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Antenna: A device that converts guided electromagnetic waves to free-space radiating waves
Fall 2013
Antennas Facilitate:
Broadcasting Radio (FM, AM, SSB) Television (Analog, Digital) Satellite (voice, video, internet) Point-to-point Telecommunications Over-the-horizon radio links Cellular telephony Wireless networking Voice, video, and data trunking Satellite control & up/downlinking Identification (RFID) Remote Sensing Radiometry (Radioastronomy, Earth remote sensing, all weather vision) Radar - Real & Synthetic Aperture, Monostatic & Bistatic (Weather, defense, air traffic, Earth & planetary science, astronomy) Radiolocation Direction finding (VOR) Geolocation (DME, GNSS: GPS, Galileo, GLONASS)
ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas Fall 2013 University of Colorado at Boulder
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Course Overview
(see Course Information on D2L)
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Course Objective: To provide a baseline level of understanding necessary for successful research and development in the area of antenna engineering. This is a graduate level electromagnetic course with an exclusive focus on antenna theory and design. The course covers a number of aspects of antenna engineering, including theory of operation, design and analysis procedures, feed, matching, and coupling techniques, and underlying antenna physics. Prerequisites: Undergraduate level electromagnetics (ECEN 3410, Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission, or equivalent). Familiarity with complex numbers, trigonometry, vector algebra, coordinate systems, and integro-differential calculus is essential. Familiarity with one of MATLAB / MATHCAD / Mathematica or equivalent computational environments is helpful. Course Credit: Total 3 credit hours (ABET: 1.5 engineering science, 1.5 engineering design).
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Textbook:
Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd edition, by Constantine A. Balanis, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
Additional References (on reserve): An Introduction to Classical Electromagnetic Radiation, by Glenn S. Smith, Cambridge University Press, 1997. Antennas, John D. Kraus and Ronald Marhefka, McGraw Hill, 2002. Antennas and Radiowave Propagation, by Robert E. Collin, McGraw Hill, 1985. Antenna Theory and Design (2nd edition), by Warren L. Stutzman and Gary A. Thiele, John Wiley and Sons, 1998. Microwave Antenna Theory and Design, by Samuel Silver (ed.), Peter Peregrinus, Ltd., UK, 1984.
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Course Requirements: Attendance of lectures is required. Grades will be based upon the completion of approximately seven homework sets, two midterm exams, a final exam, and a term paper. Term paper topics will be selected from a list of current areas of research in antenna engineering, and will include a brief in-class presentation at the end of the semester. Distance learning students will present their papers by teleconferencing. Homeworks. The objective of homework assignments is to provide increased understanding of the course material and practice at solving engineering problems in antenna engineering. Approximately 4 problems per homework set will be assigned. Solutions will be available on D2L upon completion. Unless otherwise excused in advance, late homeworks and other assignments will be accepted for grading at the discretion of the instructor. Exams. The objective of the two midterm exams and final exam is to gauge the ability to use concepts studied in the course on problems in antenna theory and design. Review questions to be used in preparation for the exams are available on a CD ROM provided with the textbook. The final exam will be comprehensive. (contd)
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(contd) Term Paper Project. The objective of the term paper is to provide experience in identifying key engineering problems in antennas, performing research in the general areas of the antenna theory, design, and/or application, documenting findings, and disseminating them in a professional setting. A one-page proposal for a term paper topic will be due approximately one month before the end of the semester. Full project reports of ~10 pages plus references will be due near the end of the semester, after which term papers will be presented in conference style format. Templates for the proposal and final project will be provided.
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D2L: All materials for the course will be posted in electronic form on the CU Desire Learn site for ECEN 5134. Use your CU Connect ID and password to log in. It is suggested that you check the CULearn site regularly for course updates and new material. CAETE: Video recording of course lectures will be regularly made through CU CAETE for both distance learning and in-class students. All lecture access is available through the CAETE website at http://cuengineeringonline.colorado.edu . Please use your CU Identikey and password to log in. Software: Many homework assignments are facilitated by the use of computational environments such Matlab or Mathematica. Use of these environments and the Matlab source code contained within the multimedia CD-ROM that comes with the text is highly encouraged. Matlab and Mathematica are both available for use by students on computers within the CU ITS Computing Laboratories (see http://www.colorado.edu/its/labs/ ). The student version of Matlab can be obtained for ~$100 through the Mathworks or the CU bookstore (see http://www.mathworks.com/academia/student_version/ ).
