ISSN: 2278 1323

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013

Shunt Active Power Filter for Harmonic Mitigation by using Fuzzy Logic Controller
Shilpy Agrawal, Vijay Bhuria
Abstract Active filters are widely used in power system for reactive power compensation and voltage / current harmonic elimination. Harmonic contents of the source current has been calculated and compared for the different cases to demonstrate the influence of harmonic extraction circuit on the harmonic compensation characteristic of the shunt active power filter. In this paper, a fuzzy logic controlled, three-phase shunt active filter is used to improve power quality by compensating current harmonics which is required by a nonlinear load. The merit of fuzzy control is that it is based on defined linguistic rules and does not require any mathematical model of the system unlike the other traditional controller. Hence, this paper proposed a control approach and analyzed by simulations.

Recently, Active Power Filters (APF) or Active Power-Line Conditioners (APLC) is developed for compensating harmonics and reactive power simultaneously. The active power filter topology can be connected in series for voltage harmonic compensation and in parallel for current harmonic compensation. Mostly need current harmonic compensation, so the shunt active filter is used than series active filter. The shunt active power filter has the ability to keep the mains current balanced and sinusoidal after Compensation regardless of whether the load is non-linear and balanced or unbalanced [4]. Recently, FLCs have generated a good deal of interest in certain applications. The advantages or FLCs over conventional controllers are that they do not need an accurate mathematical model, they can work with linguistics inputs; can handle lion-linearity, and they are more robust than conventional nonlinear controllers [8]. FLC schemes that is suitable for extracting the fundamental component of the load current(s) and simultaneously controlling dc capacitor voltage of the shunt APLC [3].

Index Terms Active power filter, Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), Harmonic distortion.

I. INTRODUCTION Now a days power electronic based equipments are used in industrial and domestic purpose which have significant impacts on the quality of supplied voltage and have increased the harmonic current distortion on distribution systems. They have many negative effects on power system equipment and point of common coupling, such as additional losses in underground cables, transformers and electric machines, operation of the protection systems, over voltage and shunt capacitor, error of measuring instruments, unbalanced supply voltages, excessive neutral current, poor power factor, increased losses and reduced overall efficiency [6] and efficiency of customer sensitive loads. To reduce power quality problems the active line conditioning systems is an important key, which suppress the power system disturbances. Series active filters are used to solve voltage distortions and related issues. Shunt active filters are able to compensate voltage distortions and compensating for current issues. However, due to complexity of series active compensators comparing with commercially available shunt active filters [1]. Harmonic distortion (HD) is one of the main power quality problems which are caused by the non-linear based loads. The presences of harmonics increase the transformer heating, electromagnetic disturbances and solid state device malfunction. Hence, it is necessary to reduce the dominant harmonics below 5% as Specified in IEEE 519-1992 harmonic standard [2].

II. BASIC COMPENSATION PRINCIPLE Fig 1 shows the proposed SAPF with nonlinear load and controller. The system consists of active filter in shunt [7]. The SAPF consist of six power transistors six power diodes, a dc capacitor and three filters resistor-inductor. The power converter is a voltage source PWM inverter consists with equal series resistances Rc and inductances Lc for each phase. The capacitor C is use as an energy storage capacity. Reduction of current harmonics is achieved by injecting equal but opposite current harmonic components at the point of common coupling (PCC), this facilitates improving the power quality on the connected power system. A. Current supplied by source The instantaneous current, Is (t) = iL (t) ic (t) (1) Source voltage, Vs = Vm sin t (2) Current harmonic components, can be represented as IL (t) = n sin (nt + n) = I1 sin (t + 1) + [ n sin (nt + n) (3) Instantaneous load power, PL (t) = is (t) * Vs (t)

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ISSN: 2278 1323

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 = Vm sin2 t * cos 1 + Vm I1 sin t *cos t * sin 1 + Vm sin t * [ n sin (nt + n)] = Pf (t) + Pr (t) + Ph (t) (4)
Non-linear load

