OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB MANUAL SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERAMBALUR

IV YEAR

SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING ANNA UNIVERSITY OF THIRUCHIRAPALLI REGULATION 2008 IV ECE

EC1405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LABORATORY LAB MANUAL

ACCEPTED BY
Prof. B. REVATHI HOD/ECE

PREPARED BY
Raghavendra Malapatti Reddy, Asst Prof Saranya.E, Assistant Professor.

OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB MANUAL SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERAMBALUR

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Preface
This laboratory manual is prepared by the Department of Electronics and communication engineering for optical and microwave (EC1405). This lab manual can be used as instructional book for students, staff and instructors to assist in performing and understanding the experiments. This manual will be available in electronic form from Colleges official website, for the betterment of students.

Acknowledgement
We would like to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to the support offered by the Chairman Shri. A.Srinivasan. We also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to our Principal Dr.B.Karthikeyan,M.E, Ph.D, for his valuable information and guidance, which helped us in completing this task through various stages. We extend our hearty thanks to our head of the department Prof.B.Revathi M.E, (Ph.D), for her constant encouragement and constructive comments. Finally the valuable comments from fellow faculty and assistance provided by the department are highly acknowledged.

OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB MANUAL SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERAMBALUR

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INDEX

S.No 1 2 4

TOPIC Syllabus Lab Course Handout Experiments

PAGE NO 4 5

1. Numerical aperture determination for and attenuation measurement in fibres 2. Mode characteristics of fibres SM fibres 3. Fiber optic communication links 4. LED and photodiode characteristics 5. VSWR measurements- determination of terminal impedance 6. Determination of guide wavelength, frequency measurement 7. Microwave power measurement (using DC and H-arm of a magic T) 8. Characteristics of gunn diode oscillator 9. Coupling fibres to semiconductors sources connectors and splices

8 10 12 14 17 20 25 28 32

OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB MANUAL SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERAMBALUR

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EC1405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LABORATORY

1. Numerical aperture determination for and attenuation measurement in fibres 2. Mode characteristics of fibres SM fibres 3. Coupling fibres to semiconductors sources connectors and splices 4. Fiber optic communication links 5. LED and photodiode characteristics 6. VSWR measurements- determination of terminal impedance 7. Determination of guide wavelength, frequency measurement 8. Microwave power measurement (using DC and H-arm of a magic T) 9. Characteristics of gunn diode oscillator

OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB MANUAL SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERAMBALUR

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LAB COURSE HANDOUT Subject code Subject Title Staff name : EC1405 : Optical and Microwave Lab :Raghavendra malapatti reddy and Saranya.E

Scope and Objective of the Subject: To verify various theorems and find the characteristics of various devices. Course Plan / Schedule: S.No Topics to be covered Learning objectives Page No* No. of hours

Numerical aperture determination for and attenuation measurement in fibers Mode characteristics of fibers SM fibers

To Determine the numerical aperture and attenuation loss for a given optical fiber cable To study the mode characteristics of single mode fiber To setup fiber optic analog link using a 660nm OFC and to measure the beam width To study the characteristics of LED and photodiode To determine the VSWR & impedance unknown load by measuring VSWR To determine the frequency &wavelength in a rectangular waveguide
To study the power characteristics of reflex klystron

8-9

5hrs

10-11

5hrs

Fiber optic communication links

12-13

5hrs

LED and photodiode characteristics

14-16

5hrs

VSWR measurements- determination of terminal impedance

17-19

5hrs

Determination of guide wavelength, frequency measurement

20-24

5hrs

Microwave power measurement (using DC and H-arm of a magic T)

24-27

5hrs

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Characteristics of gunn diode oscillator

To study the VI characteristics of Gunn diode. 28-31 5hrs

Coupling fibers to semiconductors sources connectors and splices *-As in Lab Manual Evaluation scheme Internal Assessment

To study the connectors,couplers and splices

32-33

5hrs

1 2 3 4

Observation Record Attendance Model lab

Continuous Continuous Continuous 3hr

20% 30% 30% 20%

Timings for chamber consultation: Students should contact the Course Instructor in her/his chamber during lunch break.

