 s 6sistence3 :ow can t1e0 6e va"rants3 +o/ t1e0 cannot 6e arreste!3 T1e policemen t1ere are overactin" an! nlaw2 ll0 arrestin" t1e 2 "irls3 +o/ t1at is a "oo! e7ample3 'n! ma06e i2 t1e0 are "oin" to ask a 4 estion in t1e 6ar/ most pro6a6l0/ it is t1at 4 estion i2 t1e0 still remem6er t1at inci!ent 6ec it is still not settle! e13 B t t1e onl0 "oo! reason t1at 0o can "ive t1ere is t1at i2 t1ese people can patroni5e $a!i>s $oint an! pa0 2or t1eir !rinks an! 2oo!/ t1en t1e0 1ave a means o2 s 6sistence an! t1e0 are t1ere2ore/ not va"rants3 .ow/ Prostitutes onl0 re2ers to women w1o 1a6it all0 en"a"e in se7 al interco rse or in lascivio s con! ct 2or pro2it or "ain3 T1ere is no law w1ic1 makes it ille"al 2or a male to en"a"e 1a6it all0 in a se7 al interco rse or in lascivio s con! ct 2or pro2it or "ain?.#.(3 Bo cannot c1ar"e 1im also o2 va"ranc0 6ec ma06e 1e 1as also a means o2 s 6sistence3 T1e
s al scenario t1at 0o will see in t1e streets w1enever 0o will see a policeman arrestin" a person w1o mi"1t 6e lookin" s spicio sQ6a"ancia (I !on>t know t1e spellin" ) 'non" 6a"ancia= Bo look onl0 s spicio s/ 6a"ancia na3 (ven i2 0o !o not 1ave an0 mone0 in 0o r pocket/ 0o cannot 6e consi!ere! a va"rant3 (1/ s pposin" 0o 1ave plent0 o2 mone0 at 1ome w1ic1 is eno "1 to s pport 0o r s 6sistence 2or 2 or 3 !a0s/ 0o are not a va"rant3 #r even 2or t1e !a03 +o/ it is wron" 2or t1e police to & st arrest people le2t an! ri"1t 6ec t1e0 sa0 t1at t1is man !oes not 1ave an0 mone0 an! 1e looks like a poor manQa1/ .#3 T1e0 s1o l! r n a2ter t1e 6i" ones/ not a2ter t1e small price3 In prostit tions/ t1e onl0 prostit tes now t1at can 6e p nis1e! n!er t1e law are t1ose w1o are alrea!0 1L 0ears an! a6ove3 $rostit tes w1o are less t1an 1L 0ears o2 a"e are consi!ere! as victims rat1er t1an o22en!ers n!er R' ED10/ t1e C1il! '6 se Law3 I2 t1ese people are 6ein" e7ploite! an! t1e0 are still less t1an 1L/ t1e0 are victims3 'n! remem6er t1at an0 person w1o will 1ave se7 al interco rse even wit1 t1ese 0o n" prostit tes are criminall0 lia6le n!er R' ED103 -a0a wala na" 8!ais0N n"a0onQ!ais0 sais/ !ais0 siete3 T1on0A <1at i2 t1e " 0 is in "oo! 2ait1 6ec 1e t1o "1t t1at t1e prostit te is alrea!0 o2 a"e= J !"eA *oo! 2ait1 1a3 Remem6er t1at it is a special law?can 0o invoke "oo! 2ait1 in special law= '1/ tapos ka/ %r3 T03 (1e1e1e ) Convicte! ka3 *oo! 2ait1 is not a !e2ense in special laws nless t1e special law partakes o2 a nat re o2 a 2elon0 w1erein it is state! t1erein t1e wor! 8knowin"l0N3 I2 t1ere is a wor!/ 8w1o s1all knowin"l0N a1/ "oo! 2ait1 can 6e a !e2ense3 B t i2 its strai"1t wit1o t t1e wor! Mknowin"l0>/ 0o cannot invoke "oo! 2ait13 T1at is 1ow to interpret t1e law3 <ell/ in t1e case o2 Jalos&os/ t1e "irl is a prostit te even 6e2ore s1e reac1es t1e a"e o2 123 It is consi!ere! as stat tor0 rape3 B t in some recent !ecisions o2 t1e +C/ i2 t1e c1ar"e is 2or rape not n!er R' ED10/ i2 it can 6e esta6lis1e! t1at t1ere is a !o 6t as to t1e real a"e o2 t1e "irl/ it s1o l! 6e interprete! in 2avor o2 t1e acc se! esp i2 s1e sai!/ I consente!3 T1at is onl0 in cases o2 rape3 B t i2 it>s a c1ar"e n!er ED10/ w1et1er s1e consente! or not/ s1e will 6e consi!ere! as a victim an! it will 6e a violation o2 R' ED10 an! 0o are lia6le3 B t t1e pro6lem is/ o2 co rse I n!erstan! t1e position t1at is 6ein" taken 60 %r3 T0/ are 0o "oin" to ask t1e 6irt1 certi2icate o2 t1e "irl= 're 0o "oin" to ask t1e mana"er or promoter a6o t t1e 6irt1 certi2icate= <1ose "onna !o t1at an! will t1ese people e71i6it t1eir 6irt1 certi2icate 6ec t1e0 will not tell 0o t1eir real names3 T1ere was a case t1at was 2ile! in %akati a6o t a violation o2 R' ED10 6ec t1e victim is less t1an 1L/ I t1ink s1e was 1D3 T1at was t1e tro 6le/ t1e woman was claimin" to 6e so-an!-so 6 t w1en 1er 6irt1 certi2icate was presente!/ s1e "oes 60 anot1er name3
2I %a&'rvin
It is onl0 t1e perception o2 t1e co rt w1ic1 will nat rall0 !etermine i2 t1e acc se! is " ilt0 or not 6ec pro6a6l0 s1e looks ol!er t1an 1er a"e3 T1e co rt ac4 itte! t1e acc se!3 .ot 6ec o2 1onest 6elie2 t1at s1e is more t1an 1L 0ears ol!/ t1e0 are claimin" it to 6e a mistake o2 2act w1ic1 I sai!/ mistake o2 2act is not availa6le 1ere3 .evert1eless/ t1e0 ac4 itte! t1e acc se! 6 t t1ere is no complaint to t1e & !"ment o2 t1e co rt3 <e "o to $ 6lic #22icers3 7ho are Pu!lic 'fficers= T1ose w1o 60 reason o2 t1eir appointment or 60 reason o2 !irect provision o2 t1e law or 60 reason o2 pop lar election are taske! o2 per2ormin" o22icial 2 nctions or t1ose act all0 are !ele"ate! wit1 t1e per2ormance o2 t1eir p 6lic 2 nctions are consi!ere! as p 6lic o22icers or emplo0ees irrespective o2 t1eir ranks or positions3 +o/ a &anitor ma0 6e consi!ere! a p 6lic o22icerP a person w1om 0o 6elittle! w1ile per2ormin" 1is ! ties as a tra22ic ai!e or w1atever/ 1e is a p 6lic o22icer 6ec 1e is per2ormin" a p 6lic 2 nction 'n! 0o are more 2amiliar wit1 !e & re an! !e 2acto p 6lic o22icers3 T1e onl0 pro6lem in p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ees is act all0 t1ose w1o are !e & re p 6lic o22icers an! !e 2acto p 6lic o22icer/ w1et1er a !e 2acto p 6lic o22icer ma0 6e consi!ere! as s c1 in connection wit1 applications o2 t1e penal provisions o2 t1e R$C3 Bes/ t1e0 are3 's o22en!e! parties/ t1ere is a 4 estion in connection wit1 !irect assa lts3 's lon" as t1e !e 2acto p 6lic o22icer is act all0 in t1e per2ormance o2 1is ! ties in t1e 1onest 6elie2 t1at 1e is in!ee! a p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee an! t1at 1is appointment is vali! w1en later it was voi!e!/ still 1e is consi!ere! as a p 6lic o22icer an! a person/ sometimes/ in a t1orit0 or an a"ent o2 a person in a t1orit03 T1en we 1ave %rt 2;+. <nowingl# rendering -njust =udgment3 'n! t1en =udgment rendered through 5egligence3 .e7t/ -njust Interlocutor# 'rder3 'n! t1en 4alicious )ela# in the %dministration of =ustice3 .ow/ t1ese 2o r articles are committe! 60 & !"es3 T1e & stices o2 t1e +C an! t1e appellate & stices are not incl !e!3 T1e0 are not3 In knowin"l0 ren!erin" an n& st & !"ment/ 0o m st 1ave to recall t1at t1ere are 2 wa0s o2 !eterminin" w1et1er a & !"e ma0 6e 1el! lia6le 2or t1isQ 13) application o2 res ipsa lo4 itor or w1en t1e t1in" speaks 2or itsel2/ w1en t1e & !"ment reall0 is n& st an! 23) t1e o22en!e! part0 can esta6lis1 t1at in!ee! t1ere is malice or 6a! 2ait1 in t1e ren!ition o2 an n& st & !"ment3 B t t1en/ it is a matter o2 evi!ence3 T1e same is tr e wit1 ren!erin" an n& st & !"ment t1r ne"li"ence3 <1en 0o sa0 t1r ne"li"enceQit is *R#++ an! I.(OC)+'BL( ne"li"ence3 #ne o2 t1ose "ross an! ine7c sa6le ne"li"ence t1at t1e +C 1as consi!ere! is i"norance o2 t1e law an! t1e r les3 It is consi!ere! as "ross ne"li"ence3 T1e +C sai! t1at even i2 t1e law 1as not 6een applie! 2or 1, 0ears as lon" as it is still e7istin"/ t1e & !"e m st know t1at law3 It wo l! seem n2air 6ec 0o cannot know all t1e laws 6 t accor!in" to t1e +C/ a & !"e +:#)L@ know
t1e laws3 I !on>t know i2 an0one in t1e & !iciar0 can claim 100W o2 all laws t1at are e7istin"3 Can 0o = T1at is w10 t1ere is a liti"ation an! t1at t1ere are alwa0s 2 si!es to an ar" ment in co rt3 B t can 0o procee! imme!iatel0 60 2ilin" a case in t1e prosec tor>s o22ice or in t1e #m6 !sman a"ainst a & !"e 2or knowin"l0 ren!erin" an n& st & !"ment or ren!erin" an n& st & !"ment t1r ne"li"ence even knowin"l0 ren!erin" an n& st interloc tor0 or!er= T1is 1as 6een alrea!0 !eci!e! 60 t1e +C in several cases t1at in cases committe! 60 mem6ers o2 t1e 6enc1 in violation o2 an0 provisions o2 t1e R$C or an0 special law/ t1e o22en!e! part0 cannot "ot !irectl0 to t1e o22ice o2 t1e prosec tor or t1e om6 !sman3 It is t1e +C w1o s1all !etermine w1et1er t1e & !"ment is n& st 60 wa0 o2 an a!ministrative procee!in"s an! w1et1er t1ere e7ists s 22icient reason 2or t1e & !"e to 6e t1e s 6&ect o2 an acc sation 6e2ore t1e o22ice o2 t1e om6 !sman or an0 proper 2or m3 I2 t1ere2ore t1e case is !irectl0 2ile! wit1 t1e om6 !sman t1en it is a wron" ven e3 T1e +C is taske! wit1 a!ministrative an! all ot1er s c1 s pervision over all its & !"es an! t1ere2ore 0o cannot & !"e nless it is t1ro "1 t1e +C3 <ell/ t1at is t1e protection t1at t1e0 1ave "iven all t1e & !"es/ t1at t1e case s1o l! 2irst pass t1r t1em an! t1en it s1o l! 6e en!orse! 60 t1e +C to t1e #m6 !sman3 @on>t commit a mistake i2 0o are "oin" to 2ile a case a"ainst a & !"e 60 2ilin" it !irectl0 wit1 t1e #m6 !sman 6ec eit1er t1e #m6 !sman will !ismiss t1e case or t1at t1e same s1all onl0 6e re2erre! to t1e #22ice o2 t1e Co rt '!ministrator 2or re2erral to t1e :onora6le +C3 T1is is in all cases/ in t1e 4 cases t1at I 1ave mentione!3 In t1e !ela0 in t1e a!ministration o2 & stice/ in or!er 2or t1e & !"e to 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le/ it s1o l! malicio s3 ' mere !ela0 wo l! onl0 re4 ire a!ministrative sanction 2rom t1e +C even in simple ne"li"ence in connection wit1 ren!ition o2 a & !"ment or an interloc tor0 or!er3 T1e +C in several cases !i! not even consi!er a lon" perio! o2 time o2 !ela0 in t1e !isposition o2 t1e case 6ec t1e +C n!erstan!s t1e present pre!icament o2 t1e co rts3 I2 0o onl0 know 1ow man0 cases are t1ere pen!in" in one sala in t1e %eTC3 @o 0o know= DE/000 cases in one sala3 :ow will 0o 6e a6le to 2inis1 t1ose cases3 T1ose cases will 2inis1 0o 3 (1e1e1e )3 in s c1 a s1ort time/ i2 0o tr0 to 2inis1 t1em3 's a matter o2 2act/ I 1ave seen some o2 m0 & niors w1enever I "o to t1e #22ice on +at r!a0s/ i2 I 1ave time to make !ecisions/ I see t1e %etropolitan Trial & !"es reall0 workin" t1eir 6 tts o t/ tr0in" to resolve inci!ents/ tr0in" to make !ecisions3 I sai! 0o will !ie easil0 60 !oin" t1at3 B t t1e0 sai! t1at t1e0 are a2rai!3 Look at several !ecisions o2 t1e +C n!erstan!in" 0o r pli"1t so !on>t kill 0o rsel23 +o/ malicio s !ela0 in t1e a!ministration o2 & stice m st 6e p rposel0 !one to ca se !ama"e to a part0-liti"ant3 TT'$( (.@+
30 %a&'rvin
T1e people w1o tolerate or re2 se to prosec te cases are also lia6le/ t1e prosec tor or an0 p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee in c1ar"e wit1 t1e en2orcement o2 t1e laws3 I2 1e is a prosec tor an! 1e re2 ses to 2ile an0 case a"ainst an o22en!er/ 1e is lia6le n!er %rt. 2;> of the RPC3 'n! t1ose w1o are toleratin" t1e commission o2 crimes in t1eir area o2 & ris!iction partic larl0 law en2orcement a"ents can 6e lia6le 2or ,olerance3 I2 it can 6e s1own t1at 0o 1ave 6een toleratin" t1e e7istence o2 "am6lin" !en etc3 0o can 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le alt1o "1 t1e penalt0 is not so m c1 0et it is still in violation o2 t1e law3 Betra#al of ,rust !# an %ttorne# or (olicitor3 #1/ 0o know all t1ese3 Bo 1ave taken 0o r le"al et1ics3 B t t1e +olicitor 1ere is act all0 t1e *udiciaries procuradores o2 ol! times/ now we 1ave s 6stit te 2or t1em t1ose w1o are 6ein" allowe! st !ent practice o2 law n!er t1e control an! s pervision o2 t1e 1ea! o2 t1e le"al ai! nit or !epartment o2 a sc1ool o2 law3 +o/ t1e 4 ali2ication in or!er to 6e allowe! to appear in co rt is to 1ave 2inis1e! 0o r 2n! 0ear even in t1e RTC as lon" as 0o are wit1 t1e 1ea! o2 t1e le"al ai! nit o2 t1e law sc1ool3 @o we 1ave 1ere a le"al ai! !ept= Bes= <1o is t1e 1ea!= (%aneA 'tt03 *il6ert +em6rano)3 T1at>s "oo! i2 t1e0 1ave it 1ere esp to 1elp t1e in!i"ents3 .ow/ in %etro %anila i2 0o are earnin" less t1an $14/000 per mont1/ 0o are consi!ere! an in!i"ent person 2or p rposes o2 6ein" a6le to ask t1e assistance o2 a p 6lic attorne0 or a co nsel !e o2icio3 Bo all know t1at a law0er an! client 1ave t1at 2i! ciar0 relations1ip t1at t1e secrets o2 0o r client/ 0o cannot reveal it to an0one not even to 0o r wi2e or c1il!ren3 T1e most is t1at 0o >! tell it to 0o r wi2e/ s1e mi"1t Macci!entall0> tell it to 0o r 2rien! an! t1at>s t1e w1ole t1in" t1at wo l! 6ecome wron"3 T1e 0o n" "entlemen 1ere/ 6e2ore 0o "et marrie! tell 0o r 2 t re 6ri!e/ t1is is t1e limitations t1at I 1ave to 2ollow an! i2 0o cannot 2ollow t1ese limitations t1en we are not 2or eac1 ot1er3 T1e same wit1 t1e la!ies/ 0o 1ave to tell t1em 2rankl0 t1at 0o 1ave 0o r own limitations3 Bo s1o l! not 1i!e it 2rom t1em3 'not1er violation 1ere is w1en a law0er w1o 1as alrea!0 6een !isc1ar"e! or 1as alrea!0 wit1!rawn 2rom t1e case 6ecomes t1e law0er o2 t1e opposin" part0 wit1o t askin" permission 2rom 1is 2ormer client3 T1en/ we 1ave 6ri6eries an! 0o know w1at is !ri!er#3 Bo 1ave @IR(CT/ F)'LI9I(@/ I.@IR(CT3 <1en 0o sa0 )irect Bri!er#/ t1is is w1en t1e p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee !eman!s or a"ree! to per2orm an ille"al act or even an act w1ic1 is not ille"al in connection wit1 t1e per2ormance o2 1is ! ties 2or a consi!eration or a promise or rewar!3 I2 t1e o22en!er an! t1e person w1o is corr ptin" 1im 1ave a"ree!/ it is alrea!0 cons mmate! on an0 price or on an0 rewar! or on an0 promise3 I2 w1at t1e0 1ave a"ree! pon is to per2orm an ille"al act/ t1e penalt0 is 1i"1er3 I2 w1at t1e0 1ave a"ree! to per2orm is not an ille"al act/ t1e penalt0 is lower 0et 6ot1 are still !irect 6ri6er03 +o/ t1e mere a"reement even
wit1o t receivin" 0et t1e consi!eration/ it is alrea!0 cons mmate!3 .ow/ in Indirect Bri!er#/ t1e mere acceptance o2 an0 "i2t 60 reason o2 ones o22ice is in!irect 6ri6er03 B t not all "i2ts3 Token "i2ts are allowe!3 T1ese are "i2ts w1ic1 are inconse4 ential !epen!in" pon t1e social an! 2inancial stat s o2 t1e person w1o is "ivin" an! t1e person to w1om t1e "i2t is 6ein" "iven3 + pposin" + ltan Bolkia1 as a token o2 appreciation 2or a "oo! !ee! !one 60 one o2 t1e !epartment secretaries w1o is also a m lti-millionaire "ave a Role7 watc1 to remem6er 1im 603 (ver06o!0 will sa0/ it is in!irect 6ri6er0/ 6 t to Bolkia an! to t1e person w1o receive! it w1o can 6 0 a 1 n!re! watc1es like t1at wit1o t 1is 6ank6ook 6ein" a22ecte! 60 t1at/ is it in!irect 6ri6er0= It mi"1t 6e consi!ere! as a token3 ' "i2t in in!irect 6ri6er0 is 6ein" "iven in t1e 1ope t1at in t1e 2 t re 2avora6le actions on matters t1at ma0 6e 6ro "1t 60 t1at person to t1at p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee ma0 6e !one wit1 !ispatc1 onl0 an! not necessaril0 wit1 2avor3 Bini"0an mo lan" n" isan" 6ilaon" pancit/ ma 6os 6a ni0a 0 n3 'n" masama n n k n" araw araw na 0an pero 6aka "alit ka naman3 Bakit= (1/ papata0in mo 0 n e1 sa 1i"1 6loo! at !ia6etes3 'lri"1t3 .ualified Bri!er# is w1en a person in c1ar"e o2 law en2orcement !eman!s a "i2t or a rewar! 2or not prosec tin" or 2or allowin" a person not to 6e prosec te! 2or an0 crime t1at is p nis1a6le 60 recl sion perpet a to !eat1 or !eat1/ t1e penalt0 t1at s1all 6e impose! pon t1at person is !eat13 In t1e event t1at t1e person onl0 accepte! t1e "i2t an! !i! not !eman! 6 t 2or p rposes o2 not prosec tin" or preventin" t1e prosec tion o2 t1at person/ 1e is also " ilt0 o2 4 ali2ie! 6ri6er0 6 t t1e penalt0 is onl0 recl sion perpet a3 (1 !i wa" ka na lan" man"1in"i para 1in!i !eat1/ accept ka na lan"3 T1ere will 6e no 6ri6eries i2 t1ere is no person w1o is " ilt0 o2 corr ption o2 p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ees3 In or!er to era!icate corr ption/ people s1o l! 6e e! cate! t1at t1e0 t1emselves s1o l! cooperate in or!er t1at t1ese crimes will not t1rive an! t1ere will 6e no "ra2t an! corr ption3 's lon" as people 6elieve t1at t1e0 can "et awa0 wit1 "ivin" "i2ts/ rewar!s/ etc3/ to p 6lic o22icers or emplo0ees 0o cannot era!icate or stop corr ption 6ec i2 it will 6e t1e p 6lic o22icers or emplo0ees/ i2 0o are a "oo! citi5en/ even i2 1e !eman!e!/ 0o are not "oin" to acce!e to 1is !eman!3 T1is corr ption starts even at 1ome e1/ in sc1ool/ etc3 Look in t1e 1o se/ si"e/ pa" nakak 1a ka n" mataas na "ra!es/ p nta ta0o :on"-on"3 (1/ its 1is ! t0 to make "oo! in sc1ool/ 6akit mo rere"al 1an 0an3 I2 0o are "oin" to "ive 1im a rewar! 2or !oin" 1is ! t0/ t1at is t1e start o2 corr ption3 :e m st !o somet1in" w1ic1 is 6e0on! t1e call o2 1is ! t0 or 6e0on! o2 w1at is re4 ire! o2 1im t1en/ it is not corr ption3 (ven t1e "ov>t is enco ra"in" corr ption e13 Bo remem6er a person w1o ret rne! a6o t $3% pl s mone0 to a passen"er o2 an airline3 :e was lavis1l0 "iven "i2ts/ "iven a lot an! 1o se/ 1e was "iven a ta7ica6?w1en it is 1is ! t0 to ret rn t1at/ ot1erwise/ 1e is a t1ie23 (1e1e1e ) Is t1at not corr ption= Its 1is ! t0/ w10 "ive 1im a lot an! 1o se3 +o/ la!ies an! "entlemen/ 0o will 6e t1e
31 %a&'rvin
ones r nnin" t1e "ov>t ma06e ten 0ears 2rom to!a0 or in some 2 t re !ates/ t1e e! cation in re"ar! to corr ption starts at 1ome/ in sc1ool 6ec i2 0o can start it t1ere nat rall0 it will 6ecome a 1a6it 2or t1ese people alrea!0 to !o t1e ri"1t t1in"3 1rauds and Illegal /:actions and ,ransactions3 9ra !s a"ainst p 6lic treas r0/ t1ere are 2 6ec t1e 1st one is in connection wit1 an0 2ra ! t1at act all0 are 6ein" committe! 60 t1ose w1o are en"a"e! in t1e !eliverin" o2 s pplies or in e7ec tin" contracts or in t1e a!& stments or settlements o2 ta7es or 2 n!s or acco nts3 .ow/ t1is involves onl0 w1en t1at person in 1is o22icial capacit0 an! 1e !eals wit1 ot1er person re"ar!in" all t1is an! 1e act all0 6ecome intereste! eit1er in an0 investment or spec lation 2or p rposes o2 !e2ra !in" t1e "ov>t3 T1ere are instances w1erein t1e 2 rnis1in" o2 s pplies or in t1e e7ec tion o2 contracts or a"reements/ a p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee ma0 enter into s c1 a"reement 6 t t1en t1e0 1ave alrea!0 mastere! t1e sc1eme in or!er to !e2ra ! t1e "ov>t s c1 as in p 6lic sc1oolsQ2 rnis1in" o2 6ooks/ w1at wo l! 6e t1e sc1eme in or!er to !e2ra ! t1e "ovt3= T1e papers t1at are se! in t1e p 6lis1in" o2 6ooks are t1e 4t1 class papers w1en in 2act it is s ppose! to 6e a 1st class or a 2n! class paper/ t1at wo l! 6e !e2ra !in" t1e "ovt3 6ec t1e price t1ere co l! 6e a!& ste! or t1e ink t1at were se! is o2 in2erior 4 alit03 T1e secon! one is t1ose in c1ar"e o2 t1e collection o2 ta7es3 <1en 0o collect less or more t1an w1at is provi!e! 2or 60 law or w1en 0o !on>t iss e an0 receipt w1en it is re4 ire! or w1en 0o collecte! ot1er t1in"s w1ic1 is not t1e one speci2ie! n!er t1e law/ t1en 0o are " ilt0 o2 2ra !s a"ainst p 6lic treas r03 (ven i2 t1ere is no !ama"e 1a3 Bo 2elt pit0 to a person w1o is pa0in" 1is ta7es/ so 0o a!& st/ t1at is 2ra !s a"ainst p 6lic treas r03 B t it is not applica6le to t1ose in t1e B rea i2 Internal reven e an! t1e B rea o2 C stoms 6ec t1e0 1ave t1eir own laws3 T1e0 1ave t1e Internal Reven e Co!e an! t1e C stoms Co!e3 T1e0 are not incl !e! 1ere3 (to 0 n" m"a m nicipal or provincial treas rer/ assessors3 (to pro6lema/ n"a0on/ 6 il!in" permit lan"?"a"apan" ka para makak 1a3 (1/ 1ow a6o t occ panc0 permit 2ee?! n pata0 ka lalo na k n" m"a con!omini m nit3 #k/ 1ailing to Issue Receipts3 It is not t1e mere 2act t1at 0o 2aile! to iss e a reciept t1at is p nis1a6le3 I2 0o vol ntaril0 2aile! to iss e a receipt as lon" as 0o 1ave a le"al e7c se/ t1en 0o cannot 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le3 (7ample/ i2 0o 1ave live! in some provinces w1erein at times/ even t1e treas rer or t1ose w1o 1ave to collect 2ees 1ave to "o to 2ar-2l n" 6r"0s in or!er to serve t1e people t1ere to pa0 t1eir real propert0 ta7es/ t1eir licenses an! ever0t1in" 6ec t1e0 !on>t 1ave t1e time an! sometimes t1e0 2or"et also to "o to t1eir m nicipal 1all/ t1en it is t1e o22icers w1o "oes to t1em3 +ometimes t1ere are miscalc lations as to t1e n m6er o2 t1ose w1o are "oin" to pa0 t1eir ta7es so t1ere will 6e lack o2 receipts3
T1ere was act all0 a case w1erein t1e person c1ar"e! iss e! onl0 a temporar0 receipt in a piece o2 paper3 B t t1e ne7t !a0/ a2ter arrival 2rom t1eir o22ice/ 1e act all0 iss e! a receipt an! sent it 60 mail3 Bet some6o!0 learne! a6o t it an! c1ar"e! 1im3 B t it 1as 6een sai! t1at t1at is s 6stantial compliance3 T1ere co l! 6e no crime n!er t1is article a"ainst 2ra ! a"ainst t1e p 6lic treas r03 <ell/ 'ther 1rauds3 T1is onl0 involves a6o t t1e accessor0 penalties t1at will 6e s 22ere! 60 t1e o22en!er i2 1e is a p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee w1o takes a!vanta"e o2 1is p 6lic position or s1all commit an0 o2 t1e 2ra !s or !eceits en merate! in t1e prece!in" provisions3 Prohi!ited ,ransactions3 Remem6er t1e o22en!er 1ere m st 6e an appointive p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee3 'n! 1e 6ecame intereste! !irectl0 or in!irectl0 ! rin" 1is inc m6enc0 in an0 transaction involvin" e7c1an"e or spec lation wit1in t1e territor0 s 6&ect to 1is & ris!iction3 Bo know/ one time t1ere is a pro6lem 1ere a6o t stock e7c1an"e w1en a p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee 6ecame intereste! in spec lations in t1e B3<3 etc3 B t t1en/ it 6ecame a !ea! iss e3 (1/ ito rin" m"a im6esti"as0on !ito/ wala rin" nan"0a0ari3 T1en we 1ave Possession of Prohi!ited Interest !# Pu!lic 'fficers or /mplo#ees3 T1is is in connection wit1 an0 contract or 6 siness o2 w1ic1 it is t1e o22icial ! t0 o2 t1e p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee to intervene an! t1en 1e act all0 intervene! in s c1 transaction w1et1er !irectl0 or in!irectl03 T1is provision also applies to e7perts/ even ar6itrators an! private acco ntants w1en t1e0 take part in t1e e7ec tion o2 t1e contract or transaction connecte! wit1 t1e estate or propert0 o2 anot1er person in t1eir appraisal or !istri6 tion or a!& !ication3 .ow/ 0o see/ t1is pro1i6ite! interest 60 p 6lic o22icer/ it is onl0 s ppose! to 6e pro1i6ite! 6ec it is 0o r ! t0 to intervene in t1at transaction an! 0et 0o 6ecome intereste! in it3 (7ample/ 0o are t1e prov3 en" t1en in t1e constr ction o2 a 6ri!"e/ 0o 6ecame intereste!/ 0o will s ppl0 t1e materials even i2 t1e "oo!s t1at 0o are s ppose! to !eliver is o2 "oo! 4 alit0 an! t1e price is alri"1t/ still it is pro1i6ite!3 4al$ersation of Pu!lic 1unds or Propert#3 :ere/ w1o is an acco nta6le o22icer an0wa0= Bec t1e onl0 person w1o ma0 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le is an acco nta6le o22icer3 'n acco nta6le o22icer is a person w1o is not necessaril0 t1e treas rer/ t1e acco nt o22icer/ t1e 2inance o22icer as lon" as t1at person receives as propert0 in 1is o22icial capacit0 an! t1at at an0time/ 1e is re4 ire! to acco nt 2or it/ 1e 1as to acco nt 2or it/ 1e is an acco nta6le o22icer3 Like w1at/ a policeman wit1 respect to 1is " n/ 6a!"e/ an! to an0 ot1er e4 ipment t1at was iss e! to 1im 2or w1ic1 1e si"ne! a receipt o2 propert0 w1ic1 6elon"s to t1e "ovt3 B t t1ose t1at are cons ma6les/ 1e is not an0more acco nta6le 2or t1at s c1 as 6 llets3 B llets are cons ma6les t1at is w10 t1ere is a pro6lem now in %in!anao re"ar!in" c1ar"es t1at t1e "enerals are sellin" t1e 6 llets to t1e enem03 T1e0 sai!
