Composites

ME#3211##
Mechanics#of#Solids#
T. E. Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore
Course#Overview:#
! Linear#Elasticity##
! Mechanics#of#Composite#Materials#
! Failure#of#Composite#Materials#
! ThickBWalled#Cylinders;#Elastic#
and#ElastoBPlastic#Regions#
! Rotating#Members#
! Experimental#Stress#Analysis;#
Optical#Methods#
Duong#Hai#Minh#
Assistant#Professor#
Room#E2B02B34#
!##6516#1567#
"##mpedhm@nus.edu.sg#
F.S.#Chau#
Associate#Professor#
Room#EAB4B13#
!##65162224#
"##mpecfs@nus.edu.sg#
Duong&HM,&&Department&of&Mechanical&Engineering,##National&University&of&Singapore&
2#
Books on Composites
Principles of Composite Material Mechanics. Ronald FF.
Gibson, McGraw-Hill 1994.
Stress Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced Composite

Materials. Michael W. Hyer, McGraw-Hill, 1998.
Mechanics of Fibrous Composites. Carl T. Herakovich, John
Wil & Sons,
Wiley
S
Inc,
I 1998.
1998
Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites. Third

Edition,, Bhagwan
g
D. Agarwal,
g
, Lawrence J. Broutman,, K.
Chandrashekhara, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2006.
Course#Commitment#of#My#Part:#
1. Assistant#professor:#Duong#Hai#Minh.#OfTice:#E2B02B34#
mpedhm@nus.edu.sg####Tel:#x61567#
2. #CA#of#Prof#Chau#(15%),#MidBterm#group#presentation#(20%)#and#closedB
book#Tinal#exam#(65%).#The#group#presentation#will#be#conducted#on#15#
Nov#2013.#The#format#is:#10#mins#for#the#presentation#and#2#mins#for#
Q&A.#Members#of#each#group#will#be#assigned#by#YOU#on#IVLE.#
3. Exam#hints#will#be#announced#on#the#group#presentation#day#during#the#
lecture#and#will#also#be#uploaded#on#IVLE.#Exam#questions#are#not#from#
video#clips#shown#during#the#lectures#
4. Tutorial#questions#have#been#uploaded#on#IVLE#and#will#inform#you#
when#we#will#conduct#the#tutorials#1#week#in#advance.#
5. What#I#teach#can#be#in#the#Tinal#exam#unless#I#declare#which#part#will#
NOT#be#examined#on#the#discussion#forum.#In#my#part,#there#are#two#
calculation#problems#(25#marks#/each#problem).#
6. Please#post#all#your#questions#on#the#IVLE#forum#so#all#students#can#see#
the#answers.#Your#questions#will#be#answered#every#Friday#afternoon#
including#the#reading#weeks###Please#do#not#just#study#during#the#
reading#week.#
3#
Theory#of#
Elasticity#
4#
HOW&ME3211&&&ME3211E&HELPS&YOU&&
ON&DESIGN&OF&MBS&HOTEL&&
! Equilibrium#Equations#(Forces#&#Stresses)#
! Compatibility#Equations#(Deformation#&#Strains)#
! Constitutive#Equations#(StressBStrain#
Relationship)#
! Boundary#Conditions#
! Stress#Functions#
6#
DeTinition#of#stress:##
&=&stress&=& intensity&of&internal&force&at&a&point &

Fs#
Fn#
" F %
$
'
Stress#=#lim## # A &
A
#
### 0
Representation&of&crossMsection&of&a&general&body#
There#are#two#types#of#stress:#
#(Fn):##Normal#(or#extensional)#stress:##act#normal#to#
##################################the#plane#of#the#element#
#(Fs)#:##Shear#stress:##act#inBplane#of#element#
6&Independent&Components&of&Stress&
of$general$in4initesimal$element$#
Rectangular#Cartesian#
&&&
3&normal&stress:
#
##
3&shear&stress:&
x#
y#
z#
xy#=#yx##
yz#=#zy#
xz#=#zx#
coordinate#system#
z&
x&
y&
Due$to$equilibrium$considerations$
xy&&&&&
&
&&&&stress#acts#in#yBdirection#
stress#acts#on#face#with#normal#vector#
in#the#xBdirection#
MARINA&BAY&SAND&HOTEL&
An$object$is$in$equilibrium:$(e.g.#block#resting#on#a#table)#if#there#
has#no#inTluences#to#cause#it#to#move#or#rotate.##
#
The#basic#conditions#for#equilibrium#are:#&
#
##Fi#=#0#(force),######Mi#(Moment)=#0##
#
Applying#these#equilibrium#equations#to#
#
an#inTinitesimal#element#yields:#
3
dy#
dz#
dx#
Representation$of$general$
$in4initesimal$element$#
10#
Determination&of&Equilibrium&Equations&
For#FORCE#equilibrium:#
y#
yx
zx
x#
o#
yx +
dy#
z#
Fx#
dy
x
x +
dx
x
zx
zx +
dz
z
dz#
dx#
yx
x'y'z#coordinate#
system#
x
(
%
(
%
dx #dydz x dydz + && yx + yx dy ##dxdz yx dxdz
& x +
y
x
'
$
'
$
(
%
+ & zx + zx dz #dxdy zx dxdy+ Fx dxdydz = 0
z
'
$
x yx zx
+
+
+ Fx = 0
x
y
z
11#
Equations&of&Equilibrium&
For&moment&equilibrium:&
yx = xy
yx +
yx
y
dy
xy +
dy#
y#
x#
o#
xy
x
dx
xy
dz#
yx
dx#
z#
12#
(1)#
13#
The&LotusMshaped&Art&Science&Museum&
Tension# and# compression# rings# resist# the# pushBpull# action# of# the#
cantilevering# mega# trusses# which# support# the# elevated# galleries# of#
the# Art# Science# Museum.# The# hyperbolic# diagrid# provides# primary#
lateral#stability#to#the#entire#system.##
14#
Strain:&&
#=#strain#=# percentage#deformation#of#an#
inTinitesimal#element #
" L %
$ '
#=#lim### L &
L0
#
Representation#of#1BDimensional#Extension#of#a#body#
#
##
There&are&two&types&of&strain:&
:###Normal#(or#extensional)#strainB##elongation#of#element#
:###Shear#strainB##angular#change#of#element#
#
shear#
deformation#
Illustration#of#Shear#Deformation#
6&Independent&Components&of&Strain&
of$general$in4initesimal$element$#
Rectangular#Cartesian#
&&&
3&normal&strain:
#
##
3&shear&strain:&
x#
y#
z#
xy#=#yx##
yz#=#zy#
xz#=#zx#
coordinate#system#
z&
x&
y&
Again,$Due$to$equilibrium$considerations$
Meaning#of#subscripts#not#like#stress#
x########extension#along#m#
xy#######rotation#in#xBy#plane#
Consider&deformations:&
dy#
y#
dz#
dx#
du#
Normal&strains:&
u
x =
x
v
y =
y
w
z =
z
x#
o#
z#
17#
DeTinition#of#shear#strain:#
=
Shear&strains:&
dv#
xy
dy#
#
y#
dz#
dx#
du#
x#
o#
yz
xz
u v
=
+
y x
v w
=
+
z
y
u w
=
+
z
x
z#
18#
Normal&strains:&
u
x =
x
v
y =
y
w
z =
z
Shear&strains:&
xy
yz
xz
u
v
=
+
y
x
v
w
=
+
z
y
u
w
=
+
z
x
There#are#3#displacements,#
but#6#strain#components.#
Thus&they&are&related&to&
each&other.&
19#
Normal&strains:&
u
x
v
=
y
x =
y
Shear&strain:&
xy =
u
v
+
y
x
Differentiate#x#twice#with#respect#to#y:#
2 x
3u
=
2
y
xy 2
Differentiate#y#twice#with#respect#to#x:#
2 y
x 2
3v
=
yx 2
Differentiate#xy#with#respect#to#x#and#y:#
2 xy
3u
3v
=
+
xy
xy 2
yx 2
Therefore#
2 xy
2 y
2 x
=
+
xy
y 2
x 2
20#
(2)#
21#
Young's#modulus#indicates#the#stiffness#of#an#elastic#material#
(Unit:#Pa#or#N/m#or#m1kgs2).#
#
#
#
#
Shear#modulus#indicates#material#deformation###
(Unit:#GPa,#G):#
#
#
#
#
Poisson s#ratio:##
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio#
22#
23#
For#homogeneous#isotropic#materials#simple#relations#
exist#between#elastic#constants#(Young's#modulus#E,#
shear#modulus#G,#and#Poisson's#ratio#):#
#
#
#
E#=#2G(1+)##
Materials&
Modulus&of&
Elasticity,&E&[psi]&
Shear&Modulus,&
G&[psi]&
Poisson s&
ratios,&&
Steel##
Aluminum#
30#x#106#
10#x#106#
12#x#106#
4#x#106#
0.27#B#0.30#
0.23#
Isotropic$materials:$are$characterized$by$properties$
which$ are$ independent$ of$ direction$ in$ space.$ What$
are$aniostropic$materials?$
T.&E.&Tay,&&Department&of&Mechanical&Engineering,##National&University&of&Singapore&
24#
Robert#Hooke#
(3)#
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke%27s_Law#
25#
Plane&Stress&Problem&1&
z#
Substituting# z = xz = yz = 0
y#
into#the#stressBstrain#relations#(3):#
1
x = ( x y )
E
1
y = ( y x )
E
z =
xy
E
1
=
xy
G
+ y )
o#
z = xz = yz = 0
x#
(4)#
Thickness$in$the$zEdirection$is$
small$compared$to$other$
dimensions$in$xE$and$yEdirections#.
Substituting#(4)#into#this#compatibility#equation:#
2 xy
2 y
2 x
=
+
2
xy
y
x 2
26#
Plane&Stress&Problem&1&(cont.)&
We#have:#
2
2
2 y
2 y
x
1'
x
%
2
E%
y 2
x 2
x 2
& y
From#the#equilibrium#equations#(1),#neglecting#
body#forces:#
Differentiating#again,#
we#have,#respectively:#
$
2 xy
1
"=
" G xy
#
(5)#
x xy
+
=0
x
y
y xy
+
=0
y
x
2 xy
2 y
=
xy
y 2
2 xy
2 x
=
xy
x 2
2 xy 2 x 2 y
2
=
+
2
xy
x
y 2
(6)#
27#
Plane&Stress&Problem&1&(cont.)&
Substituting#(6)#into#(5),#and#using:#
2
2
2
2
x
1&
y
y
x
$
2
2
2
2
E$
x
%
Simplifying#and#rewriting:#
E
G=
2(1 + )
2
# 2(1 + ) 1 & 2 y
x
!=
$
+
2
!
$ y 2
E
2
x
"
%
#
!
!
"
2
2
( x + y )+ 2 ( x + y ) = 0
2
x
y
' 2
2 $
%% 2 + 2 ""( x + y ) = 0
y #
& x
2 ( x + y ) = 0
(8)#
Eq.$8$is$the$compatibility$equation$in$terms$of$stress$for$plane$
stress$conditions.$Any$stress$state$that$satis4ies$this$equation$
satis4ies$compatibility$and$equilibrium.$
$
28#
Plane&Strain&Problem&2&
Dimension#in#the#zBdirection#is#very#large#compared#to#
other#dimensions#in#xB#and#yBdirections.#Hence#
displacement#w#is#practically#zero.#
y#
z = xz = yz = 0
x#
o#
z#
29#
Plane&Strain&Problem&2&(cont.)&
y
Substituting# z = xz = yz = 0
into#the#stressBstrain#relations#(3):#
1
z ( x + y )
E
z = ( x + y )
z = 0 =
1
x y z ) =
(
E
1
y = ( y x z ) =
E
1
xy = xy
G
x =
z
#
x + y)
(
(
x
y)
E
E
1
x + y)
(
(
y
x)
E
E
(9)#
30#
Plane&Strain&Problem&2&(cont.)&
Again,#substituting#(9)#into#the#compatibility#and#equilibrium#equations#
yield:#
2
2
'
$
2
1 %
% x 2 + y 2 "
"( x + y ) = 0
&
#
' 2
2 $
%
% x 2 + y 2 "
"( x + y ) = 0
&
#
( x + y ) = 0
2
since#
(10)#
(1 ) 0
2
This$compatibility$equation$10$for$the$plain$STRAIN$
problem$is$exactly$the$same$as$equation$6$$for$the$plane$
stress$problem.$
31#
Summary$
! #For#2BD#problems,#permissible#stress#distributions#must#
satisfy:#
! ##Equilibrium#
! ##Compatibility#
! #If#the#boundary$conditions$are#also#satisTied,#the#stress#
distribution#is#unique#for#the#body#under$speci4ied$loads.$
! #The#compatibility#equations#for#plane#stress#and#plane#strain#
conditions#are#identical#and#do#not#contain#elastic#constants#if#
body#forces#are#absent.#Therefore#components$with$same$
geometry$and$loading,$but$made$from$different$materials$
have$the$same$stress$distributions.$
32#
Airy&Stress&Function&
Suppose#a#function#######(which#is#dependent#only#on#x#
and#y)#exist:#
2
x = 2
y
2
y = 2
x
2
xy =
xy
(11)#
Then#the#equations#of#equilibrium#(neglecting#
body#forces)#are#satisTied#?#
What#requirements#are#necessary#to#ensure#that#
compatibility#is#also#satisTied?#
33#
Airy&Stress&Function&(cont.)&
Substituting#for#x##and#y# ' 2
2
%
from#Eqns#(8)#or#(10):#
% x 2 + y 2
&
$' 2 2 $
"
"%
% x 2 + y 2 "
"=0
#&
#
' 4
4
4 $
%
% x 4 + 2 x 2 y 2 + y 4 "
" = 0
&
#
2
2 $
2'
%
% x 2 + y 2 "
" = 0
&
#
2 2 = 0
4 = 0
(12)#
Any$function$which$satis4ies$the$biharmonic$equation$
(12)$gives$a$possible$2ED$stress$distribution$which$
satis4ies:$$Equilibrium$and$Compatibility$
34#
Example#1#
SecondBdegree#polynomial#
First,#test#that#it#satisTies###
= Ax
y#
y#
4 = 0
2
x = 2 = 0
y
b#
'a#
2
y = 2 = 2A
x
2
xy =
=0
xy
y$is$constant$everywhere$
(uniform$tension$or$
compression$in$y$direction).$
o#
a#
x#
'b#
y#
B.C.:#
#Ba##x##a,###x#=#0.#
#Bb##y##b,###y#=#2A.#
35#
Example#2#
Superposition#
= Ax + By
First,#test#that#it#satisTies#
y#
4 = 0
2
x = 2 = 2B
y
2
y = 2 = 2A
x
2
xy =
=0
xy
Uniform$tension$or$
compression$in$x$and$y$
directions.$
y#
b#
'a#
x#
o#
a#
x#
x#
'b#
y#
B.C.:#
#Ba##x##a,###x#=#2B.#
#Bb##y##b,###y#=#2A.#
36#
Example#3#
Superposition#
Check#that#it#satisTies#
y#
= Cxy
xy##
=0
b#
2
x = 2 = 0
y
'a#
2
y = 2 =0
x
2
xy =
= C
xy
Constant$shear.$
o#
a#
x#
'b#
B.C.:#
#Ba##x##a,###xy#=#BC.#
#Bb##y##b,##xy#=#BC.#
37#
Example#4#
ThirdBdegree#
polynomial#
Check#that#it#satisTies#
= By
y#
x##
b#
4 = 0
2
x = 2 = 6 By
y
2
y = 2 =0
x
2
xy =
=0
xy
Stress$distribution$in$a$
beam$subjected$to$pure$
bending$
x#
o#
'b#
B.C.:#
##y#=#b,###x#=#A.#
##y#=#Bb,##x#=#BA.#
The#value#of#B#is#dependent#on#A.#
38#
Mechanics)of)Composites)
Classical)Lamination)Theory)(CLT))
Outline:)
)The)Composite)Lamina.)
)The)Composite)Laminate.)
)Residual)/)Hygrothermal)Stresses.)
)Failure)of)Composites.)
Duong)HM,))Department)of)Mechanical)Engineering,))National)University)of)Singapore)
1)
FABRICATION)OF)COMPOSITES)
The)Lamina))the)Building)Block)of)Composite)Laminates)
lamina
layer
ply "
3"
2" Transverse&
direction&
1"
Fiber&
direction&
3)
Typical)thickness)for)a)graphiteKepoxy)ply)is)
0.125)mm)when)cured.)
90)
1"
2"
2"
K)45)
1"
+)45)2"
0)
1"
2"
1"
z&
The&Composite&Laminate&
o"
y&
x&
Local"
coordinates"
Global&
coordinates&
4)
LayHup)angles)
0)
x&
45)
K45)
Local&
coordinates&
90) y&
Global&
coordinates&
o"
5)
Lamina)
3"
2" Transverse&
direction&
1"
Fiber&
direction&
3"
undeformed"
2"
Small)element)of)IiberH
reinforced)material)
1"
6)
Stress)applied)in)Iiber)direction
3"
deformed"
undeformed"
Apply)stress)
2"
Strains:)
x1
1 =
x1
x2
2 =
x2
x3
3 =
x3
1"
Young s)modulus)in)Iiber)direction:)
1
E1 =
1
(1))
7)
Stress)applied)in)Iiber)
direction
3"
deformed"
undeformed"
Apply)stress)
2"
1
Poisson s)ratios:)
2
12 =
1
1"
Note:)
(2))
12 21
3
13 =
1
(3))
Second)subscript:)Direction)of)contraction)
First)subscript:)Direction)of)applied)stress)
8)
Stress)applied)in)transverse)direction
3&
deformed"
undeformed"
2&
Apply)stress)
1&
Young s)modulus)in)
transverse)direction:)
2
E2 =
2
(4))
Poisson s)ratios:)
1
21 =
2
(5))
3
23 =
2
(6))
9)
Stress)applied)in)third)direction
Apply)stress)
3"
deformed"
undeformed"
2"
1"
Young s)modulus)
in)third)direction:)
3
E3 =
3
(7))
Poisson s)ratios:)
1
31 =
3
(8))
2
32 =
3
(9))
10)
Shear&modulus:&
3"
deformed"
View)in)1@2)plane)
undeformed"
2"
2"
12
12
1"
1"
Shear&modulus:&
12 =
12
G12
(10))
11)
Shear&modulus:&
3"
deformed"
View&in&2@3&plane&
23
undeformed"
2"
23 =
3"
23
2"
1"
3"
View&in&3@1&plane&
13
2"
1"
G23
(11))
deformed" undeformed"
3"
23
13 =
13
13
G13
(12))
1"
12)
For)a)Lamina)
There)are)12)material)constants)in)total:)
Three)
Young s)
moduli)
E1
E2
E3
Six)
Poisson s)
ratios)
12 21
13 31
23 32
Three)Shear)
moduli)
G12
G13
G23
Note)that)the)shear)moduli)are)independent)of)the)
Young s)moduli,)unlike)in)isotropic)materials,)where)
E
G=
(13))
2(1 + )
13)
The)Compliance)Matrix)[S]:)
& 1
( 1 ) +
- - + E1
- - +
- 2 - + 12
- - + E1
- - +
- 3 - + 13
- - + E1
. /=+
- - + 0
- 23 - +
- - +
- - + 0
- 13 - +
- - +
- - + 0
0 12 1 +
2
21
E2
1
E2
23
E2
0
31
1
E3
1
G23
E3
32
E3
1
G13
'
0 , (1 )
,- ,- 0 , - 2 ,- ,- 0 , - 3 ,- ,. /
0 , - 23 ,- ,- 0 , - 13 ,- - ,
1 - ,
G12 ,3 0 12 1
(14))
14)
The)Compliance)Matrix)[S]:)
' 1 ( % S11
+ + )S
+ 2 + ) 21
+
+ 3 +
+ ) S31
, -=)
+ 23 + ) 0
+ 13 + ) 0
+ + )
+
. 12 +
/ )0 0
S12
S 22
S32
S13
S 23
S33
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
S 44
0
0
S55
0
0
0
& '1 (
* + +
*+ 2+
*+
+ 3 +
+
*, 0 * + 23 +
0 * + 13 +
*+ +
S66 *1 +
. 12 +
/
The)compliance)matrix)must)be)symmetric,)so:)
12 21
S12 = S 21
S13 = S31
S 23 = S32
E1
13
E1
23
E2
E2
31
E2
32
E3
(15))
(16a))
(16b))
(16c))
15)
The)Stiffness)Matrix)[C]:)
By)inverting)the)compliance)matrix,)we)obtain)the)
stiffness)matrix)[C])
[C])=)[S]H1))
' 1 ( % C11
+ + )C
+ 2 + ) 21
+
+ 3 +
+ )C31
, -=)
+ 23 + ) 0
+ 13 + ) 0
+ + )
+
. 12 +
/ )0 0
C12
C22
C32
C13
C23
C33
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C44
0
0
C55
0
0
0
& ' 1 (
* + +
*+ 2 +
*+
+ 3 +
+
*, 0 * + 23 +
0 * + 13 +
*+ +
C66 *1 +
. 12 +
/
(17))
16)
1 23 32
C11 =
E2 E3 F
C12 =
21 31 23
C13 =
31 21 32
C22
E2 E3 F
=
=
12 32 13
E1 E3 F
13 12 23
E1 E2 F
1 13 31
=
E1 E3 F
C23 =
C33
E2 E3 F
Stiffness)Matrix)[C])
32 12 31
E1 E3 F
C44 = G23
C55 = G13
23 21 13
E1 E2 F
1 12 21
=
E1 E2 F
1 12 21 23 32 13 31 2 21 32 13
F=
E1 E2 E3
C66 = G12
(18))
17)
Plane)stress)assumptions)
When)laminates)are)thin)!)plane)stress)conditions)
3 = 13 = 23 = 0
3"
2" Transverse&
direction&
1"
Fiber&
direction&
E1)))Modulus)in)\iber)direction)
E2))Modulus)in)transverse)direction)
G12))InKplane)shear)modulus)
12)))Major)Poisson s)ratio)
18)
Plane)stress)assumptions)
From)the)stressKstrain)relations,) 1 = C111 + C12 2 + C133
2 = C121 + C22 2 + C233
(19))
3 = 0 = C131 + C23 2 + C333
From)the)third)equation:))
C13
C23
3 =
1
2
C33
C33
(20))
Note:)) 3
0!
Upon)substitution)into)the)\irst)two)equations:))
#
#
C132 $
C13C23 $
1 = & C11
+
C
' 1 & 12
'2
C33 )
C33 )
(
(
#
#
C13C23 $
C232 $
2 = & C12
' 1 + & C22
'2
C33 )
C33 )
(
(
(21))
19)
Lamina)OnHAxis)StressHStrain)Relations)
The)stressKstrain)relations)can)be)rewritten)as:))
!
1
#
#
" 2
#
#
$ 12
% ( Q
11
#
# *
& = * Q21
# *
0
#
' *)
Q12
Q22
Q66
+!
1
-#
#
-"
-# 2
-,#
$ 12
%
#
#
&
#
#
'
(22))
The)matrix)[Q])is)called)the) reduced)stiffness)matrix )
C
C
3 = 13 1 23 2
C33
C33
13 = 23 = 0
Q11 =
E1
1 12 21
12 E2
21 E1
Q12 = Q21 =
=
1 12 21 1 12 21
Q22 =
E2
1 12 21
Q66 = G12
20)
Lamina)OnHAxis)StressHStrain)Relations)
The) reduced)compliance)
matrix )[S])may)be)
obtained)from)inverting)
[Q])(and)vice@versa).)
% 1 & ' S11
) ) *
, 2 - = * S21
) ) * 0
. 12 / 0
S12
S22
0
3 = S131 S23 2
13 = 23 = 0
0 ( % 1 &
) )
0 ++ , 2 ) )
S66 +1 .
12 /
[S])in)terms)of)the)
elastic)constants
- 1
+
' 1 $ + E1
! ! + 12
& 2 # = +
! ! + E1
% 12 "
+ 0
+,
21
E2
1
E2
0
*
0 (
( ' 1 $
! !
0 ( & 2 #
(
! !
(
1 % 12 "
(
G12 ()
(23))
Note:)
21
E2
12
(24))
E1
21)
Typical)lamina)stiffness)values)for)composites)
Material
E1
(GPa)
E2
(GPa)
12
G12
(GPa)
Vf (fiber
volume
ratio)
Graphiteepoxy
(T300/5208)
181
10.3
0.28
7.17
0.7
Glass-epoxy
(Scotchply
1002)
38.6
8.27
0.26
4.14
0.45
Aramidepoxy
(Kevlar 49
epoxy)
76
5.5
0.34
2.3
0.6
22)
Lamina)OffHAxis)Behavior)
Transverse&
direction& 2"
z"
3"
&
r
e
b
i
F
&
n
o
i
t
"
1 direc
y"
)
x"
Global&direction&
OnKAxis)
(Material)
direction))
Properties)
1,"2,"3"
Transformation)
Law)
OffKAxis)
(General)
direction))
Properties)
x,"y,"z"
23)
y"
1"
2"
+"
x"
12
2
Stress"components"in"
material"coordinate(1;2;3)"
system"
xy
Transformation)
matrix)[T],)
function)of)"
x
Stress"components"in"
global"coordinate"(x;
y;z)"system"
24)
Transforming)stress)components)from)global)to)material)
directions:)
2
& 1 ' $ cos
* * (
2
, 2 - = ( sin
* * (
. 12 / (0 sin cos
sin 2
cos 2
sin cos
2sin cos % & x '