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STUDENTS GUIDELINES There are 3 hours allocated to a laboratory session in Computer Networks Lab. It is a necessary part of the course at which attendance is compulsory.

Here are some guidelines to help you perform the Programs and to submit the reports:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Read all instructions carefully and proceed according to that. Make the connections as per the block diagram. If you find difficulties ask the faculty if you are unsure of any concept. Write up full and suitable conclusions for each experiment. After completing the experiment complete the observation and get signature from the staff. 6. Before coming to next lab make sure that you complete the record and get sign from the faculty.

STAFF SIGNATURE

HOD

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NUMERICAL APERTURE DETERMINATION FOR FIBER AND ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT IN FIBER Ex.No.1 Date:
AIM

To Determine the numerical aperture and attenuation loss for a given optical fiber cable. APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Advanced fiber optic communication trainer link 2. 1m and 3m fiber cable 3. NA measurement setup 4. Patch chords 5. CRO

THEORY NUMERICAL APERTURE For light rays to be propagated along a fiber they must fall within the fibers acceptance angle the numerical aperture of the fiber is an indication of how much light fiber can accept to propagate through it. The light transmitted inside a fiber amount the total internal refelction, light travel not only along fibers central axis but also various angles to center line. ATTENUATION The power coming out of the fiber should be less than the power entering it called attenuation. If the fibre should be less than communication attenuation is decrease in the light power or intensity during light propagation along a fiber. Here the light loss caused by the violation of the total internal reflection concept due to improper fibre coupling called coupling loss. PROCEDURE
1. Make the jumper connections for 660nm wavelength source, connect a 1m fiber cable

between optical TX1 and NA setup 2. Insert the fiber cable in numerical aperture setup 8

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3. Now a circular red spot is shown in graph attached with the base of NA setup. Measure

the circle in horizontally and vertically and find out mean radius of circular spot as,

4. Find out the numerical aperture for a distance as

NA = Where d is a distance in cm, r is mean radius of circular spot

5. Measure the NA for other distances of 0.4 cm, 0.6 cm, 0.8 cm and 2 cm. Finally take an

average for all readings of NA which is the numerical aperture for the given plastic fiber TABULATION Distance Mean radius Numerical aperture

ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT
1. Establish the analog link for 660nm link, set the sinusoidal signal amplitude and

frequency to 1VPP and 1KHz respectively using variable control POTs on VOFT-06 unit connect I/O3 output with oscilloscope using BNC BNC cable 2. Connect the 1m fiber cable between optical Tx1 an optical Rx1. Turn GAIN control POT so as to make 4VPP at the receiver unit 3. Replace a 3m fiber cable instead of 1m fiber cable. Note down output signal amplitude level without altering receiver gain and input signal amplitude and find out attenuation los for 3m fiber cable as

Fiber length amp

vin time amp

vout time

RESULT Thus the study of numerical aperture and attenuation loss for plastic fiber were performed

OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB MANUAL SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERAMBALUR

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MODE CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBER Ex.No.2 Date: AIM To study the mode characteristics of single mode fiber APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Advanced fiber optic communication trainer link 2. 1m and 3m fiber cable 3. CRO

THEORY In the single mode fiber there are actually two independent degenerate propagation modes. These modes are very similar but their polarization planes are orthogonal. Those may be chosen arbitrarily as their horizontal and vertical polarization either one of these polarization modes constitute the fundamental mode. Suppose we arbitrarily choose one of the modes to have its traverse electric field polarized along the x direction and the other independent orthogonal nodes to be polarized in y direction. PROCEDURE
1. Make the jumper connections for 660nm wavelength source, connect a 1m fiber cable

between optical TX1 and NA setup 2. Insert the fiber cable in numerical aperture setup 3. Now a circular red spot is shown in graph attached with the base of NA setup. Measure the circle in horizontally and vertically and find out mean radius of circular spot as,

4. Find out the numerical aperture for a distance as

NA = Where d is a distance in cm,r is mean radius of circular spot

5. The refractive index of the cladding for a given fiber is 1.402, now find out the refractive

index of the core using the formula NA = 10

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Where n1 is refractive index of core,n2 refractive index of cladding and NA is numerical aperture of fiber 6. Calculate V- number as follows

Where d is the diameter of core, is the wavelength of source 7. Now calculate the number of modes

RESULT Thus the mode characteristics of single mode fiber was studied and verified.