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it is treasonQt1at is .#T treason/ t1at is %'LH(R+'TI#.3 B t it is also a violation o2 C' 40L or t1e 'rticles o2 <ar an! t1e penalt0 t1ere is !eat1 60 2irin" s4 a!3 T1e least t1at 0o can "et is imprisonment 2or li2e on a 1ar! la6or3 <1en 0o talk o2 malversation/ 0o talk o2 misappropriation/ appropriation/ a6an!onment in or!er t1at t1e propert0 or mone0 ma0 6e misappropriate!3 Bo talk a6o t allowin" ot1ers to appropriate it or a6an!onment3 T1ese are acts o2 misappropriation3 'n! t1ere is a pres mption o2 misappropriation i2 t1e acco nta6le o22icer is or!ere! to acco nt 2or t1e properties in 1is possession an! 1e 2aile! to acco nt 2or it wit1in a reasona6le perio! o2 time3 + pposin" 0o are "iven a pro6lemA ' policeman was c1ar"e! o2 malversation o2 p 6lic propert0 6ec 1e went on '<#L an! 6ro "1t alon" wit1 1im 1is 2irearm3 <1en 1e was c1ar"e! an! arreste!/ 1e imme!iatel0 s rren!ere! t1e " n to t1e propert0 c sto!ian/ is t1ere still malversation= B(+3 T1ere is still malversation i2 1e se! t1at 2irearm w1ile 1e is on '<#L3 Bec w1en 0o sa0 )+(/ t1at is appropriation3 :owever/ i2 1e le2t it in t1e armor0 6 t 1e was not a6le to acco nt 2or it 6 t it is t1ere/ a1/ t1ere is .# malversation 6ec 1e was not a6le to se it3 Bec t1at is now t1e c stom an! tra!ition 2or t1ose w1o "oes on '<#L3 $a" !ineman!a na/ eto na isasa li an" 6aril3 T1e ret rn o2 t1e propert0 t1at is s ppose! to 1ave 6een malverse! is onl0 a miti"atin" circ mstance3 B t s all0 t1ere are & !"es w1o are consi!erin" t1e same as an e7c se to !ismiss t1e case3 Remem6er t1e penalt0 2or malversation o2 2 n!s or properties are act all0 1i"1er t1an t1at o2 t1e2t !epen!in" pon t1e amo nt3 TT'$( (.@+ +ept3 1,/ 2003 B0A %il!5 "or failure of a public officer to devote an appropriation to any pro*ect or any "service that may have been the sub*ect of that appropriation. +nd if you will recall, during the last meeting that we had, we have discussed technical malversation. Now, when we have discussed malversation actually and technical malversation is actually only an illegal use of funds or property. There is no need for any damage to be caused to the government or any private individual as long as the funds were diverted to another pro*ect or another purpose other than what was stated in the ob*ect for which such fund was devoted, then there is technical malversation. Technical malversation actually maybe the sub*ect of a defense of good faith and exigencies of the service and even on occasion of calamities or on occasions of misfortunes. ,sually it is illegal for any public officer or employee to apply any public fund or property under his administration to any public purpose other than which it is suppose to be applied without as!ing from the appropriate body which has the authority to appropriate such fund. -ut when
exigencies of the service is already involved, when good faith is involved, when calamities or misfortunes occurred in a certain place, funds which maybe devoted for a particular purpose maybe diverted for that particular purpose without anymore as!ing the consent of the appropriating body. Now, in failure of an account officer or any accountable officer to render accounts, these particular accountable officers must have been separated in the service by reason of resignation or by reason of any other cause and that it is re.uired by law or regulation for him to ma!e such rendering of an account either to the insular auditor or the provincial auditor within a period of /0 days or for 1 months at the most. Within a period of 1 months after such accounts should have been rendered and he failed to do so, now, only when it is re.uired by law or by regulation. If it is not re.uired by law or regulation, even if he is an accountable officer, he cannot be held criminally liable under +rt. 123. These are therefore crimes wherein there must be an actual necessity or if not necessity, it is re.uired by law or regulation for that public officer or employee to render accounts. Now, the same is true to any public officer or employee who before leaving the country failed to render an account. -ut what is re.uired is that he unlawfully leaves or tries to leave or attempts to leave the country unlawfully. What would you mean by unlawfully? 4eaning to say that he will go to another country for purposes of hiding there or to wor! there as a TNT? We have no law against a 5ilipino who leaves the country to wor! thereat but he will be without a wor!ing permit, without any *ob abroad. There is no law so the prohibited acts before leaving the country probably is that the offender is leaving the country to evade conse.uences of the commission of the crime or to conceal a crime or to evade any *udgment that maybe rendered against him or to cause damage to another person, that is what is meant by unlawfully leaving the country or attempting to leave the country unlawfully. 6!, we are through with illegal use of funds or property so we have to go to failure to ma!e a delivery of public funds or property. Now, there are two acts here which are punishable. The first one is failure to ma!e a payment by a public officer who is under obligation to ma!e such payment from the government funds in his possession. 7oo!, it is simply a failure of the public officer to ma!e payment and it is his obligation to ma!e such payment. 6n the other hand in failure to deliver a property, he must be ordered to deliver the property which is in his custody or under his administration. So, if it is delivery of funds, it must be his obligation. If it is delivery of property, there must be an order from a superior officer, that is when this crime is committed, article 112 of the 89'. 8emember what I said because they may interchange it in a .uestion. They will say that there is an order from a superior etc" to deliver funds or property etc.. and yet that person refuses to deliver. :e is not committing a crime because the law only says that he must be under a legal obligation, it is his obligation, because that order may not be actually legal or may not be his duty. 6ooee" he is being as!ed to deliver money, he is being ordered to deliver
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money but it is not his duty to deliver that money, he is not criminally liable if he refuses. -ut if he is an inferior officer, he was as!ed by a superior officer to deliver a property which is under his administration, or under his custody, that is when he violates this particular article. +lright, even private individuals who in their capacity whatever have charged of any national or provincial property are also included in this article. We go to infidelity in the custody of prisoners. +ctually the first article in relation to this is conniving or consenting to evasion. There are 1 !inds of prisoners. 6ne prisoner is actually a convicted prisoner by virtue of a final *udgment and he is serving sentence. Now if any public officer or employee connives or consents with the escape of the prisoner who is in his custody or charge and that prisoner is a convicted prisoner, the penalty is actually higher which is prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods. -ut when the prisoner is simply a detention prisoner, the penalty is lower. The penalty shall be prision correccional in its minimum period and only temporary special dis.ualification in case the offender is simply a detention prisoner. The detention of the accused need not be for any violation of a penal law, it may even be a violation of an ordinance, violation of an ordinance is included. Now, evasion through negligence, if the evasion ta!es place through the negligence of a public officer or employee who is charged with the conveyance of the custody of the prisoner and that said officer actually has been established to have been negligent in the performance of his duties then such person in;charged of the prisoner shall be held criminally liable for evasion through negligence. The negligence here must be inexcusable. Not necessarily gross but inexcusable. (ven private persons may be held criminally liable for the escape of prisoners if such private person has been entrusted with the custody of a prisoner. :e may either have actually connived with others or with the prisoner in order that the prisoner may escape or he is guilty of negligence, therefore he is actually covered by +rticle 11< and 11= of 89'. Well the penalty shall only be the penalty which is next lower in degree than that which is prescribed by the law. In infidelity in the custody of documents, the mere removal, concealment or destruction of documents by any public officer or employee which documents were officially entrusted to him is already in violation of +rt. 11/. The penalty would depend upon whether there is a serious damage that has been caused to a third party or to public interest. If there is a serious damage, the penalty is afflictive, prision mayor and a fine not exceeding 2,000. If the removal, destruction or concealment of those documents has caused only damages which are not serious in nature either to a private person or to public interest, then the penalty actually is prision correccional in its min. and med. 9eriods. >ou will note that there is malice on the part of the offender to cause damage to another or to public interest that is why the word remove, destroy or conceal, it must be maliciously remove or maliciously destroy or conceal the
documents. If such concealment, destruction or removal is without any malice or without any evil purpose, no such crime has been committed. 6fficial brea!ing seal, well, what are those documents or things that are supposed to be sealed? -allot boxes, aside from the violation of election laws, they may violate also the provisions of +rt. 11?. There are instances where certain documents have to be sealed on orders of the court. These are the documents that should not be revealed etc when the same is in the possession of the court. In probation law, there is such a provision there about confidentiality of the post;sentence investigation report. What is actually being done is to close the document involving the post investigation report. We seal them but it simply be closed. The seal that we are tal!ing about here are official seals, li!e the seal of 'omelec, li!e other seals of different departments either paper or seals consisting of metals or other ob*ects, they are called official seals. When you brea! that without any authority from the law or public authority or proper authority, then you violate +rt. 11?. Now, opening of closed documents, naturally if documents are sent to your office, you open them. -ut there are instances when you cannot open a closed document even if it is sent to your office. 7i!e deposition of witnesses which came from a notary public in another province or a deposition coming from a municipal *udge or deposition coming from a consul of the 9hilippines assigned in another country. >ou cannot *ust open the deposition, even the *udge cannot open that. If the *udge or the cler! of court opens the envelope containing the deposition, he violates +rt. 113 of 89'. Why? ,nder the rules, the court should schedule the opening of those documents in the presence of both parties and their counsels or in the presence of their counsels on a particular date and hour. If you do not appear, you waive. -ut then there shall be an actual day for the opening of the same and a particular hour fixed by the court. If not, you violate this particular provision of the law. So be careful about oral depositions. >ou can open your copy because you will be furnished a copy but then the official copy of the court cannot be opened without the same having been scheduled for opening in the presence of the parties and their counsels. There are other documents that are supposed to be opened by the persons who are authori%ed to open the same. (ven the permitting of the opening of these documents by other persons is also prohibited. We go to revelation of secrets. 9ublic officers or employees sometimes learn secrets by reason of his official capacity. What secret it is? It should be a secret in relation to his office or when he wrongfully delivers any papers or copies of papers of which he may have charged and which should not be published, that is a violation of +rt. 11@. If the secret belongs to a private individual, it is in another article that the public officer may be punished, that is +rt. 1<0. The revelation of secrets of private individuals, these secrets of private individuals have also become !nown to the public officer or employee by reason of his office. -ut he cannot !eep his mouth shut or he cannot !eep it to himself. This is the most common crime being committed by public officers or employees.
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-ecause right now, everybody is tal!ing about everybody. &+w, you !now or ba!a, sir gusto mo malaman yun se!reto ni sir, uhm, alam mo !alaban sa promotion ito.) Those are in violation of the law if they are public officers or employees. Well, the ones who are revealing secrets of other people are not public officers, they come from the private sector. +lrightA >ou can reveal the secret of a person if it is authori%ed by law or if it is for a *ustifiable reason. Say for example, it is for a commission of the crime, you can reveal it. -ut if it is not the commission of a crime nor it is *ustifiable, you cannot reveal it, you have to !eep it to yourself and if you cannot !eep it to yourself, brace for being sued under +rt 1<0 of 89'. Now, open disobedience. This can only be committed by any *udicial or executive officer. 7egislative officers are not involved in open disobedience. So any *udicial or executive officer who openly refuse to execute the *udgment or decision or order of any superior authority made within the scope of their *urisdiction and issued with all the legal formalities in accordance with law shall suffer the penalties of arresto mayor etc to prision correccional etc. Now, open disobedience as I said is only applicable to executive and *udicial officers and that the disobedience is with regard to a lawful order of a superior with all the formalities re.uired by law. If it is not given by a superior, if it does not contain the legal formalities re.uired by law, there is no open disobedience and they refer only to *udgments, orders etc., the decisions of any superior authority and of course that is only to execute those orders and if they do not want to execute it, then that is when they are liable. +rt. 1<1 is .uite, shall we call it, confusing. To explain this, you have to be familiar with regard to usual practice in offices. Now, in order that a person maybe liable in this particular article, of course we have been tal!ing about public officers here. 5irst, there must be a superior officer. This superior officer actually issued an order. :e issued an order directed towards an inferior officer but then this inferior officer suspended the implementation of that order. ,nder such case, there is no crime yet that has been committed. The superior officer after learning that the inferior officer suspended the implementation of his order, he must declare such suspension by the inferior officer as illegal or invalid and demand from the inferior officer the implementation of the order. If again the inferior officer suspended the implementation or refused the implementation of that order then that is when he is liable under +rt. 1<1. So dalawa yan. The superior officer must issue an order, it is countermanded and rendered ineffective and not being implemented by the inferior officer, no crime yet. Then the superior officer must declare that the suspension made by the inferior officer is actually invalid or void or illegal and command again the inferior officer to implement the order but he refuses, then that is when the inferior officer shall be held liable. So there must be two acts that will be performed by the superior officer and there must be two acts to be performed by the inferior officer in order that there will be a violation of +rt. 1<1.
Now, refusal of assistance. +ctually, any public officer may be held criminally liable in this article because any person who refused to give an assistance upon demand by competent authority to said public officer in relation to administration of *ustice or if not in relation to the administration of *ustice, it is in relation to other public service and that it resulted to damage to another party whether to the government or to a third party, then the person shall be liable for refusal of assistance. So let us say you are a mayor and you as!ed the assistance of say for example a doctor in your community, you said that Bdoc, we have to go to a particular barangay because there are so many people who are sic! there, we will deliver medicines etcC The doctor said, I do not li!e to go there. Now, there is a demand from a competent authority because he is the head of the municipality under the devolvement of powers in the 7D', the municipal health doctor s assistance may be sought by the head of that political unit, if he refuses and it is in connection with public service then he is liable for refusal of assistance. In the courts, it is true that policemen are not supposed to be process servers. They are not supposed to be subpoena servers or barangay official or barangay captains or barangay chairmen, they are not, under the law, they are not. -ut why is it that they are being compelled to serve the subpoenas. The moment that the court referred to them by way of endorsement subpoenas to be served by them in their locality because they are more familiar in their locality than our process server in court. (h, pumunta !a sa Tondo, will our process server be able to find in the dimly lit areas in Tondo the person whom he is suppose to serve the subpoena? ,uwi yun, sasabihin lang nun, cannot be located. That is what he is going to do, ma!e a return, cannot be located but indorse it to the barangay chairman, that is already a demand from a competent authority and the barangay captain or chairman cannot refuse or even if !agawad or puro! leader or the head of the bantay bayan because it is in relation to the administration of *ustice, they cannot refuse. (ven you, if you re.uested that a subpoena be served and that you will be as!ing that it be the barangay chairman who shall serve the same and the courts grant your re.uest, it is a demand from a competent authority to perform a particular public function which involves administration of *ustice. So you can actually sue them. >ou can file a criminal case against them for refusal of assistance. +lrightA Well have you ever heard of any person who had been elected to public office who refused to discharge the same? (h, hindi pa nga lang nanalo, he wants already to assume the office of which he became the candidate. :ow much more if he wins? -ut there was one case when I was still a *udge somewhere else, not here, when a councilor who was elected refused to discharge his elective office because when he runs for councilor he was thin!ing that the salary is more than what he is receiving that he will have several per!s and of course several, you !now, other income out of being a councilor. When he reali%ed that the pay is only one half of what he is receiving from a big corporation, he refused now to discharge his public office. :e is being sued
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under this article for refusal to discharge a public office. Well, we *ust advised him, why don t you resign officially? 8esignA &*udge said it with a stress) -ecause if you resign and it is accepted, there is no problem but if you refuse to discharge your public office then you will be held criminally liable and you !now, very few people are refusing to discharge their public office. If you are elected as the 9resident of the 9hilippines, are you going to refuse? (ven with all the problems, with the headaches that a 9resident will have, you will naturally try to do your best to discharge your public office. Then we go to maltreatment of prisoners. Well, these are actually being committed only by those who are in;charge of the correction or handling of the prisoners. +ny person who is in;charge of handling the prisoners or handling their corrections, handling their well;being etc. and in addition to the crime of physical in*uries or whatever that they may be committing, if they shall overdo themselves in the handling of a prisoner or whether the prisoner is a convicted prisoner or not, or by inflicting such !ind of punishments in a cruel and humiliating manner then there is maltreatment of prisoners. I hope that they pass the bill that is authored by a certain 4etro 4anila congressman that prohibits the wearing of prison clothes in court and in public while they are being presented before the public. +nd also in that bill, it is being proposed that they should not be presented in person. Their caricatures or whatever you may want to call them may be the sub*ect of publication but not their real selves. $ust li!e what they are doing in the States, d ba? >ung drawing lang etc. The s!etches, those are the only things that they can publish but here in the country, they are going to call a press conference. They are going to handcuff you, they are going to as! you to wear this orange uniform etc with the word you !now 9N9, N-I and everything, then with a word detainee. That is an insult, he is already being pictured as a person guilty of having committed a crime. It is cruel and that is overdoing themselves in the treatment of a prisoner and let us try if the same will succeed in the event that you file a case against such officers. I thin!, try once. 5or once, let s try if you have the guts. 7et s try. To me, my opinion, that is overdoing oneself in the treatment of a detention prisoner because it is humiliating eh. The law specifically provides that by inflicting such punishment in a cruel and humiliating manner, that is a punishment. 9resenting him before the entire nation, that is already a punishment to this people and that is humiliating if not cruel. So my idea is let us test this, why not? So that the Supreme 'ourt in the long run maybe able to rule whether it is valid. -ut if that bill will be passed, then we have a specific law already. 6!? Well, if the purpose of the maltreatment is to extort a confession, eh that is different. +ctually, it is also covered by 8+ ?=<3. In the event that a person has been invited, has been under custodial interrogation, has been under custodial investigation and there is a maltreatment of that person in order to obtain a confession, that is also in violation of 8+ ?=<3 !nown as the violation of the 4iranda doctrine and the
(scobedo doctrine in the ,nited States. So he can be charged under the 89' and at the same time he can be charged under a special law. +lright. +nticipation of 9ublic office. +nticipation of the duties of public office. These are the adelantados, they call them in Spanish, because they cannot wait, they are in the heat, they could not even wait until such time as they be .ualified and that they have already been sworn to duty. 4arami namang ganyan talaga eh noh. Those who anticipate performance of their public function. (to naman yung mga those who prolong the performance of their public functions and duties and powers, hold;over naman to yung ayaw umalis sa pwesto. (ven if they have already been removed or they have already their *ob term expired, then they still continue to perform the duties in that office then they are considered as violating +rt. 1<? of 89'. The words Bhas already expiredC include resignation, removal from office and it is when they prolong their duties. +bandonment of public office. Well, any public officer or employee who before the acceptance of their resignation, shall abandon their office to the detriment of the public service shall be held criminally liable. Now, if such office has been abandoned for purposes of not prosecuting an offender or evading the prosecution of an offender or from punishing such an offender, then the penalty is higher than that which is provided for in paragraph 2. Now, if you abandon your office and of course you did not file a resignation then that is not in violation of +rt. 1<3. +rt. 1<3 can be violated only if you file a resignation and before your resignation is accepted, you abandon it. >ou abandon your position. Well, to me, you can abandon your position even if you file your resignation, that is alright, good riddance. Well, in every office if such person is not fit in the office, then why not. >ou can abandon your office even if you file your resignation without even accepting your resignation, pls. Eo not show your face anymore. It s alrightA -ut if actually it will cause damage, then that is the problem there. 6!. ,surpation of legislative functions. It involves the executive department or even a *udicial officer. (h !ung minsan maraming executive officers tsa!a *udicial officers gustong maging myembro ng Senado at 'ongress eh, so they perform acts that pertain only to the legislative arms of the government by ma!ing general rules or regulations beyond the scope of their authority or they attempt to repeal or suspend the execution of the law. This is only true if it is not within their powers. (h, supposing the court is being as!ed to suspend a law which they believe is unconstitutional then that is within the powers of the *udicial authorities. 6r to consider the law as repealed, that is within the powers of the Supreme 'ourt and we can interpret also even in the courts of original *urisdiction they can interpret a law and say that the law is already repealed. 7et us say for example, the act of 4adam 'ory in repealing 8+ 2?00. There was a .uestion there whether it was legal or not. -ut because at a time when she repealed that particular law, the 'onstitution that we were using at that time was a rebel constitution. Eo you recall that? What do you call that? 5reedomA -ut
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that is actually a rebel 'onstitution. So if it is a rebel 'onstitution, there is no problem. >ou can repeal any law because you won the rebellion. >ou can even abolish 'ongress if you want. There is no problem with that because all your acts thereafter will be considered as legal until somebody again dislodge you from your position. That is why there were several coup attempts at the time. There were I thin! @ or 3 coup attempts during the time of 'ory. Ngayon ilan palang coup attempts? Iisa palang. (h malapit naman ang election so there is no more problem. I don t thin! there will be further coup attempts unless may pro*ection is wrong, especially if -ush will be coming. -ut I am very suspicious eh. The carriers are in Subic and nearby oceans. Something is brewing. That means to say that the ,nited States were able to gather information that something is amissed. Side " now, the typical example of this is those who accepts position in the peace and order council. If you accept a position in the peace and order council, you are actually performing an executive function and therefore you may be held criminally liable for usurpation of executive function because that particular council is supposed to be a council that belongs only to the executive department. ,surpation of *udicial functions. Well, ayaw naman ng mga mayors na mag; *udge eh. Dusto nila they are forever mayor eh or 'ongressman. Fung wala na, there is no choice, that is when they will go to the *udiciary. -ut there was a time when mayors perform *udicial functions. Eo you remember those times? When the rules of court of 2@G0;2@/= was still in effect, if you will recall that, because the new rules of court too! effect sometime, I believe, $uly of 2@/=, then there were amendments thereafter. In 2@/= and before, municipal mayors have the power to conduct preliminary examination of witnesses for purposes of issuing a warrant of arrest in the absence of the municipal *udge or the *ustice of the peace at that time. :e shall only turn over the records of the case upon arrival or upon reporting by the *ustice of the peace to his position. So the mayor then had that power of issuing a warrant and even as!ing searching .uestions only for the purpose of issuing a warrant. -ut then the Supreme 'ourt reali%ed that they are violating the provisions of 89' by giving that power to the 4ayor so they removed that in the amendment in 2@/=, that is in the new rules of court, they removed that. Eisobeying re.uest for dis.ualification. -efore the .uestion of *urisdiction has been finally decided, well, any public officer or employee who has been ordered to refrain from proceeding with any action in regard to any re.uest for dis.ualification shall be held criminally liable under this. So the issue must be *urisdiction meaning to say he has no *urisdiction, instead if there is an order, a T86 or an in*unction that was issued or a prohibition, he still continued, then he is liable. These are simple crimes, very easy to understand.
That is why we can go as fast as we can without of course pre*udicing your interest and understanding of the law. Now, 1=<, ah, this has been violated and most often this is being violated. These are executive officers who actually address an order or a re.uest or a suggestion to any *udicial authority in connection with any case pending in said court or any case or business within the exclusive *urisdiction of the court of *ustice. It is a crime ha a mere suggestion ha or a mere re.uest or any order as long as it came from an executive officer. So if you are the presidential legal officer, you call the *udge, B*udge, huwag mong I;issue ang T86 ha.C 9wedeng mag;re!lamo ang *udge. I;charge nya yun under this +rticle. 'onvicted yun. 9ero sa buhay na ito, in this life, you have to play ball otherwise they don t give you the ball. This is a common practice. I have to admit that this has been done so many times, a million times and yet no one is being prosecuted. +ctually there are some people who even admit to having called *udges. The members of the executive departments, governors, mayors, etc bawal yan. 6!. ,nlawful appointments, the mere nomination or the appointment of a person who does not possess the .ualifications provided for by law shall be liable under +rt. 1==. 1=G is abuses against chastity. Well, any person who shall solicit or ma!e immoral or indecent advances to a woman interested in matters pending before a public officer or employee for decision or with respect to which he is re.uired to submit a report to or consult with a superior officer shall be liable under this article and any warden or other public officer who directly offer, directly charged with the care and custody of a prisoner or persons under arrest who shall solicit or ma!e immoral advances to a woman under his custody and if the person solicited be the wife, hmm, remember, the daughter, the sisters or relatives within the same degree by affinity of any person in custody of such warden or officer, the penalty shall be prision correccional in its min. and med. 9eriods. Now, it is actually in the first paragraph, second portion thereof that there is sexual harassment. This is those that ma!e immoral or indecent advances with respect to the submission of a report or to consult with a superior officer, meaning to say it is in a wor!ing place and you !now that sexual harassment can only be committed in two places. + place of learning or in an educational institution and the other one is a place of wor!. So, in the first, there could be sexual harassment but in the second portion of paragraph 2. Now, how about in number 1, now supposing the person to whom the warden made or solicited immoral advances is the grandmother of the prisoner, oh, there could be a grandmother who is only about <@, =0. 6h yesA E ba nyo alam yun? -efore the passage of the 5amily 'ode, a woman who is only 2= years old can already get married and have a child even before reaching the age of 2G hmph so say for example she got married at 2=, had a child before reaching the age of 2G and then, her child also got married in the same age as she has, she would be then how old only? 13 lang yun, add another 2=, that would be =1. (h ang dami dami
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dyan sexy, =1 pala. Sabi ni warden, hindi ayaw !o dun, ba!it? eh libre a!o eh. -inasa !o yung libro eh. If I solicit any advances, immoral advances to a woman who is a grandmother, it is not a crime because the law has enumerated. Who are those? The person himself who is in *ail, the wife of the person in *ail, if not the wife, the daughter or if not the daughter, the sister or relative within the same degree of affinity. (h, sister within the same degree, ano yun? (h, sister;in;law. (h, grandmother, wala eh. Sinabi bang ascendant? :indi eh. (h, supposing lala!i ang sinolicit? :indi rinA It is not a crime so they have to change this. -rea!A "9arricide, 4urder, :omicide, well, simply put parricide is any person who shall !ill his father, his mother, his spouse or child, whether legitimate or illegitimate ha, pagdating sa child yun. Failangan sa spouse, the spouse must be legitimate. 4erong illegitimate spouse but that is not a problem of ours. The penalty shall be reclusion perpetua to death. +n adopted son or adoptive father is not included in the crime of parricide. There ought to be a law but then there being no law at this point, if an adopted son !ills his adoptive father or mother, that is not parricide. It is simply either murder or homicide as the case maybe. 8emember that in parricide, irrespective of whether there are evident premeditation or whatever, it is not a concern in the crime of parricide, it is the fact of relationship. That is why in parricide, self;defense is available unli!e in murder if murder is actually proven or if the charge is murder if you try to in*ect the defense of self;defense, it would be very hard. +ctually very few maybe able to cause the overturn of the charge of murder by in*ecting self;defense. It is a homicide no problem (h infanticide, can you in*ect self;defense? :indi rin pwede, less than < days old yun eh. These are matters that should be very, very clear to you. HuestionI Sir how about mista!en identity in the sense na hindi cya inintend mong patayin pero napatay mo? 4ista!e in identity in the person whom you !illed is your brother or mother. The same. 9arricide, because mista!e in identity is never a defense. It is never a defense even under ordinary circumstances. It is the mista!e of fact that is a defense. It is not a mista!e in identity. That is 9eople v. 6anes case. When 6anes and company were ordered by their superior to arrest a certain -alagtas dead or alive and they were told that -alagtas in a hut or is in a house then they were given the description of -alagtas and when they saw a person who was lying asleep on the floor of the house, they shot him full of force and when they turn his body, they were able to !now that he is not -alagtas but a farmer. They claim mista!e in identity, noooh, according to the Supreme 'ourt that could not be a defense. The same is true in parricide. Now even if there is no treachery, no evident premeditation as long as there is the relationship between the offender and the offended party as the case may be, or the victim, then that is parricide.
+rt. 1=? is actually a well !nown article in the circles of people who are familiar with the ongoing between families. This is death under exceptional circumstances or physical in*uries under exceptional circumstances. +ny spouse who !ills his spouse or the paramour of his spouse. If he catches them or surprises them actually in the act of sexual intercourse, shall be sentenced only to destierro or if he inflicts serious physical in*uries. If he does inflict only less serious or slight physical in*uries, he is exempted from criminal liability. That is the !illing must ta!e place immediately after catching the two by surprise. >ou can !ill both of them or one of them as the case may be. 9enalty is only destierro. HuestionI &inaudible) Now, there is a case 4r. Ty. >ou read the case of 9eople v. +barca. It happened in Tacloban. The principal actors there are +barca, who too! the bar exams in 4anila. :e left his wife in Tacloban and there is a 'hinaman by the name of Fingsley 'o. While 4r. +barca was reviewing for the bar, he was already hearing things from his friends that his wife is two timing him. 4eaning to say that his wife is committing arson. Well, he did not mind, he was telling his friends who have been saying that to him that he is only being distracted by those dirty rumors that are being spread by those who do not want him to pass the bar. :e said that he believes in the fidelity of his wife and everything so he *ust went on with his review until he finished ta!ing the bar examinations. +fter finishing his bar examinations, he left for home. :e arrived there and while in their house he rested a little as he has already exhausted most of their savings. :e told his wife, I will go to the next town, I have a friend there, I have had a conversation with him that we can go into a little business of which I am going to earn. I will ta!e the bus *ust about an hour from now. So he rested for awhile and after an hour he left. When he arrived at the bus station, he was informed that the bus he was going to ta!e has already left, the next trip would be 1I00pm so he went home, ate and slept and wo!e up at 2I00pm and left for the bus station. When he arrived at the bus station after telling his wife that he will be already arriving in the evening because the place is a little bit far and he will still have to ta!e some other buses that are coming from other far provinces. When he arrived at the bus station, he was again disappointed because the dispatcher told him that the bus he is ta!ing for the next town or so, has developed engine trouble. -ut he was as!ed to wait for awhile if the bus would be fixed by the mechanic. -ut after an hour, well, there is no way that this bus can leave so he said I am going home. :e went home and you !now being the husband of the wife, he !nows his way around. :e opened the door, the front door, he was able to enter their house and then he went direct to their bedroom so that he can rest. :e was too tired. :e was too exhausted already of ta!ing the bar examinations. +nd when he opened their masters bedroom, he saw his wife having sex with Fingsley 'o, a 'hinaman. -ut when he was about to approach Fingsley 'o and his wife, 'o drew a <3 caliber revolver and probably told +barca, ma!e it my day. -ecause of fear of being shot, he left and of course he was fuming mad. While outside of