)* *
2sin cos ) , y - (26))
) * *
2
2
cos sin )1 . xy /
Transformation)matrix,)[T])
Inverse)problem)of)transforming)stress)components)from)
material)to)global)directions:) $ %
$ %
x
& &
&
1 &
=
[
T
]
' y(
' 2(
& &
& &
xy
) 12 *
) *
(27))
Physical)interpretation)of)inverse)of)[T]:)
#&T ( )$'
#& T ( )$'
(28))
25)
Lamina)OffHAxis)StressHStrain)Relations))
in)the)global)coordinates)
' x $ -Q11 Q12
! ! +
& y # = +Q 21 Q 22
! ! +Q
% xy " , 61 Q 62
(Q11 % . m 4
" " , 4
"Q 22 " , n
""Q "" ,m 2 n 2
12
' $=, 2 2
"Q 66 " ,m n
"Q " , m 3 n
" 16 " , 3
"&Q 26 "# ,- mn
m = cos
n4
Q16 * ' x $
(! !
Q 26 ( & y #
Q 66 () !% xy !"
2m 2 n 2
(34))
4m 2 n 2
+
)
m4
2m 2 n 2
4m 2 n 2 ) (Q11 %
" "
m2n2
m4 + n4
4m 2 n 2 ) "Q22 "
$
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 )'
Q
mn
2m n
(m n ) ) " 12 "
mn3 mn3 m3n 2(mn3 m3n)) "&Q66 "#
)
3
3
3
3
3
m n m n mn 2(m n mn ))*
n = sin
(35))
26)
Lamina)OffHAxis)StressHStrain)Relations))
in)the)global)coordinates)
The) transformed) reduced) compliance) matrix) can) be)
similarly) derived,) or) obtained) by) inverting) the) reduced)
stiffness)matrix.)
% x & ' S11