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FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION LINK Ex.No.3 Date: AIM To setup fiber optic analog link using a 660nm OFC and to measure the beam width APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Advanced fiber optic communication trainer link 2. 66nm fiber cable 3. AFO 4. CRO 5. Patch chords

THEORY The analog signal can be send using one of several modulation techniques. The simplest form of optical fiber link is direct intensity modulation, where optical output from the source is modulated simply by varying the current around the bios point in proportion to the message signal level. Thus information signal is transmitted directly in the end of the base band. More efficient method is to translate the baseband signal into an electrical sub carrier prior to intensity modulation or phase modulation techniques. PROCEDURE 1. Connect the kit with 230V AC mains power supply using 3 pin power chord 2. Make the jumper connections for 660nm wavelength source 3. Connect the internal function generator output to analog transmitter test point using 1mm patch chord 4. Slightly unscrew the LED2 Txm cap, insert one end of 1m fiber cable and unscrew and screw the cap 5. Switch ON the trainer, set the sine wave frequency to 1KHz and amplitude of 1Vpp 6. Observe the sine waveform on oscilloscope, if not turn gain control POT clockwise direction and observe the sine waveform with necessary amplitude level, analog link have been established 12

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7. Use the external function generator and set the input analog voltage to 1 Vpp, 1000Hz of frequency. Turn gain control POT and set output signal amplitude level to 1Vpp 8. Increase the sine wave frequency in steps of 1000Hz and note down the corresponding output voltage without changing receiver gain. 9. Plot the frequency response curve for frequency Vs gain in semilog sheet and findout 3dB bandwidth. 10. Make a analog link for 950nm wavelength , set input voltage level to 1 Vpp and output voltage to 1Vpp TABULATION FREQUENCY OUTPUT VOLTAGE GAIN=20

MODEL GRAPH

RESULT Thus the 660nm fiber optic analog link connection was setup and bandwidth was measured

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LED AND PHOTODIODE CHARACTERISTICS Ex.No.4 Date: AIM To study the characteristics of LED and photodiode APPARATUS REQUIRED 1. LED module 2. Photodiode Module 3. Multimeter THEORY LED A light emitting diode is a semiconductor diode mode by creation of junction of n type and p type material. Thus the principle of LED action works precisely the same way that we described the creation of permanent light radiation. Alternatively w can say that the external energy provided by V excites electrons at the conduction band to the valence band and recombine with hole. The net result is the light radiation. PHOTODIODE Photodiode is used to convert the light signal into an electrical signal Forward bias Positive terminal of the voltage source is connected to the p-side and negative to the nside. A large amount of current flows through line junction. Under this forward bias condition, the applied positive terminal repel electron in the n type region. Reverse bias Positive terminal of the voltage source is connected to the n-side and negative to the pside. No current majority under this condition. Under this condition holes which from the majority carrier of the p-side moves forward the negative terminal of the battery, and the

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electrons which forms the majority carrier of the n-side are attracted towards the positive terminal.

PROCEDURE FORWARD BIAS Construct the equipment as shown in the figure Set the bias selection switch in forward bias position Set the fiber cable between LED and PD Now set bias control Pot in particular level(-0.6) Step by step vary the LED intensity bias control POT Now use the power meter to measure LED emitting power and note down the voltage across resistor 7. Now find the current flowing through photodiode by using below formula
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

8. Plot the graph between voltage across power and current

REVERSE BIAS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Construct the equipment as shown in the figure Set the bias selection switch in reverse bias position Vary the POT2 to max level ie., high intensity in LED Set the fiber cable between LED and PD Now step by step increase the bias control voltage in 1.28V to 5V Note down voltage across photo diode VPD and voltage across resistor VR Now find the current flowing through photodiode by using below formula

8. Plot the graph between voltage across photodiode VPD and current

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LED CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION S.No Voltage across resistor Series resistance Voltage across diode Current through diode