Cell phones and PDAs: The course lectures will be recorded for distance learning students, therefore, it is mandatory that cell phones or other devices with annunciators or other disturbing audio capabilities be turned off before entering the classroom. Calculators may be used during exams, but personal digital assistants or other devices with communications capabilities are not permitted.
Electronic Communication: Questions on the course material, schedule, or policies may be e-mailed to the instructor at the above-listed address. E-mailed questions will be addressed as soon as possible, although given the volume of e-mail received by the instructor a delay of up to several days may occur. All course-related e-mails should include the course number in the subject line. Voice mailed questions will be handled similarly but with e-mailed responses.
ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas Fall 2013 University of Colorado at Boulder
ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas - Fall 2013 Semester Professor A.J. Gasiewski ECOT 246 al.gasiewski@colorado.edu
Schedule of Lectures, Assignments, and Exams (Revised 8/26/13) Lectures ECCS 1B14 MW 12:00-1:15 PM Grader: TBD Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
26 FDOC Lecture #1 Course overview Antenna types and properties: radiated fields, Poynting vector, radiation patterns, beamwidths Directivity, effective area Friis transmission formula 2 Labor Day 27 28 Lecture #2 Time-harmonic Maxwells equations Plane wave solutions Polarization Radiation integrals: sources, vector and scalar potentials, solution for A,F,E,H HW#1 Issued 4 Lecture #3 Hertzian electric dipole antenna Near and far fields Charge continuity & dipole fields Physical interpretation Radiation resistance, matching 11 Lecture #5 Radiation zones and approximations Wire antenna patterns Directivity, radiation resistance, and efficiency Short dipole limit 18 Lecture #7 Integral equation solutions Induced EMF method Boundary conditions Image theory Ground planes vertical polarization 25 Lecture #9 Loop antennas Duality Hertzian magnetic dipole N turn loop HW#2 Due, HW#3 Issued 29
Sunday
25 August
Friday
30
Saturday
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1 September
15
22
9 Lecture #4 Stored/radiated energy Poynting theorem Ohmic loss, radiation efficiency Reciprocity and effective length Wire antenna currents 16 Lecture #6 Half wavelength dipole Effect of feed gap Effect of non-zero radius Pocklingtons equation Hallens integral equation HW#1 Due, HW#2 Issued 23 Lecture #8 Vertical monopoles Ground planes horizontal polarization Lossy ground planes Folded dipole
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30 Lecture #10 Electrically large loop antennas Nonuniform loop current Polygonal antennas Ferrite loaded loop
1 October
13
20
27
14 Lecture #13 Hansen Woodyard endfire arrays Array directivity Nonuniform amplitude arrays Binomial arrays Dolph-Tschebyscheff arrays 21 Lecture #15 Array synthesis: Superdirectivity Schelkunoff, Fourier, WoodwardLawson line current synthesis Taylor-Tschebyscheff design HW#4 Due, HW#5 Issued 28 Lecture #17 Yagi-Uda arrays Spiral antennas Log periodic arrays 4 Lecture #19 Main beam efficiency Aperture efficiency Babinets principle Slot antennas Fourier transform relationships
15
9 Lecture #12 Uniform linear arrays Array & element factors Broadside arrays Endfire arrays Scanning arrays HW#3 Due, HW#4 Issued 16 Lecture #14 Dolph-Tschebyscheff array design Planar arrays Circular arrays
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23 Lecture #16 Broadband antennas: Biconical, bowtie, discone, monopole Matching Baluns
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30 Lecture #18 Aperture antennas Field equivalence principles Rectangular, circular apertures HW#5 Due, HW#6 Issued 6 Lecture #20 Asymptotic Spectral Evaluation Geometrical Theory of Diffraction Horn antennas: E-plane, H-plane Term Paper Proposals Due
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1 November
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11 Lecture #21 Horn antennas: pyramidal, conical Corrugated feedhorns Aperture matched horns Multimode horns Feed horn phase center
12
17
18 Lecture #23 Feed networks Mutual coupling Method of Moments HW#6 Due, HW#7 Issued 25 Break 2 Lecture #25 Microstrip antennas: Cavity model (radiation) Directivity, beamwidth Circular patch Bandwidth Mutual coupling Circular polarization 9 Lecture #27 Feed Patterns and Design Reflector Systems Shaped Reflectors Cassegrain, Gregorian, Spherical Reflector Surface Roughness 16 Finals Week
19
24 1 December
26 Break 3
13 Lecture #22 Aperture admittance Vivaldi antenna Lens antennas Gaussian beams Luneberg lens Rotman lens Butler matrix 20 Lecture #24 Microstrip antennas: Patch radiation principles Coupling Transmission line model (impedance) Radiation resistance 27 Break 4 Lecture #26 Reflector antennas: Corner reflectors Parabolic reflectors Analysis Methods: Aperture Distribution, Induced Current Density Reflector Antenna Directivity Aperture Efficiency 11 Lecture #28 Antenna pattern measurement Far field antenna ranges Compact antenna ranges Near field antenna ranges Frequency allocations HW#7 Due 18 Final Exam ECCS 1B14 4:30-7:00 PM (Open Book &Notes)
