Applications of Von Karman's Integral Momentum Equation For Boundary Layers

Applications of von Karman's Integral Momentum Equation for Boundar...
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Applications of von Karman's Integral Momentum Equation for Boundary Layers

1. An absolute estimate of flat-plate laminar boundary layer properties for Application of method A Self-similarity of boundary layer velocity profiles signifies that
where
, the boundary layer thickness, = f (x), the distance from the leading edge.
The boundary conditions to be satisfied for a boundary layer over a flat plate are : At y = 0 : u = 0 , (since ),
(The last condition is imposed by the B L equation
since LHS = 0 at y = 0.) and at : u = uo , (since at )
Simplest polynomial form of
satisfying these is (see Tutorial example)
Now it is found that this form of velocity profile does indeed correspond quite well with measurements for laminar B.L.s over flat plates: so what follows can represent the behaviour of such a laminar B.L. Then, by definition, Displacement Thickness is
since for all
, u = uo. Dividing by
) gives
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Similarly, for Momentum Thickness
Further,
From the velocity profile assumed
Therefore
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Substituting in Momentum Equation for zero pressure gradient
Integrating
or
Hence
and
Local friction coefficient,
or
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( Cf., eg. this last result with the exact Blasius result for the laminar BL
This close agreement is, however, fortuitous.) Tutorial 6 Question 2 and 3 2. Deduction of the Characteristics of a Turbulent Boundary Layer over a Flat Plate from Pressure Drop Data for Turbulent Pipe Flow. Application of method B The velocity profile in that part of the turbulent BL accessible to measurement is
(1)
where
is the local boundary layer thickness. if we knew as a function of x and if equation (1) applied at the wall.
We could find But, in fact, we do not know additional data to find or
and Eq (1) clearly does not apply very close to the wall; so we require .
From measurements of the pressure drop in turbulent flow in pipes
Assuming that the velocity profile in the turbulent boundary layer in a pipe is described by equation (1), with pipe radius, it is easy to show that um = 0.817 uo, where uo is the velocity on the pipe axis.
(2)
Evaluating
directly from equation (1) by substitution in the defining equation, ignoring the small effect
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on the total momentum flux in the boundary layer of the departure of the velocity profile from eq (1) near the wall. (3)
Substituting equations (2) and (3) into the momentum equation, remembering that
here:
Rearranging and integrating from 0 to x,
Averaged over the length x, integration gives
Tutorial 6 Question 1
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3. Turbulent Boundary Layers on Curved Surfaces. Pressure Gradient Effects a) Favourable Pressure Gradient
Over portion of surface inclined to the flow as shown (+ve angle of incidence)
Consider first the implications for the overall behaviour of the BL, using the von Karman equation
As we have seen, LHS is only a weak function of uo, particularly for turbulent boundary layers; so LHS will change little as uo increases. Hence, as changes from 0 to > 0, must diminish.
Consider the relative magnitudes of these effects. For the turbulent BL, over a flat plate at
, for instance, our previous analysis shows that
is of the order of the BL thickness. The 2nd term on the RHS is thus of the order of the fractional change in uooccurring over an x-distance equivalent to the BL thickness. It is clearly possible for this to exceed or 0.3%, a typical value of , without violating the BL assumption that
; and at entry to a converging duct, for instance, where the BL thickness is comparable to the
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half width, such axial velocity gradients are easily achieved and exceeded. In such cases, if the 2nd term on RHS becomes negative and the BL becomes thinner in the direction of flow - over
upwind surfaces of an obstruction or in the converging portion of a channel, for instance. b) Adverse Pressure Gradient
More interesting and complicated is the case where
ie flow with an adverse pressure gradient. Using the same arguments as before
may readily exceed
numerically; in which case if
, von Karman's equation requires
to
become more positive than in a straight parallel flow and the BL thickness increases abnormally rapidly in the flow direction. This result, that the BL thickness increases abnormally rapidly over the downstream (rear) face of an obstacle or at the wall of a diverging pipe section (diffuser) has very far reaching practical implications. These are best introduced by returning to the detailed equation of motion for a boundary layer. Next : Separation of Boundary Layer David Balmer Last modified: Wed Dec 2 15:48:29 GMT
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Applications of Von Karman's Integral Momentum Equation For Boundary Layers

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Applications of von Karman's Integral Momentum Equation for Boundar...