THE OREDIGGER

The student voice of the Colorado School of Mines

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Volume 94, Issue 9 November 4, 2013
COURTESY Cbl62 AT EN.WIKIPEDIA

News

Experts predict Australian energy future.

Features 4

Colorado Symphony visits Paris.

Mines alumnus lights up Disney

Deborah Good Editor-in-Chief
This filmmaking dream is nice, but you really need to get yourself a practical degree first, Dr. Chris Springfields father told him when he announced he was going to work in animation after seeing Star Wars. Springfield followed his fathers advice and earned a Bachelors degree in Engineering Physics from CSM and a Ph.D. in Applied Physics from California Institute of Technology. He is also a Walt Disney Animation Studios Lighting Supervisor and an Academy Award Winner. I wandered the campus and realized this felt like home...Where I really wanted to be was right there in Meyer Hall. When I walked into that building, I knew I wanted to be a physics major. I didnt have any doubt in my mind, Springfield said of his decision to go to Mines. As a physics major, Springfield learned critical thinking, problem solving, experimentation, and collaboration. Specifically, Springfield emphasized the value of personal relationships. While at Mines, Springfield became involved in Mines Little Theater because a girl told him it was a good way to meet girls. He directed Arsenic and Old Lace and learned how to lead a group of people that had absolutely nothing keeping them there except for their love of theater. In his senior year, Springfield applied to the California Institute of Technology on a whim. He thought, Gee Im not going to get in here anyway, so Ill just write an essay about what I want to do. He wrote an essay on his interest in making three dimensional holographic movies. Originally, he planned to earn a Masters degree at USC, but he was unexpectedly accepted by Cal Techs Applied Physics department. After some deliberation, Springfield chose to attend and studied under Tom McGill, creating an animation lab for the Solid State Devices Group because none of the professors worked on exactly what he wanted to do, Movies, thats MIT the professors told him. During his time at Cal Tech, Springfield participated extensively in community theatre, including directing Inherit the Wind. He and a friend also wrote and made a fulllength film called Green Eggs and Hamlet. Green Eggs and Hamlet rewrote the entirety of Hamlet in Dr. Seuss rhyme. Following Green Eggs and Hamlet, Springfield attended a major computer graphics conference and spoke with Disney. He was still working on his Ph.D. at the time, though, and was unable to take a job. Near the end of his Ph.D., Springfield interviewed with a company called Digital Domain. He was unexpectedly hired to help animate lava for the film Dantes Peak. Springfield described his geologist fathers reaction: My dad was incredibly proud and incredibly disappointed at the same time. Springfield received the script of Titanic and immediately insisted on participating in the film. He told the casting director, I have to work on this film.because this is an Oscar winner...This is gonna win it all and I want my name on it. Though Springfield wanted to work on water or other CGI stuff, the only positions available were in camera tracking. His job entailed making sure the CGI elements such as the iceberg moved in a manner consistent with the liveaction camera work. After Titanic, Springfield returned to Cal Tech, finished his Ph.D., and was laid off from Digital Domain. One of his former coworkers called him and offered him a job at a new computer group at Disney. Their first project was taking a program known as Deep Canvas, developed for Tarzan and generalizing it for other films. Deep Canvas, Springfield said, is a process in which we were able to put brushstrokes on threedimensional objects and make them feel like a Disney background painting. The technology was revolutionary. The Academy agreed, as Springfield and the rest of his team were ultimately awarded an Oscar for their contributions. Disney wanted Deep Canvas to be able to be used on other, very different films, such as the Treasure Planet, which was a very different film, Treasure Island, set in space. Springfield spoke fondly of the film, saying, Its the most beautiful film Ive ever worked

Colorado School of Mines Engineering Physics alumnus Dr. Chris Springfield works for Disney Animation Studios as a lighting supervisor. He credits his Mines education with giving him a solid background for future endeavors.

Sports 7

Fall sports wrap up their seasons.

Opinion 8

Minds at Mines asks about pie.

on...The problem was it wasnt a great story, and lets be honest, tall ships in space with characters who werent wearing helmets? The public just didnt buy it. After Treasure Planet, Springfield worked on Chicken Little and Bolt, gradually increasing his participation in the artistic side of filmmaking until he was ultimately promoted to lighting supervisor. Springfield explained that a lighting supervisor takes the animation, camera crews, all the elements of the scene and puts them all together. We have to take it from that raw stage, add lights, atmosphere, integrate all those effects to overall just make our images look beautiful. For one recent project, Springfield spent six months designing the lighting for Rapunzels hair in Tangled. His job was to make her hair would look realistic and look beautiful during the whole film. For Wreck-it Ralph, Springfield had to light food, including a spiral cake mountain. Food can be challenging, because it often looks unappetizing. For one shot, Springfield and his team took a model of a spaceship and a large cake and ploughed the space ship into the cake repeatedly, to develop a feel for realistic lighting on icing. Springfield described his path a curvy, but somewhat serendipitous. He spoke highly of his Mines education and of the wonderful people along the way who helped him achieve his Disney goals.

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november 4, 2013

Model of common cold virus offers answers, University of Wisconsin-Madison - Recently, scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Madison developed a three-dimensional model of the cold virus rhinovirus C, which includes a topographical model of the virus protein shell. Rhinovirus C is distinct from its better-known counterparts, and those differences offer an explanation as to why drugs are powerless against the strain.

Jessica Deters, Staff Writer

Infant lullaby recognition after birth, Helsinki, Finland - A study conducted by researchers at the University of Helsinki found that fetuses exposed to a lullaby during the final trimester of pregnancy can recognize that lullaby as a newborn and four months after birth. This study supports the theory that fetuses can not only recognize but also remember sounds from the outside world.

Supernova visible from Earth in near future, Ohio State University - Within the next 50 years a Milky Way Supernova will be visible from Earth, according to astronomers at Ohio State University. Astronomers are nearly 100 percent certain that infrared telescopes will be able to detect and record a supernova in our home galaxy. However, odds are low, less than 20 percent, that such phenomenon would be visible to the naked eye.

Research reveals potential for communication with vegetative patients, Cambridge, England - Recent research done by scientists at the Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (MRC CBSU) and the University of Cambridge revealed that patients in a vegetative state may be able to pay attention and respond to the outside world. One of the 21 patients diagnosed as vegetative or minimally conscious that was tested was able to filter out unimportant information and was even able to follow simple instructions to imagine playing tennis. If this attentiveness can be developed consistently, vegetative patients, with the use of specialized devices, could interact with the outside world.

