06/11/2013

Olympic medal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Olympic medal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An Olympic medal is awarded to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games. There are three classes of medal: gold, awarded to the winner; silver, awarded to the runner-up; and bronze, awarded to the thirdplace competitor. The granting of awards is laid out in detail in the Olympic protocols. Medal designs have varied considerably since the first Olympic Games in 1896, particularly in size and weight. A standard obverse (front) design of the medals for the Summer Olympic Games began in 1928 and remained for many years, until its replacement at the 2004 Games as the result of controversy surrounding the use of the Roman Colosseum rather than a building representing the Games' Greek roots. The medals of the Winter Olympic Games never had a common design, but regularly feature snowflakes. In addition to generally supporting their Olympic athletes, some countries provide sums of money and gifts to medal winners, depending on the classes and number of medals won.

Olympic Medals

A silver medal awarded to the winner of an event at the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 Awarded for Presented by First awarded given to successful competitors in various Olympic Sports International Olympic Committee 1896

Official website www.olympic.org (http://www.olympic.org/)

Contents
1 Introduction and early history 2 Production and design 2.1 Trionfo 2.2 Custom reverse designs 2.3 Comparison between Summer and Winter 3 Individual design details 3.1 Summer Olympic medal designs 3.2 Winter Olympic medal designs 4 Presentation 5 Participation Medals 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References

A gold medal awarded at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, Canada.

Introduction and early history

The olive wreath was the prize for the winner at the Ancient Olympic Games. It was an olive branch, of the wild-olive tree that grew at Olympia,[1] intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe. According to Pausanias it was introduced by Heracles as a prize for the winner of the running race to honour Zeus.[2] When the modern Olympic Games began in 1896 medals started to be given to successful competitors. However, gold medals were not awarded at the inaugural Olympics in 1896 in Athens, Greece.[3] The winners were instead given a silver medal and an olive branch,[4] while runners-up received a laurel branch and a copper or bronze medal.[5] In 1900, most winners received cups or trophies instead of medals.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal

1/14

06/11/2013

Olympic medal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The custom of the sequence of gold, silver, and bronze for the first three places dates from the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has retroactively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to the three best placed athletes in each event of the 1896 and 1900 Games.[6][7] If there is a tie for any of the top three places all competitors are entitled to receive the appropriate medal according to IOC rules.[8] Medals are not the only awards given to competitors; every athlete placed first to eighth receives an Olympic diploma. Also, at the main host stadium, the names of all medal winners are written onto a wall.[8] Finally, as noted below, all athletes receive a participation medal and diploma.

Production and design

The IOC dictates the physical properties of the medals and has the final decision about the finished design. Specifications for the medals are developed along with the National Olympic Committee (NOC) hosting the Games, though the IOC has brought in some set rules:[8][9] Recipients: The top three competitors receive medals Shape: Usually circular, featuring an attachment for a chain or ribbon Diameter: A minimum of 60 mm Thickness: A minimum of 3 mm Material: First place: It is composed of silver (at least .925 grade) covered with 6 grams of pure gold. Second place: It has the same composition as the first place medal without the gilding. [10] Third place: It is mostly copper with some tin and zinc (worth approximately $3).[11] Event details: The sport for which the medal has been awarded should be written on the medal

A collection of medals won by Polish athletes, at the Museum of Sport and Tourism in Warsaw

The first Olympic medals in 1896 were designed by French sculptor Jules-Clment Chaplain and depicted Zeus holding Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, on the obverse and the Acropolis on the reverse.[3] They were made by the Paris Mint who also made the medals for the 1900 Olympic Games hosted by Paris. This started the tradition of giving the responsibility of minting the medals to the host city. For the next few Olympiads the host was also given the ability to choose the medal design.

