KINGSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

AERODYNAMICS LABORATORY Title of Experiment: Code for Experiment: Location: Underpinning Module: Aim: i) The aim of the experiment is to determine the effect of wind speed on the nondimensional lift and pitching moment coefficients of a wing. to study the variation of lift and pitching moment coefficient with incidence. Determination of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Model Wing. A1 Aerodynamics Laboratory, Room 49. Aerospace Engineering I (AE 2110).

ii)

Learning Outcomes: i) ii) ii) To be able to use non-dimensional coefficients in presenting wind tunnel data gain an appreciation of the aerodynamic characteristics of an aerofoil, develop competence in using a modern data acquisition and reduction system

Introduction: In this experiment the lift and pitching moment coefficients will be determined using force and moment measurements on a model wing. The wing is of rectangular planform and has circular end plates to simulate, approximately, two dimensional flow conditions. Apparatus: The model is suspended from a six component balance in an inverted position. Readings of lift( positive downwards ) and pitching moment are logged automatically, and zero corrected using the data acquisition system. Procedure: In preparation for the test, the wing model will have been rigged and the circuits of the balance engaged( for at least one hour ). Follow the steps listed below:-

1). Note the atmospheric pressure and temperature for use in calculations, 2). Adjust the wing incidence to zero degrees, 3). Using the setting bar, check that the wing incidence is properly set to Zero degree. 4). Carefully remove the setting bar from the wing and check that the tunnel is free of loose objects, and close the access door securely, 5). Zero the lift and pitching moment readings by selecting ' Auto zero', 6). Switch on the wind tunnel, zero the digital manometer, 7).Very gradually, increase the wind tunnel motor speed until the digital manometer reads 81 mm of water. This is the wind tunnel dynamic pressure. 8). Using the computer set the incidence to -4 degrees, 9). Take a set of readings as the wing incidence is varied, in steps of one degree, from -4 to 20 degrees, The technician in-charge will demonstrate how to log readings. Save these on to floppy disc so that analysis can be made of the results outside the laboratory, 10). Repeat the above procedure for at least one different wind tunnel air speed, below that corresponding to 81 mm of water, 11) The technician in-charge will demonstrate other data acquisition techniques on the wind tunnel. Theory: The non dimensional lift and pitching moment coefficients are defined as follows:

CL =

CM

1 V 2 S 2 M = 1 V 2 Sc 2

where V S air density free stream velocity wing area

c The quantity

aerodynamic mean chord

1 V 2 , is known as the dynamic pressure and it can be measured 2 directly using a pitot-static tube.
Analysis of Results:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Plot CL versus , and CM versus CL. Include results for both speeds on one graph but use different symbols for the different speeds. Determine the zero lift angle of incidence 0. Determine the lift curve slope

dC L . d

Determine the maximum lift coefficient CLmax Determine the position of the aerodynamic centre of the aerofoil relative to the leading edge. (see below) Comment on your findings and compare them with expected values.

Aerodynamic Centre

The aerodynamic centre (a.c.) of an aerofoil is the point where the pitching moment is independent of the angle of attack. At low speeds, it is typically near the quarter chord point. We can determine the aerodynamic centre if we know how the lift and moment vary with angle of attack about an arbitrary reference point. If we know the total lift, L, and the moment Ma about a reference point a distance a from the leading edge

L
Ma

We can replace this by an equivalent force and moment about a reference point x from the leading edge

x Mx

We can determine Mx by the relation:

M x = M a + ( x a) L
We can determine the variation with angle of attack:

dM x dM a dL = + ( x a) d d d
and we can solve for the value of x which gives
dM a d =a dL d

dM x = 0 .We get: d

x a .c .

The wing planform area is equal to 0.119m2 and the pivot point is 0.048 m aft of the leading edge. ( All these value to be cofirmed with the technician-in-charge.) References: 1. 2. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics - John D. Anderson, Jr. - McGraw-Hill, Inc. ISBN:0-07-001679-8. Low speed Wind Tunnel Testing-William H.Rae, ISBN: 047 1874027.