Researchers find potential cure for diabetes, Munich, Germany - Researchers from the Helmholtz Zentrum Mnchen (HMGU) and the Technische Universitt Mnchen (TUM), along with researchers from the U.S., discovered a single molecule hormone that has been observed to reduce weight and improve blood sugar among type 2 diabetics. The hormone also improved metabolism and lowered blood fat in humans. This cuttingedge, multiple action, intestinal hormone could revolutionize the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Oredigger Staff
Deborah Good Editor-in-Chief Emily McNair Managing Editor Taylor Polodna Design Editor Connor McDonald Webmaster Lucy Orsi Business Manager Arnaud Filliat Copy Editor Katerina Gonzales Content Manager Jared Riemer Content Manager Karen Gilbert Faculty Advisor

Headlines from around the world

James Davis, Staff Writer
Shortly after releasing 26 Palestinian convicts, Israeli officials declared plans to build a new settlement in the East Jerusalem sector. Plans include building over 1500 housing units, fully furnished with public works and relaxing garden areas. This expansion could house thousands of displaced people in the region. Palestinian authorities responded with outrage at the news. New York City councilmen have agreed to raise the legal age for buying cigarettes from 18 to 21. New York mayor Michael Bloomberg declared his full support behind the bill. Officials stated that the new bill will save many lives, especially those of younger potential smokers. The bill includes standard tobacco products as well as electronic vapor cigarettes. 92 bodies were found in the Sahara. Nigerian authorities claim that the migrants vehicles broke down in the desert shortly after their departure. While some returned to get spare parts, a large portion of their group attempted the journey on foot. The migrants are thought to have died of thirst shortly after their vehicles broke down. Rescue workers totaled the death count to 52 children, 33 women and 7 men. The bodies were found less than 5 km from the next well. In the midst of bloody civil war, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad has suddenly become cooperative in the effort to reduce the countrys nuclear arsenal. Russian-United States inspectors announced that Syria has so far met all of the disarmament deadlines set, a surprise to those in the global community. President al-Assad wishes to convey to the world that they are a key international player and not a terrorist organization. Scientists believe that our fear and fascinations with snakes resides in the pulvinar region of the brain. Neurons in this part of the brain activated in primates when shown pictures of snakes, whereas other familiar images didnt stir up the neurons. In a similar study, scientists noticed that people, children and adults alike, could recognize snakes faster than most objects. These results remained similar whether or not the participants actually have seen or live near snakes. Scientists believe that the same neuron cluster is at work here. A mysterious graffitist has been vandalizing local street art. The unknown figure creates a lipstick like effect around portraits, similar to the art style that would be used by DC comic book figure the Joker. Comments to smile and laughing have been written around most of the works as well. No evidence to the identity of the vandal has been found. Local officials claim he moves too quickly, as if he knows where and when new works are being put up.

Local News
29-year-old Patricio Preciado of Grand Junction pointed a toy gun at a police officer early Friday. The man said that the stunt was a joke when the officer drew his weapon. Preciado now faces charges of felony menacing and attempted robbery. Highway 36 to Estes Park will reopen Monday. This is a month ahead of schedule and shortens the route to the town known as the gateway to Rocky Mountain National Park. Currently, people take long detours over mountain roads to reach Estes Park. Sports fans at the Denver Nuggets game Friday night got a surprise when Rocky, the teams mascot, was lowered to center court. The mascot was supposed to be lowered in a harness with the spotlight on him; however, he collapsed when he hit the floor. He walked off the court after being checked by medical personnel and was out for the game. The Colorado Department of Transportation has closed Independence Pass. This closure is likely to be for the season. 6 inches of snow has fallen over the pass and drifts are as high as 4 feet. Blowing snow is also making the winding mountain road extremely treacherous. Crews will determine if the pass can be reopened prior to the planned closure date on Thursday. A 20-month-old golden retriever began his job comforting witnesses and victims at the Boulder County Justice Center Friday. The dog, named Amigo, has had two months of training and is the first courthouse dog in Colorado.

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november 4, 2013

Vortex filaments Analyzing glycans

Chris Robbins Staff Writer
Thomas Ivey, an applied mathematics professor from the College of Charleston in South Carolina, currently serving as a visiting discrete math professor in Boulder, shared some highlights from his most recent research project this Friday afternoon at this weeks AMS colloquium. Dr. Ivey presented on, The Stability of Finite-Gap Vortex Filaments, aiming to find solutions to the vortex filament equation (VFE), which is used to describe the selfinduced motion of vortex lines in inviscid, incompressible fluid. The first step to accomplishing this was normalizing all physical quantities involved to reduce the number of variables. Next, he found solutions to the non-linear Schrdinger (NLS) equation producing both plane wave potentials and rigid traveling wave potentials to satisfy certain conditions of the VFE. However, these particular partial differential equation (PDE) solution sets could only describe the appropriate vortex filament under particular circumstances, so more solutions sets were necessary. These other solutions came in the form of Torus knot solutions, which are rigid solutions of the VFE with elastic rod center lines, meaning slight changes in the knot size and structure can be apparent over time. The next question Ivey needed to answer was whether or not these PDE solutions were linearly stable, meaning they exhibited a controlled growth over time and did not explode to infinity when expanded. If the solution sets were found to be linearly stable, they would produce a linearized non-linear Schrdinger equation, or LNLS. This, in turn, resulted in a linearized VFE, or LVFE, which was used to search for the vector field around the time-dependent filament curve in three-dimensional space, aiding in finding the stability of the solution sets. As Ivey discovered, the stability of the solutions produced all comes down to the coefficient in front of the variable for time, and whether that coefficient is completely real or contains an imaginary part. This is because Ivey and his colleagues found that an imaginary portion of the coefficient is necessary to keep growth of the VFE fairly constant; an all-real coefficient would result in an exponential explosion of the equation towards infinity. Through the use of techniques such as Bcklund transformations, their work counters what was previously researched in this field and insists that linearly stable solutions are in fact quite possible. However, as of today, a problem that is keeping Ivey from converting the VFE to a true integrable system (a system that can be integrated and solved for) is the lack of Lax pairs (time-dependent matrices specific to a certain PDE, in this case the VFE). As part of his planned future research, Ivey hopes to discover these missing Lax pairs and be able to construct a truly integrable system to model finite-gap vortex filaments.

