Static FC/TCR Compensator

Guide for electrical design engineers
Power Quality
Grzegorz TKACZEWSKI & Artur KOS
AGH-University of Science & Technology
STATIC FC/TCR COMPENSATOR FOR

ARC FURNACE COMPENSATION
Power Quality
Power Quality
www.leonardo-energy.org
1. INTRODUCTION
Industrial facilities are source of major disturbances to power system due to more
and more large power loads being installed that, apart of their good functional
properties, are characterized by negative impact on the quality of power. Such
loads are the cause of the supply voltage distortion, unbalance and fluctuations.
Depending on the load type, such disturbances may occur separately or
concurrently. These disturbances are propagated through distribution systems to
other users' networks, impair operating conditions of equipment and, in extreme
cases, prevent operation of electrical equipment sensitive to such disturbances.
Among industrial loads, having the most adverse impact on a power system due
to the emitted disturbances, are steelworks electric arc furnaces. They cause
mainly:
• unbalance of currents and voltages,

• current and voltage distortion,
• fluctuations of active and reactive power, supply voltage fluctuations and
flicker [6].
The adverse impact of non-linear loads on a power system can be mitigated by

means of compensation equipment like fixed capacitor (FC), thyristor controlled
reactor (TCR) - FC/TCR. The purpose of FC/TCR compensator is compensation
of the fundamental component reactive power and filtering selected current
harmonics.
Such compensator is an example of the indirect compensation method in which,
depending on the needs of the voltage restorer or the reactive power
compensator function, the value of the sum of two current components is
controlled:
• fundamental harmonic of the capacitor current iFC, operated mostly as
high harmonics filter(s) (the FC section)
• fundamental harmonic of the reactor current iTCR controlled by means of a
phase-controlled thyristor AC switch (the TCR section) [8].
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Static FC/TCR Compensator for Arc Furnace Compensation
2. FC/TCR COMPENSATOR
Fig. 1. Diagram of the static VAR compensator comprising Fig. 2. Diagram of the three-phase static compensator
a fixed capacitor bank and reactors whose reactive cur- with a phase-controlled reactor section
rents are controlled by means of thyristor AC switches
The FC/TCR compensator consists of a fixed capacitor bank divided into several
three-phase sections incorporating reactors, utilized also as high-order current
harmonics filters, and parallel reactors whose fundamental current harmonic is
controlled means of thyristor AC switches. The reactors' current can be
controlled in a continuous manner from zero, if the switch is turned off, to its
maximum value, when the reactor is directly connected to the source. The
compensator schematic diagram is shown in figure 1.
The capacitor banks generate capacitive reactive current of non-controlled value,
whereas the reactor section (TCR) current is controlled within the range from
zero to the current of a reactor being connected directly to the source. The
reactive current fundamental harmonic of such compensator is:
ik = -iC + iL (1)
where:
iC – the fundamental harmonic of the capacitor bank current (non-
controlled value)
iL – the fundamental harmonic of the inductive unit current (controlled
value)
ik – the fundamental harmonic of the compensator current.
Under symmetrical control conditions and balanced circuit parameters (the same
phase reactances and equal thyristors' control angles) the 3-rd harmonic and its
multiples do not occur.
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The compensator enables continuous control of reactive current over the range
from -Ic to -Ic + IL. Maximum voltage across the AC switches' thyristors does not
exceed the amplitude of the phase-to-phase voltage of a power system, i.e. it is
more than two times smaller than the voltage across the thyristors switching the
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capacitor bank sections. The phase current of FC-TCR reactor section is
times larger than the thyristor switches (reactors') currents [2].
The three-phase compensator circuit is shown in figure 2. The compensator
comprises delta connected, fixed inductance reactors (L/2) whose current
fundamental harmonic is controlled by the phase control of thyristor AC switches
(ST) in each delta branch. AC switches are controlled by the control system in
order to control either the supply voltage (voltage restores) or to compensate the
load reactive current, depending on the compensation system purpose. Optimum
utilization of the applied thyristors is often provided by a step-down transformer
(Tr) with the leakage reactance higher than in typical applications, hence the
reactors' reactance can be reduced (in the extreme case to zero). The delta
connection of reactors is justified in both technical and economic terms. The
presented configuration allows reducing the thyristors' current ratings and
considerably reduces the supply current harmonic content as compared to a star
-connected circuit of the same power.
Thus, the compensator voltage-current characteristic encompasses the area of
inductive and capacitive loadings within boundaries determined by the capacitor
bank and reactors' powers. It should be emphasized that the compensator is a
source of odd harmonics and, if the control angles of antiparallel connected
thyristors are unequal, even harmonics also occur. Triplen harmonics in the
compensator current are cancelled by delta connection of reactor branches. Odd
harmonics can be mitigated by means of two 6-pulse circuits supplied from a
three-winding Yyd transformer with 30° phase shift between the secondary side
voltages, or by the use of suitable filters [10].
3. HIGH-ORDER HARMONICS FILTERS
Passive filtering of high harmonic consists in connecting in parallel with the load
generating a given harmonic, a series LC circuit whose series resonant
frequency is tuned to the filtered harmonic frequency (Fig. 3).
4
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the supply network, a non-linear load represented

by a current source, and the high-harmonic filter; CF, LF, RF – the filter
capacitance, inductance and resistance, respectively
The inductive and capacitive reactances of LC series filter are subtracting one
from the other. For the series resonance frequency their absolute values are
equal and their difference is zero. Thus, at this specific frequency, the filter is
practically a short circuit. The remaining equivalent resistance, mainly that of the
reactor winding, is very small.
The reactance of the filter LC components connected in series is:
X ⎛ X 1⎞ ⎛ h 2 − ν F2 ⎞
X F (h ) = X L (h ) − X C (h ) = hX L − C = X C ⎜⎜ h L − ⎟⎟ = X C ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ν Fh ⎠
2
h ⎝ XC h ⎠
(2)
where:
h - harmonic order,
νF - the filter natural relative frequency ,
Xc - reactance of the filter capacitor for the fundamental harmonic,
XL - reactance of the filter reactor for the fundamental harmonic.
As follows from the relation (2), the filter reactance is near to zero for the
harmonic h, whose frequency is close to the filter natural relative frequency nF.
In consequence of connecting the filter between the source phases the current
with the frequency close to the filter natural frequency, generated by a non-linear
load, flows through the filter thereby reducing the harmonic current flow through
the source. The filter reactance for h>nF is inductive, whereas for h<nF it is
capacitive. Since for the fundamental harmonic the filter has a capacitive
character, it is used for reactive power compensation [2,3].
3.1. Principles of passive filters design