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their house, he tried to thin!. :e was then suffering from obfuscation, passion and everything. :is testimony is that he was blinded by rage and everything so the only thing that he was able to thin! at that time is his friend, a member of the '+5D, who has an armalite rifle. :e hired a vehicle or he rode a passenger vehicle. :e was able to arrive at the destination of the '+5D,, he borrowed the armalite rifle of the '+5D,, he went bac! to their house, he did not find his wife and Fingsley 'o. :e again tried to thin!, where could I find this people. :e !new that Fingsley 'o is addicted to playing mah*ong and he !nows the places where Fingsley 'o usually plays mah*ong to pass away his time. When he went to a mah*ong parlor, he saw 'o playing mah*ong. :e shifted the armalite mah*ong from a single fire to automatic fire and of course, cha! cha!, hmph, and he told those who were present at the time in Waray, those who are not concerned here, in Waray, please leave. That was the wording in the decision of the Supreme 'ourt. :e started firing at 'o and most of the bullets hit 'o but there were other bullets, because he shifted it to automatic fire, the others who did not leave because it is the 5ilipino way of life that they want to be always the eyewitness. +yaw umalis mga usyusero. +yun dalawa tinamaan. 4alubha. They suffered serious in*uries that almost cost their lives. :e was charged with 4urder and Eouble 5rustrated 4urder. :e was convicted in the lower court. The law says that he surprises his spouse etc in sexual intercourse etc and immediately thereafter either !illed his spouse or any one of them or inflicted serious physical in*uries etc, he should be sentenced to destierro. -ut it too! him more than an hour and in a different place to !ill the one who actually put a shit in his head. When the case reached the Supreme 'ourt, the S' said it is still within the purview of +rt. 1=?, reasoning out that had +barca tried to protect his honor, defend his honor, etc at that point when he discovered his wife having sex with 'o and he actually tried to inflict in*uries on anyone of them, he would be dead because 'o had a firearm. The period of one hour can be considered under the circumstances of the case as within a reasonable period of time or shall be considered as immediately thereafter. With respect to the place where Fingsley 'o was found, the Supreme 'ourt did not discuss that anymore. What happened is that with those reasoning of the S', +barca was convicted of death, under exceptional circumstances, sentenced to destierro and with respect to the two usyuseros, two witnesses, the S' said +barca, you should have been careful in firing the armalite rifle. >ou committed rec!less imprudence and that you are hereby sentenced to 1 months of imprisonment for the compound crime of serious physical in*uries or rec!less imprudence resulting to serious physical in*uries. Two months imprisonment. Then after that he was released because he had been in *ail for the last / years and he has already passed the bar exams. :e was not recommended to be charged of illegal possession of firearms, he was not. >ou !now for a fact that destierro do not have any accessory penalty. It has none. The same is true with rec!less imprudence resulting to serious physical in*uries. No accessory penalty. So all that he has to do is leave Tacloban 'ity for another
place not more than 100 !m away from Tacloban 'ity nor less than 1G !m from Tacloban 'ity. I was made to understand that he became a prosecutor. :e was allowed to ta!e his oath. -ut you see more than an hour has passed in that particular case. 4ore than an hour, hmph.. that is the case of 9eople v +barca. There is another case but then it is almost the same as the other cases. -ut the most intriguing case is the case of 9eople v. +barca. 9robably the S' has ta!en into consideration the fact that +barca was trying to improve their life and yet the wife, instead of being appreciative of what +barca was doing for the family, even had the temerity of being unfaithful to +barca. That is why the S' considered even a period of more than an hour as immediately thereafter. >ou !now the S' can extend all these because they are the S'. -ut that is the case of 9eople v +barca under +rt. 1=? of 89'. 4urder, no problemA +ctually, there is no problem about murder because if you are going to loo! at murder under +rt. 1=3, what was changed only is the penalty because the previous penalty under the old law is reclusion temporal in its max period to death. Now, no more, reclusion perpetua to death. They removed the reclusion temporal portion. 6!, there are still / but actually there are so many if you are going to loo! at it and enumerate them one by one. -ut they only lump them into / .ualifying aggravating circumstances. Now, supposing that it is the purpose of the offenders to !ill the victim but then they cannot *ust !ill the victim, so they !idnapped him first and !illed the victim. What crime is committed? 4urder? NoA +ccording to the S', it is !idnapping with murder. That is the case of 9eople v. 8amos, 1@? S'8+ /23,/=0,/=2 2@@3 citing the case of 9arulan. HuestionI In +rt. 1=?, it says engaged in sexual intercourse, what if they are *ust undressing? There is a dissenting opinion of $ustice 7aurel. That he is not in favor that the law should not extend to those circumstances which will prove actually that they had sexual intercourse, that it is not only during the act that the spouse must surprise the other. That is the dissenting opinion of $ustice 7aurel. +ctually there are some smart +lex who will say oh what are they going to do when they are on bed, both na!ed? 8ead the bible? 6r tell stories to each other? That is not what they are going to do so what should we have in mind then? (ither they have done it or they are going to do it and do you have to wait? (h, supposing the one who is going to wait is suffering from hypertension, heart disease, mauna pang mamatay yun. :e will not even be able to exercise his right under +rt. 1=? because actually it is a right eh, the penalty of destierro there is not a penalty. It is to prevent the relatives of the victim, the friends of the victim from retaliating or committing acts of vengeance or revenge against the spouse. That is the idea there. 6!. :omicide, there is no problem except when you have to correlate with 8+ 31@= conviction of illegal possession of firearms is not allowed under 31@= if the crime committed is homicide or murder because illegal possession of
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firearms is absorbed in the crime of homicide or murder with illegal possession of firearms being only a special aggravating circumstance. Is there a crime of rape with murder? NoA there is none. It is 9eople v. Nestorio Fwatson.&so n!s like -watson/ & st searc1 2or t1e real case name) There is such a crime which is special complex crime of rape with homicide but there is no such crime as rape with murder. There is none. Well according to the S', in criminal cases, the entire case is always open for review and giving the appellate court an opportunity to evaluate once more the totality of all the evidence including the proper designation of the offense. +nd the proper designation of the offense is rape with homicide and homicide should be interpreted in its generic sense. That would be even including murder and there is no such crime as rape with murder. 6!? Well penalty for frustrated parricide, murder or homicide, there is no problem here. Now, the next article is death due to tumultuous affray. >ou !now tumultuous, it must be composed of four or more armed persons provided with means of violence and there must be at least two groups who were not organi%ed for purposes of assaulting or attac!ing each other. The penalty is higher if a person dies on occasion or during the tumultuous affray, if the person who actually inflicted the fatal in*ury can be identified. The penalty is lesser in the event that the person who actually inflicted the fatal in*ury cannot be identified and only those who inflicted serious in*uries can be identified and they are all liable in death due to tumultuous affray. When you say tumultuous here, there is no direction etc. there are two groups of four or more ha because when you say tumultuous, apat yan pataas provided with means of violence. It s not gangs, it s not whatever basta any means of violence and that is what the law re.uires only. 9hysical in*uries, well the same application. If the person who inflicted the serious physical in*uries can be identified, the penalty is prision mayor or even lesser than that if they cannot be identified but definitely those persons who inflicted the in*uries maybe identified. Well there is no such crime as slight physical in*uries due to tumultuous affray because there is no penalty that can be imposed. That is an absolutory cause. >ou !now this is what we call in the street language. 8umble. Two groups they *ust meet each other, they are not organi%ed for purposes of attac!ing each other and then suddenly, a tumultuous affray erupts, ah, that is when there is tumultuous affray. It is most common in Tondo, Sampaloc, 9asay, in other areas etc where there are so many gangs. This is their preoccupation. Who wants to give assistance to another to commit suicide and who wants to commit suicide? +lright. +nyone who shall assist another to commit suicide shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor if such person lends his assistance. :is assistance must be active and invaluable in the commission of suicide. So if it is not active, it is not invaluable to the commission of suicide, the person who lends the assistance shall not be held criminally liable. If he did the !illing himself, the offender is liable for the crime of homicide or the penalty of
homicide shall be imposed upon him. Now, let me see, supposing you have a roommate. >our roommate told you, uy, pa!ibili mo nga a!o ng nylon rope sa hardware pag;uwi mo. -a!it, anong gagawin mo? 4ag;su;suicide a!o. 7o!o to. 7et s humor this fellow. This guy bought a rope made of nylon. In the morning when he wo!e up, patay. Is he liable? The roommate is already hanging in the beam of their house. >ou must have to remember, lending his assistance in the commission of suicide. Is buying a rope lending assistance, NoA because he can buy also a rope of his own if he wants. :e can also as! somebody. -ut supposing 9are, pa!itali mo nga yun rope na yan, mag;sui;suicide a!o. 6 cge, bahala !a. 9are pa!ilagyan mo nga ng stool dyan sa ibaba, I will have to step on the stool and when the stool is already there and I am already on top of the stool, !ic! the stool. :is participation therefore is active, invaluable, then he is lending his assistance. Well, if say for example, pare I am going to commit suicide, will you pull the trigger because I cannot pull the trigger, I am nervous, I don t want to hear the sound of the gun. >ou pull the trigger, ah as if you did the !illing yourself" Tape ends. +ept3 1E/ 2003 B0A %il!5 "what is important in infanticide is that the child was born alive whether the child is premature or whatever as long as the child is alive, that is what s important to constitute infanticide. It is not correct to say that if "o"here is 4r. Sia and 4s. Salva"I told you I am going to announce their entrance so Sia is actually angry at you because probably you were the one who suggested that their entrance be announced. The only modifying circumstances in infanticide is actually when the !illing of the child is to conceal the honor of the mother and it was the mother who !illed the child or when it is the maternal grandparents in order to conceal the honor of the daughter of the maternal grandparents. -ut the paternal grandparents, there is no way that they can be given any modifying circumstances that is mitigating when I say modify. They were saying that if a child is born alive but it has no chance of living, if the child is !illed, it is actually infanticide. That was the decision of the supreme court way bac! in the early 10 s"as a matter of fact it was still a decision of the supreme court when it was still being published in the 9hilippine reports. -ut there is another opinion that was floated wherein even if the child has no chance of living, as long as the child is born alive and the child is !illed, then it is infanticide. What would then be the crime that will be committed if somebody !illed a child who has no chance of living for about maybe 10 or =0 hours or =3 hours. There is no difference. What is actually not infanticide is when the child is born dead. +bortions"well
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there are how many !inds of abortions? We have intentional abortion, unintentional abortion"we have actually the abortion practiced by the woman herself and then the abortion practiced by a physician, by a midwife, and of course the dispensing of abortives by pharmacies. When you say intentional abortion, that is the employment of force or violence or intimidation upon a woman whom the offender !nows to be pregnant and the purpose in employing such violence is actually to cause an abortion. If that is not the purpose and there is an abortion, that is unintentional abortion. The determination of whether intentional or unintentional abortion is actually the acts prior to or simultaneous with the employment of force or violence upon the woman. There could also be intentional abortion in the event that the abortion was employed without any violence upon the woman"hmph, maybe abortives or some other !ind of means were employed upon the woman that is considered as an abortion without force or violence or intimidation being employed upon the woman but it is still intentional. It may not be with the consent of the woman. Now, if it is with the consent of the woman, it may be with force or violence or it may be without force or violence but the woman consented in the abortion. The law on abortion is actually a very tic!lish issue at this point because there are those who believe that the mother has the right to consider an abortion if it will be warranted under the circumstances. -ut there are those who are pro;life saying that the mother has no choice but to bear the child considering that it is not the fault of the child that the child became a fetus and therefore that child has the right to live. The right to be born. Well it is a long running debate of which I do not believe that it can be settled even at this point, as long as we have the 'atholic religion among our midst, they will ob*ect. Naturally, it is the teaching of the 'atholic religion that an unborn child has the right to live, on the other hand, there are even 'atholics who thin! that their very persons would probably demand an abortion in case where it is necessary. -ut up to the present, we cannot settle the issue and the only issue that has been settled is that there is a law on abortion and that it is against the law to perform an abortion, whether it is intentional or whether it is unintentional. The unintentional abortion may actually be with employment of force, violence or intimidation upon a person without !nowing either that the woman is pregnant or if even if the woman is pregnant, the person does not have an intention to cause her abortion. There is even abortion which may be committed through rec!less imprudence and that is rec!less imprudence resulting to unintentional abortion. >ou remember the case, as cited in your boo!, about the operator of a calesa or caritella or whatever they want to call it, when the horse went wild and there was a woman who was crossing the street and the calesa, the wheel of the calesa hit the woman causing her to have an abortion, the operator of the calesa was charged with rec!less imprudence resulting to unintentional abortion and he was convicted, but loo!, there is a debate there, who is at fault, is it the operator of the calesa or the horse? Well, maybe it is the fault of the operator of the calesa but then even if you are very
!ind to your animals etc. there are times when they won t be !ind to you and you would not be able to control them. Would that be considered as an insuperable cause? 4aybe. We do not !now. -ut it is included among those who may be held criminally liable for the crime of intentional abortion thru negligence or even imprudence. <1en a woman practices a6ortion pon 1ersel2 or even consents t1at t1e same 6e per2orme! pon 1er/ s1e s1all 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le 2or s c1 act o2 1ers an! t1e penalt0 is onl0 prision correccional in its me! an! ma7 perio!3 In t1e event t1at t1is woman commits t1is o22ense to conceal 1er !is1onor/ s1e will s 22er t1e penalt0 o2 prision correccional in its min an! me! perio!s3 #1 well t1e penalt0 is not act all0 t1e same to t1e maternal "ran!parents 6 t t1en t1e penalt0 s1o l! 6e prision correccional in its me! an! ma7 perio!3 J st like w1en t1e a6ortion was practice! 60 t1e woman 1ersel23 .ow/ remem6er t1at t1e a6ortion 1ere m st 6e committe! to conceal t1e !is1onor o2 t1e mot1er o2 t1e c1il! not to conceal t1e !is1onor o2 t1e 2amil0/ not to conceal t1e !is1onor o2 t1e "ran!parents/ noJ to conceal t1e !is1onor o2 t1e woman w1o "ot pre"nant3 +ome 1ave t1e impression t1at it is t1e !is1onor o2 t1e 2amil0 t1at was 6ro "1t 60 t1e pre"nanc0 o2 t1e woman an! t1at t1ere is a nee! 2or a6ortion an! t1e maternal "ran!parents were t1e one w1o practice! t1e same/ it wo l! 2all n!er intentional a6ortion an! not a6ortion practice! 60 t1e woman 1ersel2 or 60 "ran!parents3 In a6ortion/ w1en !o we consi!er a woman to 6e pre"nant= T1at is t1e pro6lem t1at 1as 6een a le"al iss e to most o2 t1ose w1o are in t1e co rts 6eca se even t1e p10sicians at times !o not know w1en a woman is pre"nant3 <1en is t1ere pre"nanc0 to speak o2= <1o is a !octor= <1o is a n rse= @o 0o know w1en is t1ere pre"nanc0= @o 0o know= Bes/ -ana1as1i/ 8 a woman is sai! to 6e pre"nant w1en a 2ertili5e! ov m is alrea!0 !eposite! insi!e t1e ter s o2 t1e mot1er3N T1at is accor!in" to t1e me!ical terms 6 t wo l! it 6e consi!ere! 2or all le"al intents an! p rposes as pre"nanc0= <1en I aske! a !octor/ 1e sai! well/ w1o is a law0er= :e sai! t1at m0 6elie2/ le"all0/ t1at is not 0et pre"nanc0 6eca se to 1im pre"nanc0 is t1e presence o2 t1e 2et s3 Is t1at alrea!0 a 2et s= .o/ so t1at is t1e pro6lem3 T1e law s1o l! !e2ine w1en a woman is pre"nant3 T1ere is no !e2inition o2 pre"nanc03 .one w1atsoever3 In cases o2 concealment o2 !is1onor/ t1e woman act all0 m st 1ave a "oo! rep tation onl03 It is not necessar0 t1at t1e woman is act all0 o2 an ns llie! rep tation3 'll t1at is re4 ire! is t1at s1e m st 1ave a "oo! rep tation3 %a06e s1e is a "oo! woman 6 t s1e 1as 6a! 1a6its3 T1at is w1at t1e0 are sa0in"/ 6 t it is t1e rep tation o2 t1e woman t1at co nts w1et1er s1e ma06e entitle! to conceal 1er !is1onor or not3 .ow/ a6ortion practice! 60 a p10sician or 60 a mi!wi2e/ t1ere is no pro6lem wit1 t1at 6eca se t1ese people are s ppose! to 1elp in t1e !eliver0 o2 6a6ies an! instea! t1e0 are t1e ones w1o are killin" t1e 6a6ies3 In ot1er wor!s/ t1ese people are s ppose! to 6e p nis1e! wit1 a more severe penalt0 t1an t1at o2 t1e ot1ers3 B t t1en as 0o will note 2rom t1e provisions o2 t1e law/ t1e penalt0 wo l! 6e 6ase! n!er 'rt3 2,I o2 R$C3 T1at wo l! 6e
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act all0 a ver0/ ver0 serio s penalt0 consi!erin" t1at 'rt3 2,I is a serio s o22ense3 T1e !ispensation o2 a6ortives wit1o t an0 prescription 60 a competent p10sician an! it is a p1armacist w1o !ispense! t1e same/ it is also a crime 6 t t1e penalt0 is simpl0 arresto ma0or3 .ow/ o r pro6lem is s pposin" t1e person w1o !ispense! t1e a6ortives is not a p1armacist3 <ell/ i2 it is wit1 t1e consent o2 t1e woman it will 2all n!er t1e intentional a6ortion wit1 t1e consent o2 t1e woman3 I2 it is wit1o t 1er consent/ it is intentional a6ortion wit1o t t1e consent o2 t1e woman an! wit1o t 2orce or violence3 :ow a6o t t1ose w1o are s ppose! to 6e known to almost ever0one= :ow a6o t t1ose practicin" t1eir tra!e at t1e si!e o2 t1e F iapo c1 rc1= :ave 0o 6een t1ere= :ave 0o 1a! t1e occasion o2 & st takin" a walk near F iapo c1 rc1= T1e0 will even ask 0o / o anon" kailan"an mo 6oss= $ampala"la" or w1atever3 # pa1 1 la ka3 .an! n la1at n" racket e13 <ell/ I !o not know w10 t1e c1 rc1 is act all0 toleratin" all t1ese people w1en t1e0 are a"ainst a6ortion 0et t1e people t1ere 6esi!e t1e c1 rc1 are t1e ones w1o are practicin" a6ortion or "ivin" a6ortives3 'ct all0/ t1e a6ortives are ma!e o2 eit1er 1er6s or 1er6 or w1atever/ roots/ plants/ or w1at 1as 6een !iscovere! 60 t1e ol! 2olks ! rin" t1eir times an! it is still e22ective as it is proven 60 people t1ereat3 Is t1ere a !i22erence 6etween a p1armacolo"ist an! a p1armacist= T1ere is3 <1at I n!erstan! o2 a p1armacist is act all0 t1e ol! p1armacists are t1e ones w1o are mi7in" !r "s in or!er t1at it ma0 6e !ispense! wit1 to an0 patient 6 t t1e p1armacolo"ists are t1ose w1o & st rea! t1e prescription o2 t1e !octor3 I !o not know w1et1er it is t1e reverse 6 t it is m0 n!erstan!in" t1at t1e two are not t1e same3 's o2 now/ are t1ere still !r "s t1at 1ave to 6e mi7e! in or!er t1at t1e0 ma06e "iven to a patient= @istille! <ater= .ot onl0 t1at/ I t1ink t1ere are still !r "s/ at least two or t1ree !r "s t1at are 6ein" mi7e! 6e2ore t1e0 are a!ministere! an! we !o not know 1ow t1e0 are !oin" it 6 t still t1ere are3 $ero sa merc r0 wala ata e13 .o/ t1ere is/ t1ere is one 6 t t1en it is 4 ite e7pensive 6eca se it will take 0o 1ow man0 1o rs= Be2ore 0o can "et it= Ra220A J !"e it !epen!s on t1e me!icine t1at 0o will "et3 Topical applications ma!ali 0an 0 n pero 0 n me!icines na i6a/ mata"al 0 n3 Bes 6eca se we "ot one an! it took s two !a0s or 4L 1o rs to "et it3 T1at is t1eir &o63 @ el/ t1is is a 2ormal com6at 6etween two persons wit1 all t1e 2ormalities o2 an0 com6at as !one ! rin" t1e ol!en !a0s3 <1en 0o sa0 ! el/ t1ere m st 6e an a"reement 6etween two parties an! t1at it is a concerte! com6at 6etween two persons in t1e presence o2 at least two persons w1o are s ppose! to 6e t1e secon!s3 T1ere ma0 6e ot1ers like a !octor an! t1en t1ese people w1o are present m st 6e o2 law2 l a"e3 I2 t1e0 are not o2 law2 l a"e/ it is not a ! el/ an! t1en t1ere is a selection o2 arms/ t1ere is a 2i7in" o2 time3 T1ere are t1e 2i7in" o2 weapons an! s c1 ot1er a"reements t1at t1e com6atants ma0 a"ree on3 T1e0 ma0 a"ree t1at i2 t1ere is alrea!0 a mortal wo n! s 22ere! 60 one t1en t1e ! el s1o l! 6e stoppe!3 I2 t1e0 a"ree! t1at it is a ! el to t1e !eat1/ ok/ ! el to !eat1 no
pro6lem3 )se o2 pistols/ se o2 sa6ers/ se o2 swor!s/ well/ it is se o2 knives/ & st t1e same as lon" as t1e 2ormalities o2 a concerte! com6at is present wit1 all t1e con!itions t1at ma06e set 2ort1 in t1e a"reement 6etween t1e two3 In t1e event t1at no person s 22ers an0 in& r0/ act all0 t1e parties w1o participate! in t1e ! el are still lia6le3 <10 are t1e0 lia6le= It is 6eca se o2 t1e social !an"er t1at t1e0 poses as t1e same wo l! 6e i2 tolerate!/ 6e committe! a"ain 60 ot1er persons3 %ere c1allen"in" to a 2i"1t or a 2i"1t to t1e !eat1/ w1ic1 is ma!e a"ainst anot1er person is not c1allen"in" to a ! el3 T1e c1allen"e m st 6e t1at it is act all0 a 2ormal one eit1er t1r interme!iar0 or t1r letters etc an! act all0 t1e c1allen"e m st contain all t1e con!itions set 2ort1 in an act al com6at3 Can an insti"ator in c1allen"in" to a ! el 6e also p nis1e!= Bes3 (ven t1e insti"ators are lia6le in c1allen"in" to a ! el3 #kJ <e "o to p10sical in& ries3 T1ere is no pro6lem wit1 respect to m tilation3 <1en 0o sa0 m tilation t1at is act all0 t1e removal or i2 not removal/ w1o s1all intentionall0 m tilate anot1er person 60 !eprivin" 1im o2 a part or t1e w1ole o2 an essential or"an o2 repro! ction3 <e 1ave 1a! t1e occasion o2 1avin" to rea! ever0!a0/ almost ever0!a0 m tilations in t1e newspapers3 It all starte! wit1 Lorena Bo66it3 J st like t1e 94 1ere/ ever06o!0 is talkin" a6o t 943 '2ter a mont1 or two/ wala na 0an" 94 na 0an3 It is simpl0 a/ s1all we call it/ it is like t1e rain0 season or 0es/ t1at is a 2act t1at we 1ave to conten! wit13 <ell/ it is m tilation/ act all0 even i2 t1e essential or"an o2 repro! ction is not totall0 !ama"e! or m tilate!/ 6 t as lon" as it is partiall0 !ama"e!/ t1en t1ere is m tilation3 I tol! 0o t1at 9ilipinos are 2on! o2 imitatin" ot1er people in t1e worl! w1en t1at Lorena Bo66it case was p 6lis1e! in t1e newspapers almost ever0 week/ 0o will see in t1e newspapers/ t1e wi2e "ot a ra5or/ "ot a scissor/ "ot a kni2e etc 6 t w1at is worse is w1at 1appene! in Batan"as3 <1en t1e 1 s6an! 6ecame &ealo s an! s specte! t1at 1is wi2e is 1avin" an a22air wit1 a ver0 0o n" man/ w1o is even less t1an 1L 0ears o2 a"e/ so w1at 1e !i! was to a6! ct t1e 0o n" man/ 6rin" t1e 0o n" man to t1eir 1o se/ "ot a c1oppin" 6oar! an! a 6olo an! c t t1e or"an o2 t1e 0o n" man an! t1e worst part o2 it is t1at 1e "ot a 6ottle/ 2ill it wit1 2ormalin an! place! t1e portion t1at 1e c t in t1e 2ormalin an! !ispla0e! it in t1e sala3 <ell/ t1e co rt act all0 was ver0 nice to 1im 6eca se t1e co rt sentence! 1im to recl sion perpet a/ 6eca se t1e0 consi!ere! i"nomin0 t1ere3 I"nomin0/ t1e !ispla0 o2 t1e part t1at was c t in t1e sala o2 t1e o22en!er is i"nominio s to t1e victim/ 1e was sentence! to recl sion perpet a3 I !on>t know i2 0o can !o it 6 t let>s see3 Let s & st take p10sical in& ries as a r le 6eca se p10sical in& ries/ t1ere are so man0 kin!s o2 p10sical in& ries3 T1e wa0 o2 committin" p10sical in& ries is 60 assa ltin"/ 6eatin"/ wo n!in" anot1er3 It !epen!s pon w1at kin! o2 in& r0 is s 22ere! 60 t1e o22en!e! part03 I2 t1e o22en!e! part0 6ecame insane/ 6ecame an im6ecile/ or impotent or 6lin!/ or n!er similar circ mstances/ it is t1e 2irst kin! o2 serio s p10sical in& ries an! t1e penalt0 t1ere is prision ma0or3 .ow/
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i2 t1ere is onl0 a loss o2 one e0e/ or t1e person 6ecame !ea2 or 1e lost t1e sense o2 smell/ 1e cannot an0more smell t1e scent o2 2lowers/ t1en t1at is t1e secon! kin!3 .ow/ w1en it comes to !eterminin" w1et1er a person s 22ere! p10sical in& ries w1ic1 is serio s or not serio s/ t1is is t1e r le3 I2 t1e person 1as an occ pation/ a le"al occ pation/ to !etermine w1et1er t1e in& r0 t1at 1e s 22ere! is serio s or not/ asi!e 2rom 1is 1ospitali5ation or atten!ance 60 a p10sician 0o s1o l! also consi!er t1e perio! wit1in w1ic1 1e 2aile! to en"a"e 1imsel2 to 1is s al occ pation3 T1at is i2 1e 1as an occ pation3 I2 1e 1as no occ pation/ t1e perio! t1at will !eci!e w1et1er t1e in& r0 is serio s/ less serio s or sli"1t/ is onl0 t1e me!ical atten!ance or t1e perio! o2 1is 1ospitali5ation t1at is all3 Bo will sa0 sir/ t1at is ver0 n2air3 <ell/ t1at is not n2air 6eca se 1e !oes not want to !evote 1imsel2 to a law2 l occ pation3 +o/ i2 t1at person w1o is not !evotin" 1imsel2 to a law2 l callin" is in& re! 60 ot1ers/ 6ein" 6eaten/ wo n!e!/ assa lte!/ etc/ it is onl0 t1e perio! o2 me!ical atten!ance or 1ospitali5ation t1at s1o l! 6e t1e 6asis o2 w1et1er t1e p10sical in& ries s1o l! 6e sli"1t/ less serio s or serio s3 B t i2 1e is workin"/ a1/ 0o incl !e 1is incapacit0 to en"a"e 1imsel2 to 1is law2 l occ pation to"et1er wit1 t1e act al 1ospitali5ation or me!ical atten!ance3 T1at is t1e r le3 It is !i22erent wit1 permanent p10sical !isa6ilit0 6eca se permanent p10sical !isa6ilit0 is !i22erent3 Bo wo n!e! a person in an0 visi6le part o2 1is 6o!0 w1ic1 wo l! s1ow permanent p10sical !isa6ilit0 or permanent in& r0 t1en it is act all0 serio s p10sical in& ries/ like wo n!in" a person on 1is 2ace w1ic1 will leave a scar 2orever3 T1at is serio s p10sical in& ries even i2 1e sta0e! in t1e 1ospital 2or onl0 two or t1ree !a0s3 I2 0o 1it a person on 1is mo t1 6 t 1e lost two o2 1is 2ront teet1/ t1at is serio s p10sical in& ries even i2 1e 1as to 6e atten!e! 60 a !entist 2or onl0 one !a03 B t i2 t1e teet1 is locate! in an area w1ic1 it is not visi6le to t1e p 6lic/ i2 t1e o22en!e! part0 opens 1is mo t1/ t1en it is not serio s p10sical in& ries 6eca se it is not/ t1e permanent p10sical !isa6ilit0 is not evi!ent to t1e "eneral p 6lic3 T1at is t1e wa0 1ow to !etermine w1et1er an in& r0 is serio s/ less serio s or sli"1t3 I2 t1e victim is a minor/ t1e o22en!er s1all 6e prosec te! n!er R' ED103 In sli"1t p10sical in& ries/ t1e same penalt0 as t1at w1ic1 is provi!e! 2or n!er 'rt3 2DD o2 R$C3 I2 it is serio s p10sical in& ries/ t1e same penalt0/ t1ere is no c1an"e3 T1e onl0 c1an"e is act all0 t1e 2act t1at t1e case s1all 6ecome wit1in t1e & ris!iction o2 t1e 9amil0 co rt3 <ell/ p10sical in& ries ma0 also 6e committe! t1r reckless impr !ence or t1e case wo l! 6e reckless impr !ence res ltin" to serio s/ less serio s or sli"1t p10sical in& ries3 .ow/ s pposin" a person was sta66e! 60 an ice peak on 1is c1in/ a2ter 1is c1in "ot well/ 1e looks like %ic1ael @o "las alrea!0/ it improve! 1is appearance3 .ow/ are 0o "oin" to consi!er t1at as serio s p10sical in& ries= Is t1at a !e2ormit0= T1at is w1at I am tr0in" to ask3 .o/ it is not a !e2ormit0 6eca se it !i! not c1an"e 1is appearance to one t1at is !isa"reea6le3 .o/ m0 statement is correct 6eca se w1en 0o sa0 !e2ormit0/ it m st 6e a !isa"reea6le appearance to t1e one w1o possesses t1at appearance3 (1 k n" " mwapo lalo/ e1 ok to3 :e will not complain an0more pro6a6l0 or i2 1e
complains t1at wo l! 6e onl0 p to t1e e7tent o2 eit1er t1e perio! o2 me!ical atten!ance or 1ospitali5ation or act all0 t1e perio! wit1 w1ic1 t1e same 1eale! 6 t i2 sa0 2or e7ample/ 1e !oes not want 1is appearance/ 1e will sa0/ a1 no/ I !on>t like t1is3 B t well/ t1ere are t1ose w1o even wante! to 1ave a scar on t1eir c1eeks3 %ac1o !aw an" !atin"3 <ell/ I !on>t know it !epen!s pon 1ow 0o look at 0o rsel23 '!ministration o2 in& rio s s 6stances re2ers to act al takin" or i2 not takin" o2 t1e s 6stances/ t1e intro! ction o2 t1e s 6stance in t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e o22en!e! part03 T1rowin" an aci! to t1e 2ace o2 t1e victim or to t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e victim is not serio s p10sical in& ries n!er 'rt3 2D4/ it will 6e serio s p10sical in& ries n!er t1e prece!in" articles/ eit1er 2D2 or 2D13 +o t1e a!ministration o2 in& rio s s 6stance is t1e in&ection/ a!ministration/ t1e takin" as lon" as it is in"este! to t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e victim/ t1at is/ well/ a!ministration o2 in& rio s s 6stances3 I2 t1ere is intent to kill/ attempte! or 2r strate! m r!er or 1omici!e3 I2 it is poison/ it is m r!er3 I2 t1ere is an ine22ect al or ine22ective means/ or ina!e4 ate means/ t1en t1at is impossi6le crime3 <ell/ we 1ave !isc sse! less serio s p10sical in& ries/ t1ere is no pro6lem3 +li"1t p10sical in& ries w1ic1 incl !es maltreatment/ 0es3 F estionA <1at a6o t & !"e t1ose people w1o in2lict ot1er people wit1 ai!s= +a m"a movie1o ses/ contaminate! wit1 ai!s= '1/ w1at !o 0o t1ink= T1at is attempte! m r!er3 :in!i naman conta"ion o2 cattle 0 n e13 Bo are not sprea!in" an0 !isease o2 a cattle/ 0o are sprea!in" a !ea!l0 !isease o2 1 mans3 T1at is attempte! m r!er at t1e start w1en t1e vir s act all0 was transmitte!/ t1at is w1en it 6ecomes 2r strate! m r!er3 B t t1en ! rin" t1e pen!enc0 o2 t1e case an! t1e person !ies/ 0o are "oin" to amen! t1e in2ormation to m r!er 6eca se o2 s pervenin" event3 Bes3 '""ravatin" pati 0 n 1a/ tantamo nt to se o2 poison3 F estionA J !"e/ w1at i2 2or e7ample t1e patient was still alive w1en t1e trial en!e!/ an! t1en s 6se4 entl0 1e !ies , 0ears a2ter t1e & !"ment= '1/ tapos na3 wala na/ no reme!03 Beca se t1e criminal lia6ilit0 is onl0 availa6le w1en it comes to attempte! an! 2r strate! p to t1e time t1at t1e person is alive an! t1at t1e s pervenin" event cannot s rpass a2ter t1e !eat1 o2 t1e victim/ i2 t1ere is alrea!0 a & !"ment3 +o t1e & !"ment m st come prior to t1e !eat1 an! t1e & !"ment m st not 0et 1ave 6een 2inal an! e7ec tor0 6eca se i2 it alrea!0 2inal an! e7ec tor0 an! t1ere is alrea!0 a lon" perio! o2 time t1at 1a! lapse!/ t1en 0o cannot an0more consi!er an0 s pervenin" event3 T1e reason t1ere is t1at t1e s pervenin" event m st 6e closel0 relate! to t1e events t1at transpire!/ i2 not/ 0o cannot consi!er it3 <ell/ act all0 s pposin" t1at a person was a victim o2 s c1 a sit ation/ a2ter t1e acc se! was sentence! 60 t1e co rts o2 2r strate! m r!er/ i2 t1e acc se! !ies wit1in 1, !a0s/ t1at t1e & !"ment 1as not 0et 6ecome 2inal an! e7ec tor0/ it ma06e amen!e!3 I mean not t1e acc se! 6 t i2 t1e victim !ies3 B t i2 t1e victim !ies a2ter t1e & !"ment 1as 6ecome 2inal/ no more3 It ma0 appear to 6e n& st 6 t
43 %a&'rvin
t1e0 s1o l! amen! t1e law an! t1e0 s1o l! amen! t1e & rispr !ence3 T1e0 s1o l!3 %e/ I wo l! rat1er t1at it 6e incl !e! an! consi!ere! as a s pervenin" event !espite t1e 2act t1at t1e & !"ment 1as alrea!0 6ecome 2inal an! e7ec tor0 ! e to t1e 2act t1at t1e !evelopment o2 'i!s comes in 0ears an! not in mont1s or a 0ear3 It !evelops in a6o t , or 10 0ears3 T1at is w10 I !o not like t1e provision in R' L3,3 t1at i2 t1e o22en!er in rape cases is a22licte! wit1 ai!s an! knowin" t1at 1e is t1 s in2licte!/ 1e rape! a woman/ it is still necessar0 t1at 1e transmits t1e vir s to t1e woman in or!er t1at t1e same ma0 6e consi!ere! 4 ali2ie! rape3 I2 I ma0 sa0 so/ t1at provision o2 t1e law is n2air to women3 Is it necessar0 to consi!er t1e transmittal as an element= I !on>t t1ink so 6eca se t1e !etection o2 w1et1er t1ere is a transmittal o2 t1e vir s or not to t1e woman wo l! nat rall0 6e in a6o t 1ow man0 0ears3 2 or 33 I !o not know now/ ma06e wit1 mo!ern me!icine/ 6 t it se! to 6e , 0ears3 T1e0 sai! t1at inc 6ation perio! o2 t1e vir s o2 ai!s? +i!e B ?I 1ave not st !ie! t1e s 6&ect matter3 B t we !o not know e13 @o we 1ave an0 mac1ine t1at wo l! pro6a6l0 6e o2 se to t1e 9ilipinos in connection wit1 !etection o2 ai!s at an earl0 sta"e= <ala 0ata no1/ 6eca se it is ver0 e7pensive3 F estionA <1at i2 t1e woman rape! an! t1e 6a60 "ets ai!s as well/ wo l! it 6e consi!ere! as two crimes= .o/ onl0 one crime3 Beca se it is a contin o s e1/ a sin"le act3 It is not even a comple7 crime e1/ it is onl0 a sin"le act3 Beca se t1e ai!s o2 t1e 6a60 came 2rom t1e mot1er/ ! 6a= 'lri"1t/ rape3 <e are alrea!0 in rape3 Is t1ere an0 pro6lem in rape= (ver06o!0 1as rea! rape3 I2 0o 1ave rea! t1e case o2 $eople v Camp 1an an! i2 0o 1ave rea! t1e case in connection wit1 w1at we call t1e lim6 s0n!rome case/ t1en 0o know alrea!0 1ow to !etermine w1et1er t1e rape is attempte! an! cons mmate! an! o2 co rse i2 0o 1ave rea! t1e ot1er cases in connection wit1 w1at is 4 ali2ie! rape t1en 0o are ok3 T1e onl0 pro6lem is act all0 1ow to !etermine w1et1er rape was committe! t1r 2ra ! lent mac1ination or a6 se o2 a t1orit0 an! a6o t se7 al assa lt 6eca se we 1ave a !i22erent view in connection wit1 se7 al assa lt3 T1ere are 1ow man0 kin!s o2 rape at present= F ali2ie! rape is t1e most serio s3 :in!i s s no! pa ! n/ stat tor0/ t1en or!inar0 rape an! 0o 1ave t1e marital rape an! 0o 1ave t1e se7 al assa lt3 T1e0 are all terme! as rape alt1o "1 it is act all0 se7 al assa lt3 T1e 4 ali2ie! rape are s ppose! to 6e compose! o2 10 en merations3 B t 0o know t1at rape ma06e committe! 60 an0 person/ act all0 it is not 60 an0 person/ 60 a man/ 6 t it s1o l! 6e 60 an0 person e1 6eca se a woman also ma06e a coconspirator also e13 T1at is w10 I 1ave 6een sa0in" all alon" t1at 60 a man onl03 .o1J (1 s pposin" it was a woman w1o in! ce! a man to rape a woman/ so s1e will 6e e7empte! 6eca se t1e law !i! not sa0 an0 person3 +o/ it co l! 6e an0 person 6 t in t1e law/ an0 man w1o s1all 1ave carnal knowle!"e o2 a woman/
