BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this Assignment. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. We take this opportunity to thank all those who have assisted to us and guided, encouraged in numerous ways in our course and Assignment Department of Quantity surveying of the British College of Applied Studies., for helping us to obtain the information to carry out this Assignment Successfully. I extend my most grateful and sincere to thanks to our lecturer Mr.MM.Mubeen for guiding us throughout our Subject Duration and for all valuable suggestions given to us during the Subject time to complete the Assignment. I would like to express my gratitude towards my family of for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project.

Thank you

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CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..1 CONTENTS2 TASK 1.1.3 TASK 1.2.6 TASK 1.3.9 TASK 1.4.11 TASK 1.5.15 CONCLUSION20 REFERENCE...21

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 1.1 Propose a suitable concrete grade for the columns, slab and beams and discuss in brief the factors increases the strength of the concrete.

GRADE OF CONCRETE The desired properties of concrete are its compressive strength, tensile strength, shear strength, bond strength, density, impermeability, durability, etc. Among these, the property that can be easily tested, and is perhaps the most valuable is the compressive strength. This is measured by standard tests on concrete cube specimens. Many of the other important properties of concrete can be inferred from the compressive strength, using correlations that have been experimentally established. The Quality or Grade of concrete is designated in terms of a number, which denotes its characteristic compressive strength, expressed in MPa. The number is usually preceded by the letter M, which refers to mix. Thus, for example, M 25 grade concrete denotes a concrete whose mix is so designed as to generate a characteristic strength of 25MPa; the meaning of this term is explained in the next section. Adverse environmental exposure conditions, higher grades of concrete are called for. For moderate, severe, very severe and extreme exposure conditions, the minimum grades prescribed are M 25, M 30, M 35 and M 40 respectively, for reinforced concrete work. It should be noted that the higher grades specified here are dictated, not by the need for higher compressive strength, but by the need for improved durability. The need is for high performance concrete, and it is only incidental that this high performance is correlated with high strength. In practice, although M 25 is the minimum grade specified for reinforced concrete, it is prudent to adopt a higher grade. However, there are specific applications that may call for the grade of concrete to be decided on the basis of considerations of strength, rather than durability. For example, the use of high strength is desirable in the columns of very tall buildings, in order to reduce their cross-sectional dimensions; this is desirable even under mild environmental exposure. The definition of the term high strength has been changing over the years, with technological advancements resulting in the development of higher strengths. The present Code describes grades of concrete above M 60 as high strength concrete. Concrete grades in the range M 25 to M 55 are described as standard strength concrete, and grades in the range M 10 to M 20 are termed ordinary concrete. A two storied office building constructed nominal mix of 1:11/2:3 (12.5mm) (cement: sand: coarse aggregate), which used to columns, slab and beam conform approximately to M 25 grade of concrete is presently found to yield higher grades , which are now commonly available in the market conditions.

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Factors Affecting Strength

Water/Cement (w/c) Ratio -- The capillary porosity of a properly compacted concrete is determined by the w/c ratio. If concrete is not properly compacted it may contain voids which will contribute to its porosity. At low w/c ratios where full compaction is difficult to achieve, the relationship between w/c and strength is invalid. There are some problems associated with using the w/c ratio as the primary indicator of strength. For example, if finer cements and admixtures are used, 7- and 28-day strengths may not represent the true quality of the cement. However, until some other field test is available, w/c ratio remains the best indicator of strength and durability.

Time -- The rate of strength gain depends of the w/c ratio, low w/c ratio mixes gain strength faster than high w/c ratio mixes. As a general rule the ratio of 28-day to 7day compressive strengths lies between 1.3 and 1.7, and is generally less than 1.5. These ratios are not valid if accelerators or extreme curing temperatures are used.

Figure 1.11 Moist Curing Time and Compressive Strength Gain

The Maturity Concept -- The hydration of cement is greatly affected by both the time and the temperature of hydration, therefore, strength gain is controlled by these two factors. The concept of "maturity" is a function of the product of curing time and temperature. The assumption is that concrete of different mixes, curing times, and curing temperatures will have about the same strength at the same level of maturity. A datum or reference point below which no concrete will gain strength is commonly a value of 100C. The general trend is that as maturity increases compressive strength increases, especially at low maturity values. Cement -- From our previous study we known that the chemical composition and fineness of cement affect the strength of concrete. Early strength comes from C3S and later strength from C2S. Cement that hydrates more slowly will have lower initial strength but higher ultimate strength. The degree of fineness also affects the strength; the rate of hydration increases with the increase of fineness. Aggregate -- Second to w/c ratio, aggregate is an important factor affecting concrete strength. The most important properties of aggregate are shape and texture and the maximum aggregate size. Since aggregate is generally much stronger than cement paste the strength of the aggregate is less important. Texture affects both the bond and the

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stress level at micro-cracks. This type of behavior will affect the tensile strength but will not affect the compressive strength. Compressive strength depends on the strength of the aggregate itself.