Trionfo
In 1923 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) launched a competition for sculptors to design the medals for the Summer Olympic Games. Giuseppe Cassioli's Trionfo design was chosen as the winner in 1928.[3][12][13] The obverse brought back Nike but this time as the main focus, holding a winner's crown and palm with a depiction of the Colosseum in the background.[12] In the top right section of the medal a space was left for the name of the Olympic host and the Games numeral. The reverse features a crowd of people carrying a triumphant athlete. His winning design was first presented at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The competition saw this design used for 40 years until the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich became the first Games with a different design for the reverse side of the medal.[3]

Cassioli's design continued to inspire the obverse of the medal for many more years, though recreated each time, with the Olympic host and numeral updated. The obverse remained true to the Trionfo design until the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, where the IOC allowed an updated version to be created. For the next few events they mandated the use of the Nike motif but allowed other aspects to change.[9] The trend ended in 2004 due to the negative publicity in reaction to the design of medal for the
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal

The bronze medal from the 1980 Summer Olympics showing Cassioli's obverse design

2/14

06/11/2013

Olympic medal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Wojciech Pietranik, the designer of the medal, along with the organisers of the Games were criticised by the Greek press for using the Roman Colosseum rather than the Greek Parthenon.[3][14] Pietranik's original design had featured the Sydney Opera House on the obverse but the IOC concluded that it should be replaced by the Colosseum and a chariot rider. He made the changes and, despite the criticism, the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games decided to continue with the design as it was, noting that there was insufficient time to complete another version and that it would be too costly.[9] The error had remained for 76 years until a new style depicting the Panathinaiko Stadium was introduced at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.[15] This new obverse design would go on to be used at the 2008 and 2012 Games.

Custom reverse designs

The German Olympic Committee, Nationales Olympisches Komitee fr Deutschland, were the first Summer Games organisers to elect to change the reverse of the medal. The 1972 design was created by Gerhard Marcks, an artist from the Bauhaus, and features mythological twins Castor and Pollux.[16] Since then the Organising Committee of the host city has been given the freedom of the design of the reverse, with the IOC giving final approval.

Comparison between Summer and Winter

The IOC has the final decision on the specifications of each design for all Olympic medals, including the Summer Games, Winter Games, and Paralympic Games. There has been a greater variety of design for the Winter Games; unlike with the Summer Games, the IOC never mandated one particular design. The medal at the inaugural 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France did not even feature the Olympic rings. Nike was featured on the medals of the 1932 and 1936 Games but has only appeared on one medal design since then. One regular motif is the use of the snowflake, while laurel leaves and crowns appear on several designs. The Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius features on four Winter Games medals but does not appear on any Summer Games medal. For three events in a row, hosts of the Winter Games included different materials in the medals: glass (1992), sparagmite (1994), and lacquer (1998). It was not until the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China that a Summer Olympic host chose to use something different, in this case jade. While every Summer Olympic medal except for the 1900 Games has been circular, the shapes of the Winter Games have been considerably more varied. The Winter Games medals are also generally larger, thicker, and heavier than those for the Summer Games.

Individual design details

Summer Olympic medal designs
Details about the medals from each of the Summer Olympic Games:[16][17] Games Host Athens, Greece Details Designer(s) Mint Diameter (mm) 48 Thickness (mm) 3.8 Weight (g) 47 image

1896

Obverse: Zeus holding Nike Jules-Clment Reverse: The Chaplain Acropolis Obverse: Winged goddess holding laurel branches; Paris in the background Reverse: A victorious Frdrique athlete holding

Paris Mint

1900

Paris,

Paris Mint

59 x 41

3.2

53
3/14

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal

06/11/2013

Olympic medal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

France

a laurel Vernon branch; the Acropolis in the background Note: The only Olympic medal that is not circular Obverse: Nike holding a laurel crown and a palm leaf Reverse: An Dieges & Clust Dieges & Clust athlete holding a laurel crown; Greek temple in the background Obverse: An athlete receiving a laurel crown from two female figures Bertram Reverse: Saint Mackennal George atop a horse Edge: "Vaughton", event name and winner

1904

St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.