tala"an" woman 1a/ not an arti2icial one3 -asi meron e13 #nl0 recentl0/ an arti2icial woman was tr0in" to "et a marria"e license in %akati/ s1e was re2 se! 60 t1e local civil re"istrar3 +1e went to t1e prosec tor>s o22ice an! aske! 2or a le"al opinion3 T1e prosec tor sai! I !o not know an0t1in" a6o t it3 I 1ave 1a! no e7perience re"ar!in" t1at matter3 +o/ 1e sai!/ 0o can ask some o2 t1e & !"es an! most o2 t1e & !"es pointe! to me/ m0 "oll0 I sai!/ I onl0 aske! 1er/ ok/ w1at are 0o = +1e sai!/ I am a woman3 're 0o s re= <ell/ I 1ave 1a! a se7 c1an"e3 '1 0o are a man3 .o pro6lem3 Bo >re still a man3 (ven i2 0o can "et/ I sai!/ a !eclaration 2rom t1e Co rt t1at 0o are a woman/ 2or all le"al intents an! p rposes/ 0o are still a man/ an! 0o cannot "et marrie!3 (1/ s1e sai!/ some6o!0 allowe! t1e marria"e 6etween a man w1o 1a! a se7 c1an"e an! a man at F e5on Cit03 T1at is t1ere pro6lem t1ere/ 1ere noJ Bo "o t1ere/ I sai!3 T1e p rpose o2 marria"e act all0/ n!er o r 2amil0 co!e is to raise a 2amil03 Can t1e0 raise a 2amil0= ' 2amil0 o2 t1eir own/ comin" 2rom t1em= .o wa0/ t1e0 can raise onl0 an arti2icial 2amil0 so ever0t1in" is arti2icial3 T1e0 s1o l! also raise arti2icial 2lowers an! trees3 F estionA J !"e/ meron !aw ! 6an" ano/ pina0a"an sa 6irt1 certi2icate/ c1i-nan"e 0 n se7 n0a e1 someone w1o 1a! a se7 c1an"e/ tapos c1i-nan"e 0 n sa 6irt1 certi2icate n0a an! it was allowe! 2rom male to 2emale3 <ell t1e & !"e in anot1er station allowe! t1at3 B t i2 I am "oin" to 6e t1e & !"e/ I will not allow t1at3 T1at is t1e se7 t1at "o! "ave 0o an! 0o 1ave no ri"1t to alter it3 .ow/ i2 0o want to alter it/ !on>t ask me to stamp m0 approval in t1at alteration3 Bo ask ma06e some6o!0 else>s approval 6 t not me3 Beca se w1at I know o2 a woman is a nat ral woman an! t1at is it3 .ak / e1 na"-6i6ir an n"a e13 <e were 3 & !"es/ we were &okin"3 +a6i n n" isan" & !"eA (1 san mo itina"o 0 n" 6inawas sa0o= -asi/ si" ra!o ma0 6inawas sa0o san mo !inala 0 n= (wan ko/ 1in!i ko alam3 I was not intereste! in t1e answer3 (1e was la "1in" "i""l0) (1/ k n" 6i"lan" 6 ma6a 0 n3 'no na naman 0 n" man"0a0ari ! n= :mp1/ e1 !i malakin" sapin na naman 0 n3 :e1e1e3 I will not 6e a part0 to t1at3 #k3 <ell/ w1en a man 1a! carnal knowle!"e o2 a woman n!er t1e 2ollowin" circ mstances 1ere/ well/ t1r 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation w1en t1e woman is nconscio s or ot1erwise !eprive! o2 reason/ an! 60 means o2 2ra ! lent mac1ination or a6 se o2 a t1orit03 *rave a6 se o2 a t1orit0 or w1en t1e o22en!e! part0 is n!er 12 0ears o2 a"e or is !emente! even t1o "1 none o2 t1e circ mstances mentione! a6ove are present3 B0 an0 person w1o n!er an0 o2 t1e circ mstances are mentione! a6ove/ para"rap1 one/ s1all commit an act o2 se7 al assa lt 60 insertin" 1is penis into t1e mo t1 o2 anot1er person or in t1e anal ori2ice o2 anot1er or 60 insertin" an instr ment or o6&ect33eto an" pina"tatal nan e1/ is a 2in"er an instr ment= Bes/ it is an instr ment 2or a " itar/ 2or a piano3 B t/ look/ 1e1/ o6&ect/ o6&ect means it is not part o2 t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e o22en!er3 I2 it is part o2 t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e o22en!er/ it is not an o6&ect an0more3 It is
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a part o2 1 man 6o!03 $ t lin mo ok are"la!o3 +o/ alt1o "1 t1e opinion o2 J stice :ilarion '4 ino/ t1e one w1o is teac1in" at t1e $J'/ t1e 2at1er o2 9r3 Rannie/ t1e J@/ w1o is not a law0er an! w1o teac1es at t1e $1ilippine J !icial 'ca!em0 in relation to 'r6itration incl !in" .e"otia6le Instr ments3 .o o22ense meant 1a3 .a"taka ako ! n3 <10 is it t1at t1e + preme Co rt is allowin" a nonlaw0er to teac1 & !"es o2 e7istin" laws an! e7istin" r les3 %a6 ti k n" practitioner/ ako papa0a"3 $ero & !"es/ m k1a 0atan" mali e13 %ali3 T1ere opinion is t1at a 2in"er is to 6e interprete! as an o6&ect3 <1ile I was atten!in" a seminar at t1e $J'/ I sai! I will a"ree wit1 0o & stice an! 2r3 Rannie i2 we c t t1e 2in"er o2 t1e man or an06o!0 else an! t1en se it3 T1at is alrea!0 an o6&ect3 B t i2 it is still a part o2 t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e person/ it is still/ it is not an o6&ect or instr ment as re2erre! to n!er t1e law3 'n0wa0/ t1ere was a !ecision o2 +C/ I !o not know w1et1er it is c rrent3 T1ere was a case 1ere w1ic1 we !i"este! w1erein it was state! t1at t1e se o2 a 2in"er is an act o2 lascivio sness3 I cannot onl0 2in! it ri"1t now/ 6eca se I 1ave not 0et arran"e! all t1is e13 +tatementA J !"e 0o sai! it was people v3 @03 'n! it was act all0 a2ter t1e passa"e o2 L3,33 <e trie! to veri20 it3 F estionA J !"e/ can 0o se also t1at ar" ment to cover ot1er parts o2 t1e 6o!0= (1/ ikaw naman o1/ 0o are askin" 2or so man0 t1in"s3 (1 s pposin"/ 0o are $inocc1io/ 1a1a1a1a/ 0o want to me to e7plain 2 rt1er3 ("i""les 2rom t1e class) (1/ kinakain sa C1inese resta rant 0 n e1/ c1icken 2eet3 :a= .evermin!3 Beca se some6o!0 mi"1t r n a2ter me i2 I sa0/ w1o 1as t1e 1ar!est ton" e in t1e $1ilippines3 +o some6o!0 mi"1t r n a2ter me/ nevermin!3 <1en t1ere is a relations1ip 6etween t1e o22en!er an! t1e o22en!e! part0 an! t1at t1e o22en!e! part0 is a minor/ t1e moral ascen!anc0 takes place over intimi!ation3 +o/ even i2 t1ere is no act al intimi!ation/ w1en t1ere is a relations1ip 6etween t1e o22en!er an! t1e o22en!e! part0 w1ic1 is so close like an ascen!ant an! a !escen!ant/ a common-law 2at1er to common-law !a "1ter/ a step2at1er to a step!a "1ter etc t1en t1at moral ascen!anc0 s 6stit tes 2or intimi!ation3 Bo !on>t 1ave to prove intimi!ation3 'll t1at 0o 1ave to prove is moral ascen!anc0 an! t1at t1ere was no consent3 T1at is all t1at 0o 1ave to esta6lis1 an! t1en t1ere will 6e rape3 #2 co rse/ we are e7pan!in" t1e same too m c1 6 t t1at is t1e r lin" o2 t1e +C3 B t sometimes t1ere was even a case o2 w1ic1 I was s rprise! t1at t1e co rt consi!ere!/ t1e statement o2 a !a "1ter to 6e a statement t1at wo l! act all0 e7c se t1e 2at1er 2rom criminal lia6ilit0 in a case o2 rape3 .ow/ t1is !a "1ter w1ile s1e was still 0o n" was alrea!0 t1e s 6&ect o2 se7 al assa lt 2rom t1e 2at1er3 <1en s1e reac1e! t1e a"e o2 1E/ etc an! 1L/ t1en t1e same contin e!3 <1en s1e testi2ie! in co rt/ 1er testimon0 is to t1e e22ect t1at s1e learne! to love 1er 2at1er as a lover3 's 1er lover3 Bo know 60 t1at simple statement o2 t1e !a "1ter/ t1e +C ac4 itte! t1e 2at1er3 It was not a sweet1eart !e2ense 1a3 In ot1er wor!s/ accor!in" to t1e +C t1ere/ even i2 t1ere is a relations1ip t1at is illicit/ ille"itimate an! incest o s/ i2 t1e o22en!e! part0 consente! an! s1e is alrea!0 o2
a"e to "ive 1er consent/ t1en t1ere is no rape3 .ow/ t1e prosec tion is ar" in"/ as t1e +C 1as en nciate! in several cases t1at moral ascen!anc0 s 6stit tes 2or intimi!ation 6 t t1en accor!in" to t1e ar" ment o2 t1e acc se!/ t1at was w1en t1e woman sai!/ s1e !i! not consent3 B t 1ere t1e woman a!mitte! t1at 1er 2at1er is 1er lover3 +o/ +C sai!/ no wa0 we cannot 2in! t1e acc se! " ilt0 an! nat rall0/ 1e 1as to 6e ac4 itte!3 T1at>s a case an! it>s in m0 6ook/ it is in t1e 6ook t1at I am preparin"3 F estionA +ince a crime was committe! w1en s1e was still a minor/ co l!n>t t1e 2at1er 6e lia6le o2 rape= 'lri"1t/ t1is is w1at 1as 1appene! in anot1er case3 ' case a"ain o2 2at1er an! !a "1ter3 T1e "irl was rape!/ act all0 rape!3 'n! s1e was 1D3 '2ter 1avin" 6een rape!/ s1e !i!n>t 2ile a complain?s1e tol! 1er 2at1er t1at i2 0o rape me a"ain/ I am "oin" to 2ile a case a"ainst 0o ?3w1en s1e reac1e! t1e a"e o2 more t1an 1L/ s1e was a"ain rape! 60 1er 2at1er?so s1e 2ile! two cases o2 rape a"ainst t1e 2at1er?nat rall0 trial ens e! etc3 #ne 4 estion t1ere t1at was ver0 interestin" in t1e transcript t1at was 4 ote! 60 t1e +C is 8w1en 0o reac1 t1e a"e o2 1L/ was t1e par!on "iven 60 0o to 0o r 2at1er still e22ective=N +1e sai! 80esN3 T1e par!on stoppe! onl0 a2ter 0o r 2at1er rape! 0o a"ain3 BesJ #nl0 t1at is t1e en!3 Bo know t1e +C ac4 itte! t1e 2at1er 2or t1e rape w1en s1e was 1D 0ears ol!/ 6 t convicte! t1e 2at1er 2or t1e rape w1en s1e was alrea!0 past 1L 0rs ol!/ consi!erin" t1at w1en t1e par!on "iven w1en s1e was still a minor at t1at time contin e! wit1 t1e e22ectivit0 o2 t1e par!on p to t1e time w1en s1e was past 1L 0rs ol! an! t1at was vali! accor!in" to t1e +C3 <ell 0o know t1e +c sometimes !o not want penalties w1ic1 wo l! s all0 6e !eat1 in cases o2 rape3 T1e0 will 2in! wa0s an! means not to impose t1e !eat1 penalt0 w1en it comes to rape3 T1e0 are so strict in t1e implementation o2 t1e r les o2 proce! re an! r les on evi!ence in connection wit1 crimes o2 rape3 +ir t1at is consi!ere! w1en rape was still a crime a"ainst c1astit0= # 0es/ t1at is correct3 +ir i2 t1at case 1appens now= I !on>t t1ink so 6 t t1en i2 s1e sa0s t1at sa0 2or e7ample/ s1e 1as alrea!0 consi!ere! t1e same as an e7perience an! s1e !i!n>t sa0 t1at s1e neit1er consente! nor !i! s1e re2 se or !i! s1e protest etc?t1at wo l! 6e a t1in" to work on in connection wit1 t1e ac4 ittal o2 t1e acc se! 6eca se t1e i!ea now is act all0 to ca se ac4 ittals3 'n! i2 ever t1e acc se! will 6e sentence!/ it onl0 is onl0 p to recl sion perpet a3 Co5 0o know w10= It is t1e 2act/ t1at i2 it is an a tomatic review it takes so lon" an! t1ere are 1ow man0 cases o2 rape w1ic1 were p nis1e! 60 !eat1 n!er a tomatic review 6e2ore t1e +C?more t1an L00 cases3 @o 0o t1ink t1at t1e +C wo l! 6e a6le to !eci!e t1at in 30ears= .o/ 1in!i ano= Her0/ ver0 !i22ic lt e1 wit1 all t1e transcripts an! ever0t1in" 0o are "oin" to look at it now it will 6e ver0 !i22ic lt3 #k/ 0 n" ot1erwise nconscio s it wo l! even incl !e w1ile t1e woman is asleep pa3 T1ere are instances w1en t1e woman w1en s1e lives in t1e 6r"0 2ar 2rom a 1ospital an! s1e was not assiste! 60 a p10sician w1en s1e "ave 6irt1 etc?an! t1at o2 co rse 6eca se o2 t1eir work in t1e 2iel!s t1e0 are too tire! etc an! t1e0 wo l! not know even w1o
4, %a&'rvin
was t1e person w1o 1a! se7 wit1 1er t1e ni"1t 6e2ore/ t1en t1at wo l! 6e consi!ere! t1at t1e woman is nconscio s3 B t t1ere are ot1er cases o2 w1ic1 t1e +C !i!n>t 6elieve t1e woman w1en o2 co rse t1e woman a!mitte! t1at t1e woman alrea!0 1a! a s spicion t1at t1e person on top o2 1er is not 1er 1 s6an!3 'n! still s1e contin e!3 T1e man was ac4 itte!3 'n! t1en 0o 1ave o2 co rse 2ra ! lent mac1inations an! t1ese are simple/ a twin i!entical/ one is marrie!/ t1e ot1er one is not?t1e ot1er one is 0o know a son o2 a somet1in"/ w1en 1is 6rot1er le2t 2or 1on"kon" ma06e or 2or a near60 co ntr0/ 1e went to t1e 1o se o2 1is 6rot1er an! slept wit1 t1e wi2e o2 1is 6rot1er3 T1at is 2ra ! lent mac1ination3 'n! 2or t1e e7ample o2 Roco w1en 1e was a senator w1en t1e0 were !isc ssin" t1is is a6o t t1e practice o2 some ps0c1iatrist an! ps0c1olo"ist in t1e nite! states tellin" t1eir patients t1at i2 t1e patient will 1ave se7 wit1 tem/ t1e ailments o2 t1ose patients will 6e c re! etc/ etc?an! t1is " lli6le patient s all0 acce!es to t1e opport nist o2 t1is p10sicians t1 s se7 al interco rse occ rs an! t1at is consi!ere! rape3 B0 means o2 2ra ! lent mac1ination3 B t a mere a Xpromise to marr0 is not a 2ra ! lent mac1ination?even i2 0o are promise! marria"e 60 a person are 0o "oin" to s 6mit 0o rsel2 to t1e one w1o promise! 0o marria"e= T1at !oes not 2ollow e1?it stan!s a"ainst reason so it cant 6e consi!ere! as s c13 .ow a6 se o2 a t1orit0/ t1is were t1e cases o2 Jalos&os/ 'lonte/ @avi!es o2 F e5on/ +anc1e5/ ma0ors/ etc?6eca se t1e0 act all0 se t1eir a t1orit0 an! a6 se it in or!er to commit rape3 T1at is w10 even i2 t1e "irls consent/ it is still consi!ere! as rape3 Like 2or e7ample/ I will not mention t1e name?t1is politician recr its 0o n" "irls 2rom t1e 6r"0s to 6e 1is sc1olars in !i22 sc1ools in t1eir province etc?6 t t1en well o2 co rse 1e is convincin" t1em t1at t1e0 will still contin e to 6e protecte! 60 me/ 0o will contin e to st !0 in colle"e i2 0o are "oin" to s 6mit 0o rsel2 to me3 +o t1is people act all0 6eca se o2 t1erir !esire to improve t1eir lives as t1e0 came 2rom poor 2amilies s 6mits t1emselves t1at is acc!" to t1e !isc ssion in t1e passa"e o2 R' L3,3 is a6 se o2 a t1orit0 even i2 t1ere is consent t1at is consi!ere! as rape3 # 12 0rs ol!/ less t1an 12 0rs ol!/ no pro6lem 6 t t1en t1e !ecision in t1te Jalos&os case/ I was rea!in" it/ an! t1e !ecision in anot1er case ma06e st !ie! wit1 min te scr tin03 Beca se in t1e case o2 Jalos&os t1e +C !espite t1e 2act t1at t1e certi2icate o2 live 6irt1 o2 t1e "irl was iss e! one 0r a2ter 1er 6irt1 alle"e!l0 60 9a6ella 1ospital t1e0 6elieve! in t1e a"e o2 t1e "irl t1at s1e is less t1an 123 @espite t1e 2ace t1at s1e is almost ,>3N ,>4N at t1e time w1en t1e alle"e! interco rse took place3 'n! t1e0 sai! t1at s1e was 123 6 t t1en in anot1er case w1ere t1e +C 1as to !eci!e on t1e a"e o2 t1e "irl 6eca se t1ere is no 6irt1 certi2icate/ t1en its onl0 t1e testimon0 o2 t1e mot1er an! later on t1ere was a late re"istration/ t1e +C sai! t1e 2act t1at t1ere is a late re"istration an! t1e 2act t1at even t1e mot1er co l! not 6e presente! to testi20 as to a"e o2 t1e "irl/ t1ere is a !o 6t as to 1er e7act a"e an! t1e !o 6t s1o l! 6e resolve! in 2avor o2 t1e acc se!3 I2 s1e "ave 1er consent an! s1e is past 12/ t1ere is no rape3 +o t1e acc se was ac4 itte!3 +o it !epen!s pon time ma06e/ i2 Jalos&os wo l! 1ave
6een trie! in times w1en t1e0 are not act all0 so pop lar/ w1en t1e people w1o are tr0in" to 1ave 1im convicte! are not so active/ ma06e t1e !ecision wo l! 1ave 6een a !i22 one3 B t 2rom t1e ver0 6e"innin" 1e 1a! no c1ance e1/ ever06o!0 was a"ainst 1im3 'n! it is at t1at time more pop lar to convict rat1er t1an to ac4 it3 J st like even in !r "s cases/ t1ere was a time w1en it was more pop lar to convict t1an to ac4 it3 I2 0o ac4 itte! at t1at time t1e perception is t1at 0o were 6o "1t/ i2 not 6o "1t 0o were t1reatene!3 T1e0 cant n!erstan! sometimes t1at a person knows 1is law an! 1is r les3 T1at t1e0 cant n!erstan!3/ even now t1e0 will not assi"n 0o in t1e !r "s co rt nless 0o r perception o2 !r "s is t1at it is a 1eino s crime an! t1at t1e person w1o ma0 1ave 6een c1ar"e! o2 violation t1ereo2 s1o l! 6e convicte!3 'n! t1at i2 it is onl0 6latant t1at t1e person cant 6e convicte! t1at 0o 1ave to ac4 it/ t1en 0o 1ave to3 'n! in case o2 reasona6le !o 6t/ convict3 T1at is in case o2 reasona6le !o 6t convict 1a? t1at is t1e practice now w1ic1 to m0 min! is !isservice to t1e & !iciar03 .ow t1e Camp 1an case an! t1e Lim6 +0n!rome/ 0o know all t1at?0o know t1at= T1en t1ere is no pro6lem wit1 t1at3 T1at all a""ravatin" circ mstances w1et1er a 4 ali2ie! 4 ali20in" or or!inar0 a""ravatin" circ mstances s1o l! 6e alle"e! in t1e in2ormation3 I2 not alle"e! in t1e in2o t1e0 cant 6e proven an! even i2 t1e0 are proven t1e0 cant a22ect t1e penalt0 t1at is to 6e impose! pon t1e acc se!? so it can neit1er mo!i20 t1e circ mstance/ it co l!n>t mo!i20 t1e penalt0 t1at is to 6e impose! pon t1e acc se!3 Remem6er/ 1a! t1e case o2 (c1e"ara0 6een !eci!e! later 6eca se w1at was !iscovere! ! rin" t1e trial o2 (c1e"ara0 is t1at 1e is not t1e step 2at1er 6 t t1e act al 2at1er o2 Ba60?6 t t1e alle"ation in t1e in2ormation is t1at 1e was t1e step2at1er?ec1e"ara0 wo l! 1ave 6een alive to!a0?1e wo l! 6e servin" onl0 t1e penalt0 o2 recl sion perpet a3 Bes/ t1at is t1e t1in" t1at act all0 1appene! in t1e case o2 ec1e"ara03 I !on>t t1ink t1at we 1ave to "o over all t1e 4 ali2ie! rapes? nless 0o 1ave some 4 estions on 4 ali2ie! rapes3 <1at were t1e c1an"es t1ere= T1e 2irst c1an"e is a6o t t1e rape o2 a reli"io s3 In t1e ol! law n!er R' ED,I it is eno "1 t1at t1e o22en!e! part0 is a reli"io s3 B t w1en L3,3 came alon" t1e0 a!!e! two con!itions/ t1at t1e o22en!er knew t1at t1e woman is a reli"io s an! t1at t1e woman is act all0 en"a"e! in 1er occ pation as a reli"io s at t1e time w1en t1e rape occ rre!?so t1ere are a!!itional?t1e same is tr e to t1ose t1at are a22licte! wit1 ai!s an! ot1er venereal !iseases an! even in ot1er cases3 '6o t t1ose in t1e c sto!0 o2 t1e militar0/ no pro6lem wit1 t1at3 T1ose w1ere t1e o22en!ers are t1e mem6er o2 t1e militar0/ police or an0 law en2orcement a"enc0 etc?t1ere m st 6e an a6 se o2 p 6lic position in or!er t1at t1e penalt0 o2 !eat1 ma06e impose!33an! 0o know w1en t1ere is an a6 se o2 p 6lic position or w1en t1e crime is committe! 60 an or"ani5e! crime "ro p or a s0n!icate compose! o2 two/ t1e0 are all special a""ravatin" circ mstances3 Irrespective o2 w1et1er t1ere is a miti"atin" circ mstance/ it is still t1e ma7im m o2 t1e penalt0 t1at s1o l! 6e impose! so t1ere is no wa0 t1at t1e0 can "et o t o2 t1e !eat1 penalt03 (ven i2 t1e0 plea!e!
4D %a&'rvin
" ilt0/ vol ntaril0 s rren!ere!/ t1row t1emselves at t1e merc0 o2 t1e co rt/ still !eat1 penalt0 s1all 6e impose! i2 t1ere is a6 se o2 p 6lic position or i2 t1e crime is committe! 60 a s0n!icate or an or"ani5e! crime "ro p3 Remem6er an or"ani5e! crime "ro p starte! n!er t1e R$C as onl0 two persons colla6oratin" an! con2e!eratin"3 T1en in t1e la6or co!e it was raise! to t1ree t1en in ot1er laws etc it was raise! to 4/ an! t1en in R' 1D,I t1at is in s0n!icate! esta2a it was raise! to ,3 <ell in cases o2 rape w1at are t1e principles a6o t rape?a1 t1is t1e easiest crime to concoct an! to c1ar"e 6 t t1e 1ar!est crime to prove3 T1is is t1e crime o2 rape3 Is t1ere a nee! 2or an o22en!e! part0 to 1ave anot1er witness to corro6orate 1er testimon0= .o3 is t1ere a nee! 2or p10sical e7amination in or!er t1at an o22en!e! ma06e a6le to esta6lis1 t1at s1e was rape!= .#3 t1ese are simple principles t1at were lai! !own 60 t1e +C an! t1e0 are still e22ective ntil to!a03 T1e 4 estion now is re"ar!in" comple7 crimes in re"ar! to rape?we 1ave o2 co rse t1e crime o2 ro66er0 wit1 rape/ ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e3 In ro66er0 wit1 rape/ it m st 6e remem6ere! t1at t1e ori"inal intention o2 t1e o22en!er is to commit ro66er0 an! t1at rape was committe! a2ter t1e ro66er0 or ! rin" t1e ro66er03 I2 t1e ori"inal p rpose o2 t1e o22en!ers are to ro6/ an! rape onl0 6ecame an a2tert1o "1t/ w1at crime is committe!= It is still ro66er0 wit1 rape3 B t s pposin" t1e ori"inal p rpose o2 t1e o22en!ers is to rape an! later on as an a2tert1o "1t/ t1e0 ro66e! t1e victim or took t1e propert0 o2 t1e victim/ a1 two separate crimes are committe!3 T1e crime o2 rape an! eit1er t1e crime o2 ro66er0 or t1e2t3 Beca se t1e0 are consi!ere! onl0 as an a2tert1o "1t3 In cases o2 ro66er0 wit1 rape/ 0o 1ave to remem6er t1at sometimes t1ere is a conspirac0 amon" persons to commit t1e crime o2 ro66er033t1ere will 6e a looko t/ t1ere will 6e some6o!0 w1o not participate in t1e act al takin" o2 t1e propert0?t1ose w1o 1ave no knowle!"e o2 t1e commission o2 crime o2 rape cant 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le 2or ro66er0 wit1 rape?its onl0 t1ose persons w1o 1ave personal knowle!"e an! i2 t1e0 1ave personal knowle!"e t1e0 !i!n>t prevent t1e commission o2 t1e rape t1en t1e0 are e4 all0 lia6le wit1 t1e one w1o act all0 rape! t1e victim3 '6o t rape wit1 1omici!e?an0 1omici!e t1at is committe! a2ter rape33w1et1er it is an a2tert1o "1t w1atever it is as a res lt o2 t1e rape/ it is rape wit1 1omici!e3 :ow a6o t i2 t1e crime committe! or t1e inci!ent res lte! to ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e an! rape= <1at wo l! 1appen to t1e crime o2 rape= )n!er t1e ol! & rispr !ence/ rape will 6e consi!ere! onl0 as an a""ravatin" circ mstance3 T1at is correct?6 t in a new !ecision o2 t1e +C/ t1e rape can>t 6e consi!ere! as an a""ravatin" circ mstance 6eca se its not incl !e! in article 14 o2 R$C3 It s1all 6e a separate crime to 6e instit te! 60 t1e prosec tor so t1ere will 6e two crimes t1at wo l! 6e 2ile! in co rt3 'ct all0 ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e an! t1en rape3 .ot an0more t1at rape s1all 6e consi!ere! as an a""ravatin" circ mstance3 @ama"es/ wala na 0an3 $ar!on33wala na 0an?marria"e 6etween t1e o22en!er an! t1e o22en!e! part0 an! o2 co rse 2or"iveness 60 t1e wi2e on t1e
o22en!in" 1 s6an!3 $res mption/ is act all0 in 2avor o2 rape3 <1en a woman cries rape/ t1en t1ere is rape3 -i!nappin" an! serio s ille"al !etention?w1en 0o talk o2 ki!nappin"/ nat rall0 t1ere will 6e a !eprivation o2 li6ert03 To 6e !istin" is1e! 2rom coercion/ 6eca se in coercion it is simpl0 a crime w1ere anot1er pro1i6its t1e o22en!e! part0 2rom per2ormin" an act or compellin" t1e o22en!e! part0 to per2orm an act a"ainst t1e will o2 t1e o22en!e! part03 <1ile in ki!nappin"/ t1ere is a total intention to !eprive anot1er o2 1is or 1er li6ert03 I2 t1e p rpose o2 !eprivation o2 t1e li6ert0 o2 a woman is 6eca se t1e man 1as a lew! !esi"n it 6ecomes an a6! ction wit1 rape or an a6! ction it !oes not 6ecome ki!nappin"3 -asi t1e p rpose t1ere is to en&o0 1is lew! !esi"n/ not to !eprive t1e woman o2 1er li6ert0/ so it 6ecomes an a6! ction?t1e simple !eprivation o2 li6ert0 is ki!nappin"3 B t i2 t1e p rpose o2 t1e o22en!er is to enslave t1e victim/ even i2 t1e o22en!er ki!naps t1e victim/ 6 0s t1e victim/ or??(.@ #9 T'$(?3
+ept3 22/ 2003 B0A '5e +eptem6er 22 Crim Lect re #k/ w1ere are we now= 'rt3 2DD Rape= Tapos na ta0o sa $10sical in& ries= <ell/ I will repeat no1 t1at in $10sical in& ries/ partic larl0 serio s an! less serio s/ w1at is !eterminative t1ere in t1e even t1at t1e person wo l! claim t1at 1e was incapacitate! to per2orm 1is s al occ pation/ is t1at 1e 1as a le"al occ pation at t1e time? I2 1e 2aile! to per2orm 1is work 60 reason o2 t1e in& ries s staine!/ t1e perio! w1ic1 1e 2aile! to per2orm 1is ! t0 s1all 6e incl !e!33 +o/ i2 1e was 1ospitali5e! onl0 2or 10 !a0s 6 t t1en 1e was 1ospitali5e! 2or a perio! o2 30 or more !a0s t1en t1at wo l! 6e serio s p10sical in& ries 6 t t1en i2 1e is not en"a"e in an0 le"al occ pation/ t1e perio! o2 1is 1ospitali5ation or t1e perio! in w1ic1 1e was atten!e! to 60 t1e p10sician/ t1at wo l! 6e t1e 6asis 2or !eterminin" w1et1er it is sli"1t or serio s p10sical in& ries3 'n! !e2ormit033 t1e one t1at ca ses !is2i" rement3 +o t1ere was a 4 estion/ s pposin" it en1ance! 1is 2i" re= $revio sl0 women are not even lookin" at 1im 6 t w1en 1e "ot t1at in& r0/ a lot o2 women are alrea!0 2allin" in love wit1 1im/ wo l! 0o consi!er t1at p10sical in& r0= #ne a t1or sai! no/ 6eca se it is not a !e2ormit0/ it even en1ances t1e appearance o2 t1e person3 9or e7ample/ sta66in" t1e person at 1is c1in/ previo sl0 1e !oes not 1ave an0 cle2t c1in/ a2ter 1e was sta66e! an! t1e wo n! 1eale!/ an! it le2t a cle2t c1in an! it even en1ance! 1is appearance3 #ne a t1or sai! it is not p10sical in& ries/ it s1o l! 6e one t1at !e2orms 1is appearance t1at is w10 it is calle! !e2ormit0/ it res lte! to "liness3 <ell/ I s 6scri6e! to t1at33
4E %a&'rvin
B n" a!ministration o2 in& rio s s 6stance/ it m st 6e in&ecte!/ swallowe!/ not s per2icial like t1rowin" aci! at t1e 2ace o2 t1e victim/ t1at is not w1at it means3 'lri"1t/ art3 2DD/ Rape33 <ell/ rape/ ma06e a 4 ali2ie! one/ it ma0 6e a stat tor0 rape/ it ma0 6e an or!inar0 rape/ it ma0 6e se7 al assa lt an! marital rape3 +o/ t1ese are t1e rapes t1at are now p nis1a6le n!er t1e revise! penal co!e amen!e! 60 R3'3 L3,33 <1en 0o sa0 4 ali2ie! rape/ t1e0 are liste! n!er t1ose 10 circ mstances o2 w1ic1 t1e rape ma0 6e committe! 60 an o22en!er3 <1ere t1e victim is less t1an E/ w1ere t1e victim is a reli"io s an! t1e o22en!er knows t1at 1e is a reli"io s an! t1at 1e is in t1e act al per2ormance o2 1is vocation/ previo sl0 t1ere was no mention in t1e R3'3 ED,I t1at it m st 6e known to t1e o22en!er an! neit1er !i! it mention t1at t1e victim m st 6e in t1e act al per2ormance o2 1is vocation3 $ro6a6l0 it came to t1eir knowle!"e t1at t1ere were t1ose reli"io s w1o at some times are not wearin" t1eir s al c stomar0 ni2orms or w1atever 0o ma0 call it/ or t1e0 are not an0more in t1e stream o2 t1e societ0 w1ere t1e0 6elon"/ t1e0 alrea!0 1ave "one to t1e mo ntains or w1atever to 6ecome a part o2 revol tionar0 2orces/ t1e0 are not in t1e act al per2ormance o2 t1eir vocation w1en t1e0 are alrea!0 wit1 t1e re6els3 #k/ well t1ose s 22erin" 2rom ai!s or ot1er st!s/ t1at t1e o22en!er knowin" t1at 1e 1as s c1 !isease an! 1e rapes a woman/ an! transmitte! t1e vir s to t1e woman3 T1ose are t1e circ mstances 6 t I !isa"ree 6eca se I sai! t1at t1e transmission o2 t1e vir s to t1e woman is not essential3 It is t1e 2act t1at t1e person knows t1at 1e is a22licte! wit t1ose !iseases an! 1e rapes a woman/ t1e transmission s1o l! not an0more 6e an element3 B t t1e0 ma!e it an element/ w1at can we !o3 'n! t1en i2 t1e victim is n!er t1e c sto!0 o2 t1e militar0/ police or ot1er law en2orcement a"enc0 an! i2 t1e victim is rape! 60 an0 o2 t1ose I mentione! wit1 a6 se o2 t1eir o22icial position3 'n! t1en we 1ave t1ose rapes t1at are committe! a"ainst victims w1o are s 22erin" 2rom !isa6ilities/ etc t1en it is also 4 ali2ie! rape3 T1ere are 10 4 ali2ie! rapes3 .ow 0o 1ave t1e stat tor0 rape w1en t1e woman is less t1an 12/ less t1an 12 1a33 t1e rationale t1ere is t1at a "irl w1o is alrea!0 12 0ears ol! can "ive 1er consent to se7 al interco rse3 Bes/ 6eca se a woman less t1an 12 0ears ol!/ w1et1er s1e "ave 1er consent or not/ an! t1ere was se7 al interco rse/ it is consi!ere! stat tor0 rape-- $eople v3 Jalos&os3 'n! we 1ave t1e or!inar0 rape/ t1ose t1at were committe! 60 person/ w1o 60 means o2 2orce/ t1reat/ violence or intimi!ation/ or w1ile t1e woman is insane or nconscio s/ t1en it is alrea!0 rape3 'n! rape now ma0 also 6e committe! 60 means o2 2ra ! lent mac1ination an! a6 se o2 p 6lic a t1orit03 Bo ma0 act all0 6e s rprise! t1at 2ra ! lent mac1ination is incl !e!3 B t it !oesn>t mean t1at i2 a man promises to marr0 a woman an! t1en t1e man sai! t1at 8i2 0o will not 1ave se7 wit1 me/ I will not marr0 0o N an! t1en t1e woman acce!e! an! t1en later on t1e man !i! not marr0 t1e woman/ t1e0 were sa0in"
t1at it was rape 6eca se t1ere was 2ra ! lent mac1ination33 I sai! .#/ it was vol ntar03 <ell/ s1e knows t1at s1e s1o l! not "ive 1ersel2 to a man w1o is & st tr0in" to 1ave se7 wit1 1er on t1at kin! o2 prete7t3 +o/ it is not rape3 <ell/ s1e can 2ile a claim o2 !ama"es a"ainst t1e man 6 t not t1e criminal o22ense o2 rape3 T1en/ t1ere are one note! pro2 sai! t1at i2 a man went to a prostit tion 1o se an! 1ire t1e services o2 t1e prostit te/ an! t1en 1e !i! not pa0 t1e prostit te3 T1e prostit te 2ile! a case o2 rape33 Is t1ere a crime o2 rape= <ill t1e case s ccee!= .#/ 6eca se prior to t1e se7 al interco rse/ t1ere was consent3 'n! it is a vali! consent on t1e part o2 t1e woman3 +1e was not intimi!ate!/ nor 2orce!/ nor violence se! a"ainst 1er/ t1ere was no 2ra ! lent mac1ination 6eca se s1e was a prostit te33 T1at is 1er 6 siness3 T1e onl0 crime I see t1ere is esta2a 60 means o2 2alse pretenses3 <1en t1e man preten!e! to possess propert0 or mone0/ w1en in 2act 1e !oes not 1ave an0 mone0/ t1en 1e en&o0e! 1imsel2 wit1 t1e woman33 t1at is esta2a3 #k/ t1e 2ra ! lent mac1ination t1at were !isc sse! in Con"ress is a6o t twins/ i!entical twins/ one is marrie!/ a 6 sinessman an! w1en one went to anot1er co ntr0 w1o !i! not tell 1is wi2e a6o t it/ an! it came to t1e knowle!"e o2 t1e i!entical twin an! 1e came to t1e 1o se o2 1is i!entical twin an! o2 co rse 1e slept t1ere an! 0o know w1at 1appene! ne7t33 'n! onl0 a2ter t1e twin 6rot1er !iscovere! t1at act all0 t1e man w1o was not t1ere t1e ni"1t 6e2ore was t1e 1 s6an! an! t1e man s1e slept wit1 was t1e 6rot1er3 T1at was 2ra ! lent mac1ination3 'n! accor!in" to t1e e7ample o2 +en3 Rocco w1ile t1e act was 6ein" !isc sse! t1at t1e act o2 certain ps0c1olo"ist or ps0c1iatrist w1o tell t1eir clients t1at i2 t1e0 are "oin" to 1ave se7 wit1 t1em/ all t1eir ailments an! all t1eir pro6lems will 6e "one an! t1ese clients w1o are " lli6le an! 6elievin" t1at s c1 will reall0 c re t1em an! s ccee!e! to t1ese p10sicians/ ps0c1olo"ists/ etc/ t1at is accor!in" to t1e e7ample t1ere in t1e min tes/ is 2ra ! lent mac1ination3 '6 se o2 p 6lic a t1orit0 is simple 6eca se t1is is t1e case o2/ well? $eople v3 +anc1e5/ accor!in" to t1e + preme Co rt/ t1ere is a6 se o2 p 6lic a t1orit0 6eca se t1e takin" o2 t1e woman was wit1 t1e 1elp o2 t1e police a t1orit03 B t I !o 6t i2 t1ere reall0 is a6 se o2 p 6lic a t1orit0 t1ere/ I wo l! sa0 t1at t1ere was 2orce/ violence 6eca se t1e woman was a6! cte! to"et1er wit1 1er 6o02rien!/ an! t1e0 were 6ot1 kille!3 T1e evi!ence was pointin" to t1at t1ere was t1e se o2 2orce 6 t not a6 se o2 a t1orit03 T1e a6 se o2 a t1orit0 t1at I know was t1e case o2 $eople v3 La6i!es(=) in 4 e5on province3 B t I !o not know i2 it reac1e! t1e + preme Co rt33 La6i!es is a con"ressman in 4 e5on province an! 1e wo l! take in 0o n" "irls w1o 6elon" to poor 2amilies in some 6aran"a0s in 4 e5on province to sen! t1em to sc1ool/ 6 t 0o know/ 1is p rpose is !i22erent 2rom we 6elieve w1at 1e is "oin" to !o3 :e 1as some ot1er p rpose an! t1at is to en&o0 1imsel2 wit1 se7 al interco rse wit1 t1ese 0o n" la!ies an! alt1o "1 t1ese 0o n" la!ies are "ivin" in to 1im/ t1ere is alwa0s t1at t1reat t1at t1e0 will not 6e a6le to contin e t1eir st !ies i2 t1e0 re2 se!3 It wo l! 6e an a6 se o2 a t1orit03
4L %a&'rvin
<1en 0o sa0 an nconscio s/ it involves a woman w1o is asleep or act all0 nconscio s/ t1ere are women w1o 60 reason o2 tire!ness/ as t1e + preme Co rt sai! t1at t1eir va"inal openin"s are wi!e 6eca se t1e0 were not assiste! 60 !octors w1en t1e0 "ave 6irt1 an! sometimes t1e0 wo l! not even 2eel t1e entr0 o2 t1e male>s or"ans in t1eir va"inas even in t1eir sleep/ t1at wo l! 6e consi!ere! as nconscio sness3 T1ere is not1in" m c1 a6o t rape/ e7cept o2 se7 al assa lt w1ic1 is !escri6es as t1e insertion o2 t1e male or"an in t1e oral ori2ice or anal ori2ice o2 anot1er or t1e insertion o2 an o6&ect in t1e va"ina o2 a woman or in t1e anal ori2ice o2 anot1er is consi!ere! also as se7 al assa lt3 T1e onl0 iss e t1ere is w1at o6&ect= % st it 6e a 2orei"n o6&ect or m st it 6e part o2 t1e 6o!0 o2 a person= T1e opinion o2 retire! J stice '4 ino is to t1e e22ect t1at even a 2in"er o2 a person can 6e consi!ere! as an o6&ect3 T1at is 1is opinion/ t1at was written in one o2 1is papers t1at were !istri6 te! to s w1ile we were atten!in" a seminar at t1e $1ilippine J !icial 'ca!em03 <ell/ I m0sel2 o6&ecte! 6eca se t1e i!ea o2 t1e wor! 8instr mentN an! t1e p rpose o2 t1e Con"ress in statin" t1at t1ere m st 6e an instr ment inserte! is premise! pon t1e 2in!in"s o2 Con"ress t1en t1at t1ere were inci!ents involvin" se7 al perversions s c1 as t1e insertion o2 a 6arrel o2 a " n/ t1e insertion o2 a 6ottle an! o2 co rse pieces o2 woo!s an! ot1er t1in"s3 #ne partic lar crime w1ic1 was classi2ie! as a 1eino s crime 6eca se it res lte! to t1e !eat1 o2 a 0o n" "irl w1o was a6o t 13 0ears ol!/ t1at 1appene! in t1e 'n"eles cit0/ $ampan"a/ an! t1ere was an insertion o2 a vi6rator 60 t1e 2orei"ner on t1e va"ina o2 t1e "irl w1ic1 res lte! to t1e !eat1 o2 t1e 0o n" "irl even i2 s1e was treate! in t1e 1ospital3 +o/ I sai! it m st 6e a 2orei"n o6&ect3 It m st not 6e a part o2 t1e 6o!0 o2 a 1 man 6ein"3 Beca se i2 it is not part o2 t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e 1 man 6ein"/ it is consi!ere! an instr ment or o6&ect3 'n! well/ I sai! &okin"l0/ a 2in"er o2 a person ma0 6e consi!ere! a 2orei"n o6&ect33 & st c t t1e 2in"er o2 t1e person an! insert it3 It is alrea!0 a 2orei"n o6&ect 6eca se it !oes not an0more 6elon" to t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e person3 I was &okin" onl0 6 t it co l! 6e tr e3 's a matter o2 2act/ in t1e case !eci!e! 60 t1e + preme Co rt in $eople v3 @0/ it was mentione! t1ere t1at it was onl0 act o2 lascivio sness3 +o/ I still maintain t1at it m st 6e a 2orei"n o6&ect3 T1e crime o2 rape/ marital rape/ is not speci2icall0 !e2ine! in art 2DD3 It>s onl0 t1e 2act o2 par!on 60 t1e o22en!e! woman or t1e mere 2or"iveness will 6e consi!ere! as an instance o2 e7tin" is1in" t1e crime itsel2 at an0 sta"e/ & st like t1e marria"e o2 t1e o22en!e! part0 wit1 t1e o22en!er3 'lri"1t/ 0o will know t1e sta"es o2 t1e crime o2 rape33 t1at it is onl0 attempte! an! cons mmate!3 'n! i2 0o rea! t1e cases/ 0o will know t1at it is not onl0 t1e to c1in" o2 t1e man>s or"an o2 t1e la6ia ma&ora o2 t1e woman t1at cons mmates t1e rape3 'ccor!in" to t1e + preme Co rt/ t1ere m st 6e atleast t1e sli"1test penetration o2 t1e male or"an/ an erect male or"an w1ic1 is capa6le o2 penetration3 I2 well/ in case w1ere t1e man is s 22erin" 2rom erectile
!0s2 nction an! t1e woman testi2ie! t1at t1e man/ no matter w1at 1e !i!/ co l! not ac1ieve an erection3 'lt1o "1 t1e male>s or"an keeps on to c1in" t1e la6ia o2 t1e woman/ t1e + preme Co rt ac4 itte! t1e man3 :e was not even convicte! o2 t1e crime o2 acts o2 lascivio sness 6eca se t1e intention o2 t1e man was to 1ave carnal knowle!"e wit1 t1e woman3 <1ile in act o2 lascivio sness/ t1e intention o2 t1e man was to satis20 1is lew! !esi"n3 +o t1ere are !i22erent elements in t1e crime o2 attempte! rape an! act o2 lascivio sness3 I2 t1e0 ask 0o to !istin" is1 t1e crime o2 attempte! rape an! acts o2 lascivio sness/ in t1e crime o2 act o2 lascivio sness/ t1e intention o2 t1e man is onl0 to satis20 1is lew! !esi"n3 B t in attempte! rape/ t1at is w1en t1e acc se! 1as t1e intention o2 1avin" carnal knowle!"e wit1 t1e woman3 T1ose are t1e !istinctions3 <ell/ it is poetic & stice t1at t1e man was ac4 itte! act all0 6eca se 1is name will 6e sprea! all over t1e vol me o2 t1e scra t1at 1e cannot !o it an0more an! in 1is won town/ t1e women will alwa0s invite 1im 6eca se 1e will 6e a sa2e compan0 to t1em3 Si 9edro, wala na yan.. hali!a sama !a sa amin" 'lri"1t/ I !on>t know o2 an0 pro6lem 0o will 1ave in t1e crime o2 rape e7cept pro6a6l0 in rape wit1 1omici!e/ ro66er0 wit1 rape/ ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e an! t1en rape3 :ave I not !isc sse! to 0o t1ose in comple7 crimes= I2 t1e intention o2 t1e man is to rape a victim/ 6 t t1en 1e kille! t1e victim later/ t1at is rape wit1 1omici!e3 (ven i2 t1e rape is onl0 an a2ter t1o "1t/ t1at is still rape wit1 1omici!e3 B t it is !i22erent 2rom ro66er0 wit1 rape 6eca se in ro66er0 wit1 rape/ t1e ori"inal intention o2 t1e o22en!er is to ro63 'n! i2 t1ere was a rape t1at was committe! later/ t1en t1at wo l! 6e ro66er0 wit1 rape3 .ow/ in relation to rape33 I2 t1e ori"inal intention o2 t1e o22en!er is rape an! t1en as an a2ter t1o "1t 1e !eci!e! to ro6 t1e woman or 1e !eci!e! to steal t1en two cases m st 6e 2ile!3 Rape an! ro66er0 or rape an! t1e2t3 Is rape an a""ravatin" circ mstance= + pposin" t1ere is ro66er0 wit1 rape/ an! t1ere is anot1er rape committe!3 <ill t1e ot1er rape 6e consi!ere! as an a""ravatin" circ mstance= .#/ 6eca se t1e rape 1as never 6een incl !e! in art3 14 as an a""ravatin" circ mstance3 +ame is tr e wit1 ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e an! rape/ t1e rape t1ere will 1ave to 6e a separate crime3 It se! to 6e t1at t1e + preme Co rt treate! t1e ot1er crime o2 rape as an a""ravatin" circ mstance3 B t later on/ t1e0 c1an"e! t1eir min!/ it is not an0more correct3 T1e crime o2 rape s1o l! 1ave to 6e a separate crime/ 2or eac1 an! ever0 act o2 rape/ t1ere is one crime o2 rape3 @o 0o 1ave an0 4 estion a6o t rape or se7 al assa lt= Crimes a"ainst persons na ito 1a? %s3 '" ilaA J !"e/ since t1e insertion o2 t1e 2in"er into a va"ina is not consi!ere! rape/ t1en 1ow a6o t oral se7= J !"eA 'ct all0 t1at is a pro6lem3 %0 own opinion is t1at it is not se7 al assa lt3 It is a se7 al perversion/ i2 not perversion it is act all0 an act o2 lascivio sness i2 it is wit1o t t1e consent o2 t1e woman3
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Look/ I was sa0in" t1en t1at s pposin" w1at was inserte! was t1e nose/ not t1e 2in"er/ wo l! t1at 6e a se7 al assa lt= +o/ I wo l! sa0 t1at it is onl0 an act o2 lascivio sness3 T1e + preme Co rt m st 1ave to !eci!e one wa0 or t1e ot1er3 T1e latest !ecision t1at we 1ave is t1e case o2 $eople v3 @0/ t1at t1e "ran!son or son o2 t1e "overnor o2 Isa6ela/ I !o not know i2 1e is in % ntinl pa33 B t t1en/ 1e was sentence!33 #k/ we "o to? well/ in or!er to constit te 4 ali2ie! rape an! t1e acc se! 6e convicte! an! t1e 6e sentence! to !eat1/ all t1e a""ravatin" circ mstances/ w1et1er it is a""ravatin" or it is or!inar0/ m st 6e alle"e! in t1e in2ormation3 (ven in ot1er crimes alrea!0 an! not onl0 in t1e crime o2 rape3 In crimes o2 rape/ w1at is pec liar t1ere is t1e relations1ip 6etween t1e parties/ t1e o22en!e! part0 an! t1e o22en!er3 I2 t1e relations1ip is an ascen!ant!escen!ant or act all0 t1e relations1ip t1at was mentione! is step-2at1er to step!a "1ter an! ot1ers33 t1e e7act relations1ip m st 6e alle"e! to"et1er wit1 t1e a"e o2 t1e victim3 .ot e7actl0 t1e e7act a"e like 0ears/ mont1s 6 t onl0 in 0ears t1at is eno "13 9ail re to alle"e 0o cannot o6tain t1e !eat1 penalt0/ it will onl0 6e consi!ere! as or!inar0 rape w1ic1 will 1ave t1e penalt0 o2 recl sion perpet a3 'lri"1t/ we will 1ave a 6reak o2 , min tes? -i!nappin" wit1 serio s ille"al !etention3 T1e wor! an0 private in!ivi! al w1o s1all ki!nap anot1er 2or t1e p rpose o2 !eprivin" t1e person o2 1is or 1er li6ert0 s1all 6e p nis1e! wit1 recl sion perpet a to !eat13 T1e wor! 8private in!ivi! alN t1ere is act all0 a !escription onl0 o2 person w1o is actin" as a private in!ivi! al3 :e ma0 6e a p 6lic o22icer 6 t i2 1e is not actin" in 1is o22icial capacit0/ 1e s1o l! 6e consi!ere! as a private in!ivi! al3 ' policeman/ a militar0 man/ t1e0 s1o l! not 6e consi!ere! as p 6lic o22icial i2 t1e0 are not in act al per2ormance o2 t1eir ! ties an! 2or p rposes o2 ki!nappin"/ t1e0 s1all 6e !eeme! as private in!ivi! als3 -i!nappin" an! serio s ille"al !etention s1o l! 6e !istin" is1e! 2rom eac1 ot1er3 In ki!nappin"/ t1ere m st 6e an act al takin" o2 t1e victim/ eit1er 60 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation3 'n! t1e takin" is a"ainst t1e will o2 t1e victim3 In serio s ille"al !etention/ t1e onl0 important t1in" to remem6er t1ere is lockin" p3 Bo ma0 not 1ave emplo0e! violence/ intimi!ation etc/ 6 t 0o ma0 1ave emplo0e! 2ra !/ 6 t i2 t1e person is alrea!0 in t1e room/ 1as vol ntar0 "one into t1e room an! 0o lock 1er p an! !eprive 1er o2 li6ert0 t1en t1at is ille"al !etention3 Bo !on>t 1ave to point a " n at 1er 2or 1er to enter t1e room/ s1e ma0 1ave vol ntaril0 went insi!e 6 t once insi!e/ t1en 0o lock 1er p t1en t1at is ille"al !etention3 Bo r p rpose is to !eprive 1im;1er o2 1is li6ert0 t1en t1at is w1at it means3 It 6ecomes onl0 a serio s ki!nappin" or serio s ille"al !etention in t1e event t1at t1e !eprivation o2 li6ert0 laste! 2or more t1an 3 !a0s3 <1en t1e law sa0s w1en t1e ki!nappin" or t1e ille"al !etention/ eh may !idnapping bang nagla;last for < days? Literall0 speakin" 1a= I2 t1e ki!nappin" lasts 2or more t1an 3 !a0s/ hindi yata, mu!hang hindi tama ano? well siguro naghahabulan pa yun, < araw, etc..