) ) *
, y - = * S21
) ) * S
0 xy 1 . 61
S12
S22
S62
S16 ( % x &
+) )
S26 + , y )
S66 +/ )
0 xy 1
(36))
)In)general,)the)reduced)stiffness)and)compliance)
matrices)are)fullyKpopulated.)
27)
The)Composite)Laminate)
90)
K)45)
+)45)
0)
2"
1"
28)
Layers)(plies))numbered)1)to)N.)(In)this)example,)N)=)4).)
Layer)no.)1)is)at)the)negativeKmost)zKlocation.)
De\ine)z)=)0)at)the)geometric)midKplane)of)the)laminate.)
o&
90)
K)45)
+)45)
0)
Layer)no.)1)
Layer)no.)2)
Layer)no.)3)
Layer)no.)4)
x&
y&
Notation:)
)[90/K45/45/0]T)
m
)))))))))))[90/)))45/0]
T)
z&
Fiber)angles)are)spelt)
out)from)left)to)right,)
starting)with)layer)no.)1)
29)
The)Symmetric)Laminate)
0)
+)45)
K)45)
90)
90)
K)45)
+)45)
0)
How)many)
layers)?)
[30 / + 45 / 0]s
[30 / + 45 / 03 ]s
[30 / + 45 / 0]3 s
[(30 / + 45)3 / 0]s
Notation:)
)[0/45/90]s)
[(30 / + 45)3 s / 0]s
30)
Kinematics)of)deformation)viewed)in)the)x;z)plane)
u0&
Before&
deformation&
o&
P0&
P&
x&
z&
z&
w0
x
P0)is)a)point)on)the)midK
plane)
After&deformation
P)is)an)arbitrary)point)
distance)z)from)the)midK
Displacement)of"P"in"z"direction,"u"is)
plane)
w w0
&
(37))
Displacement)of"P"in"x"direction,"u"is)
w0
u =u z
x
w
u = u0 z
x
w0&
w0
z
x
(38))
Similarly,)displacement)
of"P"in"y"direction,"v"is)
v = v0 z
w
(39))
y
31)
Laminate)Loads)
Stress)resultants)(MPa)mm):)
InKPlane)Loads:)
z"
Nx"
y"
Nx"
x"
Nxy"
$ Nx %
$ x %
& & h/2 & &
' N y ( = h / 2 ' y (dz
&N &
& &
) xy *
) xy *
(40))
Moment)resultants)(MPa)mm2):)
Bending)and)Twisting)Loads:)
z"
Mx"
Mx"
Mxy"
y"
x"
)Mx &
) x &
#
# h/2 # #
( M y % = h / 2 ( y % zdz
#M #
# #
xy
'
$
' xy $
(41))
32)
Laminate)Strains)&)Curvatures)
MidKPlane)Strains:)
y0
z"
x0
y"
x0
y0
x"
xy0
Bending)and)Twisting)Curvatures:)
z"
x"
x"
xy"
u
=
x
v
0
(42))
y =
y
v u
0
xy =
+
x y
0
x
y"
x"
2w
x 2
x
2w
y 2
y
xy
(43))
2w
2
xy
33)
Laminate)Strains)&)Curvatures)
Recall)) u = u 0 z
w
x
and)
v = v0 z
w
y
Equations"(38),"(39)"
The)strains)for)any)point)at)a)distance)z)away)from)the)midKplane)are)
u u 0
2w
x =
=
z 2
x x
x
v v 0
2w
y = =
z 2
y y
y
xy
v u u 0 v 0
2w
= +
=
+
2z
x y x
y
xy
34)
Laminate)StressHStrain)Relations)
The)strains)for)a)point)within)the)kth)layer)are)
$ x0 %
$x %
$ x %
& 0&
& &
&
&
' y ( = ' y ( + z ' y (
& &
& 0 &
& &
xy
xy
) *k ) *
) xy *
(45))
The)stresses)for)a)point)within)the)kth)layer)are)
& x '
( (
+ y , = )-Q *. k
( (
/ xy 0k
&x '
( (
+ y ,
( (
/ xy 0k
& x0 '
( 0(
)
*
= -Q . + y , + z )-Q *.
k
k
0
( (
/ xy 0
& x '
(
(
+ y ,
( (
/ xy 0
Note:)Only)the)
reduced)stiffness)
matrix)is)layerK
dependent)
(46))
35)
Consider)the)stress)resultants,)and)substituting)stresses)for)strains,)
' Nx (
' x (
h/2 )
) )
)
* N y + = h / 2 * y +dz
)N )
) )
, xy , xy -
Equation"(40)"
' x0 (
' x (
h/2
h/2
) 0)
) )
= .0Q /1 * y + dz + .0Q /1 z * y + dz
h / 2
h / 2
0
) )
) )
xy
, xy , Note:)
{ }
are)midKplane)values,)independent)of)z)
{ }
are)curvatures,)also)independent)of)z)
(47))
!#Q"$ is)dependent)of)z,)but)within)each)layer,)it)is)independent)
of)z)
36)
% x0 &
% Nx &
% x &
h/2
' 0'
' ' h/2
' '
(
)
(
)
N
=
Q
dz
+
Q
z
* y + h / 2 , - * y +
* y + dz
h / 2 , 'N '
' 0 '
' '
. xy /
. xy /
. xy /
Consider)Nx):)
Nx =
h/2
h / 2
0
x
Q11dz +
h/2
h / 2
h/2
h / 2
Q11 zdz x +
0
y
Q12 dz +
h/2
h / 2
h/2
h / 2
Q16 dz xy0
Q12 zdz y +
h/2
h / 2
Q16 zdz xy
(48))
37)
Nx =
h/2
h / 2
0
x
Q11dz +
h/2
h / 2
h/2
h / 2
Q11 zdz x +
0
y
Q12 dz +
h/2
h / 2
h/2
h / 2
Q16 dz xy0
Q12 zdz y +
h/2
h / 2
Q16 zdz xy
Consider)the)\irst)term:)
h/2
h / 2
Q11dz =
h1
h0
(Q )
dz +
11 k =1
h2
h1
(Q )
11 k = 2
dz + L +
hN
hN 1
(Q )
11 k = N
dz
(49))
38)
h/2
h / 2
Q11dz =
h1
h0
(Q )
dz +
11 k =1
h2
h1
(Q )
11 k = 2
dz + L +
hN
hN 1
(Q )
11 k = N
dz
(49))
First"layer""k"="1)
Second"layer""k"="2)
etc.)
h2)
Mid;plane)
z&
hN"
h1)
h0)
hN;1)
Nth"layer""k"="N)
39)
h/2
h / 2
Q11dz =
h1
h0
(Q )
dz +
11 k =1
h2
h1
(Q )
11 k = 2
dz + L +
hN
hN 1
(Q )
11 k = N
dz
(49))
Q11
Since))))))))is)constant)within)each)layer,
)
h/2
h / 2
Q11dz = ( Q11 )
= ( Q11 )
h1
k =1 h0
k =1
dz + ( Q11 )
k =2
h2
h1
dz + L + ( Q11 )
( h1 h0 ) + (Q11 )k =2 ( h2 h1 ) + L
hN
dz
+ (Q ) ( h h )
k=N
hN 1
11 k = N
N 1
= ( Q11 ) tk
k =1
(50))
= A11
where) tk = ( hk hk 1 )
is)the)thickness)of)the)kth)ply)
40)
Hence)we)may)write)
h/2
h / 2
Q1 j dz = ( Q1 j ) tk
k =1
= A1 j
for))j)=)1,)2,)6)
(51))
Therefore,)
N x = A11 x0 + A12 y0 + A16 xy0

+
h/2
h / 2
Q11 zdz x +
h/2
h / 2
Q12 zdz y +
h/2
h / 2
Q16 zdz xy
(52))
41)
Now,)let)us)examine)the)fourth)integral:)
N x = A11 x0 + A12 y0 + A16 xy0

+
h/2
h / 2
h/2
h / 2
Q11 zdz = ( Q11 )
h1
k =1 h0
h/2
Q11 zdz x +
h / 2
zdz + ( Q11 )
k =2
h2
h1
Q12 zdz y +
h/2
h / 2
zdz + L + ( Q11 )
k =N
Q16 zdz xy
hN
hN 1
(52))
zdz
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
Q
h
h
+
Q
h
h
+
L
+
Q11 )
hN 2 hN 12
(
(
(
11 )k =1
1
0
11 )k = 2
2
1
k=N
2
2
2
1 N
= ( Q11 ) hk 2 hk 12
k
2 k =1
(53))
= B11
42)
Hence))
1 N
2
2
Q
z
dz
=
Q
h
h
( 1 j )k ( k k 1 )
h / 2 1 j
2 k =1
for))j)=)1,)2,)6)
= B1 j
h/2
(54))
Therefore,)
N x = A11 x0 + A12 y0 + A16 xy0

+ B11 x + B12 y + B16 xy
(55))
43)
Similar)expressions)for)Ny)and)Nxy)can)be)derived,)so)that))
! N x " # A11
% % &
( N y ) = & A21
%N % & A
, xy - * 61
A12
A22
A62
A16
A26
A66
B11
B21
B61
B12
B22
B62
B16 $ $ x0 %
& 0&
'
B26 ' & y &
B66 '+ && xy0 &&
' (
& x &
& y &
& &
&
) xy &
*
(56))
44)
Next)consider)the)moment)resultants,))
' Mx (
' x (
h/2 )
)
)
)
* M y + = h / 2 * y +z dz
)M )
) )
, xy , xy -
Equation"(41)"
' x0 (
' x (
h/2
h/2
) 0)
) )
= .0Q /1 * y + z dz + .0Q /1 * y + z 2 dz
h / 2
h / 2
0
) )
) )
xy
, xy , Again)
{ }
0
{ }
(57))
are)midKplane)values,)independent)of)z)
are)curvatures,)also)independent)of)z)
!#Q"$ is)dependent)of)z,)but)within)each)layer,)
it)is)independent)of)z)
45)
% x0 &
% Mx &
% x &
h/2
' 0'
'
' h/2
' ' 2
(
)
(
)
M
=
Q
z
dz
+
Q
* y + h / 2 , - * y +
* y + z dz
h / 2 , 'M '
' 0 '
' '
. xy /
. xy /
. xy /
(57))
Consider)Mx):)
Mx =
h/2
h / 2
0
x
Q11 z dz +
h/2
h / 2
h/2
h / 2
Q11 z 2 dz x +
0
y
Q12 z dz +
h/2
h / 2
h/2
h / 2
Q12 z 2 dz y +
Q16 z dz xy0
h/2
h / 2
Q16 z 2 dz xy
(58))
46)
But)we)already)know)what)the)\irst)three)terms)
are:)
Mx =
h/2
h / 2
0
x
Q11 z dz +
h/2
h/2
h / 2
h / 2
Q11 z dz x +
0
y
Q12 z dz +
h/2
h/2
h / 2
h / 2
Q12 z dz y +
Q16 z dz xy0
h/2
h / 2
Q16 z 2 dz xy
M x = B11 x0 + B12 y0 + B16 xy0

+
h/2
h / 2
Q11 z 2 dz x +
h/2
h / 2
Q12 z 2 dz y +
h/2
h / 2
(58))
Q16 z 2 dz xy
(59))
47)
Let)us)look)now)at)the)fourth,)\ifth)and)sixth)integrals:)
M x = B11 x0 + B12 y0 + B16 xy0

+
h/2
h / 2
If)we)de\ine)
Q11 z 2 dz x +
h/2
h / 2
Q12 z 2 dz y +
h/2
h / 2
(59))
Q16 z 2 dz xy
1 N
3
3
Q
z
dz
=
Q
h
h
(
)
(
1j k
k
k 1 )
h / 2 1 j
3 k =1
for))j)=)1,)2,)6)
= D1 j
h/2
(60))
We)can)write))
M x = B11 x0 + B12 y0 + B16 xy0

+ D11 x + D12 y + D16 xy
(61))
48)
Similar)expressions)for)My)and)Mxy)can)be)derived,))
! M x " # B11
%
% &
( M y ) = & B21
%M % & B
, xy - * 61
B12
B22
B62
B16
B26
B66
D11
D21
D61
D12
D22
D62
$ x0 %
& 0&
&y &
0 &
&
& xy &
' (
D16 $& x &
D26 ''& y &
& &
D66 '+&) xy &*
(62))
49)
General)Composite)Plate)Constitutive)Relations)
!
#
#
#
#
"
#
#
#
#
$
Nx % ( A
# * 11
Ny # * A
# * 21
N xy # * A61
& =*
M x # * B11
# *
My #
B
* 21
M xy # *) B61
'
or,)
A12
A16
B11
B12
B16
A22
A26
B21
B22
B26
A62
A66
B61
B62
B66
B12
B16
D11
D12
D16
B22
B26
D21
D22
D26
B62
B66
D61
D62
D66
" N # $ A B % "0 #
& '=(
& '
)
*M + , B D- * +
+!
-#
-#
-#
-##
-"
-#
-#
-#
-,#
#$
%
x0 #
0y #
#
xy0 ##
&
x #
#
y #
xy ##
'
(63))
Laminate)
stiffness)matrix)
50)
Aij = ( Qij ) hk hk 1
k =1
(64a))
1 N
Bij = ( Qij ) hk2 hk21
k
2 k =1
(64b))
1 N
Dij = ( Qij ) hk3 hk31
k
3 k =1
(64c))
51)
The)sixKbyKsix)ABD)matrix)can)be)inverted:)
$ x0 % & a11 a12

( 0( )
( y ( ) a21 a22
(( xy0 (( ) a61 a62
+ ,=)
( x ( ) b11 b12
( y ( ) b21 b22
( ( )
(/ xy (0 )- b61 b62
a16
a26
b11
b21
b12
b22
a66
b61
b62
b16
d11
d12
b26
b66
d 21 d 22
d 61 d 62
b16 ' $ N x %
(
(
b26 ** ( N y (
b66 * (( N xy ((
*+
,
M
d16 * ( x (
d 26 * ( M y (
*(
(
d 66 *. (/ M xy 0(
(65))
52)
InKPlane)Loads)
Nx
Ny
N xy
Bending)and)
Twisting)Loads)
Mx
My
M xy
MidKPlane)Strains)
[A])
x0
y0
[B])
[D])
Every)
component)
is)coupled)!)
xy0
Bending)and)
Twisting)
Curvatures)
x
y
xy
53)
Special)Laminates)H)Symmetric)Laminates)
Every)ply)above)the)geometric)midKplane)has)a)similar)ply)
located)at)an)equal)distance)below)the)midKplane)
1 N
k
2 k =1
mth"layer)
Mid;plane)
hm"
(B )
ij k = m
nth"layer)
hn"
k =n
1
1
2
2
Q
h
h
+
Qij )
hn2 hn21
(
(
ij )k = m
m
m 1
k =n
2
2
=0
hm;1)
hn;1)
z&
+ ( Bij )
because) ( Qij )k =m = (Qij )k =n

hn2 = hm2 1
hn21 = hm2
For)a)symmetric)laminate:)
Bij = 0
(66))
54)
$ N x % & A11
(N ( )
( y ( ) A21
(( N xy (( ) A61
+
,=)
( Mx ( )
(My ( )
(
( )
(/ M xy (0 )or,)
A12
A22
A16
A26
A62
A66
0
D11
D12
D21
D61
D22
D62
' $ x %
*(0 (
*( y (
* (( xy0 ((
*+ ,
D16 * ( x (
D26 * ( y (
*( (
D66 *. (/ xy (0
(67))
" N # $ A 0 % "0 #
& '=(
& '
)
*M + , 0 D- * +
55)
InKPlane)Loads)
Nx
Ny
N xy
Bending)and)
Twisting)Loads)
Mx
My
M xy
MidKPlane)Strains)
[A])
No)
coupling)
between)
inKplane)
and)outK
ofKplane)
[D])
x0
y0
xy0
Bending)and)
Twisting)
Curvatures)
x
y
xy
56)
Special)Laminates)H)Unidirectional)Laminates)
Every)ply)has)the)same)
(Q ) = (Q ) = L = (Q )
\iber)orientation).)
If)\iber)orientation)"=)0,"
onKaxis )unidirectional)
laminate)
ij k =1
ij k = 2
ij k = N
Bij = 0 because)it)is)a)symmetric)layKup)
If)\iber)orientation)"is)not)0,"
offKaxis )unidirectional)
laminate)
Q16 = Q26 = 0
Q16 0; Q26 0
A16 = A26 = 0
A16 0;
D16 = D26 = 0
D16 0; D26 0
A26 0;
57)
Special)Laminates))
CrossHply)Laminates)
These)are)laminates)consisting)of)only)0)and)90)degree)plies.)
It)may)be)shown)easily)that)) A16 = A26 = 0
D16 = D26 = 0
If)they)are)symmetric,)then:)
Bij = 0
QuasiHIsotropic)Laminates)
The)total)number)of)plies)must)be)three)or)more.)
The)individual)plies)must)have)identical)stiffness)matrices)
[Q])and)thickness.)
The)\ibers)from)the)plies)must)be)oriented)at)equal)angles.)If)
the)total)number)of)plies)is)N,)the)angle)between)two)plies)
should)be)/N.)For)example,)[0/60])and)[0/45/90])
58)
QuasiHIsotropic)Laminates)
$ N x % & A11
(N ( )
( y ( ) A21
(( N xy (( ) 0
+
,=)
( Mx ( )
(My ( )
(
( )
/( M xy 0( )and,)
A12
A22
0
0
A66
0
D11
D12
D21
D61
D22
D62
0
$
' x %
*(0 (
*( y (
* (( xy0 ((
*+ ,
D16 * ( x (
D26 * ( y (
*( (
D66 *. (/ xy (0
A16 = A26 = 0
A11 = A22
(68))
(69))
A11 A12 = 2 A66