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Zach Snyder Staff Writer

Many mechanisms of the human body still remain unknown to researchers. Specifically, the intricate details of protein synthesis linger as a mystery that beckons to be solved. Sriram Neelamegham and a team of researchers from the State University of New York at Buffalo are working on a project to decipher the formation of glycogens in the body, an important study that has several beneficial applications in the health care industry. At its core, the research focuses on examining glycans, which Neelamegham notes are, functional components of the cell surface. Glycogens are a type of sugar structure similar to glucose. However, glucose is monosaccharide while glycogen is polysaccharide, being made up of multiple glucose molecules. Neelamegham emphasizes the use of the engineering perspective in this biochemical project, specifically to break down the chemical reactions that happen inside the cytoplasm of a human cell. To fully understand how these extended chains of carbohydrates form, Neelamegham clarified the process in how cells produce those structures. Essentially ribosomes in the cell act as a, car factory manufacturing different cars, which are the proteins. Each drill at the factory is like a single site on the ribosome, which has a unique structure so it will only produce proteins of that shape. While the final structures that are produced can be easily analyzed to see their components, the interme-

diate steps in how those structures are formed hide in the dark. By applying systems glycobiology and computer analysis, the Buffalo researchers can peer into the inner workings of the human body and how exactly each, cog works. Infinitesimally small probes tag glycopeptides to become glycoprobes, and they track the movement and change of individual glycopeptides. Then mass spectrometry data collection quantifiably measures the output of the reaction. The goal researchers hope to get to is to be able to gather sequences of enzymes that can be further studied. After experimental data has been collected, intricate algorithms can accurately predict the different combinations and permutations of the output glycogens. Each glycopeptide evolves in a tree of intermediate steps of a chemical reaction, which the computer can calculate what to be. This software is surprisingly written in merely a derivative of XML computer code, dubbed SBML for systems biology markup language. The software pulls chemical data from the total wealth of chemical compounds known to scientists and can even give names to the different structures discovered. In conclusion, Neelamegham found out that, while some people study heart attacks in rats to try and stop heart attacks in humans, in turns out that the physiological differences between the two are vast. In the future, Neelamegham hopes to use glycogen system analysis to find chemicals that can reduce problems such as inflammation, among other issues.

Jessica Deters Staff Writer

Continued from page 2. Columbus, Ohio - Christopher Kochanek, professor of astronomy at Ohio State explained the significance of this revelation. We see all these stars go supernova in other galaxies, and we dont fully understand how it happens. We think we know, we say we know, but thats not actually 100 percent true. Because scientists will be able to detect this potential supernova in the Milky Way within a moments notice, they will thus be able to witness the very beginning of a stars end, something that has never been done before. Madison, Wisconsin - This virus, which went undetected until 2006, is suspected to be the culprit behind nearly half of all childhood colds as well as a complicating factor for respiratory conditions. It is unlikely that a cure for this strain will appear anytime soon. Helsinki, Finland - Eino Partanen, a graduate student at the Cognitive Brain Research Unit, said, Even though our earlier research indicated that fetuses could learn minor details of speech, we did not know how long they could retain the information. These results show that babies are capable of learning at a very young age, and that the effects of the learning remain apparent in the brain for a long time.

Next steps in HE Energy change down under

Zach Snyder Staff Writer
Engineering is a profession that directly impacts the livelihood of people. No matter what the field or type of engineering, each and every engineer works on solving problems that impede the growth of society. One specific area of expertise that an engineer can further help people is humanitarian engineering, where workers go out and specifically complete projects that directly benefit a population. Dr. Jessica Kaminsky, newly inducted Ph.D. at the University of Washington Seattle and long-time expert on humanitarian engineering, encouraged students to research more into these job possibilities while also offering advice on how to get started. Dr. Kaminsky started off by examining the Eight Millennium Goals, which range from improving water systems to lowering child mortality. Some of these goals were being reached; however, water development projects need a lot of work. What is most surprising is that past water projects deteriorate and fail later on. Kaminsky noted that as, the edge of technology changes, there is no textbook answer. One solution to failed water projects that guest speaker Jeff Walters suggested was first initiating a project but then continuing support on that community and not simply abandoning it. Jeff Walters cofounded Second Mile Water, an organization whose mission statement is to aptly go the second mile in making sure healthy, clean water stays available and does not fade away. The path to humanitarian engineering resembles the path to any satisfying career. Kaminsky broke the process into five steps: getting background information, developing necessary skills, finding specific ways to find work in development, engaging in the interactive element and getting involved. A key myth that stops most people from entering the field is the belief that there are no jobs in humanitarian engineering. Kaminsky assured people that this is certainly not the case, but qualified her statement by explaining that there are definitely drawbacks. Humanitarian engineers are paid less, have less job security, do just as much office work as other positions, and spend lots of time away from home. Despite all of these negative aspects, humanitarian engineering allows workers to deliver practical mathematical and scientific solutions straight to a community in an endangered area and genuinely help by improving the quality of life. One approach Kaminsky uses in humanitarian engineering is studying decoupling in which structural changes, such as building a well, happen without changing practice or culture. Ultimately a humanitarian engineer can find the source of an issue and change it for the better.

Jessica Deters Staff Writer

Australias energy landscape is rapidly evolving as the country works to move away from fossil fuel dependency and toward renewable resources such as wind energy, solar energy, and hydrogen fuel cells. Ken Baldwin, professor at the Australia National University (ANU) and director of the ANU Energy Change Institute, visited the Colorado School of Mines to share about ANUs energy research and predictions for Australias energy future. The ANU Energy Change Institute researches nearly every viable and potentially viable energy resource and is invested in energy change and the energy future of Australia. Energy change means the research activity that we need in order to transfer from a funda-

mentally fossil fuel based energy economy to a carbon-neutral energy economy, Baldwin said. We are in a politically interesting space. We have an underlying philosophy that we are both technology and policy neutral. A lot of the work we do is on a human sciences side which influences policy and a science and engineering side, which influences technology. My role as director is to ensure that all areas of technology and all areas of policy are provided with support and that we dont pick and choose winners. We are putting policy options out there so that the government can choose what they want. Government policy will most certainly play a large role in shaping Australias energy future. Currently, coal generates about 75 percent of Australias energy, but recent government regulations
COURTESY NOMAD TALES

An empty coal train winds through Australia. Energy researchers predict this sight will be less common soon.

will gradually increase the cost of carbon pollution. The Institutes research predicts that, within 20 years, the amount of coal used to produce energy will drastically decrease because of the increasing price and it will be replaced by wind and solar energy, both of which the institute believes will be extremely viable sources of energy in the near future. Nuclear energy, also a viable and relatively cost-effective source, is not predicted to become a source of energy in Australia because current government regulations prohibit its production. However, the institute predicts that nuclear energy is a cheap if not cheaper to produce than other, currently used sources and is the only institute in Australia that is fully equipped to do nuclear research. Australias energy future will impact not only its own energy production and consumption but world production and consumption as well. Currently, resources like coal and iron ore dominate Australias exports. If the Institutes predictions are correct and Australia begins to produce less energy via coal, Australias export partners may see a change in the quantity of coal available to import. Regardless of how much Australias energy landscape changes over the next 50 years, research predicts that the landscape will change. The change that Australia undergoes will reveal the practicality of switching from a fossil fuel based energy economy to a renewable energy economy.

