Specification

Section 10 - Concrete
1001: Standard Mixes Concrete mixes will be standard mixes given in BS5328 and is specified by its required performance in terms of a strength grade. TABLE 13: Standard Mixes and Related Strengths Standard mix Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days assued for structural design N/mm(-MPa) ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST5 7.5 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

The mix proportions for standard mixes given in table 14 are based on the use of cements of standard strength classes 42.5 or higher. The mass of cement given in table 14 shall be increased by 10% when cements of standard strengths classes 32.5 and 37.5 are used. 1002: Constituent Materials The material used shall be selected from table 15 as appropriate. The producer shall take one or more of the precautions 2 to 4 in 4.2.4 of BS.5328: Part 1: 1001 to minimise the risk of damage due to alkali-silica reaction associated with the selection of materials or mix proportions.

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TABLE 14: Mix proportions for standard mixes Standard Mix Constituents Nominal maximum size of aggregate 40mm slump 75mm ST1 Cement (kg) Total aggregate (kg) Cement (kg) Total aggregate (kg) Cement (kg) Total aggregate (kg) Cement (kg) Total aggregate (kg) Cement (kg) Total aggregate (kg) Fine aggregate (%age by mass of total aggregate) 180 2010 210 1980 240 1950 280 1920 320 1890 30 - 45 slump 125mm 200 1950 230 1920 260 1900 300 1860 340 1830 30 - 45 20mm slump 75mm 210 1940 240 1920 270 1890 270 1860 340 1830 35 - 50 slump 125mm 230 1880 260 1860 300 1820 330 1800 370 1770 35 - 50

ST2

ST3

ST4

ST5

ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST5

Fine aggregate (%aggregate by mass of total aggregate) Grading limits C Grading limits M Grading limits F

30 - 40 25 - 35 25 - 30

35 - 45 30 - 40 25 - 35

Note 1. The cement contents together with the total masses of saturated surface dry aggregates and added water will produce approximately one cubic metre of concrete. The values given are based on typical values of the relative densities of cement and aggregates. For some aggregates having higher or lower relative densities, adjustments may be required to the quantity of aggregates to produce this volume of concrete having the required workability and cement content.

Note 3. The aggregate for mixes ST1, ST2 and ST3 may be batched by volume. Note 4. When standard mixes are specified with workabilities less than 75mm slump, the mix proportions are to be taken from the appropriate 75mm slump column.

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Note 2. The values given for aggregate content may be adjusted to allow also for the characteristics of the aggregates as described in 4.3.2. of BS 5328: Part 3: 1990.

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TABLE 15: Materials for use in standard mixes Standard mixes ST1, ST2, ST3 Cement Portland Portland blastfurnace Portland pulverized-fuel ash Sulphate-resisting Portland Low alkali sulphate-resisting Portland Combinations manufactured in the concrete mixer from Portland cement and ggbs or pfa BS 12 in combination with ground granulated blastfurnace slag complying with BS 6699 BS 12 in combination with pulverized-fuel ash complying with BS 3892: Part 1 Course aggregates Fine aggregate All-in aggregate BS 882 BS 1047 BS 882 BS 882 BS 12 BS 146 BS 6588 ST4, ST5 BS 12 BS 146 BS 6588 BS 4027 BS 4027

Combinations of which the proportions and properties conform to clauses 2 to 8 1)2), except 5.3 of BS 1463): 1991 BS 6588 BS 882 BS 1047 BS 882 Not allowed

1003: Delivery and Storage of Materials Cement shall be stored in a dry weatherproof place on a raised wooden floor or in a silo. Coarse aggregates shall be delivered to Site in separate sizes (2 sizes where the maximum size is 20mm). All aggregates brought upon the Site shall be kept free from contact with deleterious matter and in the case of aggregates passing a 5mm sieve they should be deposited on Site for not less than 8 hours before use. Aggregates of different sizes shall be stored in different stockpiles which shall be kept separate from each other. 1004: Mixing Concrete Concrete shall be mixed in a batch type mixer manufactured in accordance with BS.1305 or similar approved type and shall be maintained to the manufacturers specification. Mixers which have been out of use for more than 30 minutes shall be thoroughly cleaned before any fresh concrete is mixed. Mixing plant shall be thoroughly cleaned before changing from one type of cement to another.