59)
Example)1)
Consider)the)twoKply)laminate)with)ply)orientations)of)0)and)
45)below.)The)bottom)lamina)is)0)with)thickness)of)5)mm,)while)
the)top)lamina)is)45)with)thickness)of)3)mm.)The)stiffness)
matrices)[Q])referred)to)the)material)directions)are)the)same)for)
the)two)plies.)Determine)the)ABD)matrix)for)this)laminate.)
! 20 0.7 0 "
#0.7 2.0 0 $
Q
=
[ ] #
$
#% 0 0 0.7 $&
45)
GPa)
h1)=)K1)
h0)=)K4)
Mid;plane)
0)
h2)=)4)
z&
60)
!#Q"$ = [Q]
For)the)bottom)lamina,))
0
For)the)top)lamina,)the)transformation)equations)must)be)used:)
! Q11 "
4
#
m
% %
%Q 22 % & n 4
% % & 2 2
% Q12 % & m n
) *=& 2 2
%Q 66 % & m n
% % & m3 n
% Q16 % & 3
%Q % ,& mn
+ 26 .
n4
m4
m2n2
m2n2
mn3
$
2m 2 n 2
4m 2 n 2
!6.55 "
'
%6.55 %
Q
!
"
2m 2 n 2
4m 2 n 2
' 11
%
%
%
%
4
4
2 2
' %Q22 % %5.15 %
m +n
4m n
*=)
*
2 2
2
2 2 ')
2m n
(m n ) ' % Q12 % %5.15 %
mn3 m3n 2(mn3 m3n) ' %+Q66 %. %4.50 %
'
%
%
3
3
3
3
3
4.50
m n m n mn 2(m n mn ) -'
+
.
m = cos 45 n = sin 45
!&Q "'
45
!6.55 5.15 4.5 "

= ##5.15 6.55 4.5 $$ GPa)
#& 4.5 4.5 5.15$'
61)
Now,)) h0)=)K4)mm,) h1)=)K1)mm,) h2)=)4)mm)

N
k
k =1
= ( Qij )
h0 + ( Qij )
(h h )
= ( Q ) ( (1) (4) ) + ( Q ) ( (4) (1) )
= 3 (Q ) + 5 (Q )
45
(h
ij 45
ij 45
ij 0
ij 0
!6.55 5.15 4.5 "

! 20 0.7 0 "
[ A ] = 3 ##5.15 6.55 4.5 $$ + 5 ##0.7 2.0 0 $$
#& 4.5 4.5 5.15$'
#& 0
0 0.7 $'
!119.65 18.95 13.5 "
= ## 18.95 29.65 13.5 $$
GPa)mm)
#& 13.5
13.5 18.95$'
62)
h0)=)K4)mm,) h1)=)K1)mm,) h2)=)4)mm)

1 N
k
2 k =1
1
= "( Qij ) h12 h02 + ( Qij ) h22 h12 #
45
0
%
2$
1
1
= ( Qij ) (1) 2 (4) 2 + ( Qij ) (4) 2 (1) 2
45
0
2
2
15
= " ( Qij ) + ( Qij ) #
45
0 %
2 $
! #6.55 5.15 4.5 $ # 20 0.7 0 $ "

%
&
[B ] = 7.5 % ''5.15 6.55 4.5 (( + ''0.7 2.0 0 (( &
% ' 4.5 4.5 5.15( ' 0
0 0.7 (, &.
, +
- +
33.4 33.75 $
# 100.9
= '' 33.4 34.1 33.75 ((
'+ 33.75 33.75 33.4 (,
GPa)mm2)
63)
h0)=)K4)mm,) h1)=)K1)mm,) h2)=)4)mm)

1 N
k
3 k =1
1
= "( Qij ) h13 h03 + ( Qij ) h23 h13 #
45
0
%
3$
1
1
= ( Qij ) (1)3 (4)3 + ( Qij ) (4)3 (1)3
45
0
3
3
= 21( Qij ) + 21.67 ( Qij )
45
! 571 123 94.5"

[ D] = ## 123 181 94.5$$
#&94.5 94.5 123 $'
GPa)mm3)
64)
Combining)the)results,))
! N x " , 119.65
$N $ .
$ y $ . 18.95
$$ N xy $$ . 13.5
%
&=.
$ M x $ . 100.9
$ M y $ . 33.4
$
$ .
$' M xy $( 0 33.75
33.75- ! x0 "
$ $
29.65 13.5
33.4 34.1 33.75// $ y0 $
13.5 18.95
33.75 33.75 33.4 / $$ xy0 $$
/% &
33.4 33.75
571 123 94.5
/ $ x $
/ $ y $
34.1 33.75
123 181 94.5
/$ $
33.75 33.4
94.5 94.5 123
1 $' xy $(
18.95
13.5
100.9
33.4
65)
Example)2)
Consider) the) threeKply) laminate,) with) top) and) bottom) ply)
orientation)of)45,)and)middle)ply)of)0.)Each)of)the)top)and)
bottom) plies) is) 3) mm) thick,) and) the) middle) ply) is) 6) mm)
thick.) Determine) the) ABD) matrix) for) this) laminate,) using)
the)same)material)properties)as)in)Example)1.)
!6.55 5.15 4.5 "

!%Q "& = !%Q "& = #5.15 6.55 4.5 $
#
$
k =1
k =3
#% 4.5 4.5 5.15$&
Mid;plane)
GPa)
k"="1"
45)
k"="2"
0)
x&
z&
!%Q "&
k =2
! 20 0.7 0 "
= ##0.7 2.0 0 $$ GPa)
#% 0
0 0.7 $&
h0)=)K6)
h1)=)K3)
h2)=)3)
k"="3"
45)
h3)=)6)
66)
Here,)) h0)=)K6)mm,) h1)=)K3)mm,) h2)=)3)mm,) h3)=)6)mm.)

N
Aij = (Qij ) hk hk 1
k
k =1
= 3 ( Qij )
k =1
+ 6 ( Qij )
!159.3 35.1 27.0"

[ A ] = ## 35.1 51.3 27.0$$ GPa)mm)
#& 27.0 27.0 35.1$'
k =2
+ 3 (Qij )
k =3
1 N
k
3 k =1
1
= "( Qij )
(3)3 (6)3 + ( Qij )
(3)3 (3)3
k =1
k =2
3$
= 126 ( Qij ) + 18 ( Qij )
k =1
k =2
!1185.3
[ D] = ## 661.5
#& 567.0
) + (Q ) ((6)
ij k =3
(3)3 #
%
661.5 567.0"
861.3 567.0$$
567.0 661.5$'
GPa)mm3)
67)
h0)=)K6)mm,) h1)=)K3)mm,) h2)=)3)mm,) h3)=)6)mm.)

1 3
k
2 k =1
1
1
1
= ( Qij )
(3) 2 (6) 2 + ( Qij )
(3) 2 (3) 2 + ( Qij )
(6) 2 (3) 2
k =1
k =2
k =3
2
2
2
27 "
=
( Qij ) + ( Qij ) #
k =1
k =3 %
$
2
=0
!B# = 0
" $
This) laminate) does) not) exhibit) bendingKstretching) coupling,)
because) of) symmetry) (i.e.) [B]) =) 0),) but) does) exhibit) inKplane)
normalKshear) coupling) (A16) and) A26) are) not) zero),) and)
bendingKtwisting)coupling)(D16)and)D26)are)not)zero).)
68)
Example)3)
Consider)the)fourKply)laminate)[45]s,)with)each)ply)of)
thickness)3)mm.)Determine)the)ABD)matrix)for)this)laminate,)
using)the)same)material)properties)as)in)Example)1.)
!6.55 5.15 4.5 "

#
$
!%Q"& = !%Q"& = 5.15 6.55 4.5
$
k =1
k =4 #
#% 4.5 4.5 5.15$&
GPa)
x&
Mid;plane)
k"="1"
+45)
k"="2"
;45)
k"="3"
z&
k"="4"
;45)
+45)
" 6.55 5.15 4.5#

"&Q#' = "&Q#' = $5.15 6.55 4.5%
%
k =2
k =3 $
$&4.5 4.5 5.15 %'
GPa)
h0)=)K6)
h1)=)K3)
h2)=)0)
h3)=)3)
h4)=)6)
69)
k =1
= 3 "( Qij ) + ( Qij ) + ( Qij ) + ( Qij ) #

k =1
k =2
k =3
k =4 %
$
= 6 "( Qij ) + ( Qij ) #
k =1
k =2 %
$
! 78.6 61.8
0 #
%
&
)
GPa)mm
!A# = % 61.8 78.6
0
&
" $
% 0
0
61.8 &
"
$
Note)that)there)is)no)coupling)between)inKplane)normal)
and)shear)terms,)i.e.)A16)and)A26)are)zero.)
Since)the)laminate)possess)midKplane)symmetry,)the)[B])
matrix) is) zero,) i.e.) no) coupling) between) inKplane) and)
outKofKplane)behaviour.)
70)
1 4
k
3 k =1
1
1
3
3
= ( Qij )
(3) (6) + ( Qij )
(0)3 (3)3
k =1
k =2
3
3
1
1
+ ( Qij )
(3)3 (0)3 + ( Qij )
(6)3 (3)3
k =3
k =4
3
3
= 126 ( Qij ) + 18 ( Qij )
k =1
k =2
! 943.2 741.6 486.0 #

%
& GPa)mm3)
!D# = % 741.6 943.2 486.0 &
" $
% 486.0 486.0 741.6 &
"
$
This)laminate)exhibits)bendingKtwisting)coupling)(D16)
and)D26)are)not)zero).)
71)
Example)4)
This)example)illustrates)the)effect)of)stacking)(or)layKup))
sequence)on)coupling)between)bending)and)twisting,)i.e.)D16)
and)D26.)Each)ply)is)3)mm)thick.)Let)us)consider)four)cases,)
each)of)which)is)a)eightKply)laminate:)
a)
b)
c)
d)
[45]8
!$( 45 )2 / ( 45 )2 "%
S
!$( 45 )2 "%
S
[ m45]S
The)same)material)properties)as)in)Example)1)are)used.)
72)
a) !"45#$
8
This)laminate)is)equivalent)to)a)single)lamina)of)thickness)24)
mm.)The)stiffness)matrices)are)simply:)
!157.2 123.6 108.0"
[ A ] = ##123.6 157.2 108.0$$
#%108.0 108.0 123.6$&
[B ] = 0
1
Dij = (Qij ) (12)3 (12)3 = 1152 (Qij )
45
45
3
!7.55 5.93 5.18"

[D] = ##5.93 7.55 5.18$$ 103
#'5.18 5.18 5.93$(
D16
= 0.686
D11
This&ratio&is&a&measure&of&coupling&
between&bending&and&twisting&
73)
b) !$( 45)2 / ( 45)2 "%

S
The)terms)A11,)A12,)A22)and)A66)are)the)same)as)in)a))but)A16)
and)A26)are)zero:)
0 "
!157.2 123.6
[ A ] = ##123.6 157.2 0 $$
#% 0
0
123.6$&
[B ] = 0
The)terms)D11,)D12,)D22)and)D66)are)the)same)as)in)a))but)D16)
and)D26)are)different)from)values)in)a):)
!7.55 5.93 3.89 "
[D] = ##5.93 7.55 3.89 $$ 103
#'3.89 3.89 5.93$(
D16
= 0.515
D11
This)ratio)is)smaller)
than)in)a))
74)
c) !#( 45)2 "$

S
The)[A])matrix)remains)the)same)as)in)b),)i.e.)[A])is)unaffected)by)
stacking)sequence.)It)is)a)symmetric)laminate,)so)[B])=)0.)
The)terms)D11,)D12,)D22)and)D66)are)the)same)as)in)b),)only)D16)
and)D26)are)affected:)
1!
D16 = D26 = 2 % 4.50 123 93 4.50 93 63 + 4.50 63 33 4.50 33 03 "&
3
= 1.94 103
! 7.55 5.93 1.94 #

%
&
!D# = % 5.93 7.55 1.94 & 103
" $
% 1.94 1.94 5.93 &
"
$
D16
= 0.257
D11
This&ratio&is&smaller&
than&in&b)&
75)
d)
[ m45]S
The)[A])matrix)remains)the)same)as)in)b))and)c).)Also,)[B])=)0.)
The)terms)D11,)D12,)D22)and)D66)are)the)same)as)in)b))and)c),)
only)D16)and)D26)are)affected:)
1
D16 = D26 = 2 !% 4.50 123 93 4.50 93 33 + 4.50 33 03 "&
3
= 0.97 103
! 7.55 5.93 0.97 "

[ D] = ## 5.93 7.55 0.97 $$ 103
#'0.97 0.97 5.93$(
D16
= 0.129
D11
This&ratio&is&the&smallest&
of&the&cases&considered.&
If)all)plies)are)oriented)at)equal)positive)and)negative)angles,)D11,)
D12,)D22)and)D66)remain)unaffected)by)stacking)sequence,)only)D16)
and)D26)are)affected.)
76)
Example)5)
Consider)the)laminate)[0/45/90].)This)example)illustrates)the)
concept)of)a)quasiKisotropic)laminate.)Each)ply)is)0.25)mm)thick.)
0 #
"16.74 1.49
%
"&Q #' = $ 1.49 4.66
0
$
%
0
$& 0
0 1.49 %'
0 #
" 4.66 1.49
%
"&Q #' = $1.49 16.74
0
$
%
90
$& 0
0
1.49 %'
" 7.585
"&Q #' = $ 4.605
$
45
$& 3.02
" 7.585
"&Q #'
= $$ 4.605
45
$& 3.02
GPa)
GPa)
4.605
3.02 #
7.585 3.02 %%
3.02 4.605%'
4.605 3.02 #
7.585 3.02 %%
3.02 4.605 %'
GPa)
GPa)
77)
Assuming)the)laminate)is)1.0)mm)thick,)the)[A])matrix)is)
calculated)as)follows:)
1"
Aij = ( Qij ) + (Qij ) + (Qij ) + (Qij ) #
0
45
45
90 %
4$
! 9.1425 3.0475
#
0
%
&
!A# = % 3.0475 9.1425
0
&
" $
%
0
0
3.0475 &
"
$
Note)that)
GPa)mm)
A16 = A26 = 0
A11 = A22
A11 A12 = 2 A66
Note)also)that)the)[A])matrix)is)independent)
of)stacking)sequence.)
78)
Example)6)
This)example)illustrates)the)calculation)of)stresses)and)strains.)
Consider)the)threeKply)laminate)of)Example)2,)for)which)the)[A])
matrix)has)previously)been)determined.)If)the)laminate)is)
subjected)to)the)force)resultants)Nx)=)1000)N/mm,)Ny)=)200)N/
mm)and)Nxy)=)0)N/mm,)determine)the)strains)and)stresses)in)the)
individual)plies.)
!159.3 35.1 27.0"