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november 4, 2013

Harnessing the power of light at NREL

Zach Snyder Staff Writer
Mad scientists not only live on campus; they live right down the road in Golden, too. Lauryn Baranowski, researcher at the National Renewable Energy Lab, took the opportunity to go into depth as to what actually goes on in the field of cutting-edge research today. [Oredigger]: What exactly do you do at the National Renewable Energy Lab? Is there one specific project you work on? [Baranowski]: Researchers at NREL work on all different technologies and aspects of renewable energy. This ranges from very basic science, things like understanding how renewable energy materials and processes work on atomic scale, to very applied/engineering research, like product reliability and grid integration of renewable energy technologies. I work specifically in the area of photovoltaics (PV), or solar cells. Even though the majority of solar cells you see on rooftops are made of silicon, there is a really wide variety of materials that we work on at NREL, ranging from high efficiency cells that operate under very concentrated sunlight, to flexible plastic solar cells. My specific project is in the area of earth-abundant PV. Many of the record efficiency cells use expensive, rare, or toxic elements, so its really not possible for these technologies to satisfy a significant portion of the worlds energy demands. I work on the development of new PV materials that are made from elements that are cheaper, more abundant in the earths crust, and non-toxic, things like copper, tin, zinc, iron, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. What is the major goal of your research? My major goal is to understand, on atomic level, the workings of the particular copper tin sulfide materials that I focus on. To know how to improve a material in a solar cell, you first have to understand, in detail, how light interacts with the material and how electrons move within the material. Once I understand this, then I can identify what needs to be improved about the material in order to make a more efficient solar cell. How do you go about actually conducting your research? What type of data do you collect? There are a lot of things that I do for research, depending on the day. Sometimes, I synthesize new samples, which are films of copper tin sulfide compounds that are about 1-2 micrometers thick (100 micrometers is about the thickness of a human hair). Then, I characterize these samples to find out what exactly I made, in terms of the chemical composition and crystal structure, and how well suited the material is for solar cell applications, by measuring things like the electrical conductivity and optical (light) absorption. If the material looks good after this stage, then I take that sample and make an actual solar cell (which involves lots of other layers/materials), to test the actual efficiency of the material in a PV cell. If I dont think the material properties are suitable for testing in a solar cell, then I will go back and revise my synthesis parameters (e.g., temperature) to try to correct this. What are some applications of your research, and what fields would benefit the most from this? The main application of my research is photovoltaics and solar cells. What are some difficulties encountered in your project? How do you go about fixing them? There are lots of different types of problems that I have to deal with! Sometimes its broken equipment, and I might have to figure out how fix or modify equipment to get it working again. Sometimes its understanding weird or unexpected results. In this case, I might talk to other scientists that I work with to get their opinion, or read papers or textbooks to try to understand what is going on. There are also more abstract problems, like figuring out where to go next with my research, which requires me to think about what aspects of my work are most scientifically valuable and interesting. What is the most enjoyable part of being on the frontier of research? Least-enjoyable? I think the most enjoyable part of scientific research is having a really interested scientific question or hunch, and then going into the lab and actually proving that hunch or answering that question - its really satisfying to be able to do that. Being a NREL is great, because I get to work with lots of people who are very intelligent and are passionate about renewable energy. The work load is definitely high at times, but being a grad student also means that my work schedule is very flexible. What have you gained personally from this research? Obviously Ive learned a lot about my specific material and the techniques that I use to synthesize and characterize materials, but I think the most important things Ive learned have been much more broad. Doing research on a graduate level requires that youre able to think critically about science, and to come up with creative solutions to problems that you encounter in your research, and these are skills that are important no matter where I end up after grad school. What are your goals for this project in the future? It would be great if I could optimize my copper tin sulfide materials and make efficient (on the order of 10%) solar cells. But, if Im being realistic, I have to remember that not all projects are successful in a traditional sense - thats just the nature of scientific research. Even if my copper tin sulfide materials dont turn out to be good for solar cells, I hope that the understanding that Ive gained about this material system can be applied to other PV materials to further their development.

Maximizing our The Colorado Symphony energy efficiency Orchestra: World Class
Zach Snyder Staff Writer
The solutions to energy use in the future beckon to be discovered by current researchers. Richard van de Sanden from the Dutch Institute of Fundamental Energy research spoke about the latest developments in utilizing chemical processes to convert raw power to usable, storable energy that can revolutionize the way human society consumes this valuable resource. Sandens main method includes analyzing carbon dioxide conversions from a plasma perspective. In an exothermic reaction, one product is CO2 gas. However, if these CO2 molecules can somehow be split, they will produce a significant amount of energy that could be consumed. The appeal of this process is that it would take outbound greenhouse gas emissions and, through the use of renewable energy, could be converted back into something usable. As of right now, only 3% of the total supply of the worlds energy comes from sustainable or renewable sources such as wind or solar power. Sanden pointed out that, there is an obvious mismatch between the supply and demand. Germany is the leading nation in both use and research in renewable energy. Sanden predominantly works on finding ways to make better storage systems for energy. Having access to wind and solar energy is one thing, but being able to disperse that through the grid with good efficiency is completely different and much more complex. Sanden tests plasma forms of carbon dioxide gas and looks for being able to convert energized gas into a chemical fuel. Plasma itself is the fourth state of matter. It is a hot ionized gas with reactive particles such as electrons, ions, and radicals and makes up 99% of the matter in the universe. Plasma is useful because it is a high energy density medium. The challenges this energy research hopes to meet is to find replacements for fossil fuel in power plants and to find storage of sustainable energy through various hydrocarbons. Stations where CO2 gas is split in an exothermic reaction already exist in power plants in Europe. However, the usefulness of these prototypes is fairly small in comparison to what scientists want them to be. At a power plant that produces 20 gigawatts of power, a CO2 emission machine can only currently yield 50 kilowatts of power. Sanden and his team of researchers were able to get 80% conversion of the plasma gas back into energy. Sanden added, with that high energy conversion with a hot ionized gas, Im surprised that we did not have an explosion. In retrospect, that should have caused more concern. Now equipped with these chemical tools, Sanden believes a more clever way to get energy is to make gasses from offshore windmills instead of directly making electricity.