The basic data necessary for the filter design are:
• data concerning the source of high harmonics, i.e. amplitude-frequency
spectrum of the non-linear load, the fundamental harmonic reactive power
required for the compensation purposes, etc.
• data concerning the power supply network, i.e. frequency characteristic
of the power system impedance at the point of common connection (PCC)
or, in the absence of such characteristic, the short-circuit capacity together
with the schematic diagram and technical specification of neighbourhood of
the considered point of the filter connection, the spectrum of initial voltage
distortion at the considered point, permissible voltage harmonic distortion
factor THD as per conditions of supply, and harmonic content (p.u.) etc.
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• data concerning the filter, i.e. the location of its installation, the selected
structure, technical specifications of passive elements to be used, etc. [7].
All further considerations are carried out under the following simplifying
assumptions:
• the source of high harmonics is an ideal current source,
• the filter resistance RF, inductance LF and capacitance CF, are lumped
elements and their values are constant over the considered frequency
interval,
• the filter is exclusively loaded with the fundamental harmonic and the
harmonic to which it is tuned.
The filter-network-load equivalent circuit diagram is shown in figure 3. The power

supply network is represented by the ideal AC voltage source and the equivalent
resistance and inductance:
U 2 U 2 1
X S = 1 .1 ×
S SC
⇒ Ls = 1 .1 ×
S SC
×
100 π R S = 0 .1 X S
(3)
where: SSC is the supply network short-circuit capacity, U is phase-to-phase

voltage at the point of connection.
The load is represented by the source high-harmonic currents and the load
impedance Zo. The purpose of the filter is:
• compensation of the load fundamental harmonic reactive power,
• mitigation of high-harmonics emitted by the load to the power system [4].
3.2. Single branch filters

The single branch filter is a simple structure which can easily be analyzed. In this
section a matrix method for designing a group of single-frequency filters is used.
The diagram of the single-frequency filter and its frequency-impedance
characteristic are shown in figure 4 [4].
Assuming RF = 0, the impedance at the filtered frequency is 0 (this assumption
will hold true in further considerations):
1 1
Z F (ω r ) = jω r LF − j = 0 ω r = nr * ω1 =
ωr CF LF C F
6
1 1
LF = = 2 2
ω C F n r ω1 C F
2
r
(4)
where:
Nr - the resonant frequency order
ω r = nr * ω1 - angular frequency of the filter series branch
ω1 - the fundamental harmonic angular frequency ().
For the harmonic with angular frequency ω:
1
ω2 C F −1
1 ω L F C F −1
2
n ω12 C F
2
ω 2 − n r2ω r2
Z F (ω r ) = jωLF − j = j = j r
= j
ωC F ωC F ωC F n r2ω r2 C F ω
(5)
1 n r2ω12 − ω 2
Z F (ω r ) = − j
C F n r2ω r2ω
(6)
Fig. 4. The single-frequency filter diagram and its frequency-impedance

characteristics for RF ≠ 0, Xc – the filter capacitive reactance, XL- the filter
inductive reactance, ZF – the filter impedance, IF – the filter current, U – the filter
operating voltage
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ω = k * ω1
, k=1 – filter tuned to the fundamental harmonic.
ω12 − nr2ω12 1 − nr2

Z F (ω r ) = j = j
nr2ω12 C F ω1 nr2 C F ω1
, (7)
At the fundamental angular frequency the imaginary part of the filter impedance
is directly proportional to the filter operating voltage and inversely proportional
to reactive power to be compensated:
Im(Z F ( n ) ) = − j
U N2
Q
, (8)
U2
1− n 1 2
−j N
= j 2 * r
Q nr C F ω1
, (9)
U2
n −1 2
1 n r2 − 1 Q
−j N
=−j 2 * r
CF = *
Q nr C F ω1 nr2
ω 1U 2
, N
(10)
Q- the load's reactive power to be compensated.
The capacitance and inductance values in given branches are computed from
relations:
⎧ n r2 − 1 1 Q F
⎪C i = ⋅ ⋅
⎪ n r2 ω1 U N 2
⎨
⎪L = 1 = 1
⎪⎩ i
ω r C i n r ω12 C i
2 2
(11)
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4. AN EXAMPLE OF FC/TCR COMPENSATOR DESIGN
Fig. 5. Diagram of the network supplying a non-linear load – an arc furnace, to be

compensated using the FC/TCR compensator
4.1. Determining the compensation power value

In order to determine the compensator power shall be known the economically
justified (specified in a contract with utility company) power factor at the given
point of a power system as specified by the utility company. In the general case
the capacitor bank power is determined from the formula:
Qk = P tgϕ1 − tgϕ2 , (12)

where:
Qk –reactive power to be installed,
P – the load(s) active power,
tgϕ1 – power factor prior to compensation,
tgϕ2 – power factor after compensation.
The capacitor bank design and sizing should take into account problems that
may occur during the system operation due to the presence of high order
harmonics and resonance effects. Detuning from resonance is achieved using an
antiresonance reactor connected in series with capacitor bank. The
antiresonance reactor is used when the voltage distortion level is within
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acceptable limits, the capacitor bank shall also be protected against overloading
with high harmonic currents.
An inadequate selection of the capacitor bank parameters, as well as the co-

operating reactors, may lead to capacitor damages due to overvoltages and
overcurrents and, consequently, preclude operation of the compensation system
[1,9].
Short-circuit capacity of the 110kV network is SSC110kV = 500 [MVA]