CuringProper curing is very important in achieving strength of concrete.

Figure:- 1.13 curing

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 1.2 Propose different types of floor finishes for office room and conference room and brief their advantages and disadvantages.
Office Room Floor Finishes

An office is generally a room or other area in which people work, but may also denote a position within an organization with specific duties attached to it the latter is in fact an earlier usage, office as place originally referring to the location of one's duty. Office Room is a place where flooring should be beautiful as well as comfortable. Propose are

Terrazzo Flooring

This flooring is durable, easy to wash, but requires periodic polishing to maintain shining. The choice is limited to natural colors and color of the chips. It is slippery when wet.

Marble Flooring

This flooring is also good choice for bedroom as this is easy to clean and wipe. This flooring is hard and durable, stain free and fire resistant.

Figure:- 1.21 Office Room

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Conference Floor Finishes Conference is a place where you spend most of your time. So the flooring should be durable and comfortable. The following floorings are laid in a Conference room. Conference room floor finishes are

Ceramic Tile Flooring

This flooring is also a good choice for living room/lobby. Tile flooring is strong, stain free, scratch resistant, bacteria free, fire proof, anti-slip and easy to wash. Ceramic tile flooring does not require any polishing. It has very long life and provides various combinations in terms of designs, colors and finishes.

Wooden flooring

This type of flooring is also ideal flooring for living room/lobby. It is noise less and provides good insulation to room. This flooring does not get heated during summer and also does not get cool during winter like other floorings. The occupants can use the room bare footed. Conference room Suitable floor finishes is Ceramic Tile.

Figure:- 1.22 Conference room.

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Ceramic Advantages of Ceramic

There is a huge variety of shapes, sizes, patterns and colors to choose from when it comes to ceramic. Ceramic is less expensive than most hard-surface materials, and is water- and stainresistant and easy to clean. Ceramic tiles are easy and affordable for do-it-yourselfers to install, and they also provide a myriad of creative decorating options.

Disadvantages of Ceramic

Glossy ceramic tile can be quite slippery when wet, grout lines are labor-intensive to keep clean and ceramic is cold and hard on the feet. Low-quality ceramic tiles can chip, and tiles that have been laid on a less than perfectly flat and smooth underlay can crack.

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 1.3 What type of wall you prefer for external wall discuss the advantages and disadvantages on the proposed method
A wall has two basic functions: To support the loads of suspended floors and roof Environmental protection

In order to satisfactorily fulfils these functions there are a number of requirements for an external load bearing wall. These are: Strength and stability Weather protection Good thermal insulation Fire protection

Durability
Materials The two most common materials used nowadays for walling in domestic construction are brickwork and block work. Stone or artificial stone (a mixture of stone dust and cement) may be used for new buildings but they are very expensive forms of construction and are unlikely to be found on new estates unless there are specific planning requirements.

Brickwork The majority of bricks are made from clay which is usually prepared by grinding and mixing with water. This plastic compound is formed into the required brick shape and then dried and fired in a kiln. Different clays have different characteristics and, by using special manufacturing techniques, bricks of various colours and strengths can be produced. Bricks can broadly be classified in three types: Common bricks Facing bricks

Engineering bricks
Bricks can also be classified by their resistance to frost attack and their soluble salt content, both of which affect their long term durability.

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Advantages of bricks (i) Suitable for light ornamental work (ii) Cheap (iii) Afford great facility in maintaining proper bond in the masonry. (iv) Result in quick construction. (v) For construction of jambs of doors and windows, for the walls meeting at abate/acute angle, bricks offer greater facility. (vi) Defects of careless brick layer can be canceled by plastering. (vii) Can be built in small thickness of 10 cm. (viii) More fire resisting. (ix) Durable

Disadvantages of bricks (i) Less strength (ii) Less weather resisting qualities (iii) Plastering or pointing is necessary (iv) Gets damp. (v) Salts present in the sewage react chemically with exposed brick.