[ A] = ## 35.1 51.3 27.0$$
#% 27.0 27.0 35.1$&
Mid;plane)
k"="1"
45)
k"="2"
0)
x&
z&
GPa)mm)
h0)=)K6)
h1)=)K3)
h2)=)3)
k"="3"
45)
h3)=)6)
79)
Since)the)matrix)[B])=)0)in)this)case)(symmetry),)the)inKplane)
strains)may)be)calculated)from))
" N # $ A 0 % "0 #
& '=(
)& '
M
0
D
* + ,
-* +
1
0
or)
{ } = [A] {N}
Inverting)the)[A])matrix,)
" 0.00759 0.00356 0.00309 #
1
[ A] = $$0.00356 0.03441 0.02373%% (MPa)mm)K1)
$& 0.00309 0.02373 0.04911 %'
!1000 "
#
#
N
=
200
{
}
$
% N/mm)
Given)
$ x0 %
# 0 #
&
'
1
& &
Therefore)the)strains)at)
each)ply)is)
' y ( = [ A]
& 0 &
) xy *
Note"the"units,"to"be"
consistent"with"the"
units"for"loads)
$ 0.00685 %
&
&
{N} = ' 0.00332 (
&0.00784&
)
*
In)this)case,)the)strains)at)the)plyKlevel)are)also)the)
midKplane)strains.)
80)
The)stresses)in)the)global)x;y)reference)coordinate)
system)are)thus:)
$ x %
& 20
( (
)
0
+ y , = &-Q '. 0 = ) 0.7
( (
)- 0
/ xy 00
$139.3%
GPa
(
(
= + 11.4 , 10 3 )
( 5.5 (
/
0
{ }
$ x %
& 6.55
( (
)
0
+ y , = &-Q '. 45 = )5.15
( (
)- 4.5
/ xy 045
GPa)
$ 26.7 %
(
(
= + 21.7 , 10 3
( 5.4 (
/
0
{ }
0.7
2.0
0
0 ' $ 0.00685 %
(
(
0 ** + 0.00332 ,
( 0.00784 (
0.7 *. /
0
5.15
6.55
4.5
4.5 ' $ 0.00685 %

(
(
4.5 ** + 0.00332 ,
(
5.15*. (
/ 0.00784 0
81)
Stresses)in)the)material)coordinate)axes)are)generally)more)
useful)for)the)purpose)of)strength)analysis)of)composite)
laminates.)
For)the)0)ply,)the)lamina)material)axes)coincide)with)the)
global)x;y)reference)axes:)
% x &
% 1 &
%139.3&
' '
' '
'
'
=
11.4
( 2)
( y)
(
)
' '
' '
' 5.5 '
+ 12 ,0 + xy ,0 +
,
MPa)
% 1 &
% x0 & % 0.00685 &
' '
' 0' '
'
=
0.00332
( 2)
( y) (
)
' '
' 0 ' ' 0.00784 '
,
+ 12 ,0 + xy , +
82)
For)the)45)ply,)the)stresses)in)the)lamina)material)axes)may)be)
obtained)either)by)directly)transforming)the)stresses)in)xKy)axes:))
# x $
# 1 $
% 0.5
' '
' '
=
T
[ ] + y , = (( 0.5
+ 2,
' '
' '
- 12 .45
- xy .45 /( 0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0 & #26.7 $ # 29.6 $

'
' '
'
1.0 )) +21.7 , = +18.8 ,
' '
'
0 0) '
- 5.4 . -2.5.
MPa)
or)by)\irst)transforming)the)strains)to)the)material)axes,)and)
then)multiplying)the)strains)by)the)stiffness)matrix.)
% 1 &
' 0.5
)
)
*
- 2 . = * 0.5
)(0.5) )
12 045
/
1* 0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0 ( % 0.00685 & % 0.00116 &

)
) )
)
1.0 ++ - 0.00332 . = - 0.00900 .
) 0.00392 ) ) 0.00176 )
0 2+ /
0 /
0
% 1 &
% 1 &
' 20
) )
) )
* 0.7
=
Q
=
[
]
- 2.
.
2
45
*
) )
) )
/ 12 045
/ 12 045 1* 0
0.7
2.0
0
0 ( % 0.00116 & % 29.6 &

)
) )
)
0 ++ - 0.00900 . = -18.8 . MPa)
) )
)
0.7 2+ )
/ 0.00352 0 / 2.50
Note)the)factor)of))for)the)shear)strain)
83)
Further&Exercise:&
For)the)same)problem)of)Example)6,)determine)
the)strains)and)stresses)in)the)individual)plies)if)
the)laminate)is)subjected)to)the)moment)
resultants)Mx)=)1000)Nmm/mm,)My)=)0)and)Mxy)=)0.)
84)
Hygrothermal&Behaviour&of&Composites&
Temperature)and)moisture)are)important)factors)affecting)the)
properties)of)composites,)especially)the)polymer)matrix)
material.)
Composite)materials)are)often)required)to)perform)under)
severe)environmental)conditions.)A)very)important)R)&)D)issue)
is)the)longKterm)durability)of)composites.)
)Heat)conduction)
)Moisture)diffusion)
)Effects)on)stressKstrain)relations)
)Fabrication)and)residual)thermal)stresses)
)Matrix)degradation,)environmental)attack)
85)
Fabrication)Stresses)
Consider)a)[0/90]s)laminate)being)cooled)from)the)cure)
temperature)T0)to)room)temperature)T.)
Initial&stress@free&
state,&temperature&T0&
If)the)plies)were)free)to)deform,)the)0)ply)would)contract)by)exT)
and)the)90)ply)by)eyT.))
Hypothetical&
unconstrained&state,&
temperature&T&
exT&
eyT&
e0T&
Actual&Sinal&state,&
temperature&T&
xR Compressive)
yR Tensile)
86)
Thermal&Strains&&&Thermal&Stresses&
Consider)a)rod)uniformly)heated)along)its)length)by)T.)
T
Thermal)strains)do)not)produce)a)force)or)stress)when)
the)rod)is)free)to)expand.))T)=))T"
T
Thermal)strains)do)not)produce)a)force)or)stress)when)
the)rod)is)free)to)expand.))T)=))T)
Thermal)stresses)are)produced)if)the)rod)is)constrained)
from)free)deformation.)
87)
Thermal)Strains,)Mechanical)Strains))
&)Total)Strains)
Consider)a)rod)uniformly)heated)along)its)length)by)T.)
= E M
T M
= T + M
Total)strain))=)Thermal)strain)T)+)Mechanical)strain)M.)
The)mechanical)strain)M)is)related)to)the)applied)stress).)
= E
88)
Thermal)Strain)
Isotropic&
T = T
(70a))
T Change)in)temp.)
Coef\icient)of)
thermal)expansion)
1T = 1T
2T = 2 T
Composite&
Hygroscopic)Strain)
H = C
(70b))
C Change)in)moisture)
content)
Coef\icient)of)
moisture)expansion)
1H = 1C
2H = 2 C
(71a))
(71b))
(71c))
(71d))
Fiber)direction)
Fiber)direction)
Transverse)
direction)
Transverse)
direction)
89)
CoefIicients)in)general)coordinate)system)
The)same)coordinate)transformation)law)is)applicable)to)the)coef\icients.)
#
$
% x %
#1 $
%
%
1 %
%
=
T
& y ' [ ] & 2'

%1
%
%0%
( )
% xy %
(2
)
(72a))
[T ] Transformation)matrix.)
#
$
% x %
# 1 $
%
%
1 %
%
=
T
& y ' [ ] & 2'

%1
%
%0%
( )
% xy %
(2
)
(72b))
xy , xy
Apparent )coef\icients.)
The)hygrothermal)strains)may)be)written)in)terms)of)the)transformed)
coef\icients:)
( xT % ( x %
" T" " "
' y $ = ' y $T
" T " " "
& xy # & xy # (73a))
( xH % ( x %
" H" " "
' y $ = ' y $C
" H " " "
& xy # & xy # (73b))
90)
Thermal)strains)do)not)produce)a)force)or)moment)when)the)
body)is)free)to)expand,)bend)and)twist.)
Thermal)stresses)are)produced)because)individual)plies)in)a)
laminate)are)constrained)from)free)deformation)by)each)other.)
These)are) thermal)
strains .)
These)are) total)strains .)
' x $ ' x0 + z x $
! ! ! 0
!
& y # = & y + z y #
! ! ! 0 + z !
xy "
% xy " % xy
(75))
Total)strains)=)Thermal)strains)+)Mechanical)strains)
91)
M
T
%
&
%
&
%
&
The)mechanical)strains:)
x
x
x
' M' ' ' ' T'
) y * = ) y * ) y *
' M ' ' ' ' T '
+ xy , + xy , + xy ,
The)lamina)thermal)stresses:)
' xT (
) T)
, y - = *.Q +/ k
) T )
0 xy 1k
% x0 + z x & % x T &
'
' '
'
= ) y0 + z y * ) y T *
' 0 + z ' ' T '
xy , + xy
,
+ xy
(76))
' xM (
) M)
, y ) M )
0 xy 1k
' x0 + z x (
)
)
= *.Q +/ , y0 + z y - *.Q +/
k
k
) 0 + z )
xy 1
0 xy
' x T (
)
)
T
, y
) T )
0 xy
1
(77))
92)
' xT (
) T)
. y / = *0Q +1 k
) T )
2 xy 3k
' x0 (
) 0)
. y / + *0Q +1 k
) 0 )
2 xy 3
' x (
)
)
z . y / T *0Q +1
k
) )
2 xy 3
'x (
) )
. y /
) )
2 xy 3k
(77))
The)thermal)stresses)are)not)caused)by)external)loads.)So:)
$ xT %
i.e.)net)inKplane)stress)resultants)=)0)
h/2 &
&
T
'
(equilibrium))
h / 2 Ty ( dz = 0 (78))
& &
) xy *
& x0 '
& x '
&x '
h/2
h/2
h/2
( 0(
( (
( (
)
*
)
*
)
*
0 =
Q
dz
+
Q
z
dz
T
Q
.
.
y
y
0
0
0 y . dz
h / 2 /
h / 2 /
h / 2 /
( 0 (
( (
( (
1 xy 2
1 xy 2
1 xy 2
This)is)the)
[A])matrix)
(79))
This)is)the)
[B])matrix)
93)
& x0 '
& x '
N
( 0(
(
(
0 = [ A ] - y . + [B ] - y . T )/Q *0
k =1
k
( 0 (
( (
1 xy 2
1 xy 2
&x '
( (
- y . ( hk hk 1 ) (80))
( (
1 xy 2k
Rearranging:)
& x0 '
&x '
& x '
N
( (
( (
(
(
T ).Q */ , y - ( hk hk 1 ) = [ A ] , y0 - + [B ] , y k =1
k (
(
( 0 (
( (
xy
xy
0 1k
0 xy 1
0 1
De\ine:)
Then:)
# N xT $
N
% T%
) N y * = T &+Q ',
k =1
k
%N T %
- xy .
#x $
% %
) y * ( hk hk 1 )
% %
- xy .k
$ N xT %
$ x0 %
$ x %
& T&
& 0&
&
&
N
=
A
+
B
' y ( [ ]' y ( [ ]' y (

&N T &
& 0 &
& &
xy
xy
) xy *
)
*
) *
(81))
(82))
(83))
94)
The)thermal)stresses)are)also)not)caused)by)external)moments.))
$ xT %
h/2 &
T &
h / 2 ' Ty ( z dz = 0
& &
) xy *
' xT (
) )
z . Ty / = *0Q +1
k
) T )
2 xy 3k
' 0
) x
)
h/2
0 = !"Q#$ z dz ( 0y
h/2
) 0
)
* xy
This)is)the)
[B])matrix)
i.e.)net)moment)
resultants)=)0)
(84))
' x0 (
' x (
) )
)
)
z . y0 / + *0Q +1 z 2 . y / T *0Q +1
k
k
) 0 )
) )
2 xy 3
2 xy 3
+
)
)
,+
)
)
-
'
) x
)
h/2
2
!
#
Q
z
dz
( y
h/2 " $
)
)
* xy
+
)
)
, T
)
)
-
'x (
) )
z . y / (85))
) )
2 xy 3k
'
) x
)
h/2
!
#
Q
z
h/2 " $ ( y
)
)
* xy
This)is)the)
[D])matrix)
+
)
)
, dz
)
)
-
(86))
95)
& x0 '
& x '
N
( 0(
(
( 1
0 = [B ] - y . + [ D] - y . T )/Q *0
k =1
k
( 0 (
( ( 2
1 xy 2
1 xy 2
&x '
( (
2
2
- y . hk hk 1
( (
(87))
1 xy 2k
Rearranging:)
& x0 '
&x '
& x '
N
1
( (
( (
(
(
T ).Q */ , y - hk2 hk21 = [B ] , y0 - + [D] , y 2
k =1
k (
(
( 0 (
( (
xy
xy
0 1k
0 xy 1
0 1
De\ine)
Then:)
# M xT $
N
% T% 1
) M y * = T &+Q ',
k =1
k
%M T % 2
- xy .
#x $
% %
2
2
) y * hk hk 1
% %
- xy .k
$ M xT %
$ x0 %
$ x %
& T&
& 0&
&
&
M
=
B
+
D
[
]
[
]
' y(
' y(
' y(
&M T &
& 0 &
& &
) xy *
) xy *
) xy *
(88))
(89))
)(90))
96)
Combining)the)two)equations)for)TEMPERATURE,)we)have)
" NT # $ A B % " 0 #
& T'=(
& '
)
,M - * B D + , -
(91))
Similarly,)we)have)analogous)equations)for)MOISTURE:)
" N H # $ A B % " 0 #
& H'=(
& '
)
,M - * B D + , -
(92))
If)mechanical,)thermal)and)moisture)effects)are)present,)the)
solution)can)be)obtained)by)superposition)
" N # " NT # " N H # $ A B % "0 #