PHOTODIODE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

RESULT Thus the characteristics of LED and photo diode were performed

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MEASUREMENT OF VSWR OF UNKNOWN LOADS Ex.No.5 Date: AIM To determine the VSWR & impedance unknown load by measuring VSWR. APPARATUS REQUIRED Klystron power supply, Reflex klystron isolator, frequency meter, variable attenuator, slotted section, VSWR meter, detector mount & CRO FORMULAE USED

VSWR ,S=EMAX /EMIN (i.e) VMAX/VMIN Reflection coefficient , ||= (S1)/(S+1)

THEORY The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line,may be considered as the sum of 2 travelling waves: the incident wave which propagates from the generator and the reflected wave which propagates towards the generator. The reflected wave is set up by the reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load impedance. The magnitude and phase of the reflected wave depends upon amplitude of phase of the reflected impedance.The presence of two travelling waves gives rise to standing waves along the line.The maximum field strength is found when the two waves are inphase and the minimum where the two waves add in opposite phase.The distance between two successive minima(or maxima) is half the guide wavelength of the line.The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident waves is called reflection coefficient.The voltage standing wave ratio between maximum and minimum field strength along the line. VSWR, S=EMAX /EMIN = (EI +ER) / (EI-ER)

=ER/E I = (Z-ZO) / (Z+ZO) Z is the impedance at a point on the line. Zo is the characteristic impedance The equation above gives the following equation.

||= (S-1)/(S+1)
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PROCEDURE 1. 2. 3. 4. Set the components and equipments as shown. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation. Terminate the receiving end with unknown load Keep the control knob of a klystron power supply Beam voltage - off Mode switch - AM Beam voltage knob fully anti clockwise Reflector voltage knob fully clock wise AM amplitude knob fully clock wise AM frequency knob mid position 5. Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as shown below Switch normal Input switch low imp Range db switch 40 db Gain control knob fully clockwise 6. Connect detector output to VSWR meter. Adjust the square wave modulation frequency to approximately 1KHz. 7. Thus the detector by adjusting short planger for maximum meter detection. 8. Tune the probe along the slotted line, adjust it as standing wave minimum. Recod the probe position as x1 and next successive minimum position as x2. 9. Replace slot by short circuit termination and move the probe carriage to new standing wave minimum and record the probe position an x3. 10. Find the shift minimum it will be positive it minimum is shifted towards load. 11. Convert the shift in wavelength units ie., minimum can be known move accurately. BLOCK DIAGRAM
CRO GUNN power supply

VSWR meter

Slotted section

GUNN oscillator

Pin modulator

Isolator

Frequency meter

Attenuator

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OBSERVATIONS

Vmax

Vmin

S= Vmax/ Vmin

||=(S-1)/(S+1)

RESULT Thus the VSWR and terminated impedance was measured.

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MESUREMENT OF FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH Ex.No.6 Date:

AIM To determine the frequency and wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working on TE10 model APPARATUS REQUIRED Klystron power supply, Reflex klystron isolator, frequency meter, variable attenuator, slotted section, VSWR meter, detector mount & CRO. THEORY For dominant TE10 mode in rectangular waveguide
0, g, c

are related as below.

1/
0 g c

2 0

= 1/

2 g

+ 1/

2 c

= Free space wavelength = guide wavelength = cut off wavelength

For TE10 mode c = 2a where a is the broad dimension of waveguide. The following relationship can be proved.

c=f
c = velocity of light f = frequency PROCEDURE 1. Set up the variable components and requirements 2. Setup variable attenuation at minimum attenuation 20

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3. Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as shown in figure Input switch - crystal load impedance Meter switch normal position Gain mid position 4. Keep the control knob of a klystron power supply Beam voltage - off Mode switch - AM Beam voltage knob fully anti clockwise Reflector voltage knob fully clock wise AM amplitude knob fully clock wise AM frequency knob mid position 5. Switch on the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan switch. 6. Switch on the beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 300v with the help of beam voltage knob. 7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some reflector in VSWR meter 8. Maximize the deflection with an amplitude and frequency control knobs in power supply 9. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection 10. Tune the probe for maximum deflection in VSWR 11. Tune the frequency meter knob to get dip on the VSWR scale and down the frequency directly from the frequency meter. 12. Replace the termination with movable short and return the frequency 13. Move the probe along the slotted line the deflection in VSWR meter will vary the probe to a maximum deflection position to get accurate reading 14. Calculate the guide wavelength on twice the distance between two successive minimum position obtained as above. 15. Measure the waveguide on twice inner broadband dimensions a which will be around 22.86 for x band. 16. Calculate the guide wavelength on twice the distance between two successive minimum position obtained as above 17. Verify the frequency obtained by frequency meter and above experiment can be verified at different frequencies