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 1.4 Propose a suitable roof with roof frame and discuss
Below are some common roof designs that are used when considering an architectural drawing for a house. The most common, because of their flexibility and ease of use in home design are gable roofs and hip roofs. Gable Roof Hip Roof

Gable Roof A gable is a triangle formed by the 2 sloping planes of roof of a building, meeting at the ridge beam in the middle. Gable roof dormers project at right angle to the roof. In a gabled dormer, the side walls take the load of roof rafters and shift the load on to the rafters in the main roof. Advantages and Disadvantages of Gable Dormers Gable dormers have a universal appeal. These are traditional in style, simple in design, easy and inexpensive to construct. The gable design uses the force of gravity for stability of its elements. They provide extra space for living, by allowing 1/2 story space at the top of your house. Because of their steep sloping sides, the gable dormers allow easier flow of water down the roof. They can withstand most climates, and particularly heavy snowfalls. As the snow slides off easily on the steep slope of roof, there is no danger to the roof for damage on caving in. These roofs suitable for places where there is ban for storied houses, like in some communities. A gable roof will also not shade the walls at its gables. I propose is Gable Roof.

Figure:- 1.41 Gable Roof

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Hip Roof Dormer In a hipped dormer, the hip roof slopes upward on all 3 sides of its structure. There are no vertical ends. The external angle at which 3 adjacent sloping sides of the roof meet is called a hip. The degree of such a slope is denoted as the hip bevel. There is a triangular sloping surface created by hips, which meets at the ridge of a roof. This is known as a hip end. A square hipped roof has a single point at the top from where its sides slope down. In the same manner, the rectangular hipped roof makes an edge on top of the projected length. Hip dormers are very sturdy. The hipped dormers are commonly built in ranch homes and cottages. Advantages and Disadvantages of Hipped Roofs Hipped roof dormers provide comfort, utility and sturdiness. It is easier to construct their walls, which are at 1 level, and carry the load of roof. The hip roofs are symmetrical about their middle line. The hip roofs at the top of the house reveal all the sides, and present a clean aesthetic look. As this type of roofs have a steady, level fascia, it is easier to fit a gutter all around. Moreover, there are eaves all round, which also protect the building walls from severe weather conditions, and provide the shade on walls from the sun. You need less energy for cooling the house in warm weather. A hip roof is much stronger in withstanding the wind pressure in a hurricane, and more suitable for regions of Northern Australia and Gulf Coast in Southeastern United States, to comply with the strict construction codes. The disadvantage with the hipped dormers is that they provide less space, because of the slanting plane on their front side. Hip roof dormers are more complex to construct than a gabled dormer, as they involve more use of more intricate systems of trusses, and thus cost more.

Figure:- 1.42 Hip Roof Dormer

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Roof Truss Less skilled carpenters can be utilized to erect the trusses resulting in lower labor costs. These cost savings should reduce the price of nearly any new home being built. Ask nearly any modern builder and they will probably tell you that prefabricated trusses are much better than conventional roof framing. Advantages of Prefabricated Roof Trusses Trusses span longer distances and eliminate the need for inside load bearing walls. Less costly than stick roof framing because they are made of shorter lengths of two by four stock as opposed to the larger framing members required of conventional rafter and ceiling framing. Trusses can be designed for nearly any ceiling or roof combination required in modern custom homes. Trusses are designed by engineers to meet the roof load and building code requirements. Trusses can usually be erected in one day, reducing the amount of time the inside of the new home is exposed to outside weather conditions. Less experienced carpenters can be used to erect trusses, further reducing labor costs.

The Common Roof Truss The common truss can be recognized by its triangular shape and will make up the bulk of any new home truss package. Common trusses consist of seven main parts. Top chord to which the roof sheathing is applied. Bottom chord to which the drywall or other finished ceiling is attached. Bearing point where the common truss is designed to sit on the outside bearing walls. Web supports are utilized to hold the top chord in the proper position, at intermediary points from the peak to the bearing point. King post is used to help support the peak or top of the common truss. Metal gussets are used everywhere the web supports and king post intersect the top and bottom chord as well as at the bearing point. Tail of the truss is used to make the eave or overhang and provides a way to attach soffit and fascia.

