" .

. .... . .'

AMC PAMPHLET AMCP 706·140

THIS IS A REPRINT WITHOUT CHANGE OF OROP ZO·UO

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

OF MATERIEL

. ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK

TRAJECTORIES, DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS,

AND DATA FOR PROJECTILES

i r",. -" .

! ,.

HEADQUARTERS. U. S. ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND AUGUST 1963

 HEADQUARTERS
UNITED STATES ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

30 August 1963

AMCP 706-140, Trajectories, Differential Effects, and Data for

Projectiles, forming part of the Army Materiel Command Engineering
Design Handbook Series, is published for the information and guidance
of all concerned.

SELWYN D. SMITH, JR.

Brigadier General, USA
Chief of Staff
OFFICIAL:

R. O. DAV
Colonel, G
Chief, Adm nistrative Office

DISTRIBUTION: Special
 /
'd.

PREFACE
This pamphlet. one of the series which will c >mprise the Ordnance Engineerin~

Design Handbook. deals with the subjp.ct of Exterior Ballistics, covering Tra­
jectories, Differential Effects and Data for Projectiles. The pamphlet pertains
to that phase of projectile life starting at the gun muzzle (or, for a rocket, at
burnout) and ending at the point of burst or impact. The subject is covered in a
manner intended primarily to assist the ammunition designer in recognizing and
dealing with the design parameters of projectile weight, shape, Inuzzle velocity, yaw,
c, drag and stability, in designing for optimum results in range, time of flight and
accuracy. It is hoped that it will also prove helpful to other personnel of the Ord­
nance Corps and of contractors to the Ordnance Corps. Because of its complexity,
it is possible to cover the subject only briefly in this volume, but an attempt has been
made t~ incorporate references which will permit the designer or the student to
explore in more detail any phase of the subject.

The bal1istics of bombs and of intermediate and long range missiles are not
covered in this pamphlet. Neither' are the problems associated with Interior
Bal1istics or of Terminal Ballistics. These subjects will be covered by other
pamphlets.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
PREFACE .........••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••..•••.•••••••••••••

SVMBOLS '" iv

1. INTRODUCTION TO EXTERIOR B.... LLISTICS ••••..•.•.••..•••.••.•••••••.••

2. VACUUM TRAJECTORIES ................••••..•••••.••••••••••••••••. 1

a. Equations of Motion . 1

b. Charact~ristics of Trajectori~s . 2

3. AIR RESISTANCE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2

a. Fortts Acting on a Missil~ Moving in Air . 2

(1) Drag ..................•................................ 2

(2) Crosswind Fortt . 2

(3) Magnus ·Force , . 2

b. Simplified Assumptions ; . 2

c. Drag Coefficient . 2

d. Drag Function ..................................•............ 3

e. Form Factor ............................•.........•.......... 3

f. Ballistic Coefficimt . 4

g. Air I>ensity : . 4 \
)
4. DESCRIPTION OF TVPICAL PROJECTILES .•.•• " •••••••..• , ••••• '..•••.••• 4

a. Proj~cti1e Type 1 : . 4

b. Projectile Ty~ 2 ..................•....... 5

c. Proj~il~ Type 8 . 5

d. HEAT Shdl. 9O-mm. TIOB . 5

5. TRAJECTORIES IN AIR ••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••.•••••.•..•••••• 5

a. Equations of Motion . 5

b. Charact~ristics of Trajectori~s . 5

( 1) Ballistic Tabl~s . 5

(2) Graphs . 8

6. SIACCI TABLES •.••..•••••••••••.•••••••••••••• '• •••.••••••.••.•••••• 9

a. Spin-Stabilized Projectil~s . 9

( I) Tabular Functions . 9

(2) Ground Fire at Low EI~vations . 9

(a) Formulas ..........•................................ 9

(b) Example . 10

(3) Antiaircraft Fir~ ...................•..................•.. 10

(a) Formulas .......................•.................. 10

(b) Exampl~.....................•...................... 11

ii
 /.- '.