& '+& T '+& H ' = (
)& '
B
D
+, ,M - , M - , M - *
(93))
97)
(91))
# N xT $
N
% T%
) N y * = T &+Q ',
k =1
k
%N T %
xy
.
#x $
% %
) y * ( hk hk 1 )
% %
- xy .k
# M xT $
N
% T% 1
) M y * = T &+Q ',
k =1
k
%M T % 2
- xy .
#x $
% %
2
2
) y * hk hk 1
% %
- xy .k
(91a))
(91b))
98)
(92))
Equations)for)
moisture)
absorption)
# N xH $
N
% H%
) N y * = C &+Q ',
k =1
k
%N H %
xy
.
# x $
% %
) y * ( hk hk 1 )
% %
- xy .k
# M xH $
N
% H% 1
) M y * = C &+Q ',
k =1
k
%M H % 2
- xy .
# x $
% %
2
2
) y * hk hk 1
% %
- xy .k
(92a))
(92b))
99)
Example&7&
))))Consider)the)twoKply)[45/0])laminate)of)Example)1.)This)
laminate)is)fabricated)at)125C)and)cooled)to)room)temperature)
6
of)25C.)Given))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
1 = 7.0 106 / C; 2 = 23.0 10 / C
Determine)the)thermal)residual)stresses)in)the)laminate.)
)))))First,)transform)the)coef\icients)of)thermal)expansion)to)the)
x;y)directions:)
#x $
#1 $ # 7 $
%
%
% % % %
6
' y ( = ' 2 ( = ' 23( 10 / C
% %
% % % %
) xy *0 ) 0 * ) 0 *
#
$
% x %
+0.5
%
%
' y ( = -0.5
%1
%
-/0.5
% xy %
)2
*45
0.5
0.5
0.5
1, # 7 $
#15 $
% %
% %
1 .. '23( 106 = '15 ( 10 6 / C
%
%8%
0 .0 %
)0*
) *
#x $
# 15 $
%
%
%
%
6
' y ( = ' 15 ( 10 / C
% %
% 16 %
xy
*
)
*45 )
100)
The)thermal)stress)and)moment)resultants)are)then)calculated,)
!#Q"$
where)the)))))))))matrices)for)the)plies)have)been)previously)
obtained.)
T = 25 125 = 100C
From)Equations)(92a))and)(92b),)
# N xT $
N
% T%
) N y * = T &+Q ',
k =1
k
%N T %
- xy .
#x $
% %
) y * ( hk hk 1 )
% %
- xy .k
# M xT $
N
% T% 1
) M y * = T &+Q ',
k =1
k
%M T % 2
- xy .
#x $
% %
2
2
h
) y*
k
k 1
% %
- xy .k
(92a))
(92b))
101)
#x $
% 20 0.7 0 & # 7 $ #15.61$
' '
' ' '
'
T %.Q &/ , y - = ( 100 ) ((0.7 2.0 0 )) ,23- = , 5.09 - 103
0
' '
(. 0
0 0.7 )/ 0' 0 1' 0' 0 1'
0 xy 10
#x $
%6.55 5.15 4.5 & # 15 $ #10.35$
' '
'
' '
'
T %.Q &/ , y - = ( 100 ) ((5.15 6.55 4.5 )) , 15 - = ,10.35- 103
45
' '
(. 4.5 4.5 5.15)/ 0'16 1' '0 5.26 '1
0 xy 145
" N xT # "15.61#
"10.35#
$ T$ $
$
$
$
3
3
& N y ' = & 5.09 ' ( 4 (1) ) 10 + &10.35' ( (1) (4) ) 10
$N T $ $ 0 $
$ 5.26 $
)
(
)
( xy ) (
" 109.1#
$
$
= & 56.5 ' 103
$15.78$
(
)
GPa)mm2)
" M xT #
"15.61#
"10.35#
1$
$ T$ 1$
$ 2
$
2
3
2
2
3
& M y ' = & 5.09 ' 4 (1) 10 + &10.35' (1) (4) 10
2$
$M T $ 2 $ 0 $
$
5.26
xy
(
)
(
)
(
)
"39.45#
$
$
2)
= & 39.45 ' 103 GPa)mm
$ 39.45 $
(
)
102)
The)midKplane)strains)and)curvatures)are)obtained)from)the)
fully)inverted)form)of)the)stressKstrain)relations:)
1
#0 $ % A B & # NT $
' (=)
* ' T(
B
D
, -M .
- . +
% x0 & '14.8 6.5 5.3 4.1 2.1 2.4 (

% N xT &
) 0) *
) T)
+
6.5
57.8
19.6
2.1
1.5
6.0
) y) *
) Ny )
+
)) xy0 )) * 5.3 19.6 119.7 2.4 6.0 19.2 +
) N xyT ))
3 )
- .=*
+ 10 - T .
4.1
2.1
2.4
3.3
1.5
1.3
) x) *
+
)Mx )
) y ) * 2.1
) M Ty )
1.5
6.0 1.5 10.6 4.4 +
) ) *
+
) T)
2.4
6.0
19.2
1.3
4.4
20.1
)1 xy )2 /
)1 M xy )2
0
% 8.14 &
)20.20 )
)
)
The)nonKzero)values)of)plate)curvatures)
) 6.99 )
4
=. 10
show)that)warping)of)the)laminate)will)
0.58
)
)
occur)upon)cooling)from)the)curing)
) 1.0 )
)
)
temperature.)
2.35
1
2
103)
The)mechanical)strains)that)cause)residual)stresses)are)
calculated)from)Equation)(76):)
% xM & % x0 + z x x T &
) M) ) 0
)
+
z
T
* y + * y
+
y
y
) M ) ) 0 + z T )
xy
xy
, xy - , xy
$ xM %
$8.14 + 0.58 z + 7.0 %
$1.14 + 0.58 z %
& M&
&
&
&
&
4
4
20.2
1.0
z
+
23.0
10
=
2.80
1.0
z
( y )
(
)
(
) 10
& M &
& 6.99 2.35 z + 0 &
& 6.99 2.35 z &
xy
*
+
*
+
* +0
$ xM %
$8.14 + 0.58 z + 15.0 %
$ 6.86 + 0.58 z %
& M&
&
&
&
&
4
4
20.2
1.0
z
+
15.0
10
=
5.20
1.0
z
10
( y )
(
)
(
)
& M &
& 6.99 2.35 z 16.0 &
&9.01 2.35 z &
xy
*
+
*
+
* +45
Note)that)the)strains)vary)linearly)across)the)thickness)of)
each)ply.)
104)
The)residual)stresses)are)calculated)from)Equation)(77):)
$ xT %
& T&
) y * = '+Q (, k
& T &
- xy .k
$ xM %
& M&
) y *
& M &
- xy .k
$ xT %
$1.14 + 0.58 z %
& T&
&
&
4
'
(
=
Q
2.80
1.0
z
10
* y+
*
+
, - 0
& T &
& 6.99 2.35 z &
xy
.
/
. /0
$ xT %
$ 6.86 + 0.58 z %
& T&
&
&
4
'
(
=
Q
5.20
1.0
z
10
* y+
*
+
, - 45
T
& &
&9.01 2.35 z &
xy
.
/
. /45
Note)that)the)stresses)vary)linearly)across)the)thickness)of)
each)ply.)
105)
These)residual)stresses)are)usually)more)useful)when)
transformed)into)the)material)coordinates:)
# 1T $
% T%
& 2 ' = [T]k
% T %
( 12 )k
# xT $
% T%
& y '
% T %
( xy )k
We)may)now)plot)the)variation)of)residual)stresses)across)
the)thickness:)
z)=)K4)
45)
Mid;plane)
0)
z&
h1)=)K1)
h0)=)K4)
z&=)K1)
h2)=)4)
z&=)4)
106)
At)z)=)4)mm,)for)the)0)ply:)
$ xM %
$ 1.18 %
& M&
&
&
4
1.20
( y )
(
) 10
& M &
& 2.41&
+
* xy +0 *
# 1T $
# xT $
# 2.28 $
% T%
% T%
%
% MPa)
0.16
' 2(
' y(
'
(
% T %
% T %
%0.17 %
12
xy
*
) *0 ) *0 )
z)=)K4)
45)
Mid;plane)
0)
z&
h1)=)K1)
h0)=)K4)
z&=)K1)
h2)=)4)
z&=)4)
107)
At)z)=)K1)mm,)for)the)0)ply:)
$ xM %
$1.72%
& M&
&
&
4
=
3.80
10
( y )
(
)
& M &
& 9.34 &
+
* xy +0 *
# 1T $
# xT $
#3.17 $
& T&
& T&
&
&
' 2 ( = ' y ( = ' 0.64 ( MPa)
& T &
& T &
& 0.65 &
*
) 12 *0 ) xy *0 )
z)=)K4)
45)
Mid;plane)
0)
z&
h1)=)K1)
h0)=)K4)
z&=)K1)
h2)=)4)
z&=)4)
108)
$ xM %
$ 6.28 %
& M&
&
&
4
4.20
( y )
(
) 10
& M &
&6.66&
xy
+
* +45 *
# xT $
# 1.05 $
& T&
&
&
2.51
' y(
'
(
& T &
& 2.49 &
xy
*
) *45 )
# 1T $
#4.27 $
& T&
&
&
=
0.71
' 2(
'
( MPa)
& T &
&
&
) 12 *45 ) 0.73 *
z)=)K4)
45)
Mid;plane)
0)
z&
h1)=)K1)
h0)=)K4)
z&=)K1)
h2)=)4)
z&=)4)
109)
$ xM %
$ 4.54 %
& M&
&
&
4
1.20
( y )
(
) 10
& M &
& 0.39 &
xy
+
* +45 *
# xT $
#2.53$
% T%
%
%
=
1.73
& y'
&
'
% T %
%1.70 %
xy
)
( )45 (
# 1T $
# 3.83 $
% T%
%
%
=
0.43
& 2'
&
' MPa)
% T %
%
%
) 12 *45 )0.40 *
z)=)K4)
45)
Mid;plane)
0)
z&
h1)=)K1)
h0)=)K4)
z&=)K1)
h2)=)4)
z&=)4)
110)
Failure&of&Composite&Structures&
Duong&HM,&&Department&of&Mechanical&Engineering,!!National&University&of&Singapore&
1!
&
New&Carbin&Vision&&
&
2!
! !!Very!
Stiff!
Boron-epoxy
Carbon-epoxy
Kevlar-epoxy
Steel
Aluminum
S-glass epoxy
Titanium
0
! !!Very!
Strong!
20
40
60
80
3
Specific Stiffness (GPa gcm )
100
120
Kevlar-epoxy
Carbon-epoxy
S-glass epoxy
Boron-epoxy
Steel
Aluminum
Titanium
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
3
Specific Strength ( MPa gcm )
3!
Challenges&in&Characterization&of&Failure&
in&Composites&&Complex&Multiscale&
Interactions&
100 m
Wind!turbine!
Yacht!
1m
Test!coupon!
1 mm = 1103 m
1 m = 1106 m
Human!hair!!!!!
(!18!B!180!m)!
Carbon!3iber!
(~!7!m)!
Red!blood!
cell!(~!5!m)!
= 0.001 mm
4!
X
X!
Tensile!failure!stress!in!the!1Bdirection!(Fig.!b)!
Tensile!failure!stress!in!the!2Bdirection!
Y!
Compressive!failure!stress!in!the!2Bdirection!
Shear!failure!stress!in!the!1B2!plane!(Fig.!c)!
Compressive!failure!stress!in!the!1Bdirection!(Fig.!a)!
5!
Typical&strength&values&for&
unidirectional&composites&(MPa)&
Material
Longitudinal Longitudinal
Tension
Compression
X
X
Transverse
Tension
Y
Transverse
Compression
Y
In-plane
Shear
S
Graphiteepoxy
(T300/5208)
1500
1500
40
246
68
Glass-epoxy
(Scotchply
1002)
1062
610
31
118
72
Aramidepoxy
(Kevlar 49
epoxy)
1400
235
12
53
34
6!
Maximum&Stress&Theory&
Simplest!failure!theory!(also!Maximum!Strain!Theory)!
1 < X #
"
2 < Y !
Tension!
1 > X $#
" Compression!
2 > Y $!
12 < S
Shear!
Unfortunately,!these!theories!predict!strengths!of!
general!laminates!very!poorly.!
No!interaction!between!failure!modes.!
7!
Example&1&
Strength (MPa)
Consider!tube!with!a!mean!
radius!25!mm!made!of!
carbonBepoxy!with!stacking!
sequence![!20/03]s,!
subjected!to!axial!load!P.!
Determine!the!maximum!
allowable!axial!load,!and!the!
layer!or!layers!that!control!
failure.!
Carbonepoxy
Glass-epoxy
1500
1000
X'
-1250
-600
50
30
Y'
-200
-120
100
70
1.50"mm"
P"
+20&
0&
N20&
P"
x"
R"="25"mm"
8!
Solution"of"Example"1"
Nx =
P
2 R
N y = N xy = M x = M y = M xy = 0
N x = 6.37 103 N mm x!p$
P = pN
if!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!,!!R$=$25$mm$
We!can!get!the!A!matrix,!invert!it!and!obtain!the!strains.!
From!the!strains,!we!compute!the!stresses!at!each!layer:!
Layer&
1&
2&
12&
+20&
3830p&
1112.3p&
1148.7p&
120&
3830p&
1112.3p&
+148.7p&
0&
4770p&
1168.6p&
0&
9!
20&layer:&
Will!not!fail!in!3iber!direction!if!
!
!X'!!<!1!<!X!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!B1250!<!383010B6p!<1500!!!!!!!!
For!compression!in!3iber!direction,!
!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!3830p!=!B1250!10B6!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!p!=!B327000!N!
For!tension!in!3iber!direction,!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!3830p!=1500106!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!p!=!392000!N!
10!
Failure"in"transverse"direction""
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Y'!!<!2!<!Y!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!B200!<!B112.310B6p!<50!!!!!!!!
Compressive&failure:!!!!!!B112.3p!=!B200!10B6!
!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!p!=!1780000!N!
!
Tensile&failure:
!!!!!!!!!!!B112.3p!=!50!10B6!
!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!p!=!B445000!N!
!
Failure&in&shear: !
!!!!!|12|!<!S!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!B100!<!B148.7!!10B6!p!<100!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!p!=!673000N!or!B673000!N!
Smallest!tensile!load!is!found!to!be!392!kN!(tensile!
failure!in!3iber!direction)
Smallest!magnitude!of!compressive!load!is!B327!kN!
(comp.!failure!in!3iber!direction)!
11!
Loads&P&(MN)&to&cause&failure&in&+20layer&
Failure&
mode:&
Compression&
Fiber&(1)&
direcEon&
10.327&
Tension&
Fiber&(1)&
direcEon&
0.392&
Compression&
Tension&
transverse&(2)& transverse&
direcEon&
(2)&direcEon&
1.780&
10.445&
Shear&
+0.673&
10.673&
Similar&exercise&for&N20&layer:&
Failure&
mode:&
Compression&
Fiber&(1)&
direcEon&
Tension&
Fiber&(1)&
direcEon&
10.327&
0.392&
Compression&
Tension&
direcEon&
(2)&direcEon&
1.780&
10.445&
Shear&
+0.673&
10.673&
12!
For"the"0"layer:"
Compression!in!3iber!direction:!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!4770p!=!B1250!!106!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!p!=!B262000!N!
Tension!in!3iber!direction:!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!4770p=1500!!106!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!p!=!315000!N!
Compression!in!transverse!direction:!
!!
!!!!!!!!!!!B168.6p!=!B200!!106!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!p!=!1186000!N!
Tension!in!transverse!direction:!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!B168.6p!=!50!!106!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!p!=!B297000!N!
13!
Shear:"
Failure&
mode:&
!0p!=!!100!!106!
!p!=!!!
Compression&
Fiber&(1)&
direcEon&
Tension&
Fiber&(1)&
direcEon&
10.262&
0.315&
Compression&
Tension&
direcEon&
(2)&direcEon&
1.186&
10.297&
Shear&
&&
Failure!will!occur!in!0!layer!under!3iber!direction!tension!or!
compression!
14!
Example"2:!
Tube!under!torsion!T!and!axial!tension!!P!=!225!kN.!
Wish!to!3ind!torque!T$=$t!that!will!cause!failure.!
T"
T"
1.50"mm"
P"
+20&
0&
N20&
P&=&225&kN"
x"
R"="25"mm"
15!
Solution&of&Example&2:&
Tube!under!torsion!T!and!axial!tension!!P!=!225kN!
P
Nx =
2 R
T
N xy =
2 R 2
N y = M x = M y = M xy = 0
Let!unknown!torque!!T!=!t!!to!be!determined.!
Using!previous!example!for!case!under!axial!load!only,!
stresses!for!P!=!225kN!substituted!in!the!table!gives:!
Layer&
+20&
120&
0&
1&(MPa)&
861&
861&
1072&
2&(MPa)&
125.3&
125.3&
137.9&
12&(MPa)&
133.5&
+33.5&
0&
16!
Similarly,"stresses"for"T"="1Nm"are"given"by:"
Layer&
+20&
120&
0&
1&(MPa)&
0.804&
10.804&
0&
2&(MPa)&
10.0481&
+0.0481&
0&
12&(MPa)&
0.0552&
0.0552&
0.0721&
Stresses"in"the"tube"loaded"with""P"=225kN"and"torsion"T"="t"Nm"
Layer&
+20&
120&
0&
1&(MPa)&
861+0.804t&
86110.804t&
1072+0t&
2&(MPa)&
125.310.0481t&
125.3+0.0481t&
137.9+0t&
12&(MPa)&
133.5+0.0552t&
+33.5+0.0552t&
0+0.0721&
17!
20"layer:"
Fiber!direction:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!X'!!<!1!<!X!
!
!B1250!<!861+0.804t!<!1500!
For!compression!in!3iber!direction:!
!
!861!+0.804t!=!B1250!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!t!=!B2620!
For!tension!in!3iber!direction:!
!
!861!+0.804t!=!1500!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!t!=!795!
&
20$layer$will$fail$in$7iber$tension$if$T$=$795$Nm$with$P$=$225$kN,$or$
in$7iber$compression$if$T$=$B2620$Nm$with$P$=$225kN.$
18!
Transverse"direction:"
!
!Y'!!<!2!<!Y!
!B200!<!B25.3!B!0.0481t!<!50!
For!compression!in!transverse!direction:!
!
!!B25.3!B!0.0481t!=!B!200!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!t!=!3630!
For!tension!in!transverse!direction:!
!
!!B25.3!B!0.0481t!=!50!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!t!=!B1563$
20$layer$will$fail$in$transverse$tension$if$T$=$B1563$Nm$with$P$=$225$kN,$
or$in$transverse$compression$if$T$=$3630$Nm$with$P$=$225$kN.$
19!
Shear!failure:!
!
!|12|!<!S!
!B100!<!B33.5!+!0.0552t!<!100!
!
Therefore,!!t!=!B1205!will!cause!20!layer!to!fail!due!to!12!,!and!
T=2420!will!cause!20!layer!!to!fail!!due!to!+12.!
!
This!is!caused!by!the!bias!produced!by!P!=225kN!
!!
20!
Shear"failure:"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""|12|!<!S!
!
!B100!<!B33.5!+!0.0552t!<!100!
$
Therefore,$$t$=$B1205$will$cause$20$layer$to$fail$due$to$12$,$and$T$=$2420$will$
cause$20$layer$$to$fail$$due$to$+12.$This$is$caused$by$the$bias$produced$by$P$
=225kN.$Failure$of$the$B20$layer$$and$0$layer$follows$similar$steps.$
Summary&of&results&for&torsion&T&to&cause&failure&with&P&=225kN:&
Failure&
mode&
&&Layer&
Compression&
Compression& Tension&
Tension&Fiber&
Fiber&
transverse& transverse&&
direcEon&
direcEon&
direcEon&
direcEon&
Shear&
(1ve)&
Shear&
(+ve)&
+20&
12620&
795&
3630&
11563&
11205&
2420&
120&
2620&
1795&
13630&
1563&
12420&
1205&
0&
1&&
+&
1&&
+&&
11387&
1387&
21!
Example"3:$$
Tube!under!torsion!T!and!axial!tension!P.!Wish!to!3ind!torque!T!
=!t!and!axial!load!P!=!p!that!will!cause!failure.!
T"
T"
+20&
0&
N20&
P"
P"
20"layer:"
Fiber!direction:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!X'!!<!1!<!X!
!
!B1250!<!0.00383p+0.804t!<!1500!
For!compression!in!3iber!direction:!
!
!0.00383p!+0.804t!=!B1250!
22!
Failure&boundary&for&compression&failure&in&Uiber&
direction&in&+20&layers&
8000&
6000&
Torsion,&&T,&&Nm&
4000&
0.00383p!+!0.804t!=!B1250!
2000&
0
NoNfailure&
region&
N200
0&
N400
0&
N600
0&
N800
0& N100
0&
N500&
0&
500&
1000&
Axial&load&P&(kN)&
23!
For!tension!in!3iber!direction!:!!!!0.00383p!+!0.804t!=!1500!
8000&
0.00383p!+!0.804t!=!1500!
6000&
Torsion,&&T,&&Nm&
4000&
2000&
0
N200
0&
NoNfailure&
region&
N400
0&
N600
0&
N800
0& N100
0&
N500&
0&
500&
1000&
Axial&load&P&(kN)&
24!
NoBfailure!region!for!the!20!layer!(3iber!direction):!
8000&
0.00383p!+!0.804t!=!1500!
6000&
Torsion,&&T,&&Nm&
4000&
2000&
NoN
failure&
region&
0
N200
0&
N400
0&
0.00383p!+!0.804t!=!B1250!
N600
0&
N800
0& N100
0&
N500&
0&
500&
1000&
Axial&load&P&(kN)&
25!
Transverse"direction:"
!
!Y'!!<!2!<!Y!
!B200!<!B0.0001123p!B!0.0481t!<!50!
!
For&compression!in!transverse!direction:!
!
!!B0.0001123p!B!0.0481t!=!B!200!
!
For&tension&in!transverse!direction:!
!
!!B0.0001123p!B!0.0481t!=!50!
26!
Failure&envelope&for&failure&in&1&and&2&
NoBfailure!region!for!the!20!layer!(3iber!and!transverse!directions):!
8000&
B0.0001123p!B!0.0481t!=!B200!
Torsion,&&T,&&Nm&
6000&
4000&
2000&
NoN
failure&
region&
0
N200
0&
N400
0&
B0.0001123p!B!0.0481t!=!50!
N600
0&
N800
0& N100
0&
N500&
0&
500&
1000&
Axial&load&P&(kN)&
27!
Shear:"
!
!BS!!<!12!<!S!
!B100!<!B0.0001487p!+!0.0552t!<!100!
!
Positive!shear:!
!
!!B0.0001487p!+!0.0552t!=!100!
!
Negative!shear:!
!
!!B0.0001487p!+!0.0552t!=!B100!
!!
28!
Complete&failure&envelope&for&failure&for&+20&layers&
NoBfailure!region!for!the!20!layer!(3iber,!transverse!directions!and!shear):!
8000&
B0.0001487p!+!0.0552t!=!100!
6000&
Torsion,&&T,&&Nm&
4000&
2000&
NoN
failure&
region&
0
N200
0&
N400
0&
T!=!0!
B0.0001487p!+!0.0552t!=!B100!
P!=!225!kN!
N600
0&
N800
0& N100
0&
N500&
0&
500&
1000&
Axial&load&P&(kN)&
29!
Complete&failure&envelope&for&failure&for&N20&layers&
The!procedure!for!the!B20!layer!and!0!layer!is!similar!to!that!for!the!
20!layer!!
8000&
6000&
Torsion,&&T,&&Nm&
4000&
2000&
0
NoN
failure&
region&
N200
0&
T!=!0!
N400
0&
P!=!225!kN!
N600
0&
N800
0& N100
0&
N500&
0&
500&
1000&
Axial&load&P&(kN)&
30!
For&the&0&layer:!
Compression!in!3iber!direction:!
!
!!0.00477p!=!B!1250!
Tension!in!3iber!direction:!
!
!!0.00477p!=!!1500!
Compression!in!transverse!direction:!
!
!B0.0001686p!=!B!200!
Tension!in!transverse!direction:!
!
!!B0.0001686p!=!50!
Shear:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0.0721t!=!B100!
!
!0.0721t!=!100!
31&
Complete&failure&envelope&for&failure&for&0&layers&
8000
6000
Torsion,++T,++N8m+
4000
2000
No#failure+
region+
0
-2000
-4000
T&=&0&
-6000
P&=&225&kN&
-8000
-1000
-500
500
1000
Axial+load+P+(kN)+
32&
Superposition!of!all!the!boundaries!that!control!failure!
of!the!laminate:!
1T
!BBB!Tensile!failure!in!3iber!(1)!direction!
1C
!BBB!Compressive!failure!in!3iber!(1)!direction!
2T
!BBB!Tensile!failure!in!transverse!(2)!direction!
2C
!BBB!Compressive!failure!in!transverse!(2)!direction!
33!
Superposition&of&failure&envelope&for&failure&for&
+20,&N20,&and&0&layers&
8000
6000
1C (0o)
1T (0o )
1T (+20o)
1C (20o)
Torsion,++T,++N8m+
4000
2T (20o)
No#failure+
region+
2000
0
-2000
2T (+20o)
-4000
T
1
T&=&0&
1C (+20o)
(20 )
P&=&225&kN&
-6000
-8000
-1000
-500
500
1000
Axial+load+P+(kN)+
34&
The&Von&Mises&Yield&Criterion&
&(Equivalent&tensile&stress)&
The!Von!Mises!criterion!for!yielding!of!metals:!
2
1" 1 # $
2
2
2
' ( )( I II ) + ( I III ) + ( II III ) %* = 1
2 + Y ,
Where:!!Y!!is!the!yield!stress!of!the!metal,!!
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$I$,$II$,$III!!are!the!principal!stresses.!
Can!be!written!in!the!form:!
F ( I , II , III ) = 1
!So!that!the!material!will!not!yield!if!
F ( I , II , III ) < 1
35!
The&TsaiNWu&Criterion&for&composites:!is!a!
phenomenological!failure!theory!which!is!widely!used!for!
anisotropic!composite!materials!which!have!different!
strengths!in!tension!and!compression.!
For!plane!stress,!the!general!form!of!F!is!
F (1 , 2 ,12 ) = F11 + F2 2 + F612 + F1112 + F22 22 + F66122