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28 Break Thanksgiving 5
29 Break 6
30 7
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Biosketch
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Albin J. Gasiewski is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder and Director of the CU Center for Environmental Technology. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1989. Previously, he received the M.S. and B.S. degrees in electrical engineering and the B.S. degree in mathematics from Case Western Reserve University in 1983. From 1997 through 2005 he worked for the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Environmental Technology Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado, USA, where he was Chief of ETLs Microwave Systems Development Division. From 1989 to 1997 he was a faculty member within the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology where he became an Associate Professor. He has developed and taught courses on electromagnetics, remote sensing, instrumentation, and wave propagation theory. His technical interests include passive and active remote sensing, radiative transfer, antennas and microwave circuits, electronic instrumentation, meteorology, and oceanography. Prof. Gasiewski is a Fellow of the IEEE and Past President (2004-2005) of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society. He is a member of the American Meteorological Society, the American Geophysical Union, the International Union of Radio Scientists (URSI), Tau Beta Pi, and Sigma Xi. He currently serves as Vice Chair of USNC/URSI Commission F. He served on the U.S. National Research Council's Committee on Radio Frequencies (CORF) from 1989-1995. He was the General Co-chair of IGARSS 2006, in Denver, Colorado, and a recipient of the 2006 Outstanding Service Award from the GRSS. He is author or co-author of 50 peer reviewed journal articles, three chapters, over 400 conference presentations on EM and remote sensing. University of Colorado at Boulder ECEN book 5134 EM Radiation and and Antennas Fall 2013
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Wire Antennas
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Omnidirectional pattern
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Omnidirectional pattern
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Aperture Antennas
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Microstrip Antennas
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Conformal to surfaces
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Reflector Antennas
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Lens Antennas
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Antenna Arrays
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Frequency Ranges
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l = r = l/r d = dl/r
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r y x
ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas Fall 2013 University of Colorado at Boulder
Example: For a sphere of radius r find the solid angle A of a cap on the surface of the sphere over the north pole region and defined by the spherical angles: 0<< 30o, 0<< 360o Solution:
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EM Field Quantities
E(r,,) = electric field intensity (V/m) H(r,,) = magnetic field intensity (A/m) D(r,,) = electric flux density (C/m2) B(r,,) = magnetic flux density (T or V-s/m2) J(r,,) = current density (A/m2) (r,,) = charge density (C/m3) Wav(r,,) = Re(E GH*) = time average Poynting power flux (W/m2) Linear isotropic constitutive relationships: D=E and B=H
ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas Fall 2013 University of Colorado at Boulder
Radiation Patterns
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Directivity: Ratio of radiation intensity in a given direction to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions Urad(,) Wav(r,,) D(,) = = 2 (Prad/4) (Prad/4r ) Dmax= 4Umax Prad (dimensionless)
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Antenna Effective Area: Ratio of available power at the terminals of an antenna to the power flux density of a plane wave incident from a given direction Ae(,) = Pr Wav(,) (m2)
Pr = power available to load (W) Wav=incident power flux (W/m2) (assumes perfect match to load)
ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas Fall 2013 University of Colorado at Boulder
Received Power over Link (Friis): Pr = Pmax Dt(r, 2 et(1-|t| ) 2 4r r) Ae(r, r) (1-|r|2)ep
Ae(r,r) =
2 2 Dr(r, r) er = Gr(r,r) 4 4
Pmax = maximum power available from source Gr(r,r) = gain of receiver in direction (r,r) et, er = transmitter, receiver efficiencies ep = polarization mismatch between transmitter and receiver
ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas Fall 2013 University of Colorado at Boulder
Next Lecture
Time-harmonic Maxwells equations Plane wave solutions Polarization Radiation integrals: sources, vector and scalar potentials, solution for A,F,E,H
Fall 2013