'­
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
PAGF:

":--" (4) Aircraft Fire............................................ II

(a) Formulas II

(b) Example 13

(c) Interpolation _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13

b. Fin-Stabilized Projectiles......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14

(I) Tabular Functions....................................... 14

(2) Appli<'ation.............................................. 14

(a) Formulas 14

(b) Example 15

7. DJP.·ERENTJAL EFFECTS............................................. 15

a. Effects on Range........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15

(I) Height of Target 15

(2) Elevation 16

(J) Muzzle Velocity ; 16

( 4) Ballistic Coefficient....................................... 16

(5) Weight of Projectile 16

(6) Air Density : 16

(7) Air Temperature 16

----..
(8) Wind 17

h. Effects on I>eflection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17

(I) Wind : 17

(2) Drift 17

c. Ballistic Density, Temperature, and Wind 17

REFERENCES. • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • . • • • • • • . . • . . • • . . • . • • • • • • • • . • • •• 18

GLOSSARy •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 19

TABLES

I Maximum Range for Projectile Type 1. 6,7

II Maximum Range for Projectile Type 2. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . .. .• 7

III Maximum Range for Projectile Type 8............................. 8

FIGURES
1. Projectile Shapes " 21

2. Drag Coefficient vs Mach Number 22

J. Time of Flight for Projectile Type 1. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. 23

4. Time of Flight for Projectile Type 2 , 24

5. Time of Flight for Projectile Type 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25

6. Trajectory Chart for Projectile Type 2 (12 graphs) 26 to 37

7. Trajectory Chart for Projectile Type 8 (12 graphs) J8 to 49

iii

 SYMBOLS

A-Azimuth, measured from the direction of mo­ Z-Linl'ar deflection

tion of the airplane (in aircraft fire) Z-Zenith angle
A-Altitude function (Eq. 63) 1--Velocity of sound

A-Axial moment of inertia niameter of the largest cros~ section of the

B-Drag coefficient in Ibjin 2 -ft (Eq. 19) projectile (in Gbre drag law, Eq. 23)

C-Ballistic coefficient (Eq. 22) c'-Damping coefficient due to yawing moment

D-Drag :lnd crosswind force (Eq. 51)

D-A ngular deflection c"--Damping coefficient due to drag (Eq. 33)

F-Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit d-Caliber, Or maximum diameter of projectile

G-Drag function (Eq. 20) f--Drag coefficient (in the Gavre drag law, F.q.

• 23)
H-Ratio of air density at altitude y to that at
the surface (Eq. 48) g-Gravitational acceleration
H-Height of target h-Logarithmic rate of decrease of air density

with altitude: 0.000,031,58 per ft

I-Inclination function (Eq. 62)

h-Yawing moment damping factor

K-Coefficient (See Eq. 16 and 34)

i-Form factor (Eq. 21)

L-erosswind force (lift)

k-Logarithmic rate of decrease of sonic velocity

M-Mach number (Eq. 18)

M-Pseudo-Mach numbeT (Eq. 65)
with altitude 0.000,003,01 per ft

k--Ratio of American to French drag function

_. -­
M-Overtumin~ moment about the center of (Eq. 24)

gravity 01- 'lass of the projectile

M-log1oe=O.43429 ~ approx.)
m-Slope of the tangent to the trajectory

N-Spin
n-l.ogarithmic rate of change of muzzle velocity

P-Performance parameter (Eq. Z7)

with projectile weight

P-Siacci range: the distance ~sured along the p-Space function (Eq. 28)

line of departure to a point directly above p-Projectile weight

the projectile (Eq. S4)

ql-Indination fttlll~tion (Ell. 30)
Q-Drop of the projectile (Eq. SS)
q-Altitude function (Eq. 31)

R-Reynolds number (Eq. 17)

s-Stability factor

R-Range
t -Time of fli~ht (someti;nt's the symld t, is used

S-Space function (Eq. 60) to distinguish the time of flight from the

T-Total time of flight Sial'd time function)