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Concrete shall not be mixed when the air temperature in the shade is below 3C (38F) unless special precautions are taken which have been approved by the Engineer. No frozen material or materials containing ice shall be used. During hot weather the Developer shall ensure that the constituent materials of the concrete are sufficiently cool to prevent the concrete from stiffening in the interval between its discharge from the mixer and compaction in its final position. 1005: Ready-Mixed Concrete Ready-mixed concrete shall only be secured from a certified supplier, certified by the following bodies:The Quality Scheme for Ready Mixed Concrete Ltd 3 High Street Hampton Middlesex TW12 2SQ BSI Quality Assurance P O Box 375 Milton Keynes MK14 6LL Ready-mixed concrete as defined in BS.1926, batched off site, shall comply with all requirements of the Specification. The concrete shall be carried in purpose made agitators, operating continuously or truck mixers. The concrete shall be compacted and in its final position within 2 hours of the introduction of cement to the aggregates. The time of such introduction shall be recorded on the Delivery Note, together with the weight of the constituents of each mix. When truck mixed concrete is used, water shall be added under supervision at the central batching plant, under no circumstances shall water be added in transit. Truck mixer units and their mixing and discharge performance shall comply with the requirements of BS.4251. Mixing shall continue for not less than 100 revolutions at a rate of not less than 7 revolutions per minute. 1006: Transport and Placing Concrete shall be so transported and placed that contamination does not occur.

Fresh concrete shall not be placed against in-situ concrete which has been in position for more than 30 minutes unless a construction joint is formed. Concrete shall be compacted in its final position within 30 minutes of discharge from the mixer unless carried in purpose made agitators, operating continuously, when the time shall be within 2 hours of the introduction of cement to the mix and within 30 minutes of discharge from the agitator. 15-53

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All formwork and reinforcement contained in it shall be clean and free from standing water, snow or ice immediately before the placing of concrete.

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Concrete shall not be dropped into place from a height exceeding 2m. When trucking or chutes are used they shall be kept clean and used in such a way as to avoid segregation. No concrete shall be placed in flowing water, or below standing water. 1007: Compaction of Concrete All concrete shall be compacted to produce a dense homogeneous mass and shall be compacted with the assistance of vibrators unless agreed otherwise by the Engineer. Concrete shall not be subjected to vibration between 4 and 24 hours after compaction. 1008: Curing of Concrete Immediately after compaction and for 7 days thereafter, concrete shall be protected against harmful effects of weather, including rain, rapid temperature changes, frost and from drying out. The methods of protection shall be approved by the Engineer, but in all cases shall prevent loss of moisture from the concrete. 1009: Cement Mortar Cement mortar shall have the properties of cement : sand of 1 : 3. Sand shall be a natural sand or crushed natural stone or a combination of both as specified in BS.1200. Mortar shall be mixed thoroughly either by hand or mechanically until its colour and consistency are uniform. The constituent materials shall be accurately gauged, allowance being made for bulking of sand. Mortar shall be made in small quantities only as and when required. Mortar which has begun to set or which has been mixed for a period of more than 1 hour shall be discarded. 1010: Aggregates for Concrete Aggregates for concrete shall consist of naturally occurring material complying with the requirements of BS.882. Alternatively with the approval of the Engineer, coarse aggregate may consist of crushed air-cooled blast-furnace slag complying with BS.1047, the grading being to Table 1 of BS.1047. The flakiness index when determined by the sieve method described in BS.812 shall not exceed 35 for any size of coarse aggregate used in pavement quality concrete except in Class E concrete, and lean concrete which are exempted from this restriction. 1011: Testing of Concrete Testing of concrete, other than testing of lean concrete, shall comply with the following requirements:!

Where a batch has been sampled for the purpose of making cube tests, 1 cube shall be made from each of the 3 samples for test at 28 days. The cubes shall be made, cured and tested in accordance with BS. 1881. 15-54

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!

The appropriate strength requirements for each set of 3 cubes shall be satisfied if none of the strengths of the 3 cubes is below the cube strength specified in Table 13, or if the average strength is not less than the specified cube strength and the difference between the greatest and least strengths is not more than 20 per cent of the average. Where a batch has been sampled for the purpose of determining the workability of concrete, 1 test shall be made on each sample by compacting factor apparatus or other method approved by the Engineer.

1012: Admixtures Unless agreed by the Engineer neither admixtures nor cements containing additives shall be used.

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