Zach Snyder Staff Writer

mance of Mozart, principal flutist Brook Ferguson took to the spotlight and masterfully recited In modern culture, classical the Syrinx solo by Debussy. music remains an unfamiliar genre After churning through hours of of entertainment that most young standard band compositions of adults do not partake in. While the guitar, bass guitar, drummer, and pieces the Colorado Symphony singer it was thoroughly amusOrchestra performed last Friday ing to witness Ferguson imbibe are over hundreds of years old, pure emotion into the flute. If that the life, energy, and passion Den- short three minute exposition was vers own orchestra interjects into not good enough, Ferguson imthese age-old mediately c o m p o s i t i o n s The Colorado Symphony Or- f o l l o w e d truly brings the that up music to life. chestra is no boring symphony with the M o z a r t s I b e r t orchestra, so dispel all those flute conSymphony No. 31 spearheadcerto, ed the nights stereotypes picturing a bunch h i g h program. The lighted by Colorado Sym- of apathetic musicians staring s e v e r a l phony Orchesaimlessly at a stand. A perfor- i n t e n s e tra began with runs of an explosive mance of classical music is not extremely start that rolled difficult right into a 19 only a replay of old music com- r a p i d l y minute series ascendof lively melo- posed by long-dead composers. ing and dies. Comedic descend Youtube music ing notes. group, Epic T h e Rap Battles of princiHistory pit Wolfgang Amadeus pal flutists expression only demMozart against techno-composer onstrated pure focus, and after Skrillrex, and, with that compari- twenty solid minutes of orchestra son in mind, it is obvious to see grandness the audience rose to a this type of music is surely lost to standing ovation. some extent in the 21st century. The Symphony Orchestra conThe average length of a pop song cluded their Friday night concert is 3-5 minutes, whereas these with the Berlioz Harold in Italy. 20-40 minute compositions the Interestingly enough, Berlioz Colorado Symphony Orchestra had previously composed Symdisplays are more of epic stories phonie fantasique while high off being retold through instruments. opiates. Suffice to say, Berliozs Following the energetic perfor- composition style primarily em-

phasizes vivid emotional expression. The Harold in Italy features a solo viola, Basil Vendryes, and throughout his performance Vendryes actively moves alongside the orchestra at and one point dramatically dips down and rises at a large crescendo. The Colorado Symphony Orchestra is no boring symphony orchestra, so dispel all those stereotypes picturing a bunch of apathetic musicians staring aimlessly at a stand. A performance of classical music is not only a replay of old music composed by long-dead composers; it is, quite simply, a concert. The Berlioz contained multiple layers of depth to it, meaning that after Vendryes stunned the audience with a soulful cadenza, the orchestra picks right up into a fast-paced syncopated rhythm. For those who have listened to concertos before, most of the time it is clear to see the separation between soloist and orchestra. However, Vendryes was able to seamlessly weave his way from being part of the whole orchestra to standing out when it was his time. The Berlioz only got better from there, as towards the end one of the cellists randomly stood up and walked away, and in a trick-ending a small string quartet formed in the corner and took on the role of performing. In essence, it was a piece within a piece. In an after show behind the scenes with one of the instrumentalists, thirtythree year veteran Peter Cooper commented that, the Berlioz was tricky, with lots of turns here and there. Clearly, even the experts have to work on it.

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Geek Week
of the
chose Mines. Why did you choose Geophysics as your major? Well I first wanted to be a physics major but then my RA in Weaver, Spencer, whos in the year above me, was talking to me about his classes and stuff. And I asked, What do geophysicists do? And he said, Pretty much whatever you want! So then I took Earth and Environmental Systems and thought it was pretty cool; I really liked learning about the earth and geology and stuff and like having practical knowledge rather than just like theoretical knowledge I would get if I was a physicist or something. So then I was like, I wonder what its like, so I looked into some geophysics stuff. And then I said, You know what, if I dont have an awesome time in physics, then Ill just switch. So I did, and Ive never looked backed and it was a great decision. Whats been your favorite class so far? How about professor? Favorite class would definitely be EPICS II, with Terry. And favorite professor is Terry Young. He is just, I dont know, he just does a really good job of making sure you understand everything and giving you lots of guidance and advice. Do you have any future plans? Well immediately after, Id like to go to grad school, hopefully at Mines. So I guess after Mines, Id like to I dont know, Ill probably end up going into industry, maybe either oil or mineral exploration because those are kind of the big money-makers, but after I hopefully have some financial security, Id like to maybe do something more humanitarian, maybe dealing with carbon sequestration or water problems, or something using geophysics to help society as a whole. What do you do in your free time? I runa lot. Im on the Mines Cross Country team, and if Im not studying, I am running. Do you ever study while you run? Sometimes. I definitely have figured out how to do some programming assignments while running. Cause it really gets in my head, like whats going on, and I cant focus on any other homework until I figure out what Im doing wrong. Most of the times when I go run, I end up figuring it out. If you could be dropped into any fictional setting, what would it be? Im really into Doctor Who right now, so if I could be dropped into any Doctor Who timeline, that would be really cool. Who is your favorite Doctor? I have not seen any of the old ones, but I guess so far Matt Smith is my favorite, soEleven. If you could give advice to younger Mines students, what would it be? I dont know, enjoy being on campus. Like even though how much you think it sucks, enjoy being with your peers all the time, because once you move away or somewhere else and you have to drive to school, it becomes much more of a chore rather than an experience. What is your favorite thing

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...Roy Bowling, Junior: Geophysics

about Mines? My favorite thing about Mines is that its so powerful yet its so small. I have friends who go to big universities and theyve got so many Nobel Laureates and yada, yada, yada, but they always sit in big lecture halls with like 200-some-odd kids and the professors way out in the front and he never has office hours; only the TAs have office hours. So I like that we have such great faculty and lots of opportunities and were world-renowned, but were also such a small campus. Do you have a favorite quote? Yes. Its from Steve Prefontaine, American running legend who ran in the Munich Olympics: To do less than your best is to sacrifice the gift.
KATERINA GONZALES / OREDIGGER

