Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Sarika Goel 3rd year,Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi Guide : Prof. Gautam Biswas & Prof. S. Sarkar

Outline
Introduction- Gas turbine cycles Applications of gas turbines Brayton cycle and its analysis Improvements in brayton cycle Irreversibilities involved in analysis Types of Jet engine and thrust calculations Conclusions

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Introduction Gas turbine cycles

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Schematic diagram of Gas turbine

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Components of gas turbines

Inlet :
Determine the amount of air flow into an engine Suck in as much of the air coming towards it as possible

Compressor :
Used to squeeze the air, or to increase the pressure of the

air flow

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Combustor:
Air is mixed with a highly flammable fuel and ignited hot, high pressure air exiting the burner becomes the

primary source of the exhaust gases

Turbine:
High pressure gases drop in pressure The velocity of the flow increases

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Nozzle :
The exhaust gases continue to increase their velocity

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Pressure variation

intake

compressor

condensor

turbine

nozzle

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Temperature variation

intake

compressor

condenser

turbine

nozzle

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Uses of Gas Turbine cycles

Electric power generation Aircraft propulsion and Jet Engine applications

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Electric power generation

Closed cycle

Some work is used to drive the compressor and rest is

used for power generation

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Jet engine
Operate on Newton's third law Jet sucks air into the front, squeezes it, ignites it with fuel and finally

after exit comes out as exhaust

The same opposite force pushes the jet forward as that of the exhaust

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Brayton cycle (closed)

Reversible processes
Isentropic compression Constant P heat addition

Constant P heat rejection

Isentropic expansion Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Air standard cycle

Brayton cycle

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Why go for Brayton cycle?

To find the upper limit of performance of individual components

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Brayton cycle

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Brayton cycle analysis

Efficiency:

w net = q in

Net work:

w net = w turb w comp

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Efficiency:

w net (h 3 h 4 ) (h 2 h1 ) = = q in (h 3 h 2 )
Assumption of cold air conditions :

(h 4 h1 ) =1 (h 3 h 2 )

=1

c p (T4 T1 ) c p (T3 T2 )
k 1 k

T1 (T4 T1 1) = 1 T2 (T3 T2 1)
k 1 k

Isentropic relationships:

T2 p 2 = T1 p1

T4 p 4 = T3 p 3

p = 1 p2

k 1 k

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

P2 P3 rp = pressure ratio = = P1 P4
Relation of temperature ratios to the pressure ratio:

T T2 = rp(k 1) k = 3 T1 T4
So, efficiency :

= 1

rp(k 1) k

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Efficiency with pressure ratio

As the pressure ratio rises, the efficiency also rises.

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Specific work output :

w net = w turb w comp

w net = (h 3 h 4 ) (h 2 h1 )

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Net work with pressure ratio

For fixed values of Tmin and Tmax, the net work of the Brayton cycle first increases with the pressure ratio,reaches a maximum and finally decreases.

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Improvements in Brayton cycle

Exhaust heat exchanger Inter-cooling Reheating

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Cycle with Exhaust Heat Exchange

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

 Efficiency is more The specific output does not change

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Gas Turbine Cycle with Reheat

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

The specific work output

The heat supplied to the cycle

Thus, the cycle efficiency

Increase in work output

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

 Specific work output increases Efficiency decreases

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Gas Turbine Cycle with Inter-cooling

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Specific work output

Heat supplied = Thus,

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

 Specific output of the plant increases Efficiency decreases

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Multiple inter-cooling and reheating

Compression and expansion processes tend to be isothermal Efficiency approaches to Carnot cycle

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Actual Gas Turbine Cycle

Efficiency of the compression and expansion processes Pressure losses Incomplete heat exchange in the regenerator Mechanical losses due to bearings auxiliary etc Variation of Specific heat of the working fluid with temperature Variable mass flow throughout the cycle

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Effect of irreversibilities on cycle

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Types of jet engines

Turbojet Turboprop Turbofan Ramjet

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Turboprop engine

Most gas is expanded in turbine to drive the compressor and propeller Used only for low speed aircraft like cargo planes because propellers become less efficient as the speed of the aircraft increases.

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Turbofan Engine

Turbofan gets some of its thrust from the core and some from the fan They produce high thrust and are good fuel efficient

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Thrust calculations

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Turbojet thrust

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Turboprop thrust

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Turbofan thrust

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Conclusions
Brayton cycle is an important tool to analyze the aircraft

propulsion and power generation in a plant. Heat exchanger increases the efficiency. Intercooling and reheating increases the work output. Turboprop is used for low velocity applications and turbofan is used for high velocity applications.

Gas Turbine cycles and Propulsion system

Thank you