+o/ I t1ink t1e proper wor! is t1e !etention laste! 2or more t1an or t1e !eprivation o2 li6ert0 laste! 2or more t1an 3 !a0s33 <ell/ it 6ein" t1e wor!in" o2 t1e law/ 0o 2ollow t1e wor!in" o2 t1e law3 B t it is also correct to sa0 t1at i2 t1e !eprivation o2 li6ert0 or t1e !etention laste! 2or more t1an 3 !a0s/ t1at wo l! 6e a serio s ki!nappin"3 It se! to 6e n!er t1e ol! Co!e t1at it is , !a0s/ t1e0 s1orten it to 3 !a0s33I !on>t know t1e reason p to now33 <ell/ ma0 6e 6eca se ki!nappin" 1as 6ecome an in! str0 in t1e provinces an! even 1ere in metro manila/ it 1as 6ecome act all0 t1e or!er o2 t1e !a03 (ver0!a0 now/ t1ere is alwa0s ki!nappin"33 I !on>t know33 it is not 6ein" reporte!3 .ow/ one 4 estion was aske! o2 me? + pposin" t1e person or persons t1at took anot1er an! !eprive t1at person o2 1is li6ert0/ at t1e time o2 t1e takin" t1ese people are wearin" camo 2la"e ni2orms/ is t1at sim lation o2 p 6lic a t1orit0= Bes/ 6eca se onl0 t1e militar0 are a t1ori5e! to wear s c1 ni2orm3 T1ere is t1ere2ore a sim lation o2 t1e p 6lic a t1orit0 an! it is serio s ki!nappin" an! serio s ille"al !etention3 <ell/ i2 serio s p10sical in& ries are in2licte! pon t1e persons ki!nappe! or !etaine! or i2 t1reats to kill 1im s1all 1ave 6een ma!e/ e1 s all0 t1ere are t1reats ma!e33 T1ese people will not "o vol ntaril0 "o wit1 0o nless 0o tell 1im t1at 0o will kill 1im so t1at is alrea!0 serio s3 In cases o2 c1il!ren/ t1e0 !o not 1ave to t1reaten t1e c1il!ren/ t1e0 & st 1ave to a6! ct t1e c1il!ren/ carr0 t1e c1il!ren to a waitin" car an! "o3 'n! t1en i2 t1e person !etaine! or ki!nappe! is a 2emale/ a minor or a p 6lic o22icer/ an! it is onl0 miti"atin" i2 t1e o22en!er is t1e parents3 B t t1e wor!in"s o2 t1e law wo l! leave 0o con2 se!3 I2 0o rea! t1e law/ 0o will commit a mistake pro6a6l03 T1at i2 t1e person !etaine! is a minor/ 2emale/ or a p 6lic o22icer 6 t t1en t1ere is no wor! t1ere/ t1e new law is !i22erent/ i2 t1e person !etaine! is a minor/ e7cept w1en t1e o22en!er are t1eir parents/ it is miti"atin"/ a 2emale or a p 6lic o22icer3 +o 0 n" e7ceptions kasama 2emale an! p 6lic o22icer/ 1in!i isinama ! n sa minor e1/ t1e wor!in" o2 t1e law is 6etter in t1e ol! law t1an in t1e new law3 'lri"1t/ t1e penalt0 o2 !eat1 s1all 6e impose! pon a person w1o s1all ki!nappe! or serio sl0 !etaine! a person/ i2 t1e p rpose o2 ki!nappin" is to e7tort ransom/ i2 t1e victim is kille!/ i2 t1e victim !ies on occasion or 60 reason o2 t1e ki!nappin" an! i2 t1e o22en!e! part0 is s 6&ect to tort re/ etc an! ot1er !e1 mani5in" acts t1en it is consi!ere! as 4 ali2ie! ki!nappin"3 Remem6er/ ki!nappin" ma0 6e serio s/ 4 ali2ie!/ or or!inar0 ki!nappin" or we call it or!inar0 an! sli"1t ille"al !etention3 T1e !i22erence 6etween ki!nappin" an! coercion is ver0 m c1 clear/ i2 t1e 2acts an! circ mstances o2 t1e case wo l! not reveal t1e real p rpose o2 t1e o22en!er/ alwa0s "o to coercion3 Beca se in t1e coercion/ it is eit1er compellin" t1e person to per2orm an! act a"ainst 1is will or preventin" a person 2rom per2ormin" an act a"ainst 1is will3 +o/ 0o "o to coercion i2 t1e p rpose is not clear3 I2 t1e p rpose is not clear t1at t1e person inten!e! to !eprive t1e person o2 li6ert0 t1en t1at is
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coercion/ & st like t1e case t1at took place in %aco/ @avao !el .orte t1at a man invite! a "irl to "o wit1 1im an! w1en t1e0 are alrea!0 in %aco/ t1e minor was alrea!0 cr0in" an! askin" t1at s1e 6e 6ro "1t 1ome 6eca se it is alrea!0 !ark3 'n! s1e was seen to"et1er wit1 t1e o22en!er 60 a woman w1o was a resi!ent o2 t1e place w1ere t1e0 6o "1t resi!e/ t1e woman went to t1e police station an! t1e man was arreste!3 T1e man was c1ar"e! wit1 4 ali2ie! ki!nappin" 6ec t1e victim was a minor/ it was serio s 1a an! 4 ali2ie! at t1at 6ec t1e victim was a minor3 It was a2ter D 0ears t1at t1e +C 1an!e! !own its !ecision/ onl0 2in!in" t1at t1e acc se! is " ilt0 o2 "rave coercion an! sentencin" t1e acc se! o2 D mont1s o2 imprisonment3 T1e " 0 s 22ere! 2or more t1an , 0ears33 I t1ink t1at is not 2air33 'lri"1t/ 1ow a6o t i2 t1e person vol ntar0 releases t1e person 2rom !etention 6e2ore 3 !a0s o2 con2inement/ t1en t1at is sli"1t ille"al !etention3 I2 t1e0 1ave not attaine! t1e p rpose 2or w1ic1 t1e0 inten!e! an! a22or! t1e instit tion o2 t1e criminal procee!in"s/ t1is is sli"1t ille"al !etention3 .ow/ article 2DI is a6o t nlaw2 l arrest an! I 1ave tol! 0o a lon" time a"o t1at 0o 1ave to "o to t1e case o2 *o v3 C' so t1at 0o will 6e a6le to n!erstan! clearl0 w1at is nlaw2 l arrest3 'lt1o "1/ *o was not arreste! t1ere/ t1e +C !escri6e! w1at is nlaw2 l arrest w1en no le"al "ro n! to arrest a person wit1o t a warrant3 'ct all0/ nlaw2 l arrest even incl !e !etention/ wit1o t arrestin" t1e acc se!/ t1at is t1e case o2 *o v3 C'/ it wo l! constit te ille"al arrest3 Bo !etaine! a person wit1o t an0 le"al "ro n!3 <1en will it 6ecome ar6itrar0 !etention= It will 6ecome ar6itrar0 !etention w1en t1ere is ar6itrar0 arrest an! t1e !etention is nlaw2 l an! t1at t1e 1o rs are act all0 violate!3 'lri"1t/ ki!nappin" o2 minors3 'ct all0/ it is not a ki!nappin"3 Beca se t1ere was a vol ntar0 !eliver0 o2 minors to anot1er person w1o is s ppose! to 6e in c1ar"e o2 t1e c sto!0 o2 minors 6 t w1en t1ere is a !eman! 2or t1e ret rn o2 t1e minor/ t1e one in c sto!0 re2 ses3 I t1ink t1e penalt0 1ere is e7cessive an! cr el/ 6ec it is simpl0 t1e re2 sal to !eliver t1e minor3 T1is co l! 1ave 6een a s 6&ect o2 t1e le"islation 6eca se to me prision correcional in its %a7im m perio! to prision ma0or in its me!i m perio!/ t1at s1o l! 6e t1e penalt03 B t s1o l! not 6e recl sion perpet a3 Beca se t1e person 1as le"al c sto!0/ t1e onl0 pro6lem is t1at 1e re2 ses to !eliver t1e minor w1en t1ere is !eman! to ret rn t1e minor3 T1at is not a serio s crime to me 6eca se 0o can "o to co rt an! appl0 2or 1a6eas corp s/ t1e co rts are open even +at r!a0 an! can iss e writ o2 1a6eas corp s3 <ell/ t1ere are co rts t1at are open ! rin" +at r!a0s33 'lri"1t/ in! cin" t1e minor to a6an!on 1is 1ome3 T1e p rpose o2 t1e o22en!er 1ere is to !ist r6 t1e tran4 ilit0 o2 t1e 1ome o2 t1e minor3 I2 0o in! ce! a minor in or!er 2or 1im to en&o0 t1e li"1ts o2 manila/ t1at is not in! cin" a minor to a6an!on 1is 1ome33 It m st 6e t1e permanent a6an!onment
o2 t1e minor o2 1is 1ome/ to !ist r6 t1e tran4 ilit0 or !ist r6 t1e 1armon0 in one>s 1ome an! t1at is one p nis1a6le 60 law3 B t i2 0o onl0 in! ce t1e minor to 6rin" 1im to watc1 a movie or to starcit0/ 1in!i 0 n? #k/ 0o want to 1ave a "oo! !e2ense in ki!nappin"= Invoke slaver0/ art 2E23 Bo will not ac4 it t1e acc se! 6 t look at t1e provision o2 t1e R$C/ arresto ma0or an! a 2ine not e7cee!in" 10/000 to an0one w1o s1all sell/ ki!nap/ or !etain a 1 man 6ein" 2or t1e p rpose o2 enslavin" 1im3 +a6i1in mo lan!/ I ki!nappe! 1im para ma"karoon ako n" alipin" sa" i" ili!33 'no pa 0 n" isan" alipin= .amama1a0? o a0 n/ !epensa 0an? # sinon" makakaalam= $ina"tratra6a1o mo sa 6a1a0/ tell 1im 8alipin kita 1aN? t1at is a ver0 "oo! !e2ense3 # pa" man"in"i!nap ka0o/ 0an lan" 8alipin kita 1aJN 1e1e1e B t act all0/ it co l! 6e a !e2ense 1a33 I & st !o not know i2 t1e co rt will 6elieve 0o 33 6 t i2 0o 1ave no ot1er !e2ense/ 0o can make se o2 t1at3 T1e ot1er is e7ploitation o2 c1il! la6or/ t1is is alrea!0 in R3'3 ED10/ 6 t t1is is still e22ective/ 6eca se an0one w1o n!er t1e prete7t o2 reim6 rsin" 1imsel2 wit1 t1e !e6t inc rre! 60 an ascen!ant o2 t1e person entr ste! wit1 t1e c sto!0 o2 t1e minor s1all retain 1im in 1is service/ t1at is a crime3 'n! one t1in" more/ i2 t1at is a minor 1a33 I2 1e is not a minor/ t1at is art 2E4 6eca se 0o are compellin" t1e person to pa0 t1e !e6t 60 makin" 1im a !omestic servant or a 2arm la6orer3 $ara makaiwas ka/ ma0 ma!alin" paraan ! n33 <a" mon" "awin !omestic servant/ "awin mon" "ar!enerJ33 +a 2arm la6orer/ "awin mon" constr ction la6orer33 <ell/ we 1ave a6an!onment o2 1elpless persons an! e7ploitation o2 minors33 pa"!atin" sa minors/ ED10 tala"a3 'lt1o "1 t1e provisions o2 t1e R$C ma0 still 6e t1e s 6&ect o2 an in2ormation 2ile!3 'll minor victims 2all n!er R3'3 ED10 w1et1er it is p10sical a6 se/ ps0c1olo"ical a6 se/ etc/ etc3 T1at is w10 I tol! 0o t1at prostit tes are e7empte! 2rom criminal lia6ilit03 I was watc1in" a television pro"ram an! t1ere was a rai! a"ainst a 6ar an! t1e0 were c1ar"in" t1e minors 2or workin" wit1o t permit etc33 I sai! no/ c1ar"e t1e 6ar ownerJ Beca se t1e minors are e7empte! 2rom criminal lia6ilit03 'rt3 2E,/ i2 0o were t1e one w1o acci!entall0 in& re! anot1er an! 0o 2aile! to "ive 1im assistance t1en 0o are lia6le3 B t 2or e7ample/ nakaaksi!ente ka sa ton!o/ na6 n!ol mo an" 6ata/ ano are 0o "oin" to "ive an assistance= Ba6a6a ka= (1 makikita mo e1 an" !amin" anacon!a sa katawan3 Bo ma0 not "ive an0 assistance an! t1at is a le"al e7c se3 It is onl0 i2 0o can "ive assistance wit1o t !etriment to 0o rsel2 or wit1o t p ttin" 0o r li2e in !an"er3 '6an!onin" a minor/ e1 nakita ka n" c1il! w1o is less t1an E 0ears o2 a"e/ e1 a6an!one! or 0o 1ave in 0o r c sto!0 a c1il! less t1an E 0ears ol!/ 6 t 0o a6an!on t1e c1il! an! t1e a6an!onment o2 t1e c1il! res lte! to t1e !eat1 o2 t1e c1il! t1en 0o are lia6le 2or a6an!onment o2 t1e c1il! an! t1e penalt0 is prision ma0or/ nless it will 6e prove! t1at 0o a6an!one! t1e c1il! wit1 evi!ent preme!itation wit1 intent reall0 to kill t1e c1il!/ i2 it !oes not res lt to t1e !eat1 o2 t1e c1il!/ prision correcional lan"3
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<ell/ art 2EE/ t1e parents o2 t1e c1il! 1ave a ! t0 to take care o2 t1eir c1il!ren as it is provi!e! in art 2EE t1at an0one w1o is in c1ar"e o2 t1e rearin" or e! cation o2 t1e minor an! t1en 1e !elivers c1il! to an0 instit tion wit1o t t1e consent o2 t1e one w1o entr ste! t1e c1il! to 1im/ or in t1e a6sence o2 t1e latter/ t1e consent o2 t1e proper a t1orit0 s1all 6e " ilt0 o2 a6an!onment o2 t1e minor3 T1e same penalt0 s1all 6e impose! to t1e parents w1o s1all ne"lect t1eir c1il!ren/ 60 not "ivin" t1em e! cation w1ic1 t1eir station in li2e re4 ires an! t1eir 2inancial con!ition permits3 <ell/ w1o is a 9ilipino w1o !oes not !ream o2 "ivin" t1eir c1il! "et an e! cation33 <ell/ I remem6er t1e stor0 o2 Jose $i!al/ t1e one w1o ri!e a 6ike "oin" to 'l6a0/ I t1ink? :e !i! not sen! 1is onl0 c1il! to sc1ool 6 t 1e !oes not 1ave an0 occ pation in manila 6 t 0o cannot c1ar"e 1im 6eca se 1is 2inancial capa6ilit0 !oes not permit 1im3 B t/ w1o amon" s/ w1o wo l! not !o almost an0t1in" & st to sen! t1eir c1il!ren to sc1ool3 T1at is w10 sometimes 0o people/ w1enever 0o "o 1ome/ an! 0o tell 0o r parents 0o 1ave "oo! "ra!es t1en t1e0 are also 1app03 'n! t1e0 are as sa! as 0o are also w1en 0o tell t1em t1at 0o 1ave a pro6lem wit1 0o r st !ies3 T1at is 1ow t1e parents 2eel3 I am also a parent t1at>s w10 I know3 T1at is w10 t1ere is act all0 a provision in t1e R$C t1at enco ra"es parents to sen! t1eir c1il!ren to sc1ool3 <ell/ most o2 0o are over 22 0ears ol! an! 0o r parents !o not 1ave an0more o6li"ation to sen! 0o to sc1ool an! 0et 0o r parents are sen!in" 0o to sc1ool3 T1at is 1ow 9ilipinos t1ink? T1at is w10 we are ver0 2ort nate we 1ave t1is c lt re an! we 1ave t1at kin! o2 attit !e wit1 o r c1il!ren3 )nlike in 'merica/ i2 t1e c1il!ren want to st !0 2 rt1er/ t1e0 1ave to work3 <e are l ck0 in!ee! to 1ave a c lt re t1at enco ra"es c1il!ren to st !033 so o r c lt re is still t1e 6est in t1e worl!3 +o/ I see 0o on <e!nes!a0 so we can 2inis1 ntil art?3
consi!ere! as c1il! a6 se3 +o it can 6e prosec te! n!er R' ED10 an! not n!er t1e provisions o2 'rticle 2EL3 I2 1e will also emplo0 an0 !escen!ant o2 1is w1o is n!er 12 0ears o2 a"e/ t1en t1at is in violation o2 t1is article3 Take note t1at an0 ascen!ant/ " ar!ian or teac1er or an0 person entr ste! in an0 capacit0 wit1 t1e care an! c sto!0 o2 c1il!ren n!er 1D 0ears o2 a"e an! w1o s1all !eliver s c1 c1il! "rat ito sl0 to an0 person 2ollowin" an0 o2 t1e callin"s en merate! in para"rap1 2 1ereo2 or to an0 1a6it al va"rant or a 6e""ar/ alt1o "1 we ma0 c1ar"e 1im n!er c1il! a6 se law/ can also 6e n!er ki!nappin" o2 a minor3 T1is is 6eca se t1e person is in c1ar"e o2 t1e c sto!0 an! 1e !elivers s c1 person to an0one not a t1ori5e! 60 law to accept s c1 c1il!3 It ma0 even constit te a "raver o22ense o2 ki!nappin" a minor in t1e event t1at s c1 minor is taken 2rom anot1er an! t1ere is violence/ 2orce or intimi!ation3 In t1e event t1at t1ese laws are violate! t1en t1e parents ma06e !eprive! o2 t1eir parental a t1orit0 over t1eir c1il!ren3 In re"ar! to a6an!onment o2 one>s 1ome or in! cin" a minor to a6an!on one>s 1ome t1e p rpose t1ere/ as I state! previo sl0/ is to ca se some tro 6le or to !estro0 t1e tran4 ilit0 o2 one>s 1ome3 I2 a c1il! is in! ce! to a6an!on 1is 1ome or 1is> parents or c rators to 2ollow an0 person en"a"e! in t1is kin! o2 callin" it will 2all n!er article 2EL3 T1at is t1e !istinction 6etween t1e two3 <e now "o to 4 ali2ie! trespass to !wellin"3 It is 4 ali2ie! onl0 i2 t1ere is 2orce/ violence/ or intimi!ation emplo0e! 60 t1e o22en!er an! w1en t1e o22en!er enters t1e !wellin" o2 anot1er a"ainst t1e will o2 t1e le"al occ pant o2 t1e !wellin"3 It s1all 6e an or!inar0 trespass to !wellin" i2 no 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation is emplo0e! pon t1e owner or le"al occ pant o2 t1e !wellin"3 I2 t1e p rpose o2 t1e person w1o is tr0in" to enter t1e !wellin" o2 anot1er is not clear/ it is not clear w1et1er 1e inten!e! to ro6/ kill or w1atever t1ose w1o were insi!e/ t1en t1e crime is alwa0s trespass to !wellin"3 It is 4 ali2ie! i2 t1ere is 2orce or violence emplo0e!3 Bo will note t1at in 4 ali2ie! trespass to !wellin" it !oes not onl0 re2er to violence or 2orce t1at is 6ein" emplo0e! to a person3 T1e law is clear t1at w1en t1e o22ense is committe! 60 means o2 violence or intimi!ation/ t1e violence ma0 re2er to violence pon t1in"s or 2orce pon t1in"s3 +ome le"al sc1olars/ 1owever/ sa0s t1at t1e violence 6ein" re2erre! to t1ere is violence pon persons 6eca se it is accompanie! 60 t1e wor! 8intimi!ationN3 #t1ers/ 1owever/ sa0s t1at it is even violence or e4 ivalent to 2orce pon t1in"s3 %0 interpretation o2 t1is is t1at t1is 6ein" 4 ali2ie! trespass to !wellin"/ I wo l! "o wit1 t1e last opinion t1at it s1o l! 6e pon persons3 <1en 0o enter t1e !wellin" o2 anot1er it is in1erent t1at 0o se picklocks or 0o !estro0 a wall or 0o enter t1e !wellin" o2 anot1er w1en t1e !oor is open3 +o it is s all0 a6sor6e!3 <1at is not a6sor6e! is t1e violence or 2orce or intimi!ation pon persons3 'n! t1is is not applica6le to a person w1o enters t1e !wellin" o2 anot1er to prevent an0 serio s 1arm to 1imsel23 T1e wor! 8serio sN m st alwa0s 6e t1ere3 I2 0o answer a 4 estion 8to prevent an0 1arm to 1imsel2N - t1at is not
+ept3 24/ 2003 B0A %ane ?w1o is n!er 1D 0ears o2 a"e to per2orm an0 !an"ero s 2eat o2 6alancin" o2 e71i6ition o2 p10sical stren"t1 - t1at is e71i6ition o2 p10sical stren"t1/ not onl0 o2 p10sical stren"t1 an! contortion or an0 person w1o 6ein" an acro6at/ "0mnast/ rope walker/ !iver/ wil! animal tamer/ or en"a"e in similar callin" s1all emplo0 in e71i6itions o2 t1is kin! c1il!ren n!er 1D 0ears o2 a"e w1o are not 1is c1il!ren or !escen!ants3 F estionA s pposin" t1at a person 1as a c1il!3 T1e person is en"a"e! in t1is kin! o2 occ pation3 :e aske! 1is c1il! to swallow swor!s/ 6roken 6ottles an! ever0t1in"3 Is t1at in violation= .oJ 'ccor!in" to t1e law it is not i2 1e is 0o r c1il!/ 6 t i2 1e is not 0o r c1il! t1en t1at is w1en 0o are lia6le3 T1e law is 4 ite weir! sometimes/ 6 t t1en n!er R' ED10 t1at is
,2 %a&'rvin
correctJ T1e correct statement wo l! 6e to prevent an0 +(RI#)+ 1arm to 1imsel2 or to t1e occ pants o2 t1e 1o se or t1e !wellin" or a t1ir! person3 .eit1er s1all it 6e applica6le to an0 person w1o s1all enter t1e !wellin" o2 anot1er 2or t1e p rpose o2 ren!erin" some service to 1 manit0 or & stice nor an0one w1o s1all enter taverns an! ot1er p 6lic 1o ses w1en t1e0 are open3 #ne 4 estion t1at is s all0 6ein" aske! 60 some pro2essors in criminal law relates to a pro6lem w1ic1 r ns t1is wa0A a person was ca "1t !estro0in" t1e wall o2 a 1o se3 :e was a6o t to enter w1en 1e was appre1en!e! 60 t1e police3 It is t1e testimon0 o2 a nei"16or t1at 6e2ore t1at man 6roke t1e wall w1ere 1e inten!s to enter 1e was 1ear! sa0in" t1at 8I am "oin" to ro6 t1e 1o seN3 <1at crime !i! t1e o22en!er commit= Is it attempte! trespass or attempte! ro66er0= 'ccor!in" to t1e nei"16or 1e over1ear! t1e man sa0in" 8I inten! to ro6 t1e 1o seN3 %0 answer wo l! still 6e trespass to !wellin"3 <10= <ell/ "rantin" 2or t1e sake o2 ar" ment t1at 1e inten!e! to ro6 t1e 1o se/ t1at is onl0 in t1e min! o2 t1e person3 :e ma0 even !esist ! rin" or prior to t1e entr0 to t1e 1o se to ro6 t1e 1o se3 :e ma0 1ave entere! t1e 1o se 2or p rposes ma06e o2 killin" some6o!0 or & st ma06e !ist r6in" t1e tran4 ilit0 o2 t1e 1ome o2 a person3 I am 2or attempte! trespass to !wellin" in t1e same manner as w1en it cannot 6e !etermine! w1at is t1e intention o2 t1e person w1en 1e enters t1e !wellin" o2 anot1er3 I2 0o cannot !etermine 1is intention in enterin" t1e !wellin" o2 anot1er/ t1en t1e crime committe! is onl0 trespass to !wellin" as t1ere is no clear s1owin" o2 t1e !e2inite intention o2 t1e o22en!er3 *rave t1reatsJ J st remem6er t1is? an0 person w1o s1all t1reaten anot1er wit1 1arm or in2liction o2 an0 in& r0 pon t1e person or pon t1e propert0 o2 anot1er or t1at o2 1is 2amil0 o2 an0 wron" amo ntin" to a crime s1o l! s 22er a penalt0 o2 ===3 T1is is i2 t1e t1reat is s 6&ect to a con!ition an! t1at con!ition is ma!e s 6&ect to a !eman! 2or mone0 or t1ere is a !eman! 2or mone0 or it is s 6&ect to a con!ition an! t1e !eman! 2or mone0 or t1e con!ition was accomplis1e! or was o6taine! 60 t1e o22en!er3 T1e penalt0 wo l! 6e one !e"ree lower 2rom t1e penalt0 o2 t1e crime w1ic1 t1e acc se! t1reatene! to commit3 9or e7ampleA I2 0o !on>t "ive me mone0 I am "oin" to kill 0o 3 Is t1at a t1reat or is t1at ro66er0= In ro66er0/ s all0 t1e ro66er will sa0 8"ive me mone0 ot1erwise I will kill 0o N3 In t1reat/ 8I will kill 0o i2 0o !o not "ive me mone0N3 In or!inar0 ro66er0 t1e0 will sa0 8"ive me mone0 ot1erwise I will kill 0o N3 In t1reat/ 8I will kill 0o i2 0o !o not "ive me mone0N3 +o t1e t1reat is a1ea! o2 t1e !eman!3 (7ampleA 8I will kill 0o an! so t1at I will not kill 0o "ive me mone0N3 T1at is w1en it is consi!ere! as a t1reat or w1en it is s 6&ect to a con!ition3 I am "oin" to 6 rn 0o r 1o se i2 0o !o not "ive me mone03 T1ere is t1ere2ore a t1reat o2 arson3 T1e con!ition is t1at i2 0o will "ive me mone0 I will not 6 rn 0o r 1o se3 I2 I was a6le to o6tain mone0 2rom 0o it is a case o2 "rave t1reat an! t1e penalt0 wo l! 6e one !e"ree lower 2rom t1e penalt0 2or t1e crime 1e inten!e! to commit 6eca se it was accomplis1e!3 I2 t1e con!ition is not
accomplis1e!/ t1en t1e penalt0 two !e"rees lower will 6e impose!3 In case o2 1omici!e/ t1e penalt0 6ein" recl sion temporal i2 t1e t1reat is to kill an! is s 6&ect to a con!ition or t1ere is a !eman! 2or mone03 T1e penalt0 will 6e lowere! 60 one !e"ree onl0 an! so it is prision ma0or3 I2 t1e con!ition is not reali5e! t1en t1e penalt0 s1all 6e lowere! 60 two !e"rees3 I2 t1ere is no con!ition it is simple arresto ma0or3 +a0/ 2or e7ample/ 0o went to t1e 1o se o2 anot1er person3 Bo 1ave 6een act all0 t1inkin" o2 t1e t1in"s t1at t1e person 1as !one to 0o an! so 0o !eci!e! to kill 1im3 In a ver0 cool manner 0o sai! 8pa!re/ I am "oin" to kill 0o N - t1at will 6e consi!ere! as "rave t1reat even i2 t1ere is no !eman! 2or mone0 an! t1ere is no con!ition attac1e! to t1e t1reat so t1e penalt0 will 6e onl0 arresto ma0or3 T1at is t1e mistake o2 some prosec tors3 T1e0 alwa0s sa0 t1at i2 it is a case o2 "rave t1reat/ t1en t1e penalt0 lower 60 two !e"rees s1all 6e impose! or lower 60 one !e"ree3 .#J I2 t1e t1reat is wit1o t con!ition at all or wit1o t an0 !eman! 2or mone0/ t1e penalt0 is onl0 arresto ma0or3 I2 it is !one in t1e 1eat o2 an"er it is onl0 li"1t t1reats3 J st like !rawin" a weapon ! rin" a 4 arrel3 T1e ot1er t1reat t1at is act all0 a m c1 "raver one t1an ot1er li"1t t1reats is t1e t1reat to commit a wron" not amo ntin" to or constit tin" a crime ma!e in an0 manner e7presse! in t1e 1 st para"rap1 o2 'rt3 2L23 <1at co l! 6e a t1reat w1ic1 is wron" 6 t !oes not amo nt to a crime= Let>s "o to recent eventsA <1at !i! -ris '4 ino tol! Joe0? 1a1a1aJ <1at -ris '4 ino sai! is t1at 8I am "oin" to !estro0 0o r political careerN3 Is !estro0in" one>s political career a wron"= Bes/ 6 t it !oes not amo nt to crime3 +o it 6elon"s to li"1t t1reats onl03 $imentelA 8I am not "oin" to allow 0o to "ra! ateN3 :e1e1eJ T1at is li"1t t1reats 6eca se t1at !oes not amo nt to a crime3 It is wron" 6 t it is not a crime3 'rt 2L2 an! 2L3 are t1e onl0 t1reats w1erein t1e co rt ma0 or!er t1e person w1o t1reatene! anot1er to post a 6on! 2or "oo! 6e1avior an! 2ail re to !o so ma0 6e a "ro n! to sentence t1e o22en!er to !estierro3 B t t1e person m st 2irst violate t1e con!ition o2 t1e 6on!3 T1e con!ition in t1e 6on! is t1at 1e s1o l! not molest? I2 0o t1reaten anot1er wit1 a " n t1at is "rave t1reats 6 t t1e penalt0 is onl0 arresto ma0or3 B t i2 ever 0o !raw a weapon !o not point 0o r weapon to a person3 J st !raw a weapon 6eca se once 0o point it to a person t1at is alrea!0 "rave t1reats 6 t t1e penalt0 is arresto ma0or onl03 T1ere was/ 1owever/ a !ecision o2 t1e +C w1ic1 sai! t1at i2 0o !raw a weapon to t1reaten anot1er it is onl0 ot1er li"1t t1reats3 'ct all0/ t1ere is reall0 con2lictin" versions wit1 respect to "rave t1reats wit1 respect to t1e 3r! para"rap1 or t1e 3r! kin! o2 "rave t1reats an! ot1er li"1t t1reats3 In ot1er li"1t t1reats/ i2 0o are "oin" to look at t1e article it sa0s t1at an0 person w1o wit1o t 6ein" incl !e! in t1e provisions o2 t1e ne7t prece!in" article? +o it is not li"1t t1reats n!er 'rt3 2L3 an! it is not a "rave t1reats n!er 'rt 2L23 %0 interpretation o2 t1is ot1er li"1t t1reats is t1at i2 sa0 2or e7ample 0o !raw a weapon an! 0o point it to anot1er in t1e 1eat o2 an"er t1en it is a simple ot1er li"1t t1reats3 It is 6est t1at 0o interpret it in 2avor o2 t1e acc se!3
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I 1ave alrea!0 !istin" is1e! "rave coercion wit1 ki!nappin"3 In "rave coercion/ t1e person w1o committe! s c1 act is wit1o t a t1orit0 2rom t1e law3 'n! 60 means o2 violence or intimi!ation (act all0 it m st 6e a"ainst violence onl0) prevent anot1er 2rom !oin" somet1in" not pro1i6ite! 60 law or to compel 1im to !o somet1in" a"ainst 1is will w1et1er it 6e ri"1t or wron"3 In ot1er wor!s/ 0o can act all0 pro1i6it some6o!0 2rom !oin" somet1in" even wit1o t a t1orit0 2rom t1e law i2 1e is committin" a crime or i2 1e is committin" an immoral act/ 6 t 0o cannot compel a person to per2orm an act w1et1er it 6e ri"1t or wron"3 It is onl0/ 1owever/ in connection wit1 t1e p10sical activit0 o2 w1ic1 a person ma0 per2orm3 +a0 2or e7ampleA can 0o compel a person to pa0 a ta7= BesJ Can 0o compel a person to report 2or work= Bes/ i2 1e is not sick/ s 22erin" 2rom an0 ailment/ an! especiall0 i2 1e is emplo0e! in t1at partic lar place3 I2 t1e coercion is committe! 2or t1e p rpose o2 compellin" anot1er to per2orm an0 reli"io s act or prevent 1im 2rom !oin" so t1e penalt0 ne7t 1i"1er in !e"ree s1all 6e impose!3 (7ampleA 0o compel a person to "o to mass w1en 1e is not a cat1olic3 T1at is also "rave coercion3 I2 0o prevent t1at person 2rom "oin" to mass t1at is also "rave coercion i2 1e is a cat1olic3 I2 1e is not an! 0o prevent 1im 2rom "oin" to mass t1at is not coercion 6eca se t1at person m st 1ave a reli"io s 6elie2 in re"ar! to t1e activit0 t1at 1e is "oin" to per2orm3 It will amo nt to t1e 1st para"rap1 o2 'rt3 2LD3 (ven t1o "1 0o compel a sevent1 !a0 a!ventist mem6er to eat pork t1at !oes not 6elon" to para"rap1 23 T1at 6elon"s to para"rap1 13 @i! 0o ask 1im to per2orm a reli"io s act= .oJ @i! 0o prevent 1im 2rom per2ormin" a reli"io s act= .o !inJ +o it will 2all n!er para"rap1 1 o2 'rt3 2LD3 Li"1t coercionsJ (7ampleA mas0a!on" mainit ton" cre!itor3 :e cannot wait 2or t1e !e6tor to pa0 1im3 +o 1e sei5e! t1e propert0 o2 t1e !e6tor 2or p rposes o2 appl0in" it to t1e !e6t3 T1at is li"1t coercion3 :ow a6o t t1e practice o2 some mone0 len!ers or t1ese people w1o are alwa0s "oin" aro n! etc3= InstallmentJ InstallmentJ T1e item is 0o rs etc3 <e will & st collect 2rom 0o 1 peso per !a03 'n! i2 0o are not a6le to pa0 t1e amo nt 2or some time an! t1e0 sei5e 0o r propert0 is t1at li"1t coercion= In 0o r sales/ is t1e sale cons mmate! t1e moment t1e propert0 is !elivere! an! t1e pa0ment/ w1et1er it is not eno "1/ is "iven= Cons mmate! na 0on !i 6a= Can 0o sei5e t1e propert0 to appl0 it to t1e val e o2 t1e in!e6te!ness= :in!i e1J T1ere m st 6e a co rt or!er to seek 2or t1e reme!0 o2 replevin in or!er t1at 0o ma0 6e "iven t1e propert03 I2 0o !o it on 0o r own/ it is consi!ere! li"1t coercion3 'll ot1er n& st ve7ations or ot1er coercions are consi!ere! li"1t coercions3 In 'rt3 2LL/ ot1er similar coercions/ t1is is w1ere t1e owner o2 esta6lis1ments ask t1eir emplo0ees to 6 0 or p rc1ase t1e merc1an!ise 2rom t1em in a comp lsor0 manner or t1at t1e0 are 6ein" p s1e! to receive as t1eir wa"es tokens3 B t s pposin" t1ese people a"ree t1at t1e0 receive token an!