3-phase source
A B C

isc , isb, isa

iLa, iLb, iLc

A B

RL LL

VSa, VSb, VSC

RS, LS

iCa, iCb, iCc

RC, LC

ACTIVE POWER FILTER

G1

G3

G5

VDC

G2

G4

G6

G1

G2

G3

G4

G5

G6 PWM-VSI Inverter isa*

Hysteresis current controller

isb* isc*

Reference current generator

Fuzzy logic controller

VDC ref

isc

isb

isa

VSC

VSb

VSa

Fig1. Block diagram of Shunt Active Power Filter with proposed FLC by an inductance to limit the level of ripple current. The APF From the equation the fundamental power drawn by the load filtering inductor is used to reduce the ripple of VSI fed is Pf (t) = VmI1 sin2 t * cos1 = vs (t) * is (t) (5) converter caused by the switching of the power devices. From this equation the source current this supplied, Hence, the design of filtering inductor is based on principle of Is (t) = pf (t)/vs (t) = I1 COS1 sin t harmonic current reduction technique. On the dc side of the = Ism sin t (6) Shunt APF, capacitor supplies the dc voltage Vdc. The quality Where, of distortion compensation is affected by the choice of the Ism = I1 COS1 (7) energy storage element parameters, a high dc voltage Vdc, The total peak current is ameliorate the dynamics of the filter and minimize the voltage Isp = Ism + Isl (8) ripple in the capacitor. As per the specification of peak of dc If the active filter provides harmonic power, then is(t) will be ripple voltage and rated filter current Ic, rated, the following in phase with the voltage and purely sinusoidal. At this time, relation can obtain for (Cdc): the filter must provide the following compensation current: Ic (t) = iL (t) - is (t) (9) (13) A. Estimation of reference source current The value of Cdc depends on the maximum possible variation The desired source currents, after compensation is, in load and not on the steady state value of load current. Isa* = Isp sin t (10) Hence, proper forecasting in the load variation reduces the Isb* = Isp sin (t+1200) (11) value of C . Further, filter inductor can be calculated as: dc Isc* = Isp sin (t-1200) (12) Where Isp = Ism + Isl is the amplitude of the source current. (14) B. Role of DC side capacitor The active filter produces a fundamental voltage which is in-phase with fundamental leading current of the passive filter. A small amount of APF is consisting due to the leading current and fundamental voltage of the passive filter and it delivers to the dc capacitor. Therefore, the electrical quantity adjusted by the dc-voltage controller is consequently. To maintain Vdc equal to its reference value, the losses through filters resistive-inductive branches will be compensated by acting on the supply current. C. Design of DC side capacitor (Cdc) Mainly, selection of active power filter inductor (LC), DC link capacitor (Cdc) and it is reference value (Vdc,ref) are the main parameters while designing the power circuit. The output of the bridge is a PWM voltage that has to be filtered D. Hysteresis current controller (HCC) HCC is utilized independently for each phase and directly generates the switching signals for three-phase voltage source inverter. An error signal e(t) is the difference between the desired current iref (t) and the actual current iactual(t). If the error current exceeds the upper limit of the hysteresis controller, the upper switch of the inverter arm is turned OFF and the lower switch is turned ON [4]. If the error current flow through the lower limit of the hysteresis controller, the lower switch of the inverter arm is turned OFF and the upper switch is turned ON. Than result, the current gets back into the hysteresis controller. The switching performance as follows

S=

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 III. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER Fuzzy logic control is deduced from fuzzy set theory in 1965; where transition is between membership and non membership function. Hence, limitation of fuzzy sets can be undefined and ambiguous; FLCs are an excellent choice when precise mathematical formula calculations are impossible. Fig2 shows block diagram of the fuzzy logic control technique. For implementing the control algorithm of a shunt active power filter in a closed loop and sensed the dc capacitor voltage, then compared with the desired reference value VDC,ref . The error signal e =VDC, ref VDC is passed through Butterworth design based LPF with a cut off frequency of 50 Hz; that pass only the fundamental component. The error signal e(n) and integration of error signal is termed as ce(n) are used as inputs for fuzzy processing [4]. The output of the FLC limits the magnitude of peak reference current Imax. This current takes care of the active power demand of the non-linear load and losses in the distribution system. The switching signals for the PWM inverter are generated by comparing the actual source currents (isa ,isb ,isc) with the reference current (isa*,isb*,isc *) using the HCC method.
Rule base

D. Database: The Database keeps the definition of the triangular membership function which required by fuzzifier and defuzzifier. E. Rule Base: The Rule base stores the linguistic control rules required by rule evaluator (decision making logic). The rules used in this proposed controller are shown in table 1. Table1. Fuzzy control rule
e(n)/ ce(n) NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB NB NB NB NB NM NS ZE NB NB NB NM NS ZE PS NB NB MN NS ZE PS PM NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB NM NS ZE PS PM PB PB NS ZE PS PM PB PB PB ZE PS PM PB PB PB PB NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB

VDC,ref

e(n) Fuzzification Rule evaluator (decision making) Defuzzification

Ce(n) VDC

Data base

Fig3. Triangular membership function for input variable error

Fig2. Fuzzy Logic Controller A. Fuzzification: Fuzzy logic uses linguistic variables instead of numerical variables. In a control system, error between reference signal and output signal can be assigned as Negative Big (NB), Negative Medium (NM), Negative Small (NS), Zero (ZE), Positive small (PS), Positive Medium (PM), Positive Big (PB) [5]. The triangular membership function is used for fuzzifications. The process of fuzzification converts numerical variable (real number) to a linguistic variable (fuzzy number). B. Rule Elevator: FLC uses linguistic variables instead of the numerical values. The basic FLC operation uses the following fuzzy set rules to control the system AND -Intersection: AB = min [ A(X), B (x)] OR -Union: AB = max [ A(X), B (x)] NOT -Complement: A =1 A(x) C. Defuzzification: The rules of FLC generate required output in a linguistic variable, according requirements; linguistic variables have to be transformed to crisp output. This selection of strategy is a compromise between accuracy and computational intensity. 1952 www.ijarcet.org Fig4. Triangular membership function for input variable change of error

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013

Fig5. Triangular membership function for output variable maximum current IV. SIMULATION AND RESULTS The performance of the proposed fuzzy logic control strategy is evaluated through simulation using Matlab/Simulink power tools. Power devices used are IGBTs with diodes. System parameters Values Source voltage, frequency 120V, 50 Hz Source impedance (Rs,Ls) 0.1, 0.15mH Filter impedance (Rc,Lc) 0.3, 3.3mH Load impedance (Rl,Ll) 6.5, 18mH Reference DC link voltage (Vdc,ref) 200V DC link capacitance (Cdc) 1900F Switching frequency (fs) 10-12 KHz FLC based APF system simulation results are verified and presented; the source voltage before compensation is presented in Fig7 which shows the voltage is sinusoidal. The source current before compensation is shown in Fig8.

Fig8. Source current after compensation

Fig9. Filtering current of FLC By using fuzzy logic controller, total harmonic distortion (THD) reduces from 28.61% to 3.85%. Which are shows in fig10 and fig11.

Fig6. Source voltage before compensation

Fig10. FLC based APF; Order of harmonics, The source current without active filter (THD=28.61%),

Fig11. FLC based APF; Order of harmonics, The source current with active power filter (THD=3.85%)

Fig7. Source current before compensation V. CONCLUSION The shunt APF is implemented with three-phase supply controlled with voltage source inverter and is connected at the 1953

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 point of common coupling for filtering the current harmonics. The VSI switching signals are derived from hysteresis band current controller. The hysteresis controller changes the bandwidth based on instantaneous compensation current variation. The proposed controller based shunt active power filter performs perfectly for mitigate the harmonics and FLC is better than other controllers. REFERENCES
[1] Alireza Javadi, Handy Fortin Blanchette, Kamal Al- Haddad An advanced control algorithm for series hybrid active filter adopting UPQC behavior, 38th annual conference on IEEE industrial electronics society, 2012, pp 5318-5328. G. Jayakrishna, K.S.R.Anjaneyulu Fuzzy Logic Control based Three Phase Shunt Active Filter for Voltage Regulation and Harmonic Reduction International Journal of Comput er Applications (0975 8887), vol 10 No.5, November 2010. Karuppanan P and KamalaKanta Mahapatra PI, PID and FLC for Reactive Power and Harmonic Compensation IEEE on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES), 2010, pp: 1 6. Karuppanan P and KamalaKanta Mahapatra, PLL with PI, PID and FLCs based Shunt Active Power Line Conditioners IEEE PEDESInternational Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems, 2010. Nitin Gupta and S. P. Singh, S. P. Dubey Fuzzy logic controlled shunt active power filter for reactive power compensation and harmonic elimination IEEE on Computer and Communication Technology (ICCCT), 2011 , pp: 82 87. Parag Kanjiya, Vinod Khadkikar and Hatem H. Zeineldin A non-iterative optimized algorithm for shunt active power filter under distorted and unbalanced power supply IEEE transactionl on industrial electronics, 2011. Sakshi Bangia, P R Sharma, Maneesha GargSimulation of Fuzzy Logic Based Shunt Hybrid Active Filter for Power Quality Improvement MECS, I.J. Intelligent Systems and Applications, vol 02, 2013, pp 96-104. S.K. Jain, P. Agrawal and H.O. Gupta Fuzzy logic controlled shunt active power filter for power quality improvement IEEE on Electric Power Applications, IEE Proceedings, vol149, Issue:5, 2002 , pp 317 328.

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Shilpy Agrawal received the B.E. degree in Electronics & communication from MPCT, Gwalior. She is pursuing M.E. in ISD from Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior (M.P.), India. Vijay Bhuria received the M.Tech degree from MANIT, Bhopal. He is currently working as Assistant Professor in Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior (M.P.), India.

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