Short-circuit capacity of the 6kV network is SSC6kV = 16.9 [MVA]
Transformer rated power STr = 20 [MVA]
Transformer short-circuit voltage uz% = 13.5
Maximum averaged consumed active power: 10.13 [MW]
Maximum averaged consumed reactive power: 13.54 [MVAr]
Apparent power:
SP = PP2 + Q P2 = 16 . 91[ MVA ] (13)
The arc furnace load current:

SP 16,91 * 106
I obc = = = 1626.9[ A]
3 *U N 3 * 6000
(14)
Hence the power factor:
Q
tg ϕ = P
= 1.34 (15)
P P
Required power factor:
tgϕ dyr = 0.3 (16)
Required compensation power:
Qkomp = P (tgϕ − tgϕ dyr ) = 10.5 [MVAr] (17)
It is assumed that reactive power that should be compensated will increase up to

11 [MVAr].
The transformer reactance:
10
u z % * U N2 = 0.24[Ω] (18)
X Tr =
100 * S Trt
The network short-circuit reactance is: 0.35 [Ω]
4.2. Determining the voltage distortion factor prior to compensation
a) At the 6kV side
Harmonic currents In measured at the 6 kV side during the arc furnace operation
as the only load in the power network, are listed in table 1. The voltage distortion
factor THD at the 6kV busbars without the compensation circuit is calculated
using the formula:
∑ (U )
13
THDU =
2
2 N%
(19)
where: UN% - the percentage voltage harmonic content of the given harmonic.
100
U n % = 3 * I n * n * X zw( 6 kV ) *
UN
(20)
where: In- In- harmonic current, n- harmonic order, XZW(6kV)- the network
reactance at the 6kV side, UN- voltage at busbars (6kV)
X zw ( 6 kV ) = X S + X Tr =0.59 [Ω] (21)
Table 1. Harmonic current values and corresponding harmonic voltage

content
Harmonic Harmonic Voltage

order current In harmonic
[A] content [%]
1 1626.9 -
2 21.93 1.49
3 32.55 3.32
4 9.30 1.27
5 38.73 6.59
6 8.83 1.80
7 7.85 1.87
8 5.95 1.62
9 4.60 1.41
10 2.88 0.98
11 4.03 1.51
12 1.15 0.47
13 2.30 1.02
THDU6kV= 8,61%, THDdop6kV = 5% [11]

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THDU6kV > THDdop6kV (22)
The above inequality shows the necessity of high harmonics compensation.
b) At the 110kV side
The voltage distortion factor is determined from relation (19), but the percentage
voltage harmonic content for the given harmonic UN% is calculated form another
formula:
S10 max
U N % = 1.1 * bN % * n *
S SC
(23)
where: bn% - percentage content of the harmonic of order n in a nonlinear load

current; it depends on the load type, the factor values are listed in table 2.,
n- harmonic order,
SSC - short-circuit capacity (500 MVA),
S10max - maximum 10-minute apparent power of a nonlinear load, equal to
the arc furnace maximum power calculated from the formula (13).
Table 2. The percentage content b% of the nth harmonic in the arc

furnace current versus the transformer nominal power
Furnace
transformer Harmonic order
rated power
i
MVA 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 11 13-25
% % % % % % % % %
2.5 36 25 8 10 4 3 2 1 0
5 26 20 5 7 2 3 2 1 0
10 26 13 4 5 1 2 1 1 0
16 16 18 6 8 3 3 2 1 0
50 7 10 4 5 1 2 2 1 0
Table 3. Harmonic current values and corresponding harmonic voltage

content
Harmonic bn [%] Voltage

order harmonic
content [%]
2 16 1.19
3 18 2.01
4 6 0.89
5 8 1.49
6 3 0.67
7 3 0.78
9 2 0.67
10 1 0.41
13 0 0.00
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THDU110kV= 3.18%, THDdop110kV = 1.5% [11]
THDU110kV > THDdop110kV (24)
The above inequality also shows the necessity for high harmonics compensation.
4.3. Guidelines for sizing high harmonics filters
In the analysed example the static compensator and passive filters section shall
operate under the following conditions:
• the arc furnace is supplied from a 110/6 kV transformer

• voltage distortion factor THDU at the point of common connection at 110kV
busbars should not exceed 1.5%
• reactive power to be compensated is 11 MVAr
• dominant harmonic currents at 6kV busbars are the 3-rd and 5-th harmonic
currents (32.55A for the 3-rd harmonic and 38.73A for the 5-th harmonic,
respectively)
• the FC/TCR compensator will be connected at 6kV.
4.4 Selecting high harmonics filters parameters

Initial design data are:
• the power network nominal voltage Us

• maximum reactive power the filter can inject into the power system.
The capacitor bank rated power depends on:
• maximum magnitude of the filtered current harmonic

• capacitor overload current (as specified by the manufacturer)
• capacitor voltage utilization factor, expressed by the formula (25) [5]:
US
ku =
3U Nbat
(25)
where: US is the supply network voltage, UNbat is the capacitor bank rated voltage.
In order to reduce THD factor to the required level, the harmonic of the largest
magnitude shall be filtered out while reactive power consumed by the arc furnace
shall be compensated.
4.4.1. Determining the required power of the 5-th harmonic filter
a) The required compensation power has been allocated between the fitter
braches proportionally to the values of eliminated harmonic currents:
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Qkomp = 11 [Mvar]
the 5-th harmonic current is:

I5 = 38.8 [A]
b) Due to series connection of the resonance reactor and capacitor bank the
voltage across capacitors will be knf times higher than the busbars voltage:
n F2
k nf = 2
nF − 1
(26)
where: nF- harmonic order.
The voltage rise is (table 4):
• For the 5-th harmonic 52 (27)

knf = = 1.042
52 − 1
Table 4. The knf factor value of the nth harmonic order.
nF 2 3 4 5 7 11
knf 1.333 1.125 1.067 1.042 1.021 1.008
c) The nominal voltage of the filter capacitor bank shall satisfy the relation:
UNbat.F5 ≥ 1.042* 6 *1.1= 6.88 kV (28)
The value1.1 results from power network voltage variations +/-10% UN (11)
d) Considering the above requirements the capacitor bank of "Y" company make,
with the following parameters has been selected:
Rated reactive power…………………………………………... 19 MVAr

Rated current……………………………………………………. 1000 A
Rated voltage……………………………………………………. 7600V
Capacitance……………………………………………………... 21.3 uF
Capacitance tolerance………………………………………….. -5/+10 % [12]
Current overload…………………………………………………. 1.5 In [12]
Voltage overload (Voltage overload factor)……………………. 1.1 Un [12]
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e) Since the reactive power delivered by the 5-th harmonic filter is expressed by
formula (29) [2]:
2
⎛U ⎞
QUz 5 = Q NbatF 5 ⋅ ⎜⎜ S ⎟⎟ = Q NbatF 5 ⋅ (k u )2
⎝ U CN ⎠
(29)
where: QUz5- the reactive power injected by capacitor to power system, QNbatF5-
the capacitor rated power, US- power network voltage, UCN- capacitor bank
voltage, kU- capacitor voltage utilization factor.
Thus, the rated power of the 5-th harmonic filter capacitor bank is:
2
⎛U ⎞
2
⎟⎟ = 11 * 106 ⋅ ⎛⎜
7600 ⎞
QNbatF 5 = QUz 5 ⋅ ⎜⎜ CN ⎟ = 17.65[ M var]
⎝ US ⎠ ⎝ 6000 ⎠
(30)
4.4.2. The reactor sizing [5]
From the condition for series resonance:
X bat
X DF 3 =
n 2 SR (31)
where: nSR– the series resonance frequency.
a) The required reactance of reactor is determined:
2
U NbatF 7600
X NbatF 5 = 5
= = 3.27[Ω]
QNbatF 5 17.65 * 106
(32)
X bat 3.04
X DF 3 = = = 0.13[Ω]
n 2 SR 25 (33)
X DF 3 0.12
LDF 3 = = = 0.41[ mH ]
ϖ1 314
(34)
b) For the filter detuned from resonance below nrsz the inductance values will be
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larger.
For the series resonant frequency order equal 4.5 the inductance will be:
52
LDF 4,5 = LDF 5 = 0.52[mH ]
4.52 (35)
Whereas for the series resonant frequency order equal 4.7 the inductance will
be:
52
LDF 4, 7 = LDF 5 = 0.47[mH ]
4.7 2 (36)
For both filters have been selected special design reactors of "Z" company make,
with inductance values calculated as above and 2% inductance toleration. The
reactors are provided with taps that allow matching their inductance to 4.5 or 4.7
detuning.
4.4.3. Filter configuration for single current harmonic
Capacitor banks are connected in a double star configuration with star points
connected. In such configuration a malfunction (short circuit) of a single does not
cause significant increase in phase currents. The designed topology allows for a
simple and cheap protection against the battery internal failures, or capacity
changes due to internal short circuits, by measuring the current in the conductor
connecting star points using a current transformer.
Fig. 6. Diagram of the single current harmonic filter comprising reactors,

capacitor bank divided into two sections and symmetry control by means of
measuring the equalizing current I between neutral points of both sections
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4.4.4. Simulation tests of the designed filter
The frequency-impedance characteristics for the designed filter were determined

using the Matlab software package.
a) For series resonant frequency order 4.7 ‑ charts 1, 2 and 3
10
6
Z(w) [Ohm]
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
f [Hz]
Chart 1. Frequency-impedance characteristics of the supply network (blue) and

the 5-th harmonic filtering branch (red); each characteristic determined
individually
4.5
3.5
3
Z(w) [Ohm]
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
f [Hz]

the 5-th harmonic filtering branch (green) and the equivalent impedance (red)
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10
6
Z(n)/Z(wo)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
f [Hz]
Chart 3. Frequency characteristic of the supply network and the filter equivalent
impedance related to the equivalent impedance at f=50Hz
b) For series resonant frequency order 4.5 – charts 4, 5 and 6
10
6
Z(w) [Ohm]
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
f [Hz]

the 5-th harmonic filtering branch (red); each characteristic determined
individually
18
4.5
3.5
3
Z(w) [Ohm]
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
f [Hz]

the 5-th harmonic filtering branch (green) and the equivalent impedance (red)
10
6
Z(n)/Z(wo)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
f [Hz]
Chart 6. Frequency characteristic of the supply network and the filter equivalent
impedance related to the equivalent impedance at f=50Hz
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4.4.5. Parallel resonance calculations
The equivalent impedance of the designed n-th harmonic filter with equivalent
circuit as in figure 7:
Fig. 7. The equivalent circuit of the source and the parallel filter for a single
harmonic
The equivalent impedance of the above circuit is expressed by the formula:
Z z ( n) =
(
nX tr n 2 X d − X c )
n 2 ( X tr + X d ) − X c
(37)
Parallel resonance occurs when Z ∞; it is expressed by the relation:
n 2 ( X Tr − X d ) − X c = 0
(38)
Xc
nr =
X tr + X d
(39)
The 5-th harmonic filter parallel resonance relative frequency is:
• for detuning degree equal 4.5: 2.82