small pieces o2 paper an! t1e0 will se t1at to 6 0 merc1an!ise 2rom t1e store3 T1at a"reement is vali!J It is onl0 applica6le w1en 0o compel t1em a"ainst t1eir will3 I2 t1ere is no comp lsion an! t1e0 a"ree!/ t1ere is no crime3 It ma0 appear as n2air la6or practice/ 6 t it is not a crime n!er t1e R$C3 +o t1e parents/ t1e c sto!ians or even t1e spo se wit1 respect to anot1er w1o sei5es t1e correspon!ents o2 anot1er in or!er to !iscover t1e secrets o2 anot1er is lia6le 2or coverin" secrets t1ro "1 sei5 re o2 correspon!ents3 I2 t1e o22en!er !oes not reveal t1e secrets t1en 1e will 6e p nis1e! 60 a lower penalt03 ' wi2e w1o sei5es t1e correspon!ents o2 1er 1 s6an! is not committin" a crime/ 6 t i2 s1e inten!s to se t1e correspon!ents t1at s1e sei5e! 2rom 1er 1 s6an! as evi!ence in co rt t1e +C 1el! t1at s1e cannot !o so 6eca se t1at is t1e propert0 o2 t1e 1 s6an!3 'si!e 2rom t1at/ t1ere is an ille"al searc1 an! sei5 re3 Revealin" secrets wit1 a6 se o2 o22ice3 T1is concerns mana"ers/ emplo0ees/ servants w1o in t1eir capacit0 s1all learn t1e secrets o2 t1eir master an! reveal t1e same3 Let>s take t1e case o2 %a1 sa03 I2 it is tr e t1at 1e is t1e messen"er an! con2i!ante o2 %r3 'rro0o an! 1e s !!enl0 went on a rampa"e an! reveale! t1in"s t1at are s ppose! to 6e con2i!ential in nat re/ co l! 1e 6e 1el! lia6le 2or revealin" t1e secrets o2 1is emplo0er= Bes 6eca se 1e is an emplo0ee an! 1e learne! t1e secrets o2 1is master in t1e per2ormance o2 1is 2 nctions3 'n! t1ose are all t1e elements t1at are s ppose! to 6e in 'rt3 2I13 :e is !e2initel0 lia6le3 I am !e2inite a6o t t1at3 T1ere are 2 acts t1at ma0 constit te t1e act o2 ro66er03 #ne is 60 means o2 violence or intimi!ation pon persons or 2orce pon t1in"s3 I2 it is 60 2orce or violence or intimi!ation pon persons it is covere! n!er 'rt3 2I43 T1e !i22erence 6etween ro66er0 an! t1e2t is t1at in t1e2t/ t1ere is no 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation pon persons3 .eit1er is t1ere 2orce pon t1in"s3 In 6ot1 crimes/ t1ere is t1e takin" o2 personal propert0 o2 anot1er wit1 intent to "ain wit1o t t1e consent o2 t1e owner3 T1e crime o2 ro66er0 n!er 'rt3 2I4 speaks even o2 special comple7 crimes in para"rap1 13 T1e law sa0s t1at t1e penalt0 o2 recl sion perpet a to !eat1 s1all 6e impose! pon an0 person w1o 60 reason or on occasion commits an0 o2 t1e acts o2 ro66er0 an! on occasion or 60 reason o2 ro66er0 t1e crime o2 1omici!e s1all 1ave 6een committe! or w1en t1e ro66er0 s1all 1ave 6een accompanie! 60 rape or intentional m tilation or arson3 In ot1er wor!s/ in cases o2 ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e at an0 sta"e prior or a2ter it is alwa0s ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e3 In cases o2 ro66er0 wit1 rape or wit1 intentional m tilation or arson3 .ote t1e wor! 8or w1en t1e ro66er0 s1all 1ave 6een accompanie!N meanin" t1e m tilation or t1e rape or t1e arson m st come a2ter t1e ro66er03 It is act all0 & st common sense 6eca se i2 0o rape a woman a2ter 0o 1ave 6 rne! t1e 1o se/ w1at will 0o steal= T1e r le is/ in t1ese comple7 crimes/ w1enever t1ere is 1omici!e committe! prior to/ sim ltaneo sl0 wit1/ or
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a2ter t1e ro66er0/ it is alwa0s ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e3 T1ere will 6e onl0 ro66er0 wit1 rape i2 t1e ro66er0 1as 6een committe! an! t1erea2ter/ t1e rape was committe! re"ar!less i2 even t1e same is a mere a2tert1o "1t3 T1e same is tr e wit1 m tilation or arson3 It is !i22erent w1en rape is t1e p rpose o2 t1e o22en!er3 I2 t1e p rpose o2 t1e o22en!er is to rape t1e victim an! as an a2tert1o "1t 1e committe! ro66er0 or t1e2t/ t1ere are 2 crimes t1at are committe!3 #ne ro66er0 an! a separate crime o2 rape or t1e2t - t1at is rape an! ro66er0 or t1e2t3 T1e0 are separate crimes3 T1e pro6lem wit1 respect to ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e an! a rape is committe! likewise 1as 6een alrea!0 settle! !own 60 t1e +C3 T1e +C/ in !eci!in" s c1 a case/ r le! t1at t1e crime o2 rape s1all 6e separatel0 prosec te! 2rom t1e crime o2 ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e3 'n! it stan!s to reason t1at s c1 s1o l! 6e t1e & rispr !ence3 <10= It was correctl0 state! 60 t1e +C t1at rape 1as never 6een an a""ravatin" circ mstance n!er 'rt3 14 or in an0 special law an! t1ere2ore it can never a6sor6e! in t1e crime o2 rape wit1 1omici!e as an a""ravatin" circ mstance3 T1e ot1er kin!s o2 ro66er0 are in connection wit1 ro66er0 wit1 p10sical in& ries/ etc3 T1e more serio s t1e p10sical in& ries is/ t1e 1i"1er t1e penalt03 Bo will note t1at in t1e crime o2 ro66er0 wit1 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation/ t1e amo nt involve! is never a 2actor in t1e imposition o2 t1e penalt03 Look at t1e provision o2 'rt3 2I4/ para"rap1 ,/ w1erein t1e law sa0s t1at t1e penalt0 o2 prision correccional in its ma7im m perio! to prision ma0or in its me!i m perio! s1all 6e impose! pon an0 person w1o commits ro66er0 in ot1er cases3 In ot1er wor!s/ i2 0o onl0 se t1reat or intimi!ation to commit t1e crime o2 ro66er0/ irrespective o2 t1e amo nt involve! in t1e ro66er0/ t1e penalt0 is onl0 prision correcional in its ma7im m perio! to prision ma0or in its me!i m perio!3 T1is is amen!e! alrea!0 60 R3'3 ED,I3 'ct all0/ I was won!erin" w10 t1e0 !i! not still increase t1e penalt03 (7ampleA Bo ro6 a person carr0in" 1 million pesos an! 0o 1ave a kni2e wit1 0o 3 Bo onl0 t1reaten 1im t1at i2 0o !on>t "ive me t1at 6a" I will sta6 0o 3 Is t1e t1reat o2 sta66in" t1e victim an a""ravatin" circ mstance= .#J +o i2 t1e acc se! plea!s " ilt0 1e ma0 still 6e place! on pro6ation i2 t1ere are no a""ravatin" circ mstance3 T1is is 6eca se t1e penalt0 wo l! 6e in t1e minim m o2 t1e penalt0 provi!e! 60 t1e law3 'n! t1e minim m is prision correccional in its ma7im m perio! !espite t1e 2act t1at t1e amo nt involve! is 1 million pesos3 I cannot n!erstan! it3 In t1e2t/ i2 0o steal more t1an $22/000 t1e penalt0 alrea!0 is prision ma0or in its ma7im m perio! an! 2or ever0 $10/000 in e7cess o2 $22/000/ an a!!itional penalt0 o2 1 0ear s1all 6e impose!3 :owever/ t1e ma7im m o2 w1ic1 s1all not e7cee! 20 0ears3 T1is is reall0 somet1in" 2or s to look into an! it appears to me t1at in!ee! ro66er0 is more tra matic t1an t1e crime o2 t1e2t3 %eanin" t1e victim in a ro66er0 s 22ers more tra ma t1an one w1o is a victim o2 simple t1e2t an! 0et i2 t1e amo nt involve! in simple t1e2t is a 6i" amo nt t1e acc se! ma0 6e sentence! wit1 20 0ears in imprisonment/ w1ereas in ro66er0 t1at is not t1e case3 In ro66er0/ t1ere 1as to 6e serio s p10sical in& ries an! ot1er kin! o2 in& ries n!er 'rt3 2D33 .ow/ t1e lia6ilit0 o2
t1e participants in t1e crime o2 ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e ma0 !epen! pon circ mstances o2 eac1 case3 Let s sa0 a "ro p o2 4 men !eci!e! to ro6 a 1o se3 B t t1e0 know t1at t1e 1o se is in1a6ite!3 +o one was assi"ne! as a looko t an! anot1er to " ar! t1e "ate3 'n! t1e two entere! t1e 6 il!in" an! imme!iatel0 sta66e! t1e mai!/ t1e 6o03 <1at will 6e t1e lia6ilit0 o2 eac1 an! ever0 participant to t1e commission o2 t1e crime= 'll o2 t1em s1all 6e e4 all0 lia6le as principal3 T1e act o2 one is t1e act o2 all3 Let s c1an"e t1e scenario3 T1e o22en!ers !eci!e! to ro6 a 1o se w1erein t1e owners 1ave alrea!0 le2t 2or over a 0ear an! t1ere is no ass rance o2 t1eir ret rn in t1e 2 t re3 +o it is alrea!0 consi!ere! an nin1a6ite! 1o se3 T1e same 2acts3 's 0o know/ as in most nin1a6ite! 1o ses 1ere in %etro %anila/ t1e va"rants s all0 are sin" t1em as t1eir s1elter3 :owever/ t1is is not known to t1e ro66ers3 <1ile t1e0 are ransackin" t1e 1o se o2 val a6les/ t1e0 saw t1e va"rant3 9earin" t1e0 will 6e remem6ere! 60 t1e va"rant in case t1e0 are ca "1t/ t1e0 kille! t1e va"rant3 In point o2 lia6ilit0/ is t1e lia6ilit0 o2 t1ose w1o kille! t1e victim meanin" t1ose w1o are insi!e an! t1ose w1o are o tsi!e w1o !oes not know o2 t1e killin" lia6le 2or t1e same penalt0= .oJ #nl0 t1ose w1o participate! in t1e killin" or i2 ever 1e is present an! 1e !i! not prevent t1e killin" s1all s 22er t1e penalt0 o2 ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e3 B t t1en t1ose w1o !i! not 1ave knowle!"e/ 6eca se t1eir a"reement is to ro6 a 1o se w1ic1 is not in1a6ite!/ will onl0 6e " ilt0 o2 t1e crime o2 ro66er03 .ow/ w1at is t1e !i22erence 6etween 1i"1wa0 ro66er0 an! ro66er0 an! 6ri"an!a"e= T1e ro66er0 t1at is covere! 60 'rt3 2I4 is ver0 ver0 e7plicit3 Ro66er0 wit1 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation pon persons an! ro66er0 wit1 2orce pon t1in"s3 'n! t1at irrespective o2 w1et1er t1e0 1ave !etermine! t1eir victim or not or t1e0 1ave alrea!0 !etermine! t1e place or t1e person t1at will 6e t1eir victim t1at is or!inar0 ro66er0 6 t it will not necessaril0 6e committe! in t1e 1i"1wa03 In ro66er0 in t1e 1i"1wa0 w1ic1 is still e7istin" in $@ ,323 's in $@ ,32/ t1e law on pirac0 incl !e! t1erein 1as alrea!0 6een repeale!3 T1e victim is alwa0s i!enti2ie! 60 t1e o22en!ers3 In 6ri"an!a"e/ it is !i22erent3 Irrespective o2 w1et1er t1e persons are in 6 ses or known or not known to t1em/ in ot1er wor!s/ t1e0 will commit ro66er0 or ki!nappin" o2 persons 2or p rposes o2 e7tortin" ransom 2rom t1em in!iscriminatel0 in t1e 1i"1wa03 'n0 person w1o passes in t1e 1i"1wa0 t1e0 will ro63 .ot necessaril0 passen"ers 6 t an0 person3 T1at is an in!iscriminate ro66er0 in t1e 1i"1wa03 .ow/ is t1ere a crime to e7tort mone0= T1at is e7tortion3 (7tortion is also consi!ere! as ro66er0 6 t t1e0 are !i22erent in t1at in ro66er0 t1e intimi!ation is act al an! imme!iate3 %eanin" t1e t1reat is present imme!iatel03 <1ereas in t1reats to e7tort mone0/ t1e t1reats ma0 not 6e imme!iatel0 present3 'ct all0/ sometimes t1e same is con!itional in nat re an! it ma0 take place in t1e 2 t re3 In ro66er0/ t1e intimi!ation is personal to t1e o22en!e! part03 In e7tortion t1ro "1 t1reats/ it ma0 6e t1ro "1 an interme!iar0 or t1ro "1 letters3 Likewise/ in t1reats t1e intimi!ation ma0 re2er to
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a person or 1onor or propert0 o2 anot1er3 In ro66er0/ t1e same is !irecte! to t1e person o2 t1e victim/ not to 1is 1onor/ not to 1is propert0 an! not to an0 mem6er o2 1is 2amil03 In ro66er0/ t1e "ain o2 t1e c lprit is imme!iate3 In e7tortion/ t1e "ain ma06e later3 I2 0o ro6 anot1er passen"er in a s1ip t1at is not pirac03 T1at is onl0 simple ro66er03 I2 0o steal somet1in" 2rom t1e s1ip even its car"o an! 0o are a passen"er t1at is not pirac0 or m tin0 6 t onl0 simple ro66er03 'rt 2ID is t1e !e2inition o2 a 6an!3 % st 6e 4 or more male2actors3 T1e0 s all0 take part in t1e crimes o2 ro66er03 <1en t1e arms se! 60 t1e 6an! in t1e commission o2 a crime are nlicense! 2irearms t1e penalt0 t1at s1all 6e impose! pon t1e mem6ers o2 t1e 6an! s1all 6e in t1e ma7im m perio! wit1o t pre& !ice to t1e criminal lia6ilit0 o2 t1e o22en!ers 2or t1e crime o2 ille"al possession o2 2irearms3 +o t1e law is ver0 clear t1at in cases o2 ro66er0 60 a 6an! t1e crime o2 ille"al possession o2 2irearms is not a6sor6e! 6 t in t1e event 1owever t1at t1e ro66er0 60 a 6an! res lte! to t1e killin" o2 a victim so it 6ecomes ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e3 Is t1e o22ense o2 ille"al possession o2 2irearms a6sor6e!= T1at is a "oo! 4 estion in t1e 6ar3 T1e answer is no 6eca se t1e crime o2 ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e is a crime a"ainst propert03 It is not a crime a"ainst persons3 'n! ille"al possession o2 2irearms is onl0 a6sor6e! in 2 crimes a"ainst persons3 T1at is 1omici!e an! m r!er3 T1e ot1er are crimes a"ainst national sec rit0 t1at is treason/ re6ellion or ins rrection/ co p ! Metat an! se!ition3 'ct all0/ it is a6sor6e! even wit1o t t1e same 6ein" even an a""ravatin" circ mstance3 I2 t1e 6an! or an0 ro66er0 is committe! wit1 1omici!e an! it is wit1 t1e se o2 an! ille"all0 possesse! 2irearms t1e crime o2 ille"al possession o2 2irearms is not a6sor6e! in t1e crime o2 ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e 6eca se t1e crime o2 ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e is not a crime a"ainst persons 6 t a crime a"ainst propert03 I2 I will 6e an e7aminer I will ask t1at 4 estion or I will tell some6o!0 to ask t1at 4 estion3 :a1a1aJ 'n0 mem6er o2 an0 6an! even i2 1e !i! not participate in an0 overt act as lon" as 1is presence is esta6lis1e! 1e will 6e e4 all0 lia6le wit1 t1e ot1er mem6ers o2 t1e 6an!3 T1ere is no nee! to !isc ss conspirac0 6eca se t1e 6an! itsel2 is in itsel2 likewise a conspirac03 Ro66er0 wit1 2orce pon t1in"s s1o l! onl0 take place in a p 6lic 6 il!in" or e!i2ice !evote! to reli"io s wors1ip/ ro66er0 in an in1a6ite! place/ ro66er0 in a private 6 il!in"/ or nin1a6ite! 1o se3 +o t1ese are t1e onl0 t1in"s t1at ma0 6e t1e s 6&ect o2 ro66er0 wit1 2orce pon t1in"s3 'ct all0/ 0o cannot 2in! an0more an0 kin! o2 ro66er0 wit1 2orce pon t1in"s nless it 6e a 6 il!in"3 (ven t1e takin" o2 a receptacle t1at is close! it m st 6e taken 2rom a 6 il!in" or an e!i2ice3 T1e commission o2 ro66er0 wit1 2orce pon t1in"s like w1en 0o enter t1e 6 il!in" in an entrance not !evote! 2or s c13 I aske! t1is 4 estionA s pposin" I sai!/ t1ere are 2 !oors in a room an! one is marke! e7it an! t1e ot1er one is marke! entrance3 Bo entere! in t1e !oor marke! as e7it an! 0o took somet1in" 2rom insi!e is t1at ro66er0= .oJ Beca se t1e !oor is alwa0s 2or t1e p rpose o2 in"ress an! e"ress irrespective o2 w1et1er 0o mark it as e7it3 It is pro1i6ite! to 1ave a one wa0 !oor3
+ept3 2I/ 2003 B0A Ria )n!er Common <ealt1 'ct .o3 41E/ in relation to t1ose t1at are speci2ie! in articles in 2I4/ 2I,/ 2IE/ 2II/ 300 an! 302 o2 t1e Revise! $enal Co!e (R$C)A w1en t1e propert0 taken is mail matter or lar"e cattle/ t1e o22en!ers 1ave s 22ere! t1e penalt0 ne7t 1i"1er in !e"ree t1an t1ose provi!e! in sai! articles3 T1at is t1e 4 ali2ie! ro66er03 :ence/ even i2 t1e penalt0 is alrea!0 recl sion temporal/ i2 w1at was taken is mail matter or lar"e cattle/ t1e penalt0 in t1at partic lar kin! o2 ro66er0/ even i2/ it is wit1o t 2alse violence or intimi!ation pon persons/ t1e penalt0 o2 recl sion perpet a ma0 6e impose!3 Let s see i2 it is correct3 In 'rticle 2I4/ t1at is/ act all0 ro66er0 wit1 violence or intimi!ation o2 persons/ nat rall0/ on occasion o2 t1e ro66er0/ an0 o2 t1e p10sical in& ries n!er 'rticle 2D3 s1all 1ave 6een in2licte!/ t1e penalt0 ma0 6e p to recl sion temporal especiall0 i2 t1e ro66er0 is n!er o2 s 6!ivision 1 an! s 6!ivision 2 o2 'rticle 2I43 +o i2 it is recl sion temporal/ t1e ne7t penalt0 1i"1er 60 1 !e"ree co l! 6e recl sion perpet aP w1ic1 0o wo l! never t1ink o2 6eca se 1ere t1ere is no s c1 line o2 a penalt0 even on ro66er0 wit1o t 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation3 Let s s ppose t1at t1ere is ro66er0 6 t t1ere is no 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation3 <1at t1en wo l! t1e penalt0 6e impose!= I2 t1ere is a 6reakin" o2 !oors/ wallsP w1at penalt0 ma0 6e impose! in sai! crime= I2 t1e ro66er0 is committe! 60 arme! persons in an in1a6ite! 1o se or p 6lic 6 il!in" or e!i2ice !evote! to reli"io s wors1ip/ t1e0 s1all 6e p nis1e! 60 recl sion temporal i2 t1e val e o2 t1e propert0 taken e7cee!s $2,03 (/ 1ow m c1 is $2,0 nowa!a0s= (ven 0o r watc1 t1at !o not even 1ave a 6atter0 wo l! 6e wort1 more t1an $2,0 alt1o "1 0o cannot "o to Ce6 ana to pawn it/ 0o can still sell it to some6o!0 2or more t1an $2,03 In t1e event t1at is taken 2rom a 1o se w1ic1 is in1a6ite! or in a place o2 reli"io s wors1ip or w1atever/ t1e penalt0 is alrea!0 recl sion temporal3 I2 w1at was taken 2rom a p 6lic 6 il!in" is a mail matter or a cattle w1ic1 is tie! in one o2 t1e !epen!encies o2 t1e 1o se (in t1e province t1ere are !epen!encies w1erein t1e cattles are 6ein" kept t1ere)3 :ave 0o seen s c1 arran"ement in t1e provinces= In or!er t1at t1e0 ma0 6e a6le to protect t1eir live cattles/ most o2 t1eir live cattles are place! in !epen!encies w1ic1 are part o2 t1eir livin" 4 arters3 +o/ t1e penalt0 wo l! 6e recl sion temporal3 'n! i2/ mail matter or lar"e cattle are taken in s c1 kin! o2 ro66eries/ t1e penalt0 wo l! reac1 p to recl sion perpet a3
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It is now even in 4 ali2ie! t1e2t/ even i2 t1e penalt0 ma0 6e 2 !e"rees 1i"1er/ 0o cannot impose t1e penalt0 o2 !eat13 Bo can onl0 impose t1e penalt0 o2 p to recl sion perpet a 6eca se it is not incl !e! amon" t1e 1eino s crimes n!er Rep 6lic 'ct SED,I3 B t w1at I was sa0in" t1en p to now/ in cases o2 4 ali2ie! t1e2t/ it s1o l! onl0 6e 1 !e"ree 1i"1er --- & st like in 4 ali2ie! ro66er03 +o t1ere is s c1 a t1in" as 4 ali2ie! ro66er03 I2 0o were aske! in t1e 6ar e7ams/ i2 t1ere is a 4 ali2ie! ro66er0/ 0o cite t1at i2 t1e ro66er0 is wit1 2orce/ violence or intimi!ations/ etc3 committe! in an in1a6ite! 1o se/ place o2 reli"io s wors1ip/ etc or in p 6lic 6 il!in" an! w1at was taken was mail matter or lar"e scatter/ t1e same s1all 6e consi!ere! a 4 ali2ie! ro66er0 an! t1e penalt0 s1all 6e raise! 1 !e"ree 1i"1er t1an t1at w1ic1 was impose! 60 law3 .o ot1er 6ook mentions s c1 t1in" as 4 ali2ie! ro66er0J <e 1ave also taken ro66er0 in an in1a6ite! place 60 a 6an! an! t1e ro66er0 o2 places w1ic1 are consi!ere! nin1a6ite!3 <1at we 1ave to remem6er is t1at !epen!encies are still consi!ere! as part o2 an e!i2ice o2 a 6 il!in" so lon" as t1ere is an in"ress an! e"ress 2rom t1at !epen!encies "oin" to t1e main 1o se or e!i2ice an! vice versa3 B t t1en/ t1e 6 il!in"s m st 6e conti" o s to eac1 ot1er/ i2 not/ t1ere co l! 6e no !epen!enc03 Ro66er0 o2 cereals or 2r its or 2irewoo!3 T1ere co l! 6e a misconception re"ar!in" ro66er0 o2 cereals or 2r its or 2irewoo! 6eca se o2 t1e conception t1at i2 2r its or cereals are taken wit1 2orce/ violence/ or intimi!ation pon persons/ it is onl0 plain simple ro66er03 B t w1at is reall0 contemplate! 1ere is t1at t1e 2r its or t1e cereals are in a 6arn;e!i2ice;enclos re;place w1ere t1e0 are 6ein" kept an! t1e walls;2loors;!oors o2 so are !estro0e! in connection wit1 t1e ro66er03 's re"ar!s t1e 2irewoo!/ t1ere co l! onl0 6e ro66er0 i2 t1e place is nin1a6ite!3 T1e possession o2 picklocks an! ot1er similar tools/ it is onl0 p nis1a6le i2 s c1 possession is wit1 t1e intention to se t1e same in t1e commission o2 t1e crime o2 ro66er03 T1e se o2 picklocks or similar tools is akin to t1e se o2 2orce pon t1in"s3 (ven a real ke0 ma0 6e consi!ere! as a similar tool 6eca se t1e ser is not t1e owner or possessor o2 t1e same3 T1ose w1o are makers o2 t1ese tools are also lia6le3 I2 t1e o22en!er is a locksmit1/ 1e s1all s 22er t1e penalt0 o2 prision correccional3 <1en t1e law sa0s locksmit1/ 1e m st 6e a t1ori5e! 60 t1e m nicipal "overnment or is license! to make s c1 tools3 I2 1e is not a t1ori5e!/ 1e is not consi!ere! 2or t1is p rpose as a locksmit13
9alse ke0s K an0 ke0s stolen 2rom t1e owner/ or lost an! 2o n! 60 anot1er person w1o !i! not ret rne! to t1e owner;a t1orities3 'n0 ke0 not inten!e! 60 t1e owner to open s c1 t1in"s are consi!ere! as 2alse ke0s3 Bri"an!a"e K t1e onl0 t1in" 0o 1ave to remem6er is t1at t1ere are at least 2o r or more arme! male2actors w1ose p rpose is to ro6;ki!nap people in t1e 1i"1wa0 2or t1e p rpose o2 e7tortin" ransom 2rom t1em3 T1e 1i"1wa0 is not e7cl sivel0 t1ose 6ein" se! 60 6 ses/ &eepne0s/ etc3 T1e0 ma0 6e provincial or m nicipal roa!3 In t1e case o2 $eople vs3 @ c sin/ t1ose 2o r or more w1o roam aro n! t1e co ntr0 in or!er to ro6;ki!nap people 2or t1e p rpose o2 e7tortin" 2rom t1em are consi!ere! as 6ri"an!s3 +o/ even i2 t1e0 are not ro66in" people/ 6 t t1e0 roam aro n! t1e co ntr0/ t1e0 commit t1is crime3 I !on>t know w10 t1e + preme Co rt r le! t1at wa03 In t1e $1ilippines/ 0o cannot reall0 walk all over t1e co ntr03 :ere is also a sit ation w1ere a person w1o carries an nlicense! 2irearm makes t1e penalt0 imposa6le in its ma7im m perio!3 B t in 6ri"an!a"e/ t1e crime o2 ille"al possession o2 2irearms is never a6sor6e!3 T1ose w1o ai! or a6et a 6an! o2 6ri"an!s 60 "ivin" in2ormation to t1em a6o t t1e movement o2 t1e policeP or t1ose w1o are receivin" or ac4 irin" s c1 propert0 taken 60 s c1 6ri"an!s3 T1e penalt0 ma0 6e p to prision ma0or in its minim m perio! (a22lictive alrea!0)3 T1ose w1o ai! or a6et a 6an! o2 6ri"an!s cannot 6e consi!ere! as accessories n!er 'rticle 1I o2 t1e R$C 6eca se t1ere is a special provision an! speci2ic penalt0 2or t1em3 B t can t1e0 6e consi!ere! as violatin" $3@3 S1D12= Bes/ t1e0 are lia6le n!er 'nti-9encin" Law3 <e "o to t1e2t3 T1e2t is t1e takin" o2 personall0 propert0 6elon"in" to anot1er wit1o t t1e consent o2 t1e owner an! wit1 intent to "ain3 T1e wor! Manot1er> !oes not necessaril0 mean t1e owner3 +o a t1ie2 ma0 commit t1e2t i2 1e took propert0 also stolen 60 anot1er t1ie23 Bot1 o2 t1e t1ieves are lia6le in t1e separate crimes t1e0 are committe!3 'n0 person w1o 2o n! an0 lost propert0 an! !i! not ret rn t1e same to t1e owner s1all 6e " ilt0 o2 t1e2t3 'n0one w1o 1as malicio sl0 !ama"e t1e propert0 o2 anot1er an! s1all remove t1e 2r its o2 t1e !ama"e ca se! 60 1im/ t1e mere 2act t1at it was remove! 60 t1e o22en!er 2rom t1e place 1e !ama"e!/ t1e same s1all 6e consi!ere! t1e2t3 T1ese 1ave to 6e !i22erentiate! wit1 t1e2t o2 transmission lines3 T1e latter is in n!er T1e2t o2 (lectricit03 In t1e2t o2 transmission lines/ t1ere is no element o2 intent to "ain3 T1e mere sawin";c ttin";!istraction or electrical transmission
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lines s1all 6e consi!ere! t1e2t an! t1e penalt0 is 1eavier t1at t1at w1ic1 is provi!e! 2or in or!inar0 t1e2t3 <1o are still lia6le 2or t1e crime o2 t1e2t= T1ose w1o enter enclose! estate or 2iel! w1ere trespass is 2or6i!!en/ wit1o t t1e consent o2 t1e owner/ an! 2is1 or "at1er 2r its;cereals;2orest;2arm pro! cts3 (7cept i2 t1e 2orest pro! ct stolen is a tree alrea!0 capa6le o2 6ein" t rne! to l m6er --- t1is is alrea!0 n!er t1e 9orestr0 Co!e o2 t1e $1ilippines an! t1e penalt0 is t1at o2 4 ali2ie! t1e2t n!er 'rticle 310 o2 t1e R$C3 :owever/ even t1e owner ma0 6e 1el! lia6le n!er t1e 9orestr0 Co!eJ Bo can c t tress & st as lon" as t1e0 are se! insi!e 0o r propert03 I2 0o transport t1e l m6er/ t1en t1ere is violation o2 t1e 9orestr0 Co!e3 J !"e talks a6o t kin!s o2 woo!s an! see!lin"s;treesP comp tation per c 6ic meter o2 6oar!s3 @istin" is1 t1e2t 2rom esta2a or swin!lin"3 T1e point o2 !istinction is t1e possession o2 t1e propert03 I2 t1e possession is onl0 temporar0/ alt1o "1 "iven 60 t1e owner/ wit1 an o6li"ation to ret rn imme!iatel0/ i2 t1e person to w1om t1e propert0 was "iven a6scon!s wit1 t1e propert0/ t1at is simple t1e2t3 B t i2 1e alrea!0 1as & ri!ical possession an! can raise a !e2ense as a"ainst a t1ir! part0 in relation to t1e propert0 1e is 1ol!in" at t1e time an! 1e misappropriates it or 1e act all0 appropriates is/ it is alrea!0 esta2a3 In 6ot1 instances/ t1ere is partin" o2 t1e propert0 wit1 t1e consent o2 t1e owner3 In t1e2t/ t1e partin" is temporar03 T1e 1ol!er o2 t1e propert0 cannot raise an0 !e2ense to a t1ir! part0 in connection wit1 t1e possession o2 t1e propert03 Bo remem6er t1e I"orot case w1o "ave t1e "ol! 6ar;2orei"n c rrencies to @eHera wit1 t1e instr ction to 1ave t1em c1an"e!/ i2 not/ t1en ret rn t1e same= T1e latter !isappeare!3 +C sai! t1e crime involve! is t1e2t3 T1e consent "iven 60 t1e I"orot is temporar0 an! onl0 2or a speci2ic perio!3 '2ter t1e lapse o2 t1at speci2ic perio! o2 time/ possession 60 @eHera is alrea!0 ille"al3 In esta2a/ t1ere is act all0 no speci2ic perio! o2 time ()3+3 vs3 @eHera)3 Jo-anne raises a 4 estion 6 t m 22le! e13 (ric raises a 4 estion 6 t m 22le!3 I2 one took a car 2rom t1e owner wit1o t 1is consent --- t1at is alrea!0 carnappin"3 <e take in consi!eration t1e nat re o2 t1e propert0 --- t1e person entr ste! s1o l! eit1er !o as instr cte! or imme!iatel0 ret rn it3 T1e latter is an important con!ition3 (sta2a involves tr st an! con2i!ence e7istin" 6etween t1e o22en!e! an! t1e o22en!er3