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

Klystron power supply (0-500)

CRO (or) VSWR meter

Waveguide detector mount

Slotted Section

Reflex Klystron

Frequency meter

Attenuator

OBSERVATION

LEAST COUNT LEAST COUNT

= .01cm

(Slotted line)

= .01mm (freq micrometer & attenuator)

FROM SLOTTED SECTION Trial No MSR VSC VSR= Total

VSCx.01 Reading

1.

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2.

MICROMETER READINGS OBR= Total

3.

PSR HSC

HSR=

PSR+ Reading

HSCx.01 HSR ((OBR

4.
1.

ZC)

5.
2.

3.

4.

5.

CALCULATIONS
g

is calculated from slotted section line

g/2

= (d1 n d2)

a = dimension of the waveguide = 2.286 x 102 m 1/

0

= ((1/ g) 2 + (1/2a) 2) 1/2 f = c/

0

c = 3 x 108 m/s

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f is calculated and the result is verified from the given table with the corresponding micrometer reading taken from frequency meter. FINAL OBSERVATION
Micrometer Reading
g/2

1/

f = c/

RESULT Thus waveguide wavelength and frequency was determined for the given microwave setup and values are obtained.

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MICROWAVE POWER MEASUREMENT Ex.No.7 Date: AIM

To study the power characteristics of reflex klystron

APPARATUS REQUIRED Klystron power supply, Reflex klystron isolator, frequency meter, variable attenuator, slotted section, VSWR meter, detector mount & CRO THEORY The reflex klystron is a microwave tube used as a microwave source in a lab. It makes use of velocity modulation to a continuous electron beam into microwave power. Its oscillation frequency can be varied over wideband and it can be pulse and frequency modulated. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated by and pass through a position resonator grids towards the reflector and negative terminal to the cathode are consequently and finally reflex the electrons which then turn back through the resonator grids. In case klystron starts to oscillate a bifixed exist and these electrons leave at a reduced velocity because of the different in velocity. PROCEDURE 1. Connect the corresponds and equipment as shown in figure 2. Keep the control knob of klystron power supply as below Mode switch - ON Beam voltage knob- fully anti clockwise Repeller voltage Meter switch - fully clock wise - cathode voltage position 25

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Rotate the frequency meter at outside. 3. Switch on the klstron power supply VSWR and cooling fan for the klystron tube wait for 1-2 minutes for klystron to respond 4. Cathode voltage knob at minimum position gives a beam voltage at 235V observe beam current on the meters by changing meter 5. Now change the meter switch to repeller voltage position 6. Select response range for the power meter so that power output of max node will not exceed the meter range 7. Decreasing the reflector voltage record output power and frequency 8. To measure the frequency, switch the node switch off klystron to mode and observe output on CRO 9. Plot the power relative frequency vary repeller voltage to get node curves 10. Complete various parameter from graph BLOCK DIAGRAM

KLYSTRON POWER SUPPLY

REFLEX KLYSTRON

ISOLATOR

FREQUENCY

METER

DETECTOR MOUNT

CRO

TABULATION
REPELLAER VOLTAGE(V) OUTPUT VOLTAGE(mV) FREQUENCY

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MODEL GRAPH

Output voltage

Repeller voltage

Output frequency

Repeller voltage

RESULT Thus the power characteristics of reflex klystron were determined.

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STUDY OF GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS Ex.No.8 Date: AIM To study the following characteristics of Gunn diode. 1. 2. V-I characteristics. Output power & frequency as a function of voltage.