37.8

3.5

21

1908

London, Great Britain

Vaughton & 33 Sons

4.4

21

1912

Obverse: An athlete receiving a laurel crown from two female figures Stockholm, Reverse: A Sweden herald opening the Games with a statue of Pehr Henrik Ling behind him Obverse: An athlete holding a laurel crown

Bertram Mackennal (obverse) Erik Lindberg (reverse)

C.C. Sporrong & 33.4 Co

1.5

24

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal

4/14

06/11/2013

Olympic medal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1920

Antwerp, Belgium

and a palm leaf Josu Dupon Reverse: Statue of Silvius Brabo Edge: Name, event, team, "Antwerp", and the date Obverse: An athlete helping another to stand Reverse: A Andr Rivaud harp and various items of sports equipment

Coosmans

59

4.4

79

1924

Paris, France

Paris Mint

55

4.8

79

1928

Design: Trionfo Note: This obverse design, Amsterdam, sometimes Giuseppe Netherlands recreated, Cassioli remains until 2004, the reverse design remained until 1972 Los Angeles, U.S. Design: Trionfo Giuseppe Cassioli

Dutch State 55 Mint

66

1932

Whitehead & Hoag

55.3

5.7

96

1936

Berlin, Germany

Design: Trionfo "B.H Giuseppe MAYER Cassioli PFORZHEIM 990" Design: Trionfo Giuseppe Cassioli

B.H. Mayer 55

71

1948

London, Great Britain Helsinki, Finland

John Pinches

51.4

5.1

60

1952

Design: Trionfo Giuseppe Edge: 916 M / Cassioli Y6 (Factory Stamp) Giuseppe Cassioli

Kultakeskus 51 Oy

4.8

46.5

1956

Melbourne, Design: Australia Trionfo

K.G. Luke 51

4.8

68
5/14

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal

06/11/2013

Olympic medal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1960

Design: Trionfo Surround: A Rome, Italy bronze laurel wreath and laurel leaf chain

Giuseppe Cassioli

Artistice Fiorentini

68

6.5

211

1964

Tokyo, Japan

Design: Trionfo

Giuseppe Cassioli and Toshikaka Koshiba

Japan Mint 60

7.5

62

1968

Mexico City, Mexico

Design: Trionfo

Giuseppe Cassioli

60

130

1972

Munich, Germany

Obverse: Trionfo Reverse: Castor and Pollux, twin sons of Zeus and Leda Edge: Winner's name and sport

Giuseppe Cassioli (obverse) Gerhard Marcks (reverse)

Bavarian Mint

66

6.5

102

1976

Montreal, Canada

Obverse: Trionfo Reverse: A stylised laurel Giuseppe crown and the Cassioli Montreal (obverse) Games logo Edge: Name of the sport Obverse: Trionfo Reverse: A stylised Olympic flame and the Giuseppe Cassioli (obverse) Ilya Postol (reverse)

Royal Canadian Mint

60

5.8

154

1980

Moscow, Russia

Moscow Mint

60

6.8

125

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal

6/14

06/11/2013

Olympic medal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Moscow Games logo Obverse: Trionfo Reverse:An Olympic champion held aloft by a Giuseppe crowd Cassioli Note: The reverse returns to the Cassioli design Obverse: Trionfo Reverse: An Giuseppe outline of a Cassioli dove carrying (obverse) a laurel branch and the Seoul Olympic logo

1984

Los Angeles, U.S.

Jostens, Inc 60

7.9

141

1988

Seoul, South Korea

Korea Minting and Security 60 Printing Corporation

152

1992

Barcelona, Spain

Obverse: Updated interpretation Royal Mint of Trionfo Xavier Corbero 70 of Spain Reverse: Barcelona Games logo Obverse: Updated interpretation of Trionfo Reverse: A stylised olive branch, the Atlanta Malcolm Grear Reed & Games logo, Designers Barton and "Centennial Olympic Games" Edge: "Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games" Obverse: Updated interpretation

9.8

231

1996

Atlanta, U.S.