• for detuning degree equal 4.7: 2.11
4.4.6. Verification of the 5-th harmonic capacitor bank for overload current
The filter power (the capacitor bank and reactor connected in series) is:
Q '
=
(UN )
2
=
(6000)
2
= 11.46MVar
NF 5
X Z (1) 2.92
(40)
20
and:
X Z (1) = X DF 5(1) + X NbatF 5(1) = 3.14[Ω]
(41)
where: XdF5(1)- the reactor reactance at the frequency of 50 Hz, XbatF5(1)- the
capacitor reactance at the frequency of 50 Hz
The rated current of the 5-th harmonic capacitor battery [5] is:
'
QNF 12,34 * 106
I Nbat , F 5 = 5
= = 870.46[ A]
3 * U Nbat 3 * 7600
(42)
In order to verify the 5-th harmonic capacitor battery for the overload current
condition, it has been assumed that both the fundamental harmonic and the
filtered harmonic currents flow in the filter. The current in the 5-th harmonic
filtering branch is calculated from the formula:
I batF = I 12 + I n2
(43)
The following condition shall be verified to prevent the capacitors current

overload:
I n2
I Nbat . F ≥ = ki I n
p 2 − b 2 k u2
(44)
where:
b- capacitors' maximum voltage overload factor,
p- capacitors' maximum current overload factor (≤ 1.1) [12]
ku – capacitors' voltage utilization factor, formula (25)
In - the filtered n-th harmonic current.
The capacitors' current utilization factor ki is:
1
ki =
p − ku2
2
(45)
The overload factor p determines maximum current overload of a capacitor (for

capacitors used in filters its value is 1.5 [12]). It is assumed that filter branch for
the given harmonic is loaded with this harmonic current and, additionally, with
small currents of other non-filtered harmonics. Their influence is taken into
account by reducing the p2 value in a manner indicated in table 5:
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Table 5.
Overload factor
p=1.3 (1.5)
High-order harmonics taken into account 1.6 2.16
High-order harmonics not taken into account 1.69 2.25
In the case of considered 5-th harmonic filter the current will be:
I1− 5 = ku I Nbat .F 5 = 0.789 * 870.46 = 687.20[ A]

(46)
US 6000
ku = = = 0.789
3U Nbat 7600
where: (47)
I batF 5 = I12− 5 + I n2 = 687.202 + 38.82 = 688.29[A]
(48)
1
ki = = 0.784
p 2 − ku2
(49)
ki I batF 3 = 0.784 * 688.29 = 539.65 [A]
(45)
Thus, the relation:

I n2
870.46 [ A] ≥ = 539.65[A]
p 2 − b 2 k u2
(51)
I n2
I Nbat . F ≥ = k i I batF 5
p 2 − b 2 k u2
(52)
is satisfied.
4.4.7. Verification of THDU value
Total harmonic voltage distortion factor THDU is expressed by the formula:
THDU =
∑U 2
(n)
Uf
(53)
22
where:
Un
Uf = 3 (54)
U (n) = I (n) Z (n)

(55)
UN= 6kV, Z(n)- from the formula (37).
Table 6. Harmonic content and total harmonic voltage distortion factor

THDU
Current harmonic Un for detuning Un for detuning

order 4.7 4.5
2 209.35 241.31
3 36.92 33.38
4 2.56 1.90
5 3.58 6.23
6 3.04 3.68
7 4.33 4.94
8 4.36 4.87
9 4.15 4.58
10 3.05 3.34
11 4.89 5.33
12 1.57 1.71
13 3.48 3.77
THDU 6.15 7.04
As seen from table 6, the voltage distortion factor was reduced but its value still
exceeds the required level 6.15%.
THDUF5= 6.15%, THDdop6kV = 5% [11], THDU6kV > THDdop6kV.
It is thus necessary to design from the beginning a compensator that eliminates

more than one harmonic, comprising a larger number of branches.
4.5. Selection of components for the 3-rd and 5-th

harmonic filters
4.5.1 Determining the required filter power
a) The required compensation power has been allocated between the fitter
braches proportionally to the values of eliminated harmonic currents:
23
Power Quality
Qkomp = QuzF3 + QuzF5 = 11 Mvar (56)

I3 = 32.5 A
I5 = 38.8 A
I3 + I5 =131.4 A
I3
Quz 3 = ⋅ Qkomp = 4.8[ MVar ]
I5 + I3
(57)
I5
QuzF 3 = ⋅ Qkomp = 5.71[ MVar ]
I5 + I3
(58)
b) The voltage rise is:

32
• for the 3-rd harmonic ku = = 1.125 (59)
32 − 1
52
• for the 5-th harmonic ku = = 1.042 (60)
52 − 1
c) The nominal voltages of filters capacitor banks will satisfy the relation:
• for the 3-rd harmonic UNbat.F3 ≥ 1.125*6*1.1 = 7.43 [kV] (61)
• for the 5-th harmonic UNbat.F3 ≥ 1.042* 6 *1.1= 6.88 [kV] (62)
The value1.1 results from the assumed power network voltage possible rise by
10% [11].
d) Considering the above requirements the capacitor bank of "Y" company make
with following parameters has been selected:
Rated reactive power ......................................................................... 9 MVar

Rated current ...................................................................................... 1000 A
Rated voltage….….……………………………………………………….7800 V
Capacitance ...................................................................................... 21.3 uF
Capacitance tolerance .............................................................. -5/+10 % [12]
Current overload ............................................................................. 1.5 In [12]
Voltage overload (Voltage overload factor) ....................................1.1 Un [12]
e) The required powers of the 3-rd and 5-th harmonic filters are expressed by
formulas [2]:
2
⎛U ⎞
⎝ U CN ⎠
(63)
24
2
⎛U ⎞
⎝ U CN ⎠
(64)
Hence rated powers of capacitor banks are:
2
⎛U ⎞
2
⎟⎟ = 4.80 * 106 ⋅ ⎛⎜
7600 ⎞
⎝ US ⎠ ⎝ 6000 ⎠
(65)
2
⎛U ⎞
2
⎟⎟ = 5.71 * 106 ⋅ ⎛⎜
7600 ⎞
⎝ US ⎠ ⎝ 6000 ⎠
(66)
4.5.2 Sizing the reactors [5]
From the condition for series resonance:
X bat
X DF 3 =
n 2 SR (67)
where: nSR – the series resonance frequency,
a) The required reactance of the reactor has been determined:
• for the 3-rd harmonic filter
2
U NbatF
X NbatF 3 = 3
= 7.51[Ω]
QNbatF 3
(55)
X bat
X DF 3 = = 0.83[Ω]
n 2 SR (56)
X DF 3
LDF 3 = = 2.66[mH ]
ϖ1
(57)
for the 5-th harmonic filter