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Figure:- 1.43 Common Roof Truss I propose is this roof frame. Other Types of Roof Trusses Raised heel trusses are taller at the bearing point and allow for additional insulation at the outside edge of the building. Scissor trusses are normally used to form a cathedral ceiling. Hip trusses are used to frame a hip roof and available in three basic types, terminal hip truss system, hip master truss system, step down hip truss system, and Dutch hip truss system. Girder trusses are used to eliminate the need for a load bearing wall and placed where two roof lines intersect. Mono trusses are half of a common truss and usually placed at a ninety degree angle to the girder truss. Room in attic trusses come with the bottom chord utilized as the floor joist and the support webs designed to frame the walls of the room. Gambrel trusses are used to form a gambrel or camel back barn style roof. Polynesian trusses are utilized to form a Polynesian style roof. Tri Bearing as the name implies has three bearing points instead of the normal two and used on larger trusses

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 1.5 Discuss different types of door and window arrangements and propose them the most suitable one for this building.
Various doors enrich aesthetic beauty and provide safety to our homes. Readymade doors are one of them and work like solid barriers in a wall. They are used for access between rooms and are closed for privacy. These doors consist of two parts - frame and shutter. Readymade doors are available in various shapes, designs and materials are Wooden Doors Iron or Steel Doors PVC or plastic doors Aluminum doors

Wooden Doors These doors are becoming popular for their nice look, less cost and better strength than paneled doors. Wooden doors are easy to make and undergo little expansion or contraction with the changes in weather. These doors are available in thickness of 25 mm, 30mm, and 35mm. The width and height of flush door shutter should be according to drawing. All four edges of a shutter should be square.

Figure:- 1.51 Wooden Door

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Iron or Steel Doors Rolling shutters are used for main door entry of shops, commercial complex and garage in houses. M.S. angles, T- Iron and square bars iron doors are provided at entry gate of the house. Steel doors are extremely durable and can also be polished. The only drawback of these doors is that they easily corrode and discolor.

Figure:- 1.52 Iron or Steel Doors

PVC or plastic doors PVC or plastic doors are mostly used in toilets and remain unaffected from water and termite effects etc. They are available in wide range of colors and required sizes. PVC doors are anti corrosive, light weight and maintenance free. They are manufactured in plastic factories. Plastic doors are resistant to moisture and chemical but they cant resist harsh environment conditions like wooden or metal doors. These doors are not suitable for entry doors as they are combustible in nature, hence they should be saved from fire.

Figure:- 1.53 plastic doors

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Aluminum doors Aluminum doors are provided in shops, departmental stores, hotels and commercial establishments. In official and residential buildings, aluminum doors are used to offer architectural considerations between formal and informal areas. They are durable and prevent unwanted intrusions. Aluminum doors are good choices for houses with modern designs. These doors do not rust, provide weatherproof qualities but they can be water stained easily and look white due to oxidation.

Figure:- 1.54 Aluminum door

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Window Types Windows come in a variety of styles each of which has it's specific name. Make sure as you look at windows and window prices that you are familiar with the primary options. Primary window types or styles: Casement Window Double-hung windows Sliding windows Hopper windows Awning windows

Casement Window Type Casement windows swing open at the side and typically the entire window opens offering a large ventilation area. Casement windows use a crank to open or close rather than pushing or pulling on the window as with most other types.

Figure:- 1.55 Casement Window

Double-hung Windows Double-hung windows have traditionally been the most used type of window. You open the window by lifting the bottom towards the top and/or the top towards the bottom. (In single-hung window versions only one window (top or bottom) moves while the other is fixed.)

Figure:- 1.56 Double-hung windows

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Sliding windows Sliding windows are much like a sliding glass door. You open a pane by moving it towards the opposite side of the window.

Figure:- 1.57 Sliding windows Hopper windows Hopper windows are often used in basements. They offer a hinge at the bottom of the window and open inside.

Figure:- 1.58 Hopper windows

Awning windows

Awning windows are the opposite of Hoppers. They swing open to the outside from the hinge located at the top.Commonly used above doors.

Figure:- 1.59 Awning windows

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CONCLUSION

This assessment is designed to provide the knowledge in building construction. Successful functions of a quantity surveyor required a sound fundamental knowledge and thorough understanding of the composition of building elements and their concrete grade, increases the strength of the concrete, floor, finishes, wall, roof, door and window and construction methods. This knowledge and understanding is mandatory for measurements, estimation, preparing the tender documents & project planning. This assessment will enable learners to understand, apply and analyze the site investigation methods, structural element and method construction.

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REFERENCE
MM.Mubeen, BTEC HND in QS & CE, tutorials concrete, form work, roof, openings, finishing and masonry. Chudley,R(1897) construction technology- vol 3, longman: Singapore publishers(Pte)Ltd. Edward Allen and Joseph lano, Fundamentals of Building Construction, 4 edition Roy Chudley, Roger Greeno, Construction Technology, R. Chudley, Roger Greeno , Building Construction Handbook
http://www.calfinder.com/library/window/types http://www.bobcometal.com/sheet-metal-roof.html http://jahnbar.hubpages.com/hub/Jahnbar-House-Plan-Home-Ideas http://osengis.blogspot.com/2011_05_01_archive.html

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