+2 F121 2 + 2 F16112 + 2 F26 212
Where:!i,j!=!16!and!repeated!indices!indicate!summation,!and!
Fi,Fij!are!experimentally!determined!material!strength!parameters.!!
Failure!criterion!is!
And!no!failure!if:!
F (1 , 2 ,12 ) = 1
F (1 , 2 ,12 ) < 1
36!
The!TsaiBWu!criterion!is!therefore:!
F1 1 + F2 2 + F11 12 + F22 2 2 + F66 12 2 + 2 F12 1 2 = 1
where!
F1 =
1 1
+
X X!
F2 =
1 1
+
Y Y!
1
F66 = 2
S
1
F22 =
YY "
F11 =
1
XX "
2F12 = F11F22
Typical&TsaiNWu&failure&parameters&for&carbonNepoxy&composite&
X
X'
Strength:!
1500MPa&
11250MPa&
50MPa&
1200MPa&
100MPa&
Failure!
Parameters:!
F1
F2
F11
F22
F66
0.1333GPa11&
15.00GPa11&
0.533GPa12&
100GPa12&
100GPa12&
37!
When$plotted$in$the$1$$2$$12$stress$space,$the$TsaiBWu$
criterion$forms$an$ellipsoidal$envelope.$This$ellipsoid$is$rather$
long$and$slender.$
When!plotted!in!the!1$$2!plane!with!!12$=$0,!
3000&
Cross!section!in!1$$2!
plane!(12$=$0)!of!the!
TsaiBWu!ellipsoid!for!the!
graphiteBreinforced!
composite!
2,&&MPa&
2000&
1000&
C!
D
N100
0&
N200
0&
N300
N300
0&
0&
N200
0&
N100
0&
0&
1000&
2000&
3000&
1,&MPa&
38!
Several&crossNsections&of&the&TsaiNWu&ellipsoid&
100&
2,&&MPa&
N10
0&
12=0!
12=25MPa!
12=50MPa!
N20
0&
N30
0& N300
0&
12=75MPa!
N200
0&
N100
0&
0&
1000&
2000&
1,&MPa&
39!
Example&4:&
1.50"mm"
+20&
0&
N20&
P"
P"
x"
R"="25"mm"
Recall!the!stresses!calculated!from!Example!1:!
Layer&
1&
2&
12&
+20&
3830p&
1112.3p&
1148.7p&
120&
3830p&
1112.3p&
+148.7p&
0&
4770p&
1168.6p&
0&
40!
For"the"20"layer:"
TsaiBWu!criterion!predicts!failure!when!
2
F1 ( 3830 p ) + F2 ( 112.3 p ) + F11 ( 3830 p ) + F22 ( 112.3 p )
+ F66 ( 148.7 p ) F11F22 ( 3830 p )( 112.3 p ) = 1