APPARATUS REQUIRED Gunn power supply, Gunn oscillator pin Modulator, Isolator, frequency meter, attenuator, slotted section with probe carriage, Detector mount & VSWR meter. THEORY The Gunn oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk. Semiconductor, which has two conduction, bands minima separated by an energy gap (greater agitational energies). A disturbance at the cathode gives rise to high field region, which travels towards the anode. When this high field domain reaches the anode, it disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and starts moving towards anode and so on. The time required for domain to travels from cathode to anode (Transit time) gives oscillation frequency. In a Gunn oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a resonant cavity. In this case the oscillator frequency is determined by cavity dimension than by diode itself. Although Gunn oscillator can be amplitude modulated with the bias voltage, we have used separate pin modulator through pin diode for square wave modulation. A measure of the square wave modulation capability is the modulation depth (i.e.) the output ratio between ON and OFF state.

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PROCEDURE 1. Set the components and equipments as shown 2. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation 3. Keep the control knob of gunn diode power supply as below Meter switch OFF Gunn diode fully anti clockwise Pin bias knob / mode amplitude mid position 4. Set the micrometer of gunn diode oscillator between 5 to 7 mm for required frequency of operation 5. ON the power supply use meter and cooling fan 6. Keep the mock switch off gunn power supply to square wave / internal modulation 7. Turn the meter knob to voltage position, apply gunn bias voltage around 5V. Now change the meter switch to current position and note that as gunn bias voltage is varied current starts decreasing. This indicates negative resistance characteristics of gunn diode. Apply the voltage such that the device is in the middle of the negative resistance region. 8. Connect detector output to VSWR meter 9. Adjust the square wave modulation frequency to approximately 1KHz 10. Change the meter range if no deflection is observed 11. Keep the slotted line probe at position where max deflection in meter is observed 12. Adjust the attenuator settings, gain control knob on VSWR meter and have the detector plunger for the pointer to indicate VSWR 13. Move detector probe using along the slotted line and note the position probe where pointer comes to expense left position which is first minimum

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

OBSERVATION A. V.I. Characteristics Voltage (Volts) Current (mA)

MODEL GRAPH

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B. Output power & frequency as a function of voltage

Voltage (Volts) Attenuation (dB) Frequency (GHz)

Attenuation decreases and output power increases Increases As frequency increases

MODEL GRAPH (i) Frequency Vs Voltage

(ii)

Voltage Vs Power

RESULT Thus the VI characteristics of gunn diode oscillator is studied

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STUDY OF THE CONNECTERIZATION OF OPTIC FIBER Ex.No.9 Date: AIM To study the connecterization of optic fiber FIBER AND FACE PREPARATION One of the first chip that might be followed before fiber are connected or spliced to each other it is prepare the fiber and face properly. In order not to backlight deflected or reflected at the joint, the fiber and preparation techniques. Connectional finds that pausing techniques produce a smooth surface that is perpendicular to the fiber axis. LIP This is a sharp position from the edge of cleared fiber that presents the loads from coming is closed light on cause fiber damage ROLL- OFF This rounding off at the edge of a fiber is the opposite display based on condition CHIP A chip is a localized from center of break of at the end of a closed fiber CHIP-SPIRAL These are absort changes is end free surface topology THEORY OF OPTICAL FIBER CONNECTOR A wide clarity of optical fiber connector for numerous different applications this side ranges from simple single channels LOW COUPLING LOSS The connector assembly recut maintains straight alignment to assume coupling INTER CHANGABILITY

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Connectors of the some type must be compatible form a maintelization to another LOW ENVIRONMENT SENSITIVITY Connector such as temperature dust mixture should have a small effect on connected los variation CONNECTOR TYPE Connectors are available in design that systems on twist on scrap into fibre. The most commonly used connectors are the twist on end sharp of design. Butt joint connectors employ a metal cosmic or modulated plastic fraction Two polar butt joint alignment design used in both multi and single mode fiber system. There are the straaaight source and taped biconical mechanism CONNECTOR RETURN LOSS A connector point is an optical link can be category into best interface types. These consist of either or perpendicular or an angled and fiber on the fiber. In each case these connection requires high selection loss and insertion losses.

RESULT Thus the connecterization of optic fiber was studied.

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