T -Time function (Eq. 61) t -Time function (Eq. 29)

V-Upper limit of integration of Siacci functions u-Velocity of the projectile relative to the air

V-Velocity u-Component along the line of departure of the

velocity relative to the air: the argument of

W-Wind speed
the Siacci functions

X-Total range of a trajectory

v-Velocity of the projectile relative to an inertial

Y-Altitude of an airplane above sea level system

iv
w-True air speed of the airplane in aircraft fire I-Pertaining to, or relative to, Projectile Type I
x-Horizontal distance from the origin of the 2-Pertaining to, or relative to, Projectile Type Z
trajectory 8-Pertaining to, or relative to, Projectile Type 8
y-Vertical distance Irom the origin of the tra­ .I-First reviaion
jectory
.2-Second revision
I-Drift
C-Due to I % increase: in ballistic coefficient
~ (capital delta) or ~'-Incnment of (foUowed
by a variable) D-Drag
6-Density of air (in Givre d.ng law, Eq. 23) H-Due to height of target
T (gamma)-Factor inversely proportioaaI to the R-Range component of
ballistic coeffic:ient (Eq. (6) e-Effective
a (delta)-Yaw p-Due to projectile 'weight
I (epsilon)-Angle of aite (Eq. 72) s-Summital: at the summit of a trajectory, where
" (theta)-Angle of indinatioa of the trajectory y=o
1t (bppa)-Crosswind force damping factor
s-Standard: pertaining to standard conditions
1& (mu)-VilCOsity of the air
t-Pertaining to, or relative to, some Typical Pro­
p (rho )-Density of the air
jectile
or (tau)-Temperature of the air
v-Due to I unit increase in muzzle velocity
, (phi)-Angle of departure
w-Due to wind
.. (omep).....Angle of fall
z-Cross component of
S",wsm,'s a-Yaw
One dot (example: xl-Derivative with respect
to time. or-Due to increase in the temperature of the
Two dots (example: y)-Secoad derivative with atmosphere
respect to time. t-Due to an increase in angle of departure
Stlbsm," I l l -Terminal:where y = 0 on the descending
o-At t = 0, Y= 0, or a =o. branch of the trajectory