T1e2t !oes not involve tr st3 It is so i2 a person w1o receives a propert0 temporaril0 to convert t1e same/ a6scon!s wit1 t1e sai! propert03 In F ali2ie! T1e2t/ in2ormation 1as to alle"e t1at t1ere is "rave a6 se o2 con2i!ence3 In (sta2a/ a simple alle"ation o2 a6 se o2 con2i!ence is alrea!0 eno "1J +imple t1e2t is necessaril0 incl !e! in 4 ali2ie! t1e2t3 I2 it is not alle"e! t1at t1e t1e2t was wit1 "rave a6 se o2 con2i!ence/ t1en onl0 t1e 2ormer s1all 6e impose!3 *ra! ation is also applie!A 'ttempte! K 2 !e"rees lower 9r strate! K 1 !e"ree lower %inor kin!s o2 t1e2t incl !eA 1 ntin"/ 2is1in"/ "at1erin" o2 pro! cts in an enclose! estate wit1o t t1e consent o2 t1e owner (e7cept trees)/ t1e penalt0 to 6e impose! is arresto ma0or in minim m or a 2ine o2 not more t1an $,0 w1en t1e o22en!er is motivate! 60 1 n"er or lack o2 opport nit0 to earn a livin" (6 t t1e latter is not applica6le in t1e provinces an0wa0J) T1e2t o2 *ol! p nis1e! n!er $3@3 S,L13 J !"e talks a6o t w1ere "ol! can 6e 2o n! wit1in t1e $1ilippines3 $enalties 2or t1e2t n!er 'rticle 30IA I2 t1e amo nt involve! is more t1an $22/000?Total penalt0 to 6e impose! 60 t1e co rts s1all not e7cee! 20 0ears3 Bo ma0 comp te t1e penalt0 ntil D00 0ears/ 6 t t1e acc se! s1all onl0 serve t1e ma7im m penalt0 o2 20 0ears3 T1e most t1at 0o can impose! pon a person in cases o2 or!inar0 t1e2t is in!eterminate prison term 2rom 12 0ears o2 prision ma0or as minim m to 20 0ears o2 recl sion temporal as ma7im m3 9o7 e7ample/ t1e amo nt involve! is $D%3 :ow man0 $10/000 are t1ere in a million= +o t1is will 0iel! to D00 0ears3 (ven si7 "enerations will not 6e eno "1 to serve s c1 penalt0J 'rticle 310/ F ali2ie! T1e2tA T1e penalt0 t1at will 6e impose! will 6e two !e"rees 1i"1er i2 t1e acc se! takes t1e propert0 6elon"in" to anot1er wit1o t t1e latter>s consent an! wit1 intent to "ain --- an! s c1 propert0 is a mail matter/ a cocon t in a cocon t plantation/ 2is1 in a 2is1 pon!/ or i2 t1e o22en!er is a !omestic servant/ or i2 t1e o22en!er "ravel0 a6 se! t1e con2i!ence o2 t1e owner3
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I2 t1e amo nt o2 t1e propert0 is over $22/000/ accor!in" to t1e case o2 $eople vs3 Re0es/ t1e penalt0 t1at s1o l! 6e impose! pon t1e acc se! is Recl sion $erpet a an! it is not 6aila6le3 T1is !ecision was later con2irme! in t1e case o2 $eople vs3 Ba"o (330 +CR')3 @o not 6elieve in t1e recommen!ation o2 t1e @#J t1at it is 6aila6le 60 $L0/000 to $100/0003 @#J commits i"norance o2 t1e lawJ I 1ave a pen!in" case wit1 t1e + preme Co rt re"ar!in" t1is matter/ 4 ali2ie! t1e2t/ 6eca se I !i! not 2i7 t1e 6ail3 C' sai! it is 6aila6le3 T1e pro6lem wit1 t1e +ol*en/ t1e0 !i! not e7ec te a certi2ication o2 non-2or m s1oppin"J <1at is 2 rt1er interestin" in t1at case is/ t1e acc se! is not in t1e $1ilippinesJ :ow t1en can 1e ask an0 relie2=J :e can>t/ 6eca se t1e co rt 1as no & ris!iction over 1is person?an! 0et t1e C' entertaine! 1is appeal an! reverse! m0 r lin"3 #k lan"/ it is t1e +ol*en w1o is 1avin" a 1ea!ac1e3 #22 topic !isc ssion re"ar!in" !omestic servants as & !"e sa0s i-lower na lan" penalt0 2or t1em kasi kawawa naman sila an! kailan"an naman tala"a sila in t1e 1o se3 <ala na 0 n" carnappin" an! cattle-r stlin" !0an 1a3 In ro66er0/ 0o consi!er t1e cattle as t1e s 6&ect t1at will raise t1e penalt0 to one !e"ree 1i"1er3 B t in cattle-r stlin"/ it is 4 ite !i22erent 6eca se it is a special law3 In carnappin"/ it is also !i22erent 6eca se penalties are not t1e same3 I2 t1ere is no 2orce/ violence/ an! intimi!ation pon persons in carnappin"/ t1e penalt0 is onl0 14 0ears L mont1s an! 1 !a0 to 1E 0ears an! 4 mont1s3 I2 t1ere is 2orce/ violence/ or intimi!ation pon persons/ t1en t1e penalt0 will 6e 1E 0ears 4 mont1s an! 1 !a0 to 30 0ears3 'n! i2 t1e owner/ passen"er/ or !river is;are kille!/ t1e penalt0 o2 !eat1 s1all 6e impose!3 +o it is a 1eino s crime (R3'3 SED,I)3 'rticle 311/ T1e2t o2 $ropert0 o2 t1e .ational Li6rar0/ (tc3 +o 0o can steal t1e 2amo s paintin"s in t1e .ational Li6rar0P 6 t not t1e ones in *+I+ as t1at is not a .ational Li6rar0 or .ational % se mP so it wo l! !epen! on t1e val e o2 t1e propert03 :owever/ i2 0o steal somet1in" at .ational Li6rar0 or .ational % se m/ even i2 it is a pri5e! paintin"/ t1e penalt0 onl0 is arresto ma0or or a 2ine ran"in" 2rom $200-$,00J It is m c1 6etter to steal 2rom .ational Li6rar0 or .ational % se m t1an t1e *+I+3 'rticle 312/ #cc pation o2 Real $ropert0 or )s rpation o2 Real Ri"1ts 'n0 person w1o ses 2orce/ violence/ or intimi!ation in occ p0in" real properties or s rpin" real ri"1ts s1all 6e " ilt0 o2 t1is article3 + pposin" 0o are an owner o2 a real propert0 w1ic1 is a!&acent to a river/ t1ere is alwa0s an easement ( p to
30 meters) w1ic1 t1e owner en&o0s 2or p rposes o2 access to t1e river3 +a0 2or e7ample/ a person 2orces 1is wa0 to t1e river sa0in" t1e wa0 6elon"s to t1e "overnment3 Is 1e correct= .o/ easement is a real ri"1tJ T1at person w1o 2orce! an! t1reatene! 0o can 6e c1ar"e! n!er 'rticle 3123 T1is is pop lar in t1e provincesP 1ere in %anila/ wala nan" m"a easements3 Take note t1at t1is article is compose! o2 two t1in"sA 13 #cc pation o2 Real $ropert0 23 )s rpation o2 Real Ri"1ts3 T1is was aske! in t1e Bar 4-, 0ears a"o/ to !i22erentiate t1e two3 'rticle 313/ 'lterin" Bo n!aries T1is is t1e case o2 +atan an! +t3 $eter --- re"ar!in" 6o n!aries o2 1eaven an! 1ell3 T1is is t1e case w1ere people remove t1e mo1ones;markers or c t t1e trees w1ic1 are se! as 6o n!aries3 T1ose people w1o remove! so are " ilt0 o2 t1is article3 (ven i2 t1e Titles o2 t1e propert0 sa0s/ 86o n!e! 60 a 6i" narra tree/N t1e sai! tree is consi!ere! a 6o n!ar03 B t now/ t1e0 are sin" permanent markers3 'rticle 314/ 9ra ! lent Insolvenc0 T1ese are t1e people w1o a6scon!s wit1 t1eir propert0 in or!er to !e2ra ! cre!itors3 I2 1e is a merc1ant/ t1e penalt0 is prision ma0or an! i2 1e is not a merc1ant/ t1e penalt0 is prision correctional in its ma7im m perio! to prision ma0or in its me!i m perio!3 <1en 0o appl0 2or t1e provisional reme!0 o2 writ o2 attac1ment/ it is alwa0s alle"e! t1at t1e !e2en!ant is a6scon!in" or is a6o t to a6scon! to !e2ra ! cre!itors an! 1e;s1e 1as no s 22icient propert0 w1ic1 can answer 2or 1is;1er o6li"ation an! t1ere is 2ra ! in contractin" or in pa0ment o2 t1e o6li"ation3 'rticle 31,/ +win!lin" or (sta2a 'n0 person w1o s1all !e2ra ! anot1er 60 an0 means 1ere 6elow s1all 6e " ilt0 o2 swin!lin"3 T1ere are t1ree wa0s o2 committin" swin!lin"3 T1e 2irst kin! or mo!e is wit1 n2ait12 lness or a6 se o2 con2i!ence3 Look at t1e provision o2 t1is law/ t1e 2irst is 60 alterin" t1e s 6stance or 4 antit0 or 4 alit0 o2 val e w1ic1 t1e o22en!er s1all !eliver 60 virt e o2 a le"al;ille"al o6li"ationP t1e secon! is 60 misappropriation or conversion to t1e pre& !ice o2 anot1er an0 mone0 or personal "oo!s or propert0 receive! 60 t1e o22en!er in tr st (w1et1er totall0 or partiall0 " arantee! 60 a 6on!)3 :in!i kasama !ito an" real propert0 1a3 'n! 60 takin" n! e a!vanta"e o2 si"nat re o2 t1e o22en!e! part0 in 6lank3 'n! 60 writin" an0 !oc ment a6ove s c1 si"nat re in 6lank to t1e pre& !ice o2 t1e o22en!e! part0 or 60 an0 t1ir! person3 ' an! C !o not re4 ire !eman!3 In misappropriation or conversion/ 6e2ore an0 person can 6e prosec te! 2or esta2a or swin!lin"/ t1ere m st 2irst 6e a !eman! 2rom t1e o22en!e! part0 2rom t1e o22en!er eit1er to pa0 t1e val e o2 t1e t1in" "iven in tr st or "iven 60 wa0 o2 commission;a!ministration3 I2 t1ere is no s c1 !eman!/ t1ere is no esta2a 0et committe!3 T1e !eman! m st 6e 2ormal/ not & st ver6al3 In connection wit1 t1e alterin" o2 s 6stances/ & st remem6er t1at t1e o22en!er 1ere 1as t1e o6li"ation to
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!eliver 2or w1atever consi!eration (t1 s/ !i22erentiate! 2rom 2B/ 60 alterin" t1e 4 alit0 or wei"1t o2 an0t1in" pertainin" to 1is art or 6 sinessP no o6li"ation to !eliver)3 Bo will note also t1at in 1'/ alterin" s 6stance K 4 alit0 an! 4 antit03 In 2B/ onl0 t1e 4 alit0 is involve! 1ere3 T1ere are so man0 acts o2 esta2a n!er para"rap1 S2/ t1is is act all0 60 means o2 an0 o2 t1e 2alse pretenses or 2ra ! lent acts e7ec te! prior or sim ltaneo s to t1e commission o2 t1e 2ra !3 )sin" 2ictitio s names or 2alsel0 preten!in" to posses power/ in2l ence/ propert0/ a"enc0/ 6 siness/ 4 ali2ication/ cre!it/ or ima"inar0 transaction3 Letter ' o2 'rticle 31, 1as to 6e !i22erentiate! also wit1 'rticle 31D 6eca se in t1e latter/ preten!in" to 6e t1e owner o2 t1e propert0/ w1ile t1e 2ormer preten!in" to possess propert03 In 'rticle 31,/ personal propert0 an! possession are involve!3 In 'rticle 31D/ pretension to 6e t1e owner o2 a real propert0 an! t1e conve0ance;sale;mort"a"e o2 t1e same to anot1er are involve!3 $0rami!in" +c1emes K preten!in" to 1ave a 6 siness or ima"inar0 transaction3 I2 people onl0 will stop 6ein" " lli6le an! "ree!0/ scams involvin" t1ese won>t 1appen3 J !"e "oes on an! on a6o t t1is an! talke! a6o t proce! re an! t1e !ela0in" tactics o2 " ilt0 people involve! in t1ese scams3 Br s1 p on 0o r Crimpro 2or t1is3 $ara"rap1 2@ in relation to $3@3 SL1L --- iss ance o2 a post !ate! c1eck in pa0ment o2 an o6li"ation w1ic1 was inc rre! sim ltaneo sl0 wit1 t1e iss ance o2 t1e c1eck3 It m st not 6e a post !ate! c1eck to pa0 2or an o6li"ation alrea!0 inc rre!3 I2 t1e c1eck is iss e! in pa0ment o2 an e7istin" or a pre-e7istin" o6li"ation/ t1en no esta2a is inc rre!3 It is onl0 w1en t1e c1eck is pai! an! it is post !ate! w1en t1e o6li"ation is inc rre!P t1en it wo l! 6e in violation o2 $3@3 SL1L3 Re4 isites n!er $3@3 SL1LA 13 notice 60 t1e 6ank or t1e 1ol!er o2 t1e c1eck t1at it was !is1onore! 60 reason o2 close! acco nt/ @'I9/ @')@ 23 2ormal !eman! to t1e !rawer o2 t1e c1eck t1at 1e ma!e "oo! o2 t1e val e o2 t1e c1eck 2or t1ree !a0s (not 6ankin" !a0s)3 B t i2 0o want t1e person lia6le n!er B3$3 S22/ make it 2ive 6ankin" !a0s3 B t i2 0o want to s4 is1 t1e person w1o !e2ra !e! 0o / make it onl0 t1ree !a0sJ .ow/ in relation to letter (? T1ere is a case 2ile! in m0 sala/ t1e #akwoo! case3 ' retire! sea captain lease! a room in #akwoo! 2or so an! so amo nt3 :e onl0 pai! t1e !own pa0ment an! not1in" t1erea2ter3 B t 1e kept on or!erin" 2oo! etc3 :e was c1ar"e! onl0 2or
non-pa0ment o2 1is room3 Is t1at esta2a= .o/ it is onl0 a civil case 6eca se t1ere was a lease contract3 #akwoo! s1o l! not 1ave let 1im si"n a lease contract/ 6 t rat1er a car! o2 occ panc03 :e onl0 committe! (sta2a re"ar!in" t1e 2oo!s an! !rinks 1e !i! not pa0 2or as no contract "overns 1im !oin" so3 #/ remem6er t1at 1a/ lease contracts mean civil o6li"ation onl03 In para"rap1 2/ !eman! is necessar0 1a T1e t1ir! is 8t1ro "1 an0 2ra ! lent means to in! ce anot1er to si"n an0 !oc ment3N ( napaka!ali naman n n3 8Resortin" to some 2ra ! lent practice to ens re s ccess in a "am6lin" "ame3N B n" !ala-!alawa an" alas/ pa"- sap t1ro "1 si"ns/ 2i7in" o2 t1e lotto;cock2i"1tin" etc3 T1at is esta2aJ J !"e talke! len"t1il0 a6o t sa6on" an! sa0s we s1o l! know all t1ese t1in"s3 Remove/ conceal/ !estro0 (in w1ole an! in part) an0 co rt recor!/ o22ice 2iles/ or an0 ot1er !oc ments;papers3 T1is nee!s !ama"e3 <e will !isc ss ma0 6e B3$3 S22 an! t1e ot1er articles ne7t time?
#cto6er 1/ 2003 B0A 9a0e 'aveatI I am not sure if $udge was consistently accurate with regard to the +rticle numbers so !indly chec! it during your review. (sta2a3 $ara"rap1 2 is ver0 simple3 an! we>ll e7plain para"rap1 2(!) an! I tol! 0o t1at it is connecte! wit1 B$ 22 an! I !on>t 1ave to !isc ss B$ 22 wit1 0o 3 e7cept 2or t1e 2act t1at in $B L1L t1e !eman! m st onl0 6e 2or t1e !rawer o2 t1e c1eck/ make "oo! t1e val e o2 t1e c1eck wit1in 3 !a0s not , 6ankin" !a0s3 'n! remem6er w1en a 4 estion is aske! o2 0o w1et1er a !eman! 2or t1e !rawer o2 t1e c1eck to !eposit t1e val e o2 t1e c1eck in t1e 6ank 6 t t1e c1eck was !is1onore! ! e to close! acco nt/ w1at is t1e e22ect o2 t1at !eman!= It is not a !eman! at all 6eca se it is impossi6le o2 accomplis1ment3 Bo cannot !eposit an0more an0 amo nt in a close! acco nt3 It is alrea!0 close! an! it cannot 6e reopene! 60 t1e 6ank3 I was once aske! 60 a prosec tor 6eca se t1e complainant claims t1at 1e ma!e a !eman!3 9or t1e acc se! to !eposit t1e amo nt in t1e 6ank3 B t t1en w1en t1e c1eck was s1own to t1e prosec tor it is a close! acco nt3 t1e prosec tor aske! me/ is t1is !eman! proper= It is improper 6eca se s1e is askin" 2or t1e impossi6le3 :ow can 0o !eposit t1e mone0 in t1e 6ank wit1in 3 !a0s or
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wit1in , 6ankin" !a0s w1en t1e acco nt o2 t1e !rawer is alrea!0 close!= T1at is an impossi6ilit03 'n! t1ere2ore it is not a !eman! at all3 T1ere are onl03 acts committe! in esta2a t1ro "1 an0 2ra ! lent means an! t1e 2irst is in! cin" anot1er to si"n an0 !oc ment 60 means o2 !eceit an! t1e ot1er one is to resort to an0 2ra ! lent or sc1eme in or!er to ass re t1e s ccess in a "am6lin" "ame3 'n! likewise t1e removal or t1e concealment o2 t1e !estr ction o2 co rt recor!s to t1e pre& !ice o2 anot1er3 T1ose are t1e onl0 33 t1ere is no pro6lem on t1e ot1er esta2a nless 0o want to ask me 4 estions a6o t esta2a I>m willin" to answer t1em3 :ow a6o t esta2a n!er t1e tr st receipt law an! n!er $@ 1DLI= In 1DLI/ t1at is t1e s0n!icate! esta2a/ t1at is t1e p0rami!in" sc1eme3 B t t1e o22en!ers m st 6e at least , an! t1e0 are actin" eit1er as corporations/ etc or some associations an! t1eir s al means o2 !eceivin" t1e people is to ask contri6 tions 2rom t1e p 6lic or !eposits 2rom t1e p 6lic on t1e promise t1at t1e mone0 t1at t1e0 will 6e receivin" will 6e investe! in some 6 siness w1en in 2act t1e0 are not !oin" it3 T1at is known as t1e 9on5i +c1eme3 9on5i is an Italian w1o went to t1e )nite! +tates ! rin" t1e present time an! 1e was t1e one w1o act all0? 1e !i! not invent t1is3 :e & st per2ecte! t1is an! t1e 9ilipinos went a1ea! to even more t1an per2ect it as t1e0 can c1eat act all0 even *enerals an! even J !"es3 In t1e case t1at I am 1an!lin"/ t1ere are J !"es t1at are investors 6 t onl0 in small amo nts 6 t t1e "enerals in millions3 @o we 1ave to !isc ss B$ 22= T1e onl0 recent !evelopment in B$ 22 is a6o t t1e penalt0 t1at ma0 6e impose!/ w1ic1 accor!in" to t1e 2 cases !eci!e! 60 t1e +C/ t1is is a penalt0 or 2ine e4 ivalent to t1e val e o2 t1e c1eck or t1e amo nt state! in t1e 2ace o2 t1e c1eck3 It is simpl0 a recommen!ation on t1e part o2 t1e +C not an0more a !irective3 'ccor!in" to t1e +C/ t1e !iscretion still rest pon t1e Trial J !"e/ 6 t i2 it is t1e +C t1at recommen!s/ 0o m st 2ollow it3 <1en t1e acc se! appears 6e2ore t1e +C/ t1at will 6e t1e !ecision o2 t1e +C so w10 waste 0o r time an! make t1at person s 22er w1en 1e will "et w1at 1e wants w1en 1e "oes to t1e +C= T1e pro6lem now is in connection wit1 t1e prosec tion o2 B$ 22 cases3 I2 0o 2ile a case 2or violation o2 B$ 22/ 0o m st 6e rea!0 to pa0 !ocket 2ees accor!in" to t1e sc1eme prescri6e! 60 t1e +C3 I2 0o 2ail to pa0 !ocket 2ees wit1in 1, !a0s 2rom learnin" o2 t1e 2ilin" o2 t1e in2ormation/ even i2 t1ere is alrea!0 a 2in!in" t1at pro6a6le ca se e7ist 2or t1e iss ance o2 a warrant an! t1e warrant 1as 6een iss e!/ t1at warrant will never 6e implemente!3 'n! w1at will 1appen to 0o r case= It will 6e arc1ive!3 'n! it will 6e revive! onl0 i2 0o can pa0 alrea!0 t1e !ocket 2ees3 .ow no6o!0 1as 0et 4 estione! t1e circ lar o2 t1e +C 6eca se to m0 min! t1at is preventin" a person to 1avin" a 2ree access to t1e co rts as " arantee! 60 t1e Constit tion3 Bo can & st ima"ine t1at even t1e criminal aspect o2 t1e case 1as to 6e s spen!e!3 I will a"ree i2 it is onl0 t1e civil aspect t1at 1as to 6e s spen!e!3 B t t1e criminal aspect/ I !on>t 6elieve t1at t1at is !en0in" a person 2ree access to t1e co rt an! even i2 it is a criminal action?
(4ga sis, confused din a!o dito sa statement na to ni $udge" both sides na naman yung agree nya") J !"e tipA In t1e 6ar e7ams/ w1en t1e 4 estion asks w1at is 0o r opinion/ it is a "iven/ 0o & st 1ave to write ver0 well an! !o not write too lon" an answer3 It onl0 tests 0o r a6ilit0 to write3 In connection wit1 esta2a/ t1ere is a new +C circ lar w1erein in all cases o2 esta2a/ t1e complainant/ m st wit1in 1, !a0s m st pa0 also t1e !ocket 2ees pon learnin" t1e 2ilin" o2 t1e in2ormation3 I2 t1e !ocket 2ees are not pai!/ t1e criminal action s1all contin e 6 t t1e private o22en!e! part0 cannot prove t1e civil aspect o2 t1e case3 <1at a waste o2 time/ no1= Bo 1ave to 6rin" anot1er action3 <1at t1e0 1ave 6een !oin" is well to 2ine a motion to liti"ate as a pa per3 Beca se accor!in" to t1em/ t1e0 1ave alrea!0 6een ! pe! o2 several millions o2 pesos/ t1e0 are alrea!0 pa pers3 Bo know w1at I am !oin"= 'n! I !on>t know i2 t1at will 6e alri"1t wit1 t1e +C/ I am consi!erin" t1at t1e !ocket 2ees are a 2irst lien in t1e event o2 t1e recover0 o2 t1e civil lia6ilit0 60 t1e o22en!e! part03 Beca se t1e o22en!e! part0 ma0 onl0 recover t1e civil lia6ilit0 60 e7ec tion3 +o t1e s1eri22 m st see to it t1at t1e amo nt o2 !ocket 2ees/ etc/ m st 6e satis2ie! 2irst 6e2ore 1e "ives t1e s1are o2 t1e private complainant3 T1at wa0/ 0o also serve t1e "overnment in t1e collection o2 w1at>s ! e to it3 t1at is w1at I !i!3 I !on>t know i2 t1at is accepta6le3 B t I t1ink t1at t1e0 will accept it rat1er t1an to !en0 t1e o22en!e! part0 2ree access to t1e co rts3 In t1e violation o2 t1e anti-tr st receipts law w1ic1 is also esta2a/ t1is is w1ere t1e person opens a letter o2 cre!it in a 6ank an! sin" t1e letter o2 cre!it 1e p rc1ases "oo!s 2rom a6roa! w1ic1 1e se 2or man 2act re "oo!s t1at are 2or sale 1ere or 2or e7port o2 t1e t1in"s man 2act re! an! t1e "oo!s are !elivere! to t1e owner o2 t1e one w1o aske! 2or a loan covere! 60 t1e LC3 )pon arrival o2 t1e "oo!s to t1e $1ilippines/ t1e same is s ppose! to 6e !elivere! to t1e owners an! i2 t1ere wo l! 6e esta2a/ pon !eliver0 o2 "oo!s to t1e owner/ t1e owner m st at t1e same time or sim ltaneo sl0 wit1 t1e !eliver0 si"n t1e tr st receipt 6eca se t1e con!ition in t1e tr st receipt is t1at i2 t1e "oo!s are sol!/ t1e person w1o opens t1e LC o2 t1e !e6tor s1all pa0 t1e 6ank or !eliver t1e procee!s o2 sale to t1e 6ank i2 t1e "oo!s are not sol! t1en t1e propert0 s1all 6e ret rne! to t1e 6ank3 T1at is t1e essence o2 t1e tr st receipt law3 T1e tr st receipt m st 6e si"ne! 60 t1e !e6tor sim ltaneo s wit1 t1e !eliver0 o2 t1e "oo!s3 I2 t1e tr st receipt is si"ne! a2ter t1e !eliver0 o2 t1e "oo!s/ it 6ecomes a civil o6li"ation an! it is not esta2a3 T1at is t1e case o2 $$L v3 C)LI.'R(+3 T1ose are t1e onl0 t1in"s t1at are important in esta2a3 IanA wit1 0o r last e7ample sir/ pa" t mal6o" an! c1eke/ B$ 22 na 0 n a"a!/ sir= J !"eA .oJ not 0etJ I2 t1e c1eck 6o nce!/ t1ere are still re4 irements t1at 0o
D1 %a&'rvin
1ave to compl0 wit13 9irst/ make a !eman! i2 0o are t1e 1ol!er o2 t1e c1eck or t1e 6ank will noti20 t1e !rawer o2 t1e c1eck eit1er 60 !epositin"/ etc/ !epen!in" pon w1at was t1e reason "iven in t1e !is1onor o2 t1e c1eck3 .ow/ t1at !eman! is a necessar0 element3 'si!e 2rom t1e !eman!/ 0o m st "ive t1e ot1er part0 s 22icient time3 In B$ 22/ it>s , 6ankin" !a0s3 In $@ L1L/ it is onl0 3 !a0s3 It is not even 6ankin" !a0s3 +o in esta2a n!er par 2! o2 'rt 31,/ t1e perio! wit1in w1ic1 0o ma0 allow a person to make "oo! t1e val e o2 t1e c1eck or !eposit t1e val e o2 t1e c1eck i2 it is 2easi6le or to make arran"ements so t1at t1e c1eck will 6e consi!ere! as pai! is onl0 3 !a0s3 Irrespective o2 1oli!a0s/ w1atever3 T1at is t1e r le3 In B$ 22/ it is , 6ankin" !a0s3 'n! t1at 0o m st see to it t1at t1e !eman! was "iven to t1e person w1o is s ppose! to answer to t1e violation o2 B$ 223 nless 1e 1as le2t 1is resi!ence/ 0o r !eman! m st 6e !irecte! to 1is last known a!!ress an! t1at is alrea!0 a s 6stantial compliance in re"ar! to p to a receipt o2 t1e !eman!3 In corporate c1ecks/ make s re t1at t1e person a t1ori5e! 60 t1e corporation in a 6oar! resol tion 1as t1e power to 2 n! t1e c1eck3 Beca se i2 t1e person a t1ori5e! to si"n t1e c1eck w1o m st 6e a respon!ent in t1e violation o2 B$ 22 cannot 2 n! t1e c1eck/ 6eca se o2 1is or 1er position in t1e compan0 6eca se o2 1is or 1er position in t1e compan0 like a mere secretar0 or &anitor/ t1at person cannot 6e 1el! lia6le 2or violation o2 B$ 223 t1at is t1e case o2 $$L v3 Rosa Limlao or Limlaw3 IanA in t1at case sir/ w1o will 6e lia6le= J !"eA it is onl0 t1e Boar! o2 @irectors w1o "ave t1e a t1orit0 to a &anitor or a secretar0 will 6e lia6le not 2or B$ 22 6 t 2or esta2a t1ro "1 2ra ! lent means3 (!celA J !"e?(asks a 4 estion) J !"eA It m st 6e t1e prosec tor w1o m st prove t1at t1e acc se! is a secon!-time o22en!er3 It is not 2or t1e acc se! to prove t1at 1e is a 2irst-time o22en!er3 Beca se i2 t1e prosec tor can prove t1at 1e is a secon!-time o22en!er/ t1e penalt0 is alrea!0 imprisonment or !o 6le t1e amo nt o2 t1e 2ine or 6ot13 'rt 31D3 t1e 2irst in 31D is a6o t a person preten!in" to 6e an owner o2 a real propert0 sells or enc m6ers or mort"a"es or conve0 t1e same to anot1er3 T1is is !i22erent 2rom esta2a 60 preten!in" to possess propert03 In esta2a 60 preten!in" to possess propert0 n!er 'rt 31, par 2a/ t1e propert0 t1at is s ppose! to 6e possesse! 60 t1e o22en!er in t1at 'rt is a personal propert0 an! 0o rel0 on 1is pretensions t1at 1e possess personal propert0 w1ic1 incl !es mone03 T1is all involve real propert0/ 'rt 31D3 0o enc m6er propert0 t1at are alrea!0 enc m6ere! an! !ispose o2 t1e same/ even i2 t1e enc m6rance is not recor!er/ even i2 t1e mort"a"e is not recor!e!3 Likewise in t1e ot1er para"rap1 it re2ers now to a personal propert0 w1en t1e o22en!er act all0 wron"2 ll0 take a propert0 2rom t1e law2 l possessor o2 t1e propert0 t1 s pre& !icin" t1e possessor3 T1is is to 6e !i22erentiate! 2rom li"1t coercions3 Bo remem6er in li"1t coercions w1en
t1e !e6tor w1o is in possession o2 a personal propert0 6ecomes t1e victim o2 t1e cre!itor w1o sei5es personal propert0 o2 t1e !e6tor an! applies t1e personal propert0 o2 t1e !e6tor to t1e satis2action o2 t1e !e6tor= T1at is li"1t coercion3 :ere it is !i22erent3 T1e person to w1om t1e propert0 6elon"s m st not 6e a !e6tor3 :e is simpl0 a law2 l possessor w1et1er t1e possession is "rat ito s or w1atever as lon" as 1e is a law2 l possessor an! not a !e6tor an! it was wron" 2 ll0 sei5e! 60 anot1er/ 60 t1e o22en!er/ t1at is esta2a n!er article 31D i2 t1ere is a pre& !ice t1at was ca se! to t1e law2 l possessor3 In no3 4/ t1e e7ec tion o2 2ictitio s contract/ an! it will ca se !ama"e to anot1er t1en it will 6ecome esta2a n!er 31D3 t1ose w1o accept compensations "iven to t1em n!er t1e 6elie2 t1at t1e0 are entitle! to it 6 t t1e0 !i! not work 2or it/ t1ese are lia6le 2or esta2a3 T1is is w1at is known in t1e "overnment as R' 1,30/ w1o "oes onl0 to t1eir emplo0ers to collect t1eir salaries ever0 1,-30 an! t1e0 !i! not per2orm an0 work in t1e 6elie2 t1at t1e0 are entitle! to it 6eca se t1e0 were appointe! K t1at is esta2a3 In t1e or!inar0 cases/ t1ese are la6orers w1o receive salaries 2rom t1eir emplo0ers in t1e 6elie2 t1at t1e0 are entitle! to it 6 t in 2act t1e0 !i! not work 2or it/ t1at is esta2a3 I2 t1ere is no 6elie2/ t1at ma0 amo nt to t1e2t/ !epen!in" pon t1e circ mstances3 T1ose w1o are si"natories to s reties in a 6ank involvin" real properties K 0o know at present w1en 0o post t1at a real propert0 1as a s ret0 in an0 criminal or civil case/ it m st 6e re"istere! wit1 t1e re"ister o2 !ee!s3 'n! i2 0o sell t1em or enc m6er t1em/ wit1o t t1e co rt 1avin" 2irst 1avin" t1e release o2 t1ose properties t1en 0o are lia6le even i2 t1e case 1as alrea!0 6een terminate!3 T1ere is a pro6lem 1ere t1at I can see3 + pposin" t1e spo ses 1as 6ecame a s ret0 in a criminal case an! one o2 t1e spo ses !ie!/ so s ret0 is personal in nat re so t1ere2ore t1e personal lia6ilit0 o2 t1at s ret0 is e7tin" is1e!3 B t 6eca se it is &oint an! several/ t1e onl0 s ret0 remainin" ma0 6e 1el! lia6le in t1e event t1at t1e acc se! cannot an0more 6e locate! an! 1as & mpe! 6ail3 In t1e 2or2eit re o2 t1e 6on!/ wit1 respect to t1e one w1o !ie!/ 0o cannot 2or2eit t1eir s1are3 B t 0o can 2or2eit t1e entire amo nt comin" 2rom t1e ot1er s ret03 B t t1en s pposin" t1at is a piece o2 lan!/ t1ere 1as to 6e a settlement o2 estate/ !i 6a= 'n! no writ o2 e7ec tion can 6e iss e! an0 estate o2 a !ecease! person3 Bo 1ave to p t t1e same as a claim onl03 In spec pro !o 0o remem6er t1at= .o writ o2 e7ec tion can 6e en2orce! in a pen!in" intestate or testate procee!in"s3 Beca se t1e claim ma0 6e satis2ie! ! rin" t1e !istri6 tion o2 t1e s1ares a2ter pa0in" all t1e o6li"ations3 T1at is simple3 B n" m"a 2ictitio s contracts/ it is s al wit1 6 sinessmen3 T1e0 e7ec te 2ictitio s !ee!s o2 sales o2 t1eir properties in 2avor o2 anot1er person so t1at t1e cre!itor will not 6e a6le to r n a2ter t1eir properties or t1e cre!itors cannot to c1 t1em3 B t i2 0o ask me/ can 0o attac1 a propert0 t1at was sol! 60 a !e6tor an!