Katerina Gonzales Staff Writer

Of the 30% of CSM students who are from out-of-state, the majority are from Texas, but Californians are represented well. Junior Roy Bowling is one of these. Roys love of physics drew him to Mines, but he now is one of about 30 geophysics geeks in his class. The Oredigger found some time to talk to Roy after his Magnetic Methods exam. [Oredigger]: Why did you decide to come to Mines? [Bowling]: I came to Mines becausewell first of all, I looked at schools like Stanford, MIT, and Cal Tech, and I applied to those schools and I wanted to get into them because, you know, they are big, prestigious schools. But I got something one time from the School of Mines, and I told my dad because he was always like, Roy, you need to be on college applications. And I was like, I got this thing from Mines? And he said, Oh! I hear thats a really good school. So I looked it up and was thinking, Hmm, this is pretty interesting, and I realized they had this Engineering Physics thing (Well, originally I wanted to be a physics major), and thought well thats cool, thats awesome, and then I was like, You know, well Id rather live near the mountains and Denver than live in Boston or Pasadena. So I said, Ill apply to Mines. And the more and more applications went on, I thought itd be a hard choice if I was accepted to MIT or Cal Tech and Mines. Luckily I didnt. I got accepted to Mines and Berkeley, and

Roy Bowing hopes attend Mines for grad school and urges new students to enjoy being with their peers on campus.

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f e a t u r e s / s p o r t s

november 4, 2013

Admission shows ruthlessness of admissions

COURTESY FOCUS FEATURES

Elizabeth Starbuck McMillan Staff Writer

is 100% true. I applied to many schools and, in my opinion, had a pretty unique application. However, I never got my best-day-ever Almost everyone reading this ticket, I was let down again and has had to go through the college again and the schools I did get into admissions process. For many, the I had no large aspirations to attend. admissions process is the happiThe application from Colorado est day of their life, and for others it School of Mines is so nonchalant is one of the worst. Trying to figure and their reputation is so small on out the secret to acceptance is the east coast that it really was of the basis for the application and no interest to me. Like many, I dethe movie Admission. Admiscided to apply to Mines on a whim. sion is a movie staring Tina Fey While I sorted through my college and Paul Rudd, directed by Paul fan mail I randomly kept the Mines Weitz. The movie is about an iniapplication, even though I tially heartless Princeton Overall it makes for a entertain- had already ruled out Coloadmissions officer, Portia rado as being too far, but Nathan. She believes she has the perfect life, no kids, ing flick that is best watched after the no essay required was just too enticing. It was not English-professor long-term the admissions process, once the until I was waitlisted to my boyfriend and almost at the last first option that I really top in the admissions office. wounds have healed. considered Mines. Very reAll of this is shaken up when she gets a call from John a students life. There can be two luctantly I visited Mines and agreed Pressman to visit his new school. similar people, one thats a legacy that I could make it here for four Shortly after visiting, John reveals and another who is not; both with years, and at worst two and then that his one student that wants impressive resumes and one will transfer. But all that being said, Mines is to attend Princeton, Joseph, may get the best-day-ever magic ticket also be Portias son that she gave while the other receives the worst- the best school I could have gone to and like Portia repeatedly says up for adoption while in college day-ever coupon. The movie Admission shows to applicants, I ended up where I eighteen years ago. This puts Portia in the awkward and uncomfort- the ruthlessness of competitive was supposed to be. Admission is a quality movie, able situation of deciding her sons schools admissions offices. The future when she receives his ap- bluntness and disconnected emo- but not the most feel good one out plication. Her heart becomes un- tions showed by the officers in the there. There is a little romance, a thawed and does everything in her movie is chilling. But the one slight little wit and bit of feminism. Overall power to get Joseph into Princ- bit of happiness in the movie is the it makes for a entertaining flick that eton, forming alliances with com- message that everything happens is best watched after the admissions process, once the wounds petition, working the system and in for a reason and it all works out. From experience I can say this have healed. the end doing the unthinkable.

The admissions process is something that can truly be a scarring experience. It is marketed as what a student has worked for their entire pre-school, elementary school, middle school, and high school career. The student is asked to fill out an application with common demographic information, a transcript, a description of activities, accomplishments and hours, plus an essay and in some cases a supplement. The college admissions process is one of the first real lifes not fair moments in

Volleyball at Chadron State / Black Hills

Jared Riemer Content Manager
The No. 15 ranked Colorado School of Mines volleyball team beat Chadron State three sets to one and swept the season series. This was the twelfth straight win for the Lady Orediggers who improved to 19-4 on the season and 13-1 in the RMAC. Chadron State took the first set 25-22 after jumping out to a 15-9 lead. Mines fought back to within two points at 22-24 after being down seven, but could not pull out the victory. The second set was a nail-biter throughout, with the largest lead being five points (Mines 10-5, and 18-13). Chadron fought back to tie the match up at 19 apiece and the two teams traded points until Mines pulled out the 26-24 set victory. The third set was less hotly contested than the first two, with the Orediggers pulling out the 2517 victory. The fourth and final set saw another close match. The Orediggers were pushed throughout by Chadron, but managed to pull out the 25-22 win. The set was tied at 20-20, but Mines took five of the last seven points to secure the set and match victory. Alanna Winfield and Melanie Wannamaker both tallied 14 kills apiece to lead the team. Winfield recorded her kills on a .170 attack percentage with two digs and five blocks. Wannamaker recorded her kills on a .150 kill percentage and tallied four blocks. Sarah Pekarek went for 11 kills and added 13 digs and two blocks in the match. Danielle Johnson-Hazlewood recorded 46 assists in the match and 10 digs. Hannah Margheim tallied 30 digs and two assists to lead the defensive effort. The victory was defensive led, as Mines held Chadron State to a .089 team kill percentage, while recording a .172 kill percentage of their own. The Orediggers will face Regis this Friday and Metro State on Saturday as they look to continue their 13 game winning streak. In a highly contested first game of the match, Mines prevailed 25-23, but not without a fight. At several points during the game, CSM found themselves down, including 13-17 late in the game. However, down 22-23, they were able to rattle off three straight points to win the game 25-23. Game number two was still close, but did not come quite as down to the wire, as the Orediggers jumped out to a 17-12 lead and never looked back. A late run by BHSU got it as close as 2219, but they could not completely stop the Orediggers from winning the game 25-21 and taking a 2-0 lead in the match. The third and final game went similarly, as BHSU kept the game close at first (including a 12-12 tie at one point). But, as they have done several times before, the Orediggers pulled away in the latter half of the game, going on to win 25-21 and take the match 3-0. Melanie Wannamaker led CSM offensively with 20 kills, and Sarah Pekarek contributed 13 more. Pekarek also recorded 15 digs defensively to go with 13 more from Hannah Margheim. Danielle Johnson-Hazlewood recorded a remarkable 44 assists as well. Saturdays win improved the Lady Orediggers current winning streak up to 13 matches in a row, by far their longest such streak of the season. They will look to keep that streak going strong on Friday, November 8th here in Golden against Regis. That game kicks off at 7PM in Lockridge.