v
" \.,

.r,' ;,
 TRAJECTORIES, DIFFERENT~AL EFFECTS, AND DATA
FOR PROJECTilES
1. INDODUCTIolf TO EXTDloa BALLISTICS
BaUiltics is the science of the motion and
effects of projectiles. Exterior Ballistics deals
with that part of the motioa between the pr0­
jector and the point of burst or impllCt.
.11Je projector may be any IOrt of weapon: a
sling-shot. a bow, a mortar, a rifle, a rocket
launcher, an airplane, etc. A projectile may be
any body that is projected by such a weapon.
However. in this p;unphJet, the term "projectile"
wiD be restricted' to those missiles that are in free
ftight through the air after beiDg propelJed by a
gun or a rocket motor. This term does not in­
clude bombs, which are released from airplanes;
they wiD be considered in another pamphlet.
'!he motiC?n of a missile in ftight is raJly
quite complicated. Even a fin-stabiJiud pr0­
jectile or bomb that is not spinning about its
Joncitudinal axil is swinging about a transverse
a-cis, and this urc:ets its motion. The nose of a
spi?ning shelJ PftCe5SeS about the tangent to its
traJectory, and ita attitude gives rise to forces that
not oaly urea its motion in a ftrtKaJ plane but
aJao move it out of this plane. To simplify the
~Ia~, ~wever, it is usually assumed that
a misSIle ads hke a particle subject to two forces:
(1) gravity, which is directed vertic:a11y down­
ward'. ~ (2) drag. which is directed opposite to
the direcbon of motion. Gravity i. assumed con­
stant : until 1956, the gravitatioaaJ acceleration was
usually taken to be 32.152 ft/-r (9.80 m/secI);
and was used for aD tables rdell eel to in this teXt ;
now, the lstandard value is 32.174 ft/-r (9.80665
m/secS). The drag depends 00 the -size of the
missile, its velocity, the density of air, 3nd other
factors. Under these conditions, the motion t'ol­
lows a smooth. planar path. which is called an
~~ ..Uistic trajectory,- or Htrajectory" for
'I?e initial conditions for the trajectory of a
particular missile are its initial ft1oc::ity and angle
of departure.· For a projectile, the initial velocity
en. tenD _gk of til,.."." and the tenD ,,--,. .
u 1Ded ia this pamphlet repI t the aacie from the
1IoNotIIU to the line of departwe tbad'ore: woa1d be
~ aceuntcI7 .... ClllllPIeIeIy ten8ed ....., -.k of
.,.".".
1
is the muzzle velocity and angle of dep:lrt I .1- is
approximately the elevation of the w~tJOn
(fictitious values of these quantities may ~ used
in the case of a rocket that bums OlOLSide the
launcher) . A bomb is released with the speed of
the airplane. generally in a horizontal direction.
If a gun is mounted in an airplane or other
moving vehicle, the initial conditions arc r" ~ct~
by the motion of the vehicle. In any case. it is
custonw:y to compute trajectories for a fe" se­
lected values of initial velocity and elevation.
Certain standard conditions are specified for a
nonnal trajectory: not only the initial velocity and
angle of departure, but also the weight of the
projectile and a factor that depends on its shape:
the density, temperature, and lack of motion of
the air, and the height of the target relative to the
projector. In order to determine the effects of
variations from these conditions. it may be con­
venient in some cases to compute non-standard
trajectories; however, they can usua))y be csti­
rnnted in other ways, as will be explained later.
2. V ACUUII TItA]ItCTORIES
a. EtpUltioM of M oliota
A rough idea of an exterior ballistic trajectory
may be pined by neglecting the air resistance,
considering only the effects of gra~ity. Then if
x is the horizontal distance from the origin,
y i. the vertie:aJ distance from the origin.
t is the time of flight,
r is the gravitational acceleration,
and ~ots ~ derivatives with respect to time,
the differential equations of motion are
i=O, y= -g. (1)
The initial 'UKlitions. denoted by the suhscript 0,
are
=
X. = v. cos a.. j. V o sin .a,,, Xo = 0, y. = 0,
where v is the velocity.
.a the angle of inclination.
By integrating equations (1), we find that at
any time, ,
= =
:it v. cos BOo Y v" sit. 8 0 - gt, (2~
and by integrating (2),
 x =
(Vocos .so)t, y =
(vo sin .so)t - gt2/2. (3) posite to that of the motion of the center of
b. Charculeristies of Trajectories gravity. This is the only component acting on a
non-spinning projectile that is trailing perfectly.
From Equations (3). we find that the time at
(2) Cro.~mf'ld Forct in the component per­
any horizontal range is
pendicular to the direction of motion of the center
t = x/vo cos.so (4) of gravity in the plane of yaw. The yaw is the
and hence the ordinate is angle between the direction of motion of the
center of gravity and the longitudinal axis of the
y =
x tan .so - gx 2 /2v 0 2 cos 2 .so. (5) missile. This component is the cause of the drift
This is a parabola with a vertical axis. of a spinning shell.
The total range X is found by letting y =0 in (3) M ag"vs Force acts in a direction pe".
( 5) and solving for x: pendicular to the plane of yaw. This is the iorce
=
X:= (2v 0 2 jg) sin.socos.s o (v 0 2 /g) sin2.s 0 • (6) that makes a spinning golf ball or baseball swerve.
This shows that the range is a maximum when b. Simplified ASS14mptiofls
=
.so 45°.
The total time of flight T is found by substi­
The motion caused by these forces is explained
in detail in the Ordnance Corps Pamphlet, "De·
tuting (6) for x in (4) :
sign for Control of Flight Characteristics.''! In
T = (2vo/g) sin -80' (7) general, the. motion of the center of gravity is
The components of the tenninal velocity are affected by the motion about the center of gravity
found by substituting (7) for t in (2): and occurs in three dimensions. To simplify the
calculations, it is usually assumed that the only
x = Vo cos .so. Y = - sin " •.•Vo (8) forces acting on the missile in free flight are
Hence the terminal velocity is drag and gravity. The crosswind force is implied
in the drift, but this is detennined experimentally
v.= V o• (9)
as a variation from the plane trajectory. This
and the angle of fall (considered positive) is approximation is satisfactory except at extremely
=
(a) "0' (10) high elevations, where the summital yaw is Yery
large.
By differentiating equation (5) with respect to
x, we find that the slope of the trajectory at any
point is