D2 %a&'rvin
t1e !e6tor is also act all0 t1e !e2en!ant in a case= Bes3 's lon" as t1e sale is so close to eit1er prior to t1e 2ilin" o2 t1e complaint or t1e sale was !one ! rin" t1e pen!enc0 o2 t1e o6li"ation3 Bo can 1ave it attac1e!3 Bo will 6e practicin" ma06e a 0ear 2rom now an! i2 0o were aske! to 2ile a complaint 2or s m o2 mone0 wit1 a writ o2 preliminar0 attac1ment an! t1en 0o were a6le to 2in! t1at t1e !e6tor 1as alrea!0 trans2erre! all 1is properties/ i2 t1e trans2er occ rre! ! rin" t1e pen!enc0 o2 t1e in!e6te!ness/ 1ave t1ose properties attac1e! an! let t1e person w1o 6o "1t it prove t1at 1e 6o "1t it in "oo! 2ait1 an! 2or val e3 's 0o will know/ most o2 t1e sales are n!erval e!3 I2 its n!erval e!/ t1ere is alrea!0 a prima 2acie evi!ence t1at it was to !e2ra ! t1e cre!itors3 @epen!in" pon t1e time K t1e sale in or!er to !e2ra ! t1e cre!itors m st 6e !one a2ter t1e !eman! 1as 6een ma!e3 T1at is w1ere t1ere is 2ra ! pon cre!itors3 T1e ot1er one t1at I was tellin" 0o is 2or p rposes o2 attac1ment also or 2ictitio s contract3 Jo-anneA so sir/ i2 t1e sale 1appene! ! rin" t1e e7istence o2 t1e contract 6 t 6e2ore t1e !eman!/ esta2a= J !"eA $asok sa esta2a3 I2 t1e sale is a2ter t1e !eman!/ 'rt 3143 +win!lin" a minor3 Bo take a!vanta"e o2 t1e emotions/ ine7perience an! 2eelin"s o2 a minor3 Bo ask 1im to ass me an o6li"ation3 <ell/ t1ere mi"1t 6e an o6li"ation 6 t 0o ask 1im to ass me or 0o ask 1im to release t1e properties etc3 even i2 it is tr e t1at t1ere are enc m6rances in t1e propert0 6 t 0o ask 1im to release3 )s all0/ its 6eca se o2 8 tan" na loo6N to cancel t1e !e6t3 .at rall0/ t1at is esta2a3 'rt 31L/ ot1er !eceits3 +ome ot1er !eceits t1at ma0 not 6e en merate! in t1is article3 9or e7ample/ t1ose t1at ma0 not 2all n!er $@ 1DLI or in tr st receipts or an0 ot1er kin! o2 esta2a s c1 as makin" t1e person 6elieve t1at 0o 1ave t1e capacit0 to t rn somet1in" into "ol!3- t1at is ot1er !eceits3 T1ose w1o 2or pro2it or "ain s1all interprete! !reams or make 2orecasts3 T1ose w1o tell 2ort nes 2or pro2it an! t1ose t1at take a!vanta"e o2 t1e cre! lit0 o2 t1e p 6lic in a similar manner3 T1at is esta2a3 (7cept t1ose w1o are in t1e weat1er 6 rea are e7empte!3 I2 %a!am ' rin" is "oin" to ask 0o to "ive 1er mone0/ t1at is esta2a3 (ven 2en" s i/ i2 t1e0 will ask 2or mone0/ t1at is makin" 2orecasts an! tellin" 2ort nes3 Removal or sale o2 mort"a"e! propert03 T1is involves personal propert0 w1ic1 was mort"a"e! n!er t1e c1attel mort"a"e law3 B t it s1o l! 6e t1e nat re o2 t1e propert0 t1at 0o s1o l! look into3 T1ose t1at are 60 nat re o2 t1eir c1aracter t1e0 are mova6le/ like ve1icles/ 0o cannot sa0 t1at t1is propert0 can onl0 6e con2ine! in t1at town an! it s1o l! not live t1ere3 Bo can even "o to %in!anao sin" t1e R#R#3 B t t1en it is act all0 pro1i6ite! 2or an0 mort"a"or in an0 c1attel mort"a"e to remove t1e propert0 an! trans2er it to anot1er town3 T1e
ple!"in"/ t1e sellin"/ t1e enc m6erin" o2 t1e mort"a"e! propert0 is also pro1i6ite! n!er t1is article3 @estr ctive arson3 T1is 1as 6een !isc sse! in R' ED,I3 T1e onl0 law on arson now e7istin" is t1e one consoli!ate! wit1 R' ED,I3 no more3 T1e 1D13 law on arson/ no more3 +o & st remem6er t1ese principles in arsonA t1ere is no 2r strate! arson3 T1ere are onl0 2 sta"es in arsonA attempte! an! cons mmate!3 T1e moment a part o2 t1e 6 il!in" s 22ers 2rom scorc1in"/ even 1ow small/ t1at is alrea!0 cons mmate! arson3 Likewise in arson/ t1e moment t1at a person !ies 60 reason o2 t1e arson/ t1e penalt0 s1all 6e !eat13 B t t1en i2 2ire is se! in t1e commission o2 anot1er crime/ e7ample m r!er/ 0o will note t1at t1e law on arson is relate! to s c13 I will s1ow 0o w103 T1e law sa0s now/ irrespective o2 t1e application o2 t1e a6ove en merate! 4 ali20in" circ mstances/ t1e penalt0 o2 recl sion perpet a to !eat1 likewise s1all 6e impose! i2 t1e arson is committe! or perpet ate! 60 2 or more persons or 60 "ro p3 Re"ar!less o2 w1et1er t1e p rpose is merel0 to 6 rn or to !estro0 t1e 6 il!in" or t1e 6 rnin" merel0 constit te an overt act in t1e commission o2 an0 violation o2 law3 +o in case o2 m r!er/ 6eca se t1at is anot1er violation o2 law/ t1e penalt0 is still recl sion perpet a to !eat13 .ot man!ator0 !eat13 +o it wo l! appear to me/ i2 0o are "oin" to look at it in s c1 a wa0/ t1at even i2 t1e o22en!er !oes not know t1e e7istence o2 t1e person in t1e 6 il!in" 1e 6 rne!/ an! t1at person !ies/ t1e penalt0 s1all 6e !eat13 +o it will 6e 6etter i2 0o p t p t1e !e2ense t1at in!ee! 0o want to kill t1e person/ t1at is m r!er wit1 t1e se o2 2ire an! t1e penalt0 s1all 6e recl sion perpet a to !eat1 as 0o will see in t1e ver0 provisions o2 t1e law3 Bo 1ave a c1ance t1ere2ore to live 60 plea!in" " ilt03 I2 0o plea! " ilt0/ t1e penalt0 s1all 6e recl sion perpet a3 Bo will note t1at in !estr ctive arson/ t1ere are so man0 principles t1at 0o 1ave to learn3 In !estr ctive arson/ w1et1er 0o onl0 6 rn once a 6 il!in" or on several occasions or 0o 6 rn it once/ twice or several times/ as lon" as 0o r intention is to 6 rn 6 il!in"s or a "ro p o2 6 il!in"s/ t1en it s1all 6e consi!ere! as !estr ctive arson3 I2 t1e 6 il!in" 6 rne! is !evote! to p 6lic 2 nctions or even i2 it is o2 private owners1ip 6 t it is !evote! to t1e p 6lic in "eneral an! it is 6 rne!/ it is consi!ere! as !estr ctive arson3 T1is will incl !e works1ops 2or 6 siness3 It is consi!ere! !estr ctive3 'll t1ose arsons t1at are committe! to 1otels/ motels/ transient !wellin"s/ p 6lic conve0ances3 $ 6lic conve0ances K terminals3 Its not t1e 6 s its not t1e &eepne0/ it is t1e place w1ere 0o are s ppose! to take 0o r ri!e3 It is also !estr ctive arson3 Train locomotive/ s1ip/ airs1ip/ it is also !estr ctive arson3 B t not a 6 s 6eca se it is not mentione! 1ere3 .ot also a &eepne03 I2 0o 6 rn a 2actor0 or a ware1o se an0 app rtenances t1ereto !evote! 2or t1e service o2 p 6lic tilities t1en it is !estr ctive arson3 I2 0o 6 rn a 6 il!in" in or!er to conceal 6ankr ptc0 or to !e2ra ! cre!itors an! to collect 2rom t1em ins rance/ t1en t1at is !estr ctive arson3 T1e same is tr e wit1
D3 %a&'rvin
arsenals3 T1e penalt0 1ere is recl sion perpet a/ 6 rnin" o2 arsenals or store1o se or 2actories in an0 in1a6ite! place is !estr ctive arson3 T1e ot1er kin!s o2 !estr ctive arson is t1e 6 rnin" o2 2arm1o ses etc an! 0o will note t1at i2? T'$( <'+ C)T? +I@( B ? not incl !e! in 'rt 331 i2 t1e propert0 !o not e7cee! ,0 pesos3 B t t1ese are nat rall0 6 il!in"s/ e!i2ice/ etc? T1e arson o2 properties o2 small val e t1e0 are t1e nin1a6ite! 1 ts/ store1o se/ 6arns/ s1e!s/ etc3 t1e val e o2 w1ic1 !oes not e7cee! 2, pesos3 Can 0o 6 il! a 1 t wort1 2, pesos3 T1is is alrea!0 passY3 'rt 324 is crimes involvin" !estr ction3 <ell i2 0o want to !estro0 somet1in"/ se e7plosives or !isc1ar"e o2 an electric c rrent/ sinkin" or in n!ation or stran!in" o2 a vessel3 Jo-anneA J !"e/ w1at i2 t1e 6 rnin" was committe! to conceal t1e crime= J !"eA t1ose are two crimes K m r!er an! arson3 Beca se it is not necessar0 to commit m r!er or 6 rn t1e 1o se in or!er t1at one or t1e ot1er ma0 6e committe!3 T1e two are !i22erent acts an! t1e0 are 2 !i22erent crimes3 JoanneA B t J !"e/ in $ar ,/ 2or t1e p rpose o2 !estro0in" or concealin" evi!ence J !"eA t1at is evi!ence onl0 not t1e crime3 Jo-anneA 6 t J !"e i2 t1e p rpose o2 6 rnin" t1e w1ole 1o se is to 6 rn an! conceal t1e 6o!0/ !oesn>t it 2all n!er t1is para"rap1= J !"eA .o3 it is still3 I2 t1e t1in" 6 rne! is a 6 il!in" or an e!i2ice/ it will still 2all n!er 'rt 3203 Bo can 6 rn t1e 6o!0 wit1o t 6 rnin" t1e 6 il!in"3 Jo-anneA w1at i2 0o 6 rn t1e 6 il!in" to remove t1e traces= J !"eA t1en t1at is still arson an! m r!er3 2 crimes3 Jo-anneA 6 t w1at a6o t par ,/ & !"e= T1e concealin" o2 evi!ence= J !"eA act all0 it is t1e evi!ence/ not t1e 2act o2 t1e crime t1at is 6ein" conceale!3 It is t1e 2act o2 evi!ence3 +a0 2or e7ample t1e clot1es/ t1e weapon t1at were se!/ t1ose were t1e evi!ence3 T1e 6o!0 ma0 6e consi!ere! an evi!ence 6eca se t1e person is alrea!0 !ea!3 B t i2 it is to conceal t1e crime/ it is !i22erent3 +o 6 rnin" one>s own propert0 to commit arson/ t1ere is no pro6lem 1ere3 T1e penalt0 will 6e as provi!e! 2or an! state! in t1is c1apter3 I2 0o want to 6 rn 0o r own propert0/ 6e s re t1at it is in an nin1a6ite! place 6eca se i2 it is !one/ t1en an! 0o r p rpose is to !e2ra ! or case !ama"e to anot1er/ an! t1e pre& !ice is act all0 ca se!/ t1e penalt0 is onl0 arresto ma0or in its ma7im m perio! to prision correccional in its minim m perio! s1all 6e impose!3 'rt 32D-'/ t1is is i2 !eat1 res lte! as a conse4 ence o2 arson committe! on an0 o2 t1e properties n!er an0 o2 t1e circ mstances mentione! ! rin" ? t1e penalt0 s1all 6e !eat13
$rima 2acie evi!ence o2 arson K too m c1 ins rance3 T1ere are 2lamma6le materials in e7cess o2 w1at is nee!e! in t1e stora"e3 Bo 2o n! mec1anical or electrical !evice or containers o2 2lamma6le materials in t1e place w1ere it was 6 rne!3 T1ose are prima 2acie evi!ence o2 arson3 +o 0o can !evice wa0s an! means in or!er to answer an0 4 estion re"ar!in" arson3 $@ 1D13= #r 1D30= 's I state! amen!in" t1e law on arson is not an0more in e22ect3 In 'rt 32D-B/ prima 2acie evi!ence o2 arson/ t1ese are also act all0 containe! in R' ED,I3 T1ere is w1at we call a plantin" o2 evi!ence 1ere it was a!opte! 2rom R' ED,I3 'si!e 2rom plantin" o2 evi!ence it was ma!e 2or p rposes o2 e7tortion or coercion3 .ow/ t1e penalt0 nat rall0 is !i22erent 2rom t1ose t1at are mentione!3 T1ose prima 2acie evi!ence o2 arson/ t1e evi!ence t1ere/ i2 0o plant t1em/ t1at is w1en it is p nis1a6le as plantin" o2 evi!ence or 0o place t1em 2or t1e p rposes o2 e7tortion or coercion t1en t1e penalt0 is onl0 p to prision correccional3 <e "o to malicio s misc1ie23 T1is is onl0 t1e !estr ction o2 personal propert0 60 anot1er person an! it !oes not 2all n!er t1e ne7t prece!in" c1apter3 I2 0o !estro0 a c1air/ a !oor/ a television/ t1at is malicio s misc1ie23 I2 0o spra0 paint on t1e walls an! walls are incl !e! 6eca se walls are owne! 60 t1e owner o2 t1e lot3 +o i2 t1ose t1at spra0 paint are ca "1t/ asi!e 2rom t1e penalt0/ t1e0 are civill0 lia6le an! t1e0 ma0 6e aske! to pa0 2or it especiall0 t1e minors/ 1aJ %inors/ w1o are lia6le= T1e parents i2 t1e0 allow t1eir c1il!ren to roam aro n! 6e0on! t1e c r2ew 1o rs3 '6sol te lia6ilit0 0on3 s pposin" a 4 estion is aske!/ a 14-0ear ol! 6o0 was ca "1t at 12 mn spra0 paintin" t1e walls/ t1en w1o s1all 6e 1el! civill0 lia6le= $rimaril0 are t1e parents3 Beca se t1e0 are ne"li"ent It is onl0 w1en t1e0 can prove t1at t1e0 are not ne"li"ent t1at t1e propert0 o2 t1e minor nat rall0 1as to answer nless o2 co rse t1e minor !oes not 1ave an0 propert0 t1en t1e s 6si!iar0 lia6ilit0 !evolves now to t1e parents3 +o t1e parents 1ave t1e primar0 lia6ilit0 an! not t1e propert0 o2 t1e minor 6eca se t1ere is a pres mption o2 lia6ilit0 especiall0 w1en !one !oin" c r2ew 1o rs3 T1e0 s1o l! strictl0 en2orce t1at3 (special kin!s o2 malicio s misc1ie2 K i2 0o !estro0 somet1in" to !isr pt p 6lic 2 nctions/ sprea! t1e conta"ion o2 cattle/ to se poisono s or corrosive s 6stances/ t1ese are special kin!s o2 malicio s misc1ie23 #t1er misc1ie2s K t1ese are t1e misc1ie2s not incl !e! in t1e prece!in" articles3 @ama"e an! o6str ction to means o2 comm nication K !o 0o remem6er t1e sprea!in" o2 vir s in t1e comp ters= +o it !estro0s also telep1one lines 6eca se a comp ter operates incases w1ere 0o 1ave a we6site t1ro "1 t1e se o2
D4 %a&'rvin
telep1one3 T1is was t1e law t1at s1o l! 1ave 6een applie! to 1ackers w1en t1e anti-1ackin" law 1as not 0et 6een passe!3 T1ere is alrea!0 an anti-1ackin" law so it will not 2all an0more n!er t1is/ t1is is t1e !estr ction o2 telep1one lines/ etc3 1ow a6o t t1ose we6sites= @ito papatak/ article 3303 6eca se t1e0 are not electrical transmission lines3 @estro0in" or !ama"in" stat tes/ p 6lic mon ments or paintin"s3 <1en 0o "et t1e " lok or 6olo o2 'n!res Boni2acio/ is it t1e2t or article 331= .o it>s not t1e2t3 Is t1ere a val e to t1e " lok= It 2alls n!er 331= Is it a personal propert0= It>s not 6eca se it>s attac1e! to a real propert03 T1at is t1e reason w10 t1e 6olo o2 Boni2acio is not consi!ere! personal propert0 an! cannot 6e t1e s 6&ect o2 t1e crime o2 t1e2t3 It is !estr ction o2 stat tes or p 6lic mon ments3 Tinan""al mo 0 n" " lok e1 !i 1in!i na si Boni2acio/ 0on/ i6a nan" tao 0onJ remem6er w1at I sai! 1aJ Remem6er t1e ar" ment t1at I "ave3 It is not a personal propert0 it is alrea!0 a real propert0/ it is a mon ment attac1e! alrea!0 to t1e real propert0 an! it cannot 6e remove!3 T1ose w1o are e7empt 2rom criminal lia6ilit0 K we 1ave alrea!0 !isc sses article 3323 kasama lan" naman !ito/ swin!lin"/ t1e2t/ malicio s misc1ie2/ ascen!ants/ !escen!ants/ 6rot1ers or sisters livin" to"et1er/ t1at>s all3 B t stran"ers w1oa re participatin" in t1e crime are not e7empte! 1aJ '! lter0 an! conc 6ina"e/ si Joe0? 6 t i2 0o 1ave alrea!0 2or"iven t1e o22en!in" spo se/ t1at wo l! incl !e 2or"iveness to t1e ot1er o22en!in" part03 $rior to t1e instit tion o2 t1e criminal action i2 0o 1ave o22ere! 0o r 2or"iveness or 0o r par!on/ t1at is t1e en! o2 ever0t1in" t1e civil an! criminal/ t1at is t1e en! o2 it3 +o %s3 'lma %oreno is onl0 tr0in" to sa0 somet1in" t1at wo l! make some people t1ink3 B t s1e alrea!0 sai! t1in"s on television t1at s1e 2or"ives t1em or par!ons t1em3 (this is the culmination of Fris and $oey episode" so $udge stated his opinion on the = charges filed against $oey" which is now history because of the public apology... personal noteI I can hear my voice in the bac!ground. +!o ang !a; chismisan ni $udge ditoA and ta!e note, ang daming murmurs sa bac!ground bigla haA ,pdated lahat at nabuhay ang =-A) (+ng tagal ng discussion na to haA) T1ere co l! 6e no selective prosec tion in t1e case o2 a! lter0 even in conc 6ina"e 2or t1at matter 6eca se even i2 t1e person !oes not know t1at t1e ot1er person is marrie!/ t1at is onl0 a matter o2 !e2ense3 T1e person w1o is innocent m st still 6e c1ar"e! an! s1e m st p t p 1er !e2ense onl0 a2ter s1e is calle! to p t p 1er !e2ense3 T1e onl0 time w1en 0o can c1ar"e a person eit1er
o2 a! lter0 or conc 6ina"e alone is w1en t1e ot1er part0 is !ea!3 '! lter0/ t1is is w1en a marrie! woman s1all 1ave se7 al interco rse wit1 a man not 1er 1 s6an! an! t1e person knows 1er to 6e marrie!/ 6ot1 o2 t1em s1o l! 6e c1ar"e! o2 conc 6ina"e3 Conc 6ina"e/ it is all-encompassin" e1? keepin" a mistress in t1e con& "al !wellin"/ 1avin" se7 al interco rse n!er scan!alo s circ mstances/ or in an0 ot1er place ka1it sa 6 wan3 It is all encompassin" e1? ka1it saan? Conc 6ine/ !estierro lan" 0an3 Rape/ we 1ave alrea!0 !isc sse!3 'cts o2 lascivio sness/ i2 t1e o22en!e! part0 is less t1an 1L 0ears ol!/ R' ED103 I2 t1e o22en!e! part0 is 1L an! a6ove/ it is n!er t1e R$C3 +o 0o 1ave to c1op-c1op it3 see to it t1at 0o !ivi!e it to 23 F ali2ie! se! ction K a "irl w1o is more t1an 12 6 t less t1an 1L/ a vir"in 2or t1at matter/ t1en it was committe! 60 a person a person in a t1orit03 T1ere m st 6e a person in a t1orit0 6 t t1is is wit1 consent3 I2 t1e one w1o committe! is a person o2 a t1orit0 6 t t1ere is no consent/ it is rape3 :ere/ t1ere is consent3 #2 co rse 0o 1ave t1e priest/ 1o se servant/ !omestic/ " ar!ian/ teac1er or an0 ot1er person w1o in an0 capacit0 is involve! in t1e care an! e! cation o2 t1e c1il! or t1e minor/ t1en t1is is 4 ali2ie! se! ction3 Remem6er t1at t1is is a crime p nis1a6le onl0 60 a correccional penalt0 an! not even an a22lictive penalt03 Its onl0 w1en t1e o22en!er is a 6rot1er o2 t1e o22en!e! part0 or an ascen!ant t1en w1et1er or not t1e victim is a vir"in or not/ t1e penalt0 is one !e"ree 1i"1er3 Remem6er t1at in se! ction/ t1ere s1o l! 6e carnal knowle!"e3 I2 t1ere is no carnal knowle!"e t1ere can 6e no se! ction3 T1e consi!eration 1ere is vir"init03 T1e rep tation is not taken into consi!eration3 +imple se! ction/ never min! t1e wi!ow t1at is less t1an 1L 0ears o2 a"e/ wala na 0an/ remove t1at3 #nl0 t1e wi!ow w1o is 1L 0ears o2 a"e t1at is o2 "oo! rep tation3 #2 "oo! rep tation/ 1aJ In simple se! ction t1ere is alwa0s !eceit an! so wit1 4 ali2ie! se! ction3 It is t1e sin"le t1at is o2 "oo! rep tation in simple se! ction w1ic1 is t1e element3 'cts o2 lascivio sness wit1 t1e consent o2 t1e o22en!e! part0 t1is is alrea!0 committe! over a minor so t1is is also covere! 60 R' ED103 T1is are t1e acts o2 lascivio sness wit1 t1e consent o2 t1e o22en!e! part03 B t a"ain/ no wi!ow 1a/ sin"le lan" n!er 1L 0ears o2 a"e/ or a sister or a !escen!ant re"ar!less o2 t1e rep tation or a"e3 $a" sister or !escen!ant/ it is re"ar!less o2 t1eir rep tation3 Rep tation K p 6lic perception o2 a woman3 Corr ption o2 minor/ w1ite slave tra!e/ it is alrea!0 covere! 60 R' ED103 <1ite slave tra!e/ recl sion perpet a an" penalt0 in R' ED103
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9orci6le a6! ction/ t1is is t1e simple a6! ction o2 a woman 60 a man a"ainst 1er will an! wit1 lew! !esi"n3 Remem6er alt1o "1 it is not mentione! 1ere t1at t1e a6! ction m st 6e !one 60 a man/ 1ow co l! t1ere 6e lew! !esi"ns= T1ere can 6e lew! !esi"n even i2 t1e o22en!er is a woman so t1ere is anot1er sc1ool o2 t1o "1t t1at a woman can commit 2orci6le a6! ction3 <ell ma06e t1e0 are ri"1t 6eca se t1e law !i! not speci20 t1at t1e o22en!er m st 6e a man 6 t w10 is it t1at t1e law !istin" is1es t1at t1e o22en!e! part0 m st 6e a woman= In ot1er wor!s/ t1e0 re2er to t1e o22en!er as a man3 I2 t1e0 re2er to an0 part0 it s1o l! 6e an0 person3 In a6! ction/ t1ere is no se7 al interco rse3 It is simpl0 t1e takin" o2 a woman a"ainst 1er will wit1 lew! !esi"n an! t1at>s all t1ere is to it3 t1at is 2orci6le a6! ction3 I2 t1ere wo l! 6e interco rse/ t1at wo l! 6e rape3 T1 s t1e crime committe! is a6! ction wit1 rape3 +pecial comple7 crime3 Consente! a6! ction K t1ose w1o are over 12 6 t n!er 1L w1o a"rees to 6e taken 60 some6o!0 else t1en t1ere is lew! !esi"n/ t1at is consente!3 'rticle 344 0o remove onl0 rape t1en t1ere is no more pro6lem3 Beca se t1is is prosec tion o2 crimes o2 a! lter0/ conc 6ina"e/ se! ction/ a6! ction/ an! acts o2 lascivio sness o2 over 1L 0ears o2 a"e3 T1e civil lia6ilit0 in crimes o2 rape an! crimes a"ainst c1astit0 o2 a6! ction/ se! ction/ t1e same pa !in 0an/ in!emni20 t1e o22en!e! woman/ acknowle!"e t1e o22sprin"/ an! in ever0 case s pport t1e o22sprin"3 Lia6ilit0 o2 ascen!ants/ !escen!ants/ " ar!ians etc/ well/ t1ese are onl0 wit1 re"ar! to accessor0 penalties3 @is4 ali2ication 2rom 2illin" t1e o22ice o2 t1e " ar!ian3 'rticle 34E/ sim lation an! s 6stit tion o2 one c1il! 2or anot1er an! concealment or a6an!onment o2 a le"itimate c1il!3 +im lation/ 0o ma!e it appear t1at t1e woman is t1e mot1er/ 1ave it re"istere!/ t1at is sim lation o2 6irt13 T1at is !i22erent 2rom s 6stit tion o2 one c1il!3 Bo can "o to 9a6ella :ospital an! ask some o2 t1e ai!s t1ere to s 6stit te 0o r c1il! 2or anot1er c1il!/ 6 t 0o !on>t know w1at will 1appen to 0o in t1e 2 t re? :ow a6o t concealment or a6an!onment o2 le"itimate c1il!= +ometimes t1ese are t1e nwante! c1il! w1om t1e parents wo l! like to lose t1eir civil stat s 6 t t1e0 are le"itimate3 +ome/ t1e0 1ave a 2avorite c1il! or & st 2or t1e 1eck o2 it/ t1e0 want t1e c1il! to lose 1is or 1er i!entit0 an! o2 co rse t1e le"al stat s o2 t1e c1il! as a le"itimate c1il! ma0 a6an!on t1e c1il! or conceal 1er or 1im3 )s rpation o2 civil stat s/ well 0o preten! to 6ecome t1e c1il! o2 anot1er or 0o preten! t1at 0o are t1e 2at1er w1en in 2act 0o are not3 Bo onl0 see t1is in telenovelas3 In real li2e/ t1ere are some3 (speciall0 in in1eritance3 <1en t1e owners o2 t1e lan! 1as !ie!/ especiall0 wit1o t an0 iss e 6 t t1e0 1ave nep1ews an! nieces/ s !!enl0 1ere comes a person w1o will claim t1at 1e is t1e
ille"itimate c1il! o2 t1e one w1o !ie!3 :ow can 0o prove= I know 6eca se m0 mot1er tol! me3 T1en 1ere comes a woman w1o will claim t1at s1e 1a! an alle"e! liaison wit1 t1e !ecease!3 T1e onl0 pro6lem is i2 t1e man 1as 6een proven to 6e sterile/ pata0 kaJ #r impotent or co l! not 6ear an0 c1il!ren3 T1at is w10 t1ere are people w1o tr0 to s rp t1e civil stat s an! t1at is alrea!0 cons mmate!/ s rpation t1e civil stat s o2 anot1er3 Bi"am0= (ven 10 times t1at a person "ets marrie!/ 6i"am03 T1ere is no crime o2 pol0"am0 1ere in t1e $1ilippines3 B t t1en i2 a person 1as 6een !eclare! pres mptivel0 !ea!/ t1en t1e ot1er person ma0 "et marrie! a"ain wit1o t inc rrin" criminal lia6ilit0 6eca se t1at is wit1 approval o2 t1e co rt3 %arria"e contracte! a"ainst provisions o2 t1e laws/ i2 t1e le"al impe!iments are still t1ere an! it was !isre"ar!e! an! 6ot1 were marrie! t1en t1e crime was marria"e contracte! a"ainst provisions o2 t1e laws3 .o consent or was o6tain t1ro "1 violence or intimi!ation/ t1en t1e same3 T1e premat re marria"e is still 301 !a0s 2rom t1e !eat1 it was not amen!e! 60 t1e 2amil0 Co!e 6eca se t1e 9amil0 Co!e !i! not e7pressl0 amen! t1e provisions o2 t1e R$C3 $er2ormance o2 an ille"al marria"e ceremon0 K wit1o t marria"e license3 B t 0o can c re it 60 sa0in" , 0ears livin" to"et1er as 1 s6an! an! wi2e/ wit1 witnesses/ an! t1en t1e solemni5in" o22icer e7ec tes an a22i!avit to t1at e22ect/ especiall0 o2 t1e persons are more t1an 2E 0ears o2 a"e3 #r even 23 or 2,3 6 t i2 t1e persons are less t1an 23 0ears o2 a"e/ !o not e7ec te an a22i!avit i2 0o are t1e solemni5in" o22icer an! !o not even solemni5e t1e marria"e wit1o t a license3 Talo ka !on 6eca se 0o are lia6le3 Beca se t1e 2 cannot live to"et1er as 1 s6an! an! wi2e i2 t1e0 are 6elow 1L 0ears o2 a"e 6eca se t1e0 cannot "et marrie!3 Li6el3 Li6el is t1e imp tation o2 an0t1in" wron"/ or to 6lacken t1e memor0 o2 one w1o>s !ea!3 J st remem6er t1isA i2 t1e person/ t1e o22en!e! part0 is a private person/ t1ere is alwa0s a pres mption o2 malice3 T1ere is alrea!0 a prima 2acie evi!ence o2 malice3 I2 t1e o22en!e! part0 is a p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee/ t1ere is no pres mption o2 malice3 It is on t1e part o2 t1e p 6lic o22icer or emplo0ee to esta6lis1 malice3 Beca se malice is t1e 1eart an! so l o2 li6el3 T1at is t1e !e2ense3 'not1er !e2ense in li6el is proo2 o2 tr t13 T'$( <'+ C)T3 TTT (.@ #9 CRI% L'< R(HI(<TTT *oo!l ck to sJJJJ
DD %a&'rvin

Judge Pimentel Crim Transcript - Book 2

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Judge Pimentel Crim Transcript - Book 2

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Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) J !

"e #scar $imentel

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