Chris Robbins Staff Writer

Saturday afternoon saw the Lady Orediggers volleyball team travel to South Dakota to take on Black Hills State and come away victorious, 3-0.

Ladys soccer vs. Metro State Mens soccer upset

Jared Riemer Content Manager
In their final home contest of the season, and Senior Night, the No. 2 Colorado School of Mines Womens Soccer team faced off against Metro State in a battle of two of the RMACs best and the result was a 3-0 win. Now 16-01 on the season (13-0-0 RMAC), Mines is ranked number two in the nation, making it their highest ranking in school history. The win marks the thirteenth straight win, the twenty-third straight conference match without a loss, 31 straight unbeaten matches, and the thirteenth shutout of the year for the Lady Orediggers. The Lady Orediggers took control of the game early and outshot Metro 10-0 in the first half. In the twenty-ninth minute, senior Anna Evans corralled a deflected header off of a corner kick and sent it sailing past the host of bodies in front of the goal into the back of the net from 20 yards out. The goal would prove to be the only goal of the first half as Mines went into the break up 1-0. After halftime, Metro stepped up their offensive intensity and placed four of their nine shots on goal, but Mines scored twice and outshot Metro 13-9 in the second half and 23-9 overall to take the 3-0 victory. The second goal of the night was once again scored by Evans, her twelfth of the year, in the sixty-sixth minute. Evans scored a left-footed goal from 16 yards out, just inside the left semicircle, thanks to a pass from freshman Anna Deleray. Later on in the period, Mines scored again, although this time Anna Evans provided the assist in the eighty-fourth minute. Bree Archuleta scored her sixth goal of the season from the six yard box, just squeezing the ball over the keepers right shoulder. Sophomore keeper Jayln Yates saved four shots in the contest, all in the second half, to record yet another shutout in her young career, 22 overall. The seniors shined on Senior night, and the Orediggers played their final game of the year Sunday. The RMAC tournament starts this week on Friday November 8.

Jared Riemer Content Manager

The Colorado School of Mines mens soccer team lost a heartbreaker in double overtime to Fort Lewis on Friday by a score of 5-4. Mines is now 10-5-1 on the year, and 8-5-0 in the RMAC. Fort Lewis scored first in the sixteenth minute when Maik Brandt scored a penalty kick. One minute later, Richard Garvey scored a header with the assist going to Tannor Randle to tie the game at one apiece. In the twenty-eight minute, Tesho Akindele scored on a penalty kick to give Mines the 2-1 advantage. The score at halftime was 2-1 in favor of the Orediggers. After halftime, the game blew open with five goals in the last thirty two minutes of the half. Akindele added his second of the game, and

sixteenth of the year in the fifty-ninth minute when he converted a Baski Baker cross into a score to the lower right corner of the goal. Fort Lewis scored the next two goals to tie the match at 3-3, with both goals coming in the seventieth minute merely 31 seconds apart. Baski Baker scored less than a minute later when he headed in Randles pass from six yard out. Fort Lewis converted a penalty kick with less than three minutes remaining to send the game into overtime. The first overtime ended with no goals being scored. The second overtime saw the game winning goal. Fort Lewis scored in the one-hundred and fifth minute after a scramble ensued in front of the goal to give Fort Lewis the win at 5-4. Mines was outshot 31-15 by Fort Lewis, but thanks to seven saves by goalie Colin Baker, Mines stayed in the game.

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november 4, 2013

Swim and dive a good show Basketball defeat

Chris Robbins Staff Writer
The Mines Womens Swim and Dive team put on a good showing at their meet versus Western State on Saturday, as CSM individuals and teams combined to win seven of the thirteen events held. However, they ended up losing on total team scores 123113. The Lady Orediggers successes started with the first event, the 400-yard Medley Relay, in which Mines teams finished first (Monica Mick, Katrin Gallup, Claire Collier, Alanna Erickson) and fourth (Shannon Pollmiller, Ali McCall, Chanel Charbonneau, Tasha Pfeiffer). The 1000-yard Freestyle saw Mines swimmers finish fourth (Madalyn Gort) and fifth (Melanie Buckles). The third event of the day, the 200-yard Freestyle, had Mines swimmer Carrie Kralovec taking the win, along with a fourth place performance by Brittany Holloway and a fifth place finish by Jenna Parker. Alanna Erickson won the 50yard Freestyle, with Claire Collier finishing third and Tasha Pfeiffer finishing sixth. CSM dominated the 400-yard IM with Katrin Gallup winning and Cayla Wood finishing second. Melissa Ashwood finished second in the one-meter diving competition, and CSM swimmers finished second, third, and fourth in the 200-yard butterfly (Kralovec, Nicole Kennedy, and Pollmiller respectively). Brittany Holloway emerged victorious in the 100-yard Freestyle, while Jenna Parker finished fourth, and Chanel Charbonneau finished sixth. Claire Collier finished second in the 200-yard Backstroke while Monica Mick ended fourth and Shannon Pollmiller ended sixth, and Madalyn Gort and Charbonneau finished fourth and fifth in the 500-yard Freestyle. Katrin Gallup was the winner of the 200-yard Breaststroke with Cayla Wood and finishing third and Ali McCall finishing sixth. And in the final event of the day, CSMs team of Alanna Erickson, Brittany Holloway, Carrie Kralovec, and Cayla Wood were the winners of the 800-yard Freestyle Relay, with the team of Melanie Buckles, Madalyn Gort, Nicole Kennedy, and Jenna Parker finishing third. The Lady Orediggers will be back in action very soon, as they take on Colorado Mesa Sunday.