70

181

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal

7/14

06/11/2013

Olympic medal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2000

Sydney, Australia

of Trionfo Reverse: The Wojciech Sydney Opera Pietranik House, Olympic Flame, and Olympic rings Edge: Event name Obverse: Nike with Panathinaiko Stadium in the background Reverse: The Olympic Flame, the Elena Votsi opening lines of Pindar's Eighth Olympic Ode, and the Athens Games logo Obverse: Nike with Panathinaiko Stadium in the background Reverse: a jade ring with Xiao Yong[18] the Beijing Games logo in the centre and the event details on the outer edge

Royal Australian Mint

68

180

2004

Athens, Greece

60

135

2008

Beijing, China

China Banknote Printing and 70 Minting Corporation

200

2012

London, United Kingdom

Obverse: Nike with Panathinaiko Stadium in the background Reverse: The River Thames David Watkins Royal Mint 85 and the London Games logo with angled lines in the background

375400

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal

8/14

06/11/2013

Olympic medal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Winter Olympic medal designs

Details about the medals from each of the Winter Olympic Games:[3][19] Games Host Details Obverse: A skier holding skates and skis and the designer's name Reverse: Written information about the Games Obverse: A skater surrounded by snowflakes Reverse: Olive branches and host details Obverse: Nike with the Adirondack Mountains in the background Reverse: Laurel leaves and written host details Shape: Circular but not with a straight edge Designer(s) Mint[8] Diameter (mm) Thickness (mm) Weight (g)

1924

Chamonix, France

Raoul Bernard Paris Mint

55

75

1928

St. Moritz, Switzerland

Arnold Hunerwadel

Huguenin Frres

50.4

51

1932

Lake Placid, U.S.

Robbins Company

55

51

1936

Obverse: Nike atop a horse-drawn chariot GarmischPartenkirchen, traversing an arch over winter sporting equipment Germany Reverse: Large Olympic rings

Richard Klein

Deschler & Sohn 100

324

1948

St. Moritz, Switzerland

Obverse: The Olympic torch with snowflakes in the background and the Paul Andre Olympic motto Citius, Droz Altius, Fortius Reverse: A snowflake and written host details

Huguenin Frres

60.2

3.8

103

1952

Obverse: The Olympic torch and the Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius Vasos Falireus Th. Oslo, Norway Reverse: A pictogram of and Knut Yvan Marthinsen Oslo City Hall with three snowflakes and written host details Obverse: An "ideal woman" and written host details Reverse: A large snowflake with Pomagagnon in the Costanttino background, the Olympic Affer motto Citius, Altius,

70

137.5

1956

Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy

Lorioli Bros.

60.2

120.5
9/14

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal

06/11/2013

Olympic medal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fortius, and further host details Obverse: The head of a male and female with host details written around them Reverse: Large Olympic Herff Jones rings, the Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius, and the name of the sport Obverse: Torlauf Mountains, "Innsbruck 1964", and "Torlauf" Reverse: The Olympic rings above the emblem of Innsbruck with host details around them

1960

Squaw Valley, U.S.

Herff Jones Company

55.3

4.3

95

1964

Innsbruck, Austria

Martha Coufal (obverse) Austrian Arthur Zegler Mint (reverse)

72

110

1968

Grenoble, France

Obverse: Three snowflakes and the red rose emblem of Grenoble surrounded by Roger Excoffon Paris Mint host details Reverse: A stylised image of each sport Obverse: Pictogram of lines in the snow Reverse: A snowflake, the sun, and the Olympic rings Shape: Square with rounded, wavy lines Obverse: The Olympic rings above the emblem of Innsbruck with host details around them Reverse: The Alps, Bergisel, and the Olympic flame Yagi Kazumi (obverse) Ikko Tanaka (reverse) Mint Bureau of the Finance Ministry

61

3.3

124

1972

Sapporo, Japan

57.3 x 61.3

130

1976

Innsbruck, Austria

Martha Coufal (obverse) Austrian Arthur Zegler Mint (reverse)

70

5.4

164

1980

Lake Placid, U.S.

