BUKU PEGANGAN

Manahan, S.E., 2003, ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY, 8th Ed., Lewis Publ., Boca Raton

ISTILAH TERKAIT
Environmental Science Ecology Environmental Chemistry Toxicological Chemistry

What is Environmental Science ? Env. Sc. will be defined as The study of earth, air, water, and living environments, and the effects of technology thereon

Environmental Science Field of knowledge that studies of how humans and other species interact with one another and with the nonliving environment. It is both a physical and social science that integrates knowledge from a wide range of disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, geology, geography, economics, political science, sociology, psychology, and philosophy.

What is Ecology ?
Ecology is the study of environmental factors that affect organisms and how organisms interact with these factors and with each other

Ecosystem An ecosystem is a system where populations of species group together into communities and interact with each other and the abiotic environment.

What is Environmental Chemistry ?

Environmental Chemistry may be defined as The study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of chemical species in water, soil, air and living environments and the effects of technology thereon

What is Toxicological Chemistry ?

Toxicological Chemistry is the chemistry of toxic substances with emphasis upon their interactions with biologic tissue and living organisms

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

ANTHROSPHERE

GEOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Atmosphere
The atmosphere is the vast gaseous envelope of air that surrounds the Earth. Its boundaries are not easily defined. The atmosphere contains a complex system of gases and suspended particles that behave in many ways like fluids. Many of its constituents are derived from the Earth by way of chemical and biochemical reactions.

 The thin layer of gases that cover Earths surface. Reservoir of gases, Moderates Earths temperature, Absorbs energy and damaging ultraviolet radiation from the sun, Transports energy away from equatorial regions and Serves as a pathway for vapor-phase movement of water in the hydrolic cycle.

Absorption (Atmospheric) Atmospheric absorption is defined as a process in which solar radiation is retained by a substance and converted into heat energy. The creation of heat energy also causes the substance to emit its own radiation. In general, the absorption of solar radiation by substances in the Earth's atmosphere results in temperatures that get no higher than 1800 Celsius. According to Wien's Law, bodies with temperatures at this level or lower would emit their radiation in the longwave band.

Wien's Law This radiation law suggests that the wavelength of maximum emission of any body is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature. The following equation mathematically describes this law: lmax = C/T where lmax is the body's maximum emitted wavelength of radiation in micrometers (m), C is a constant equal to 0.2897, and T is the temperature of the body in Kelvins.

Earth Planet
?

Bumi dan Udara B

Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere describes the waters of the Earth. Water exists on the Earth in various stores, including the: atmosphere, oceans, lakes, rivers, glaciers, snowfields and groundwater. Water moves from one store to another by way of: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, deposition, runoff, infiltration, sublimation, transpiration, and groundwater flow.

Geosphere
Is the solid inorganic portion of the Earth (composed of rocks, minerals, and elements). It can be regarded as the outer surface and interior of the solid Earth.

Hydrologic Cycle

Cycle

Evaporation Evaporation can be defined as the process by which liquid water is converted into a gaseous state. Evaporation can only occur when water is available. It also requires that the humidity of the atmosphere be less than the evaporating surface (at 100 % relative humidity there is no more evaporation). The evaporation process requires large amounts of energy. For example, the evaporation of one gram of water at a temperature of 100 Celsius requires 540 calories of heat energy (600 calories at 0 Celsius). Calorie Quantity of energy. Equals the amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of pure water from 14.5 to 15.5 Celsius at standard atmospheric pressure.

Transpiration Transpiration is the process of water loss from plants through stomata. Stomata are small openings found on the underside of leaves that are connected to vascular plant tissues. Some dry environment plants do have the ability to open and close their stomata. Transpiration is a passive process largely controlled by the humidity of the atmospheric and the moisture content of the soil. Of the transpired water passing through a plant only 1 % is used in the growth process. Transpiration also transports nutrients from the soil into the roots and carries them to the various cells of the plant. Evapotranspiration Combined loss of water to the atmosphere via the processes of evaporation and transpiration.

Biosphere
Zone of the Earth where life is found. The biosphere consists of all living things, plant and animal. This zone is characterized by life in profusion, diversity, and ingenious complexity. Cycling of matter in this sphere involves not only metabolic reactions in organisms, but also many abiotic chemical reactions. Also called ecosphere.

Anthrosphere