2
U NbatF
X NbatF 4 = 5
= 6.31[Ω]
QNbatF 5
(58)
X bat
X DF 5 = = 0.25[Ω]
n 2 SR (59)
25
Power Quality
X DF 5
LDF 5 = = 0.80[mH ]
ϖ1
(60)
b) For the filter detuned from resonance below nrsz the inductance values will be
larger.
For the degree of detuning from resonance equal 2.5 and 4.5 for the 3-rd and 5-
th harmonic, respectively, the inductances will be:
32
LDF 3− 4,5 = LDF 3 = 3.82[mH ]
2.52 (61)
2
5
LDF 5 − 4, 7 = LDF 5 = 0.99[mH ]
4.52 (61)
Whereas for degree of detuning from resonance equal 2.7 and 4.7 for the 3-rd
and 5-th harmonic, respectively, the inductances will be:
32
LDF 3− 4, 7 = LDF 3 = 3.28[mH ]
4.7 2 (61)
2
5
LDF 5 − 4, 7 = LDF 5 = 0.91[mH ]
4.7 2 (61)
For both filters have been selected special design reactors of "Z" company make,
with inductance values calculated as above, and 2% inductance toleration. The
reactors are provided with taps that allow matching their inductance to the
degree of detuning: 2.5 and 4.5, 2.7 and 4.7, 2.8 and 4.8.
4.5.3. Simulation tests of the designed filters
The designed filter frequency-impedance characteristics were determined for

selected parameters using the Matlab software package:
a) For series resonant frequency order equal 2.7 and 4.7 ‑ charts 7,8 and 9
26
10
6
Z(w) [Ohm]
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
f [Hz]
Chart 7. Frequency-impedance characteristics for the degree of detuning 2.7 and 4.7 of the
supply network (blue), the 3-rd harmonic filtering branch (green) and the 5-th harmonic filtering
branch (red); each characteristic determined individually
4.5
3.5
3
Z(w) [Ohm]
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
f [Hz]
Chart 8. Frequency-impedance characteristics of the supply network (blue), the 3-rd harmonic
filtering branch (blue), the 5-th harmonic filtering branch (green) and the equivalent impedance
(red)
27
Power Quality
10
6
Z(n)/Z(wo)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
f [Hz]
Chart 9. Frequency characteristic of the supply network and the filter equivalent impedance
related to the equivalent impedance at f=50Hz
For series resonant frequency order equal 2.5 and 4.5 ‑ charts 10,11 and 12
10
6
Z(w) [Ohm]
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
f [Hz]
filtering branch (green) and the 5-th harmonic filtering branch (red); each characteristic
determined individually
(red)
28
4.5
3.5
3
Z(w) [Ohm]
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
f [Hz]
filtering branch (blue), the 5-th harmonic filtering branch (green) and the equivalent impedance
10
6
Z(n)/Z(wo)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
f [Hz]
Chart 12. Frequency characteristic of the supply network and the filter equivalent impedance for
the degree of detuning 2.5 and 4.5 related to the equivalent impedance at f=50Hz
29
Power Quality
4.5.4. Parallel resonance calculations:
The schematic diagram and formulas as in subsection 4.4.5.

The parallel resonance relative frequency for the detuning degree 2.5 and 4.5 is:
• for the 3-rd harmonic filter: 2.64
• for the 5-th harmonic filter: 3.58
and for the detuning degree 2.7 and 4.7 it is:
• for the 3-rd harmonic filter: 1.46

• for the 5-th harmonic filter: 2.34
4.5.5. Verification of the capacitor bank for overload current:
a) For the 3-rd harmonic filter:

The filter power is:
Q '
=
(UN )
2
=
(6000)
2
= 5.40[ MVar ]
NF 5
X Z (1) 6.67
(62)
and:
X Z 3(1) = X DF 3(1) + X NbatF 3(1) = 6.67[Ω]
(63)
The rated current of the 3-rd harmonic capacitor bank is:

'
QNF 5,4 * 106
I Nbat , F 3 = 3
= = 409.91[ A]
3 * U Nbat 3 * 7600
(64)
The condition for preventing capacitors current overload is:
I1− 3 = ku I Nbat .F 3 = 0,78 * 391.25 = 323.61[ A]

(65)
I batF 3 = I12 + I n2 = 323.612 + 32.52 = 325.24[A]

(66)
Thus, the relation:
I n2
409.91[ A] ≥ = 255.01[A]
p 2 − b 2 ku2
(67)
30
I n2
I NbatF ≥ = k i I batF 3
p 2 − b 2 k u2
(68)
is satisfied.
b) For the 3-rd harmonic filter
The filter power is:
(U N )2
5 = = 5.94[ MVar ]
'
Q NbatF
X Z (1)
(69)
and:
X Z 5(1) = X DF 5(1) + X NbatF 5(1) = 6.06[Ω]
(70)
The rated current of the 3-rd harmonic capacitor bank is:
'
QNbatF
I Nbat , F 5 = 5
= 451.55[ A]
3 * U Nbat
(71)
The condition for preventing capacitors current overload is:
I1− 5 = ku I NbatF = 356.48[A]

(72)
I batF 5 = I12 + I n2 = 358.58[A]
(73)
Thus, the relation:

I n2
451.55[A] ≥ = 281.14[A]
p 2 − b 2 ku2
(74)
I n2
I NbatF ≥ = k i I batF 5
p 2 − k u2
(75)
is satisfied.
4.5.6. Verification of THDU value
Calculations of total harmonic voltage distortion factor THDU have been carried
out as in subsection 4.4.7.
31
Power Quality
Table 7. Voltage harmonic percentage content and total harmonic voltage distortion
factor THDU for the 3-rd and 5-th harmonic filter
Current harmonic Un for detuning degree Un for detuning degree
order 2.7 and 4.7 2.5 and 4.5
2 8.73 9.32
3 29.63 31.62
4 18.93 8.79
5 6.90 10.81
6 4.43 5.00
7 5.55 6.00
8 5.23 5.56
9 4.76 5.02
10 3.40 3.57
11 5.34 5.60
12 1.69 1.76
13 3.70 3.86
THDU 1.12 1.1
THDUF5= 1,1%, THDdop6kV = 5% [11], THDU6kV <THDdop6kV
As seen from table 7, the use of the compensator reduced the voltage distortion
factor below the required limit level. Thus, the 3-rd and 5-th harmonic filter is
adequately sized.
5. Calculation of currents distribution after installation of FC

compensator
The equivalent circuit for calculation of currents distribution is shown in figure 8.
The actual distribution of currents is tabulated in table 8.
Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of power network supplying the arc furnace and the
designed capacitor banks
32
Total powers of the formerly sized filters are:
Q 'uzbatF 3 = 5.40[MVar]
(76)
Q uzbatF 5 = 5.94[MVar]
'
(77)
The filters' compensating power is:
QFC = 1.07 ⋅ (QuzbatF 3 + QuzbatF 5 ) = 12.13[ MVar ]

(78)
The value 1.07 results from the manufacturing tolerances +/-2% for reactors and
+/- 5% for capacitors.
The output power to be compensated was 11 Mvar.
The output power after

Q sk = Q p − Q FC = 1 3 ,52 − 12,13 = 1,41[ MVar ]
compensation is:
(79)
Apparent power:
S p' = PP2 + Qsk2 = 10,22[ MVA]
(80)
The load current after compensation:
S p'
'
I obc = = 983,63[ A]
3 *U N
(80)
Power factor after compensation:
QSK
tϕ = = 0,14
PP
(81)
Currents for individual branches are calculated from relation:
z 0 ( n ) * i 0 ( n)
i Fk =
z k ( n)
(82)
where:
iFk – the k-th harmonic filter current;
z0(n) – the equivalent impedance for the n-th harmonic of the power k,
transformer and filters, as seen from the point of the arc furnace
connection;
33
Power Quality
zk(n) – the impedance for the n-th harmonic of the k-th harmonic filter;
iO(n) – the arc furnace n-th harmonic current.
Table 8. The distribution of currents among the filter branches and 6kV network
for the assumed degree of detuning 2.7 and 4.7
The arc furnace cur-

Harmonic order F3 [A] F5 [A] Tr [A]
rent [A]
1 759.62 109.21 114.81 983.63
2 21.93 8.47 4.52 8.94
3 32.55 12.84 12.10 7.60
4 9.30 0.84 7.45 1.01
5 38.73 2.19 33.28 3.26
6 8.83 0.89 6.47 1.47
7 7.85 0.93 5.30 1.62
8 5.95 0.75 3.83 1.37
9 4.60 0.60 2.87 1.13
10 2.88 0.39 1.75 0.74
11 4.03 0.55 2.41 1.06
12 1.15 0.16 0.68 0.31
13 2.30 0.32 1.35 0.63
6. Sizing the reactor section of FC/TCR compensator
Reactors in the delta arms are divided into two equal parts as in figure 9.
Advantages of such configuration are: better voltage distribution, easy
manufacturing and limiting possible short-circuit currents.
Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of TCR reactor section
34
a) The nominal current in one arm of the delta connection is:
I DTCR = QFC / 3U s = 683[ A]

(83)
b) Hence, the reactance in one delta arm has been calculated:
X DTCR = U 2 s / 3QFCR = 2.97Ω