Obverse: The Olympic torch held in front of the Adirondack Mountains Tiffany & Co. Reverse: A pine cone sprig and the Lake Placid logo Obverse: Event logo with host details surrounding it Reverse: An athletes head wearing a laurel crown Neboja Mitri Shape: Circular but set in a large rounded rectangular shape Obverse: Event logo with host details surrounding it

Medallic Art Company

81

6.1

205

1984

Sarajevo, Yugoslavia

Zlatara Majdanpek and Zavod 71.1 x 65.1 za izradu novanica

3.1

164

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal

10/14

06/11/2013

Olympic medal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1988

Calgary, Canada

Reverse: Two people, one wearing a laurel and the other wearing a headdress made up of winter sports equipment

Fridrich Peter

Jostens

69

193

1992

Albertville, France

Obverse: Glass set into the metal, showing the Olympic rings in front of mountains Ren Lalique Reverse: Rear side of glass section Sparagmite partially covered in gold, one side showing the Olympic rings Ingjerd and host details, the other Hanevold depicting the sport in which the medal was won and the Games emblem Obverse: Partly lacquered, shows the Games emblem Reverse: Mainly lacquer, Takeshi Ito containing the Games emblem over the Shinshu mountains Obverse: An athlete carrying the Olympic torch steps out of flames Reverse: Nike holding a Scott Given, victory leaf surrounded by Axiom Design event details Shape: Irregular circle, like the rocks in Utah's rivers

Ren Lalique

92

9.1

169

1994

Lillehammer, Norway

Th. Marthinsen

80

8.5

131

1998

Nagano, Japan

Kiso Kurashi Craft Center

80

261

2002

Salt Lake City, U.S.

O.C. Tanner

85

10

567

2006

Turin, Italy

Obverse: Graphic elements of the Games Reverse: Pictogram of the Dario Quatrini Ottaviani specific event Shape: Circular with a hole representing a piazza Obverse: An individually cropped section of a large First Nations artwork (orca or raven), making each Corrine Hunt medal unique and Omer Reverse: Emblem of the Arbel Games and event details Shape: Circular but with undulations stopping it from being flat Obverse: "Patchwork quilt" design representing different

107

10

469

2010

Vancouver, Canada

Royal Canadian Mint

100

500576

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal

11/14

06/11/2013

Olympic medal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2014

Sochi, Russian Federation

regions of Russia Reverse: Name of the competition in English and the Sochi logo Shape: Circular

100

10

460,525,531

Presentation
The presentation of the medals and awards changed significantly until the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles brought in what has now become standard. Before 1932 all the medals were awarded at the closing ceremony, with the athletes wearing evening dress for the first few Games. Originally the presenting dignitary was stationary while the athletes filed past to receive their medals. The victory podium was introduced upon the personal instruction in 1931 of Henri de Baillet-Latour, who had seen one used at the 1930 British Empire Games.[20] The winner is in the middle at a higher elevation, with the silver medallist to the right and the bronze to the left.[20] At the 1932 Winter Olympics, medals were awarded in the closing ceremony, with athletes for each event in turn mounting the first-ever podium. At the Summer Olympics, competitors in the Coliseum received their medals immediately after each event for the first time; competitors at other venues came to the Coliseum next day to receive their medals.[20][8] Later Games have had a victory podium at each competition venue. The 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy were the first in which the medals were placed around the neck of the athletes. The medals hung from a chain of laurel leaves, while they are now hung from a coloured ribbon.[16] When Athens hosted the 2004 Summer Olympics the competitors on the podium also received an olive wreath crown.
Jim Thorpe receives his medal at the 1912 Summer Olympics

Participation Medals
Since the beginning of the modern Olympics the athletes and their support staffs, event officials, and certain volunteers involved in planning and managing the games have received commemorative medals and diplomas. Like the winners' medals, these are changed for each Olympiad, with different ones issued for the summer and winter games.[21]

Gallery

Reverse of the plaque from the 1900 Olympic Games in France

James Graves wearing a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics, the last version of the Trionfo design

Vincent Hancock with his gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics, the heaviest Summer Olympics medal to date[22]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal

12/14

06/11/2013

Olympic medal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

See also
Summer Olympic coins Winter Olympic coins Lists of Olympic medalists James Brendan Connolly, recipient of the first winner's medal