Which!results!in!a!quadratic!equation!of!the!form!
Ap 2 + Dp + F = 0
Substituting!for!the!strength!parameters!for!carbonBepoxy,!!
A = 0.1444 1010
D = 22000 1010
F = 1
and!
Solution!for!p!leads!to:!!!p$=$B198000$and$350000$
Hence$the$TsaiBWu$criterion$predicts$failure$either$due$to$
a$tensile$load$of$350kN,$or$a$compressive$load$of$B198kN.$
41!
For"the"J20"layer:"
2
F1 ( 3830 p ) + F2 ( 112.3 p ) + F11 ( 3830 p ) + F22 ( 112.3 p )
+ F66 (148.7 p ) F11 F22 ( 3830 p )( 112.3 p ) = 1
Resulting!in!
Ap 2 + Dp + F = 0
where!
A = 0.1444 1010
D = 22000 1010
F = 1
Which!is!identical!to!the!equation!for!the!+20!layer,!So:!
!p$=$B198000$and$350000.$
42!
For"the"0"layer:"
2
F1 ( 4770 p ) + F2 ( 168.6 p ) + F11 ( 4770 p ) + F22 ( 168.6 p )
+ F66 ( 0 p ) F11 F22 ( 4770 p )( 168.6 p ) = 1
Here,!
Ap 2 + Dp + F = 0
where!
A = 0.208 1010
D = 31600 1010
F = 1
Leading!to!the!roots!
p$=$B156000$and$308000.$
!
43!
Summary!of!loads!P(kN)!to!cause!failure!in![20/03]S!tube:!
Comparison!between!TsaiBWu!and!maximum!stress!(in!
parenthesis)!criteria.!
Layer&
p&(negaEve)&
p&(posiEve)&
+20&
1198&
(1327)&
+350&
(+392)&
120&
1198&
(1327)&
+350&
(+392)&
0&
1156&
(1262)&
+308&
(+315)&
44!
Summary&of&loads&P(kN)&to&cause&failure&in&[20/03]&tube:&TsaiNWu&
criterion*&
+20&layers&
120&layers&
0&layers&
P= -198
P=+350
P= -198
P=+350
P= -156
P=+308
1,&MPa&
1758&
1340&
1758&
1340&
1743&
1467&
2,&MPa&
22.2&
139.3&
22.2&
139.3&
26.3&
151.9&
12,&MPa&
29.4&
152.1&
29.4&
152.1&
0&
0&
F11
0.101&
10.179&
0.101&
10.179&
0.099&
10.196&
F22
F11 12
0.334&
10.590&
0.334&
10.590&
0.394&
10.779&
0.306&
0.958&
0.306&
0.958&
0.295&
1.149&
F22 22
0.049&
0.155&
0.049&
0.155&
0.069&
0.269&
F66 122
0.087&
0.271&
0.087&
0.271&
0&
0&
F11 F22 1 2
0.123&
0.385&
0.123&
0.385&
0.143&
0.556&
Total&
1.000&
1.000&
1.000&
1.000&
1.000&
1.000&
*!The!maximum!stress!failure!criterion!predicts!failure!with!a!positive!axial!load!of!P!=+315kN;!
failure!is!due!to!tensile!stresses!in!the!3iber!direction!in!the!0!layers.!Failure!with!a!negative!
axial!load!occurs!when!P!=!B262kN!and!is!due!to!compression!stresses!in!the!3iber!direction!in!
the!0!layers.!
45!
Example!5:!
T
1.50 mm
+20
0
-20
P = 225 kN
x
R = 25 mm
46&
For"the"20"layer:"
2
F1 (861 + 0.804t ) 106 + F2 ( 25.3 0.048t ) 106 + F11 (861 + 0.804t ) 1012
2
+ F22 ( 25.3 0.048t ) 1012 F11F22 (861 + 0.804t )( 25.3 0.048t ) 1012
2
+ F66 ( 33.5 + 0.0552t ) 1012 = 1
Substituting!for!the!values!of!F1,!,!F66!results!in!a!quadratic!
equation!of!the!form!
Bt 2 + Et + F = 0
Where!!
B = 1.163 106
E = 235 106
F = 0.763
Solving,!we!get!
t$=$B917$$$$$and$$$$t$=$+715$
47!
For"the"J20"layer,!the!TsaiBWu!criterion!becomes!
2
F1 (861 0.804t ) 106 + F2 ( 25.3 + 0.048t ) 106 + F11 (861 0.804t ) 1012
2
+ F22 ( 25.3 + 0.048t ) 1012 F11 F22 (861 0.804t )( 25.3 + 0.048t ) 1012
2
+ F66 ( 33.5 + 0.0552t ) 1012 = 1
resulting!in!
t$=$B715$$$$$and$$$$t$=$+917$
For"the"0"layers,!following!the!above!procedure!leads!to:!
t$=$B1125$$$$$and$$$$t$=$+1125$
48!
Summary!of!torsions!T(Nm)!to!cause!failure!in![20/03]!tube!
with!P$=$0.225MN:!TsaiBWu!criterion*!
+20&layers&
120&layers&
0&layers&
T= -917
T=+715
T= -715
T=+917
T= -1125
T=+1125
1,&MPa&
123.7&
1436&
1436&
123.7&
1072&
1072&
2,&MPa&
18.86&
59.7&
59.7&
18.86&
137.9&
137.9&
12,&MPa&
184.1&
6.06&
6.06&
184.1&
181.1&
81.1&
F11
10.016&
10.192&
10.192&
10.016&
10.143&
10.143&
22
FF112
1
0.283&
10.896&
10.896&
0.283&
10.569&
10.569&
0.008&
1.100&
1.100&
0.008&
0.613&
0.613&
0.036&
0.357&
0.357&
0.036&
0.144&
0.144&
0.707&
0.004&
0.004&
0.707&
0.658&
0.658&
10.017&
0.627&
0.626&
10.017&
0.297&
0.297&
1.000&
1.000&
1.000&
1.000&
1.000&
1.000&
F22 22
F66 122
F11 F22 1 2
Total&
*!The!maximum!stress!criterion!predicts!failure!for!a!positive!and!negative!torsion!of!T!=795Nm!due!to!
tensile!failure!in!the!3iber!direction!in!the!20!layers!
49!
Example"6:"
T
+20
0
-20
Stresses&(MPa)&in&[20/03]S&tube&loaded&with&P"="p(N)&and&T"="t"(Nm)"
Layer&
+20+
1&
+0.00383p+0.804t&
2&
10.0001123p10.0481t&
12&
10.0001487p+0.0552t&
#20+
+0.00383p10.804t&
10.0001123p+0.0481t&
+0.0001487p+0.0552t&
0+
+0.00477p&
10.0001686p&
0.0721t&
50&
For"the"+20"layer,!the!TsaiBWu!criterion!becomes!
F1 ( 0.00383 p + 0.804t ) + F2 ( 0.0001123 p 0.0481t ) + F11 ( 0.00383 p + 0.804t )
+ F22 ( 0.0001123 p 0.0481t ) F11F22 ( 0.00383 p + 0.804t )( 0.0001123 p 0.0481t )

2
+ F66 ( 0.0001487 p + 0.0552t ) = 1
Where!substituting!for!the!Fi$and!Fij!leads!to!an!equation!of!the!form!
Ap 2 + Bt 2 + Cpt + Dp + Et + F = 0
In!the!above,!
A = 0.1444 1010
B = 11630 1010
C = 47.3 1010
D = 22000 1010
E = 82.9 105
F = 1
51!
TsaiNWu&failure&ellipse&for&+20&layers&
8000&
6000&
Torsion,&&T,&&Nm&
4000&
NoNfailure&
region&
2000&
0
N200
0&
N400
0&
T&=&0&
N600
0&
N800
0& N100
0&
P&=&225&kN&
N500&
0&
500&
1000&
Axial&load&P&(kN)&
This!equation!in!pBt!space!represents!an!ellipse!
52!
For"the"J20"layer:!
F1 ( 0.00383 p 0.804t ) + F2 ( 0.0001123 p + 0.0481t ) + F11 ( 0.00383 p 0.804t )
+ F22 ( 0.0001123 p + 0.0481t ) F11 F22 ( 0.00383 p 0.804t )( 0.0001123 p + 0.0481t )

2
+ F66 ( 0.0001487 p + 0.0552t ) = 1
Results!in!
Ap 2 + Bt 2 + Cpt + Dp + Et + F = 0
where,!
A = 0.1444 1010
B = 11630 1010
C = 47.3 1010
D = 22000 1010
E = 82.9 105
F = 1
53!
TsaiNWu&failure&ellipse&for&N20&layers&
8000&
6000&
Torsion,&&T,&&Nm&
4000&
NoNfailure&
region&
2000&
0
N200
0&
N400
0&
T&=&0&
N600
0&
N800
0& N100
0&
P&=&225&kN&
N500&
0&
500&
1000&
Axial&load&P&(kN)&
54!
For"the"0"layer:"
F1 ( 0.00477 p ) + F2 ( 0.0001686 p ) + F11 ( 0.00477 p )
+ F22 ( 0.0001686 p ) F11 F22 ( 0.00477 p )( 0.0001686 p )

2
+ F66 ( 0.0721t ) = 1
and!
A = 0.208 10 10
B = 5200 10 10
C =0
D = 31600 10 10
E=0
F = 1
55!
TsaiNWu&failure&ellipse&for&0&layers&
8000&
6000&
Torsion,&&T,&&Nm&
4000&
NoNfailure&
region&
2000&
0
N200
0&
N400
0&
T&=&0&
N600
0&
P&=&225&kN&
N800
0& N100
0&
N500&
0&
500&
1000&
Axial&load&P&(kN)&
56!
Superposition&of&the&TsaiNWu&failure&ellipses&
for&+20,&N20,&and&0&layers&
8000&
6000&
NoNfailure&
region&
Torsion,&&T,&&Nm&
4000&
2000&
0!layers!
+20!layers!
0
N2000&
B20!layers!
N4000&
N6000&
T&=&0&
N8000&
N100
0&
P&=&225&kN&
N500&
0&
500&
1000&
Axial&load&P&(kN)&
Area$common$to$all$three$ellipses$represents$values$of$P$
and$T$that$will$not$cause$failure$in$the$tube.$
57!
Comparison&of&failure&envelopes&of&the&TsaiNWu&and&
maximum&stress&criteria&
8000&
6000&
2C
For&the&+20&layers:&
+ 12F
Torsion,&&T,&&Nm&
4000&
2000&
0
1T
N200
0&
N400
0&
2T
12F
N600
0&
N800
0& N100
0&
No!failure,!TsaiB
Wu!criterion!
1C
N500&
0&
500&
1000&
No!failure,!
maximum!stress!
criterion!
Axial&load&P&(kN)&
Comparison!between!maximum!stress!criterion!and!TsaiBWu!criterion!for!20!
layers!for!the!tube!subjected!to!combined!axial!load!P!and!torsion!T!
58!
Comparison&between&maximum&stress&criterion&and&TsaiN
Wu&criterion&for&all&layers&&
for!tube!subjected!to!combined!axial!load!P!and!torsion!T!
8000&
6000&
1C (0o)
T
1
1T (0o )
(+20 )
1C (20o)
0!layers!
Torsion,&&T,&&Nm&
4000&
+20!layers!
2T (20o)
2000&
No!failure,!TsaiB
Wu!criterion!
0
N200
0&
2T (+20o)
B20!layers!
N400
0&
C
1
No!failure,!
maximum!stress!
criterion!
(+20 )
1T (20o)
N600
0&
N800
0& N100
0&
N500&
0&
500&
1000&
Axial&load&P&(kN)&
59!
Summary&of&the&TsaiNWu&Failure&Theory&
(Quadratic&Failure&Theory)&
2
11 1
2
22 2
2
66 12
F + 2 F12 1 2 + F + F + F1 1 + F2 2 = 1
Interaction!term!
F12 = F12 F11F22
For!closed!envelopes!
1 F12 1
1
Generalized!von!Mises!Criterion:!!F =
2
12
1
XX !
1
F22 =
YY !
1 1
F1 =
X X!
1 1
F2 =
Y Y!
1
F66 = 2
S
F11 =
60!
2!
The!TsaiBWu!theory!generally!gives!better!agreement!
with!biaxial!test!data!(EBglass/MY750):!!
1!
61!

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ME#3211##

T. E. Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore

Stress Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced Composite

Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites. Third

&=&stress&=& intensity&of&internal&force&at&a&point &

3 = 0 = C131 + C23 2 + C333

2sin cos % & x '

% x & ' S11

[(30 / + 45)3 s / 0]s

N x = A11 x0 + A12 y0 + A16 xy0

N x = A11 x0 + A12 y0 + A16 xy0

Q11 zdz = ( Q11 )

N x = A11 x0 + A12 y0 + A16 xy0

M x = B11 x0 + B12 y0 + B16 xy0

M x = B11 x0 + B12 y0 + B16 xy0

M x = B11 x0 + B12 y0 + B16 xy0

$ x0 % & a11 a12

because) ( Qij )k =m = (Qij )k =n

A11 A12 = 2 A66

!6.55 5.15 4.5 "

Now,)) h0)=)K4)mm,) h1)=)K1)mm,) h2)=)4)mm)

!6.55 5.15 4.5 "

h0)=)K4)mm,) h1)=)K1)mm,) h2)=)4)mm)

! #6.55 5.15 4.5 $ # 20 0.7 0 $ "

h0)=)K4)mm,) h1)=)K1)mm,) h2)=)4)mm)

! 571 123 94.5"

!6.55 5.15 4.5 "

Here,)) h0)=)K6)mm,) h1)=)K3)mm,) h2)=)3)mm,) h3)=)6)mm.)

!159.3 35.1 27.0"

h0)=)K6)mm,) h1)=)K3)mm,) h2)=)3)mm,) h3)=)6)mm.)

!6.55 5.15 4.5 "

" 6.55 5.15 4.5#

= 3 "( Qij ) + ( Qij ) + ( Qij ) + ( Qij ) #

! 943.2 741.6 486.0 #

!7.55 5.93 5.18"

b) !$( 45)2 / ( 45)2 "%

c) !#( 45)2 "$

! 7.55 5.93 1.94 #

! 7.55 5.93 0.97 "

!159.3 35.1 27.0"

4.5 ' $ 0.00685 %

1.0 & #26.7 $ # 29.6 $

1.0 ( % 0.00685 & % 0.00116 &

0 ( % 0.00116 & % 29.6 &

& y ' [ ] & 2'

& y ' [ ] & 2'

' y ( [ ]' y ( [ ]' y (

" N # " NT # " N H # $ A B % "0 #

% x0 & '14.8 6.5 5.3 4.1 2.1 2.4 (

N x = 6.37 103 N mm x!p$

F (1 , 2 ,12 ) = F11 + F2 2 + F612 + F1112 + F22 22 + F66122

F1 ( 3830 p ) + F2 ( 112.3 p ) + F11 ( 3830 p ) + F22 ( 112.3 p )

+ F66 ( 148.7 p ) F11F22 ( 3830 p )( 112.3 p ) = 1

F1 ( 3830 p ) + F2 ( 112.3 p ) + F11 ( 3830 p ) + F22 ( 112.3 p )

+ F66 (148.7 p ) F11 F22 ( 3830 p )( 112.3 p ) = 1

F1 ( 4770 p ) + F2 ( 168.6 p ) + F11 ( 4770 p ) + F22 ( 168.6 p )

+ F66 ( 0 p ) F11 F22 ( 4770 p )( 168.6 p ) = 1

+ F66 ( 33.5 + 0.0552t ) 1012 = 1

+ F66 ( 33.5 + 0.0552t ) 1012 = 1

+ F22 ( 0.0001123 p 0.0481t ) F11F22 ( 0.00383 p + 0.804t )( 0.0001123 p 0.0481t )

+ F66 ( 0.0001487 p + 0.0552t ) = 1

+ F22 ( 0.0001123 p + 0.0481t ) F11 F22 ( 0.00383 p 0.804t )( 0.0001123 p + 0.0481t )

+ F66 ( 0.0001487 p + 0.0552t ) = 1

+ F22 ( 0.0001686 p ) F11 F22 ( 0.00477 p )( 0.0001686 p )