(84)
c) Then the required inductance:
LDTCR = QFC / ω = 9.45mH

(85)
The designed reactor consists of two parts with inductances of 0123 mH each.
the selected reactors are special design reactors of "Z" company make, with
inductance values calculated as above and 2% inductance toleration.
7. Conclusions
The calculation results allow us to conclude that:
• The voltage distortion factor at 6kV during the arc furnace operation without
the compensation circuit is THD = 8.6%, whereas with the compensation
circuit connected THD = 1.1% (the 3-rd and 5-th harmonics are reduced
considerably) confirms proper operation of filters F3 and F5.
• The current loading of F3 filter is 255A and does not exceed its
nominal current of 409A.
• The current loading of F3 filter is 281A and does not exceed its
nominal current of 409A.
It follows from the calculations that the designed compensation system will not
be overloaded with high-harmonic currents and will operate properly. The voltage
distortion is within acceptable limits.
8. References
1. Strojny J., Strzałka J.: Projektowanie urządzeń elektroenergetycznych .
Kraków , Uczelniane Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Dydaktyczne, 2008 [Electrical
Power Equipment Design. AGH-UST Publishers, Krakow, 2008.]
2. Piróg S.: Energoelektronika. Układy o komutacji sieciowej i o komutacji
twardej. Kraków, AGH Uczelniane Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Dydaktyczne
2006, [Power Electronics. Line Commutated and Hard Commutated
Systems. AGH-UST Publishers, Krakow, 2006]
3. Strzelecki R., Supronowicz H. Współczynnik mocy w systemach zasilania
prądu przemiennego i metody jego poprawy. Warszawa : Oficyna Wydaw.
35
Power Quality
PW, 2000 [Power Factor in AC Power Supply Systems and Methods for its
Improvement. Warsaw University of Technology Publ., Warsaw, 2000.]
4. Klempka R., Stankiewicz A. Modelowanie i symulacja układów dynamicznych :
wybrane zagadnienia z przykładami w Matlabie. Kraków, Uczelniane
Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Dydaktyczne AGH, 2007 [Modelling and Simulation
of Dynamic Systems: Selected Problems and Examples in Matlab
Environment. AGH-UST Publishers, Krakow, 2007]
5. Praca zbiorowa: Poradnik inżyniera elektryka. T.2. Warszawa : Wydaw. Nauk.
-Techniczne, 1997 [Joint publication: Electrical Engineer Guide, vol.2.
Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne, Warsaw, 1997.]
6. Hanzelka Z. Skuteczność statycznej kompensacji oddziaływania odbiorników
niespokojnych na sieć zasilającą. Rozprawy-Monografie. Kraków , Wydaw.
AGH, 1994 Effectiveness of Static Compensation of Fluctuating Loads
Impact on Power System. AGH-UST Monographs, Krakow, 1994.
7. Hanzelka Z., Klempka R.: Pasywne filtry wyższych harmonicznych.
„elektro.info" 6/2003 [Passive High Harmonics Filters. „elektro.info" 6/2003.]
8. Hanzelka Z. JAKOSC ENERGII ELEKTRYCZNEJ CZĘŚĆ 3 - Wahania
napięcia, (http://www.twelvee.com.pl) [Electric Power Quality, Part 3 –
Voltage fluctuations (http://www.twelvee.com.pl]
9. Hanzelka Z. JAKOSC ENERGII ELEKTRYCZNEJ CZĘŚĆ 4 - Wyższe
harmoniczne napięć i prądów (http://www.twelvee.com.pl) [Electric Power
Quality, Part 4 – Voltage and Current High Harmonics (http://
www.twelvee.com.pl]
10. Hanzelka Z. Kompensator statyczny ze sterownikiem prądu indukcyjnego.
Rozprawy elektrotechniczne 34, 1988 [A Static Compensator with Inductive
Current Controller. Electrical Engineering Transactions No.34, 1988]
11. ROZPORZĄDZENIE MINISTRA GOSPODARKI z dnia 4 maja 2007 r. w
sprawie szczegółowych warunków funkcjonowania systemu
elektroenergetycznego [The ordinance of the Minister of Economy of May 4
2007 in the matter of detailed terms and conditions of power system
operation]
12. Norma PN-EN-60871-1:2006 Tytuł: Kondensatory do równoległej
kompensacji mocy biernej w sieciach elektroenergetycznych prądu
przemiennego o napięciu znamionowym powyżej 1 kV, Wymagania ogólne
[Standard EN 60871-1:2005 Shunt capacitors for a.c. power systems having
a rated voltage above 1000 V. General]
13. Geppart A., Polaczek A.: Wskazówki projektowania dotyczące ograniczania
odkształceń i wahań napięcia w sieciach ŚN i nn energetyki zawodowej.
Instytut Energetyki. Warszawa - Katowice 1987 [Design Guidelines
Concerning Voltage Distortion and Fluctuation Mitigation in MV and LV
Power Systems. Institute of Power Engineering, Warsaw‑ Katowice, 1987.]
36

Static FC/TCR Compensator

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Static FC/TCR Compensator

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Guide for electrical design engineers

Grzegorz TKACZEWSKI & Artur KOS

AGH-University of Science & Technology

STATIC FC/TCR COMPENSATOR FOR

• unbalance of currents and voltages,

The adverse impact of non-linear loads on a power system can be mitigated by

3. HIGH-ORDER HARMONICS FILTERS

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the supply network, a non-linear load represented

3.1. Principles of passive filters design

The filter-network-load equivalent circuit diagram is shown in figure 3. The power

where: SSC is the supply network short-circuit capacity, U is phase-to-phase

3.2. Single branch filters

For the harmonic with angular frequency ω:

Fig. 4. The single-frequency filter diagram and its frequency-impedance

ω12 − nr2ω12 1 − nr2

Q- the load's reactive power to be compensated.

4. AN EXAMPLE OF FC/TCR COMPENSATOR DESIGN

Fig. 5. Diagram of the network supplying a non-linear load – an arc furnace, to be

4.1. Determining the compensation power value

Qk = P tgϕ1 − tgϕ2 , (12)

An inadequate selection of the capacitor bank parameters, as well as the co-

Short-circuit capacity of the 110kV network is SSC110kV = 500 [MVA]

SP = PP2 + Q P2 = 16 . 91[ MVA ] (13)

The arc furnace load current:

Required power factor:

tgϕ dyr = 0.3 (16)

Required compensation power:

Qkomp = P (tgϕ − tgϕ dyr ) = 10.5 [MVAr] (17)

It is assumed that reactive power that should be compensated will increase up to

The transformer reactance:

The network short-circuit reactance is: 0.35 [Ω]

4.2. Determining the voltage distortion factor prior to compensation

a) At the 6kV side

X zw ( 6 kV ) = X S + X Tr =0.59 [Ω] (21)

Table 1. Harmonic current values and corresponding harmonic voltage

Harmonic Harmonic Voltage

THDU6kV= 8,61%, THDdop6kV = 5% [11]

THDU6kV > THDdop6kV (22)

The above inequality shows the necessity of high harmonics compensation.

b) At the 110kV side

where: bn% - percentage content of the harmonic of order n in a nonlinear load

Table 2. The percentage content b% of the nth harmonic in the arc

Table 3. Harmonic current values and corresponding harmonic voltage

Harmonic bn [%] Voltage

THDU110kV= 3.18%, THDdop110kV = 1.5% [11]

THDU110kV > THDdop110kV (24)

4.3. Guidelines for sizing high harmonics filters

• the arc furnace is supplied from a 110/6 kV transformer

4.4 Selecting high harmonics filters parameters

• the power network nominal voltage Us

The capacitor bank rated power depends on:

• maximum magnitude of the filtered current harmonic

4.4.1. Determining the required power of the 5-th harmonic filter

the 5-th harmonic current is:

The voltage rise is (table 4):

• For the 5-th harmonic 52 (27)

Table 4. The knf factor value of the nth harmonic order.

UNbat.F5 ≥ 1.042* 6 *1.1= 6.88 kV (28)

Rated reactive power…………………………………………... 19 MVAr

4.4.2. The reactor sizing [5]

From the condition for series resonance:

where: nSR– the series resonance frequency.

a) The required reactance of reactor is determined:

• for the 3-rd harmonic UNbat.F3 ≥ 1.12561.1 = 7.43 [kV] (61)