References
1. ^ Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, IV.13.2: 'the wild-olive [kotinos] at Olympia, from which the wreaths for the games are made". 2. ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.7.7 (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text? doc=Paus.+5.7.7&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160) 3. ^ a b c d e f London 2012: Olympic medals timeline (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14291544#summer-1928), BBC News. Retrieved 27 July 2011. 4. ^ De Coubertin, Pierre; Timoleon J. Philemon, N.G. Politis and Charalambos Anninos (1897). "The Olympic Games: BC 776AD 1896" (http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf). The Olympic Games in 1896 - Second Part (Athens: Charles Beck). pp. 2324. 5. ^ After this followed the distribution of the second prizes. The King presented each winner with a bronze medal and a laurel branch. (English version) But: Darauf treten die zweiten Sieger einzeln heran und empfangen aus den Hnden des Knigs einen Lorbeerzweig und eine kupferne Medaille (German version) Pierre de Coubertin and others, The Olympic Games In 1 8 9 6, (http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf) Athens , London, Leipzig 1897, p.114 and p. 115. In: The Olympic Games B.C. 776. A. D. 1896. Part II 6. ^ "Athens 1896Medal Table" (http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/table_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1896). International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-05-05. 7. ^ Mallon, Bill (1998). The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 0-7864-0378-0. 8. ^ a b c d e Report 268 (http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_268.pdf). International Olympic Committee. 31 January 2002. Retrieved 11 September 2011. 9. ^ a b c The fine art of victory (http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/sydney2000games/files/modules/63BF7DF2-4224-4A35AF03B3B732AEEAF2/olympic_victory_medals.pdf), Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 11 September 2011. 10. ^ http://www.dendritics.com/scales/metal-calc.asp 11. ^ [1] (http://www.luxist.com/2010/03/02/how-much-is-a-gold-medal-really-worth/) Luxlist. Retrieved 11 November 2012 12. ^ a b Winner's medal for the 1948 Olympic Games in London (http://www.olympic.org/content/museum/museum-treasures/winnersmedals/medal_london_1948/), Olympic.org. Retrieved 5 August 2011. 13. ^ Olympic Summer Games Medals (http://www.athensinfoguide.com/olympicmedalssummer.htm), Athens Info Guide. Retrieved 27 July 2011. 14. ^ Greek anger at Olympic medal design (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/greece/1367176/Greek-anger-atOlympic-medal-design.html), The Telegraph. Retrieved 5 August 2011. 15. ^ Athens' New Olympic Medal Design Win IOC's Nod (http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200307/02/eng20030702_119258.shtml), People Daily. Retrieved 5 August 2011. 16. ^ a b c Olympic Summer Games Medals From Athens 1896 to Beijing 2008 (http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Summer_Games_Medals_ENG.pdf). International Olympic Committee. April 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2011. 17. ^ Magnay, Jacquelin. London 2012 Olympics: medal designs unveiled (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/8665946/London2012-Olympics-medal-designs-unveiled.html). The Telegraph. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011. 18. ^ Xiao Yong (http://www.icograda.org/about/board/articles1900.htm). icograda. Retrieved 11 September 2011. 19. ^ Olympic Winter Games Medals from Chamonix 1924 to Vancouver 2010 (http://www.olympic.org/Assets/OSC%20Section/pdf/QR_2E.pdf). International Olympic Committee. April 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011. 20. ^ a b c Barney, Robert K. (1998). "A Research Note on the Origins of the Olympic Victory Podium" (http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/ISOR/ISOR1998x.pdf) (PDF). International Symposium for Olympic Research. Fourth: Global and Cultural Critique: Problematizing the Olympic Games: 219226. Retrieved 12 September 2013. 21. ^ Olympic Museum (http://www.olympic-museum.de/index.html) 22. ^ http://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2012/07/26/a-closer-look-at-the-olympic-gold-medal/

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympic_medal&oldid=572839795"

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal 13/14

06/11/2013

Olympic medal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Categories: Olympic medals This page was last modified on 14 September 2013 at 03:36. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal

14/14