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Chris Robbins Staff Writer

In a rough exhibition against NCAA Division I team Colorado, the Lady Oredigger basketball team fell 91-42 in Boulder on Saturday. The Buffaloes took the lead early and never let up, ending the first half up 40-21. With three of CUs players shooting 50% or better from the field, the second half was even more one-sided, leading to a final score of 90-42. Tory Langas led all Mines scorers with 11 points on the night on three of five shooting plus five of six from the free throw line. Courtney Gallo added nine points and Sam Rusk scored eight. Allie Grazulis scored six and Katie Clements put up four points. Off of the bench, Laura Tyree added three more points and Court-

Chris Robbins Staff Writer

Football narrowly defeats Western State

This Saturday saw the Mines football team take on a Western State team that was surprisingly tough despite their 1-6 record coming into the day. The Oredigger offense struggled right out of the gate, fumbling just over 30 seconds into the game on their second play. Western would capitalize with a chipshot field goal shortly after, and not even two minutes into the game CSM found themselves down 3-0. The offenses second chance with the ball appeared to be going well, as the Orediggers were stringing together an impressive drive, but that came to an abrupt halt with another fumble on the Western 31-yard line. Western would put together a solid drive, and their 48-yard field goal attempt fell just short of increasing Mines deficit to six points, a rare lucky break for CSM in the half. After both teams traded a few punts, Western broke the game open as time expired in the first quarter with a 71-yard scoring run, putting the Orediggers down 10-0 going into quarter number two. In a relatively uneventful second quarter, neither team could get their offense in gear as no points were scored the entire quarter. Western settled for a handful of punts and a short drive that ran the clock down to halftime, while Mines punted, fumbled the ball away once more, and on the only drive that appeared promising, missed a 37-yard field goal attempt. The score remained 10-0 going into the half, with neither team looking particularly great. Western State received the kickoff to start quarter number three, and promptly put together a 14-play, 55-yard opening drive ending in another field goal to raise CSMs deficit to 13-0. The Orediggers put together a solid answering drive, but fell short of putting up any points on a failed fourthdown conversion attempt. However, on their next possession, Justin Dvorak connected for a 15yard touchdown pass to Diamond Gillis just as the fourth quarter began, cutting the Western lead to 13-7. After fumbling numerous times themselves during the game, Mines finally got some turnover help from Western State, as Westerns drive ended on a fumble at the Mines 34-yard line. Dvorak would once again lead the offense down the field and connect with Diamond Gillis in the endzone, this time on a 16-yard pass. Up 14-13, Mines now had to stop Western State from responding, which proved to be a tough task. Western drove the ball effortlessly down the field to the Mines 16-yard line, setting up a 32-yard field goal attempt that would give Western a two point lead with only three minutes left. However, Westerns kick sailed wide right, and Mines took possession on their

ney Martin added one. Despite two rather large exhibition losses to CU and CSU the night before, this experience against upper-division competition should pay massive dividends for the Lady Orediggers in the end, as nobody else on CSMs schedule the rest of the season should be as difficult to face as these two D-I schools. Mines is currently unranked in the NCAA Division II Coaches Top 25 Poll for womens basketball, but they did receive ten votes on the initial poll. They will look to start rising in these rankings when their official season starts on November 15th. The Orediggers will tip off their 2013-14 season with the two-day Al Kaly Shriners Classic tournament in Pueblo where they will take on Oklahoma Christian and McMurry. Both of those games tip off at 1pm on the campus of CSU-Pueblo.

own 22-yard line with just minutes left to go. Mines ran the clock down to 22 seconds left when they faced a critical fourth down. Clinging to a one point lead and needing one yard for the first down (and thus the win), Oredigger head coach Bob Stitt decided to gamble and go for it rather than give Western an opportunity to come back. The gamble paid off, as Justin Dvorak was able to gain the one yard necessary to let Mines run out the clock and sneak away with the 14-13 win. The Orediggers go on the road next weekend to take on Adams State and try to keep their two game winning streak going. That game kicks off at noon on Saturday, November 9th in Alamosa.
ALL PHOTOS COURTESY MINES ATHLETICS

Oredigger defense stops Western State players Saturday.

Junior Wide Receiver Diamond Gillis scores in Mines 14-13 win over Western State.

Sophomore line backer Billy Sprague sacrifices his own comfort to tackle the opposition.

CSM players celebrate Saturdays football victory in the air.

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o p i n i o n
I think mine would have to be apple pie a la mode. But it has to be a la mode. Doug Smith

november 4, 2013

Minds at Mines Season of Pie

Katerina Gonzales Content Manager
The ascent of November means days get darker earlier, but a bright spot in that is that there always seems to be an abundance of pie. To celebrate this season of pie, Minds at Mines asked students, What is your favorite pie flavor? Definitely Pecan. Phil Walker

I just go with whatever. If theres chocolate cream pie, that works. Jason Ziolo

Pecan. Im from Texas, so of course! Kaity Hillgartner

Editorials Policy The Oredigger is a designated public forum. Editors have the authority to make all content decisions without censorship or advance approval and may edit submitted pieces for length so long as the original meaning of the piece is unchanged. Opinions contained within the Opinion Section do not necessarily reflect those of Colorado School of Mines or The Oredigger. The Oredigger does not accept submissions without identification and will consider all requests for anonymity in publication on a case-by-case basis. Submissions less than 300 words will receive preference.

ACROSS 1 He could be consumed with a lust to become crystal-user (6) 5 Very delicate material available from the Web (8) 9 Vessel containing pills primarily? (8) 10 Kingdom thats in possession of year-old Japanese painting (5-1) 11 Defeated party bouncing back as poll for Euro is decided (8) 12 In just under a month German replaces new car (6) 13 Introductory radio broadcast given by Liberal after European vote (8) 15 Slav girl has year off (4) 17 Nests located by English woman (4) 19 I attempt to keep a certain equality of measure (8) 20 Loathing produced by crone hoarding money (6) 21 Its fired from Winchester perhaps (8) 22 Enjoy the taste (6) 23 Paisley for example puts marriage first (8) 24 Making certain to telephone after being given place by university (8) 25 A series thats tied? (6)

DOWN 2 Combine fossil fuel energy with significantly cleaner energy sources (8) 3 What old newspaper did, having cowardly editor (8) 4 Sent academician translation of Proust thats about acceptable (9) 5 German poet said to have blasted mostly dumb German opera (15) 6 Tree from Lusakas gone astray (7) 7 Summer festivals leading lady finds setters packing a most powerful piece (3,5) 8 Gypsy gentleman needs money for food (8) 14 Passed examinations? (9) 15 Piece of music much performed in Copenhagen? (8) 16 Marine being risqu in speech, almost drunk (8) 17 Cosmetic from the Orient found on the old ship (8) 18 No rep is substituted, note, when one appears thus (2,6) 19 One charges, taking pound from hero-worshipper (7)

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