:~ = tan ". - gx/vo' cos' -8.. (11)

c. Dr~g Coefficintt
The drag encountered by a projectile moving in
air is defined b)' the equation of motion
-­
dv
At the summit, the slope is 0; hence the horizontal mdt"= - D -mg SID
. III
v, (IS)
range to the summit is where
=
x. (v.lII/g) sin.s o C06 -80. X/2. = (12) m-is the mass of the projectile,
By substituting this for x in (5), we find the max­ v-the velocity of the projectile relative to an
imum ordinate inertial system,
y. = (vo' /2g) sin 2
-80 = (1 - cos 2-80) v.'/4g t-the time,
= (g/8) T'. (13) D-the drag,
By substituting (12) for x in (4), we find the g-the gravitational acceleration,
time to the summit -8-the angle of inclination.
to = (v./g) sin.s o = T /2. (14) The drag coeffieind is defined by the relation
3. Ala RESISTANCE K D = D/pd'u', (16)
a. Forces Acti"g Oft G Missile MOfIiflg" Air where
A missile moving in air encounters other forces Kn-is the drag coefficient,
besides gravity. The principal components of the p'-the air density,
force produced by motion through air are drag, d-the caliber or maximum diameter,
crosswind force. and. for a spinning projectile, u-the velocity of the projecttle relative to
Magnus force. the air.
( 1) Dra,g is the component in the direction op­ The drag coefficient is a function of the Reynolds
2

number R and the Mach numher M. The
Reynolds number is defined as
R=udp/", (17)
where", is the viscosity of the air, and the Mach
number as
M = u/a, (18)
where a is the velocity of sound in the surround­
ing medium.* The viscosity is related to the
friction of the air; the velocity of sound, to its
elasticity. At extremely low velocities, the
Reynolds number causes greater variation, but
the effect of the Mach number is larger when it
exceeds 0.5. The angle between the direction of
motion of the center of gravity and the axis of
symmetry of the shell, called yaw, also affects the
drag coefficient, but this is usually stripped out of
the resistance firing data.
Figure 2 (p. 22) is a graph of drag coefficient
vs Mach number for the four typical projectiles
whose shapes are shown in Figure 1 (p. 21).
These projectiles are described and the hasic
firings explained in Section 4. It should be noted
that subscripts are used to distin~ish the typical
projectiles to which the drag coefficients pertain.;
a second subscript is sometimes added after a
decimal point to denote a revision. It is evident
that all the drag coefficients increase rapidly in
the vicinity of Mach number 1. The main differ­
ence between curves is in the ratio of the maxi­
mum, which occurs between Mach numbers 1.0
and 1.5, to the minimum subsonic value. Although
the drag coefficient has t>een determined and tab­
ulated for several other projectiles, these four
represent the principal shapes for artillery pro­
jectiles.
K D is a non-dimensional coefficient, and a con­
sistent set of units should be used in Equation
( 16). However, it is customary to express the
density as a ratio, the caliber in inches, and the
velocity in feet per second; then, since the drag
is in poundals, the drag coefficient is expressed in
pounds per square inch per foot and is denoted by
B. Until 1956, the standard air density was
taken as
= =
po 0.07513 Ib/ft3 5.217 X 1O- 4 1b/in2-ft.*
The practical drag coefficient,
B = 5.217 X 10- 4 K D , (19)
for Projectile Types I, 2 and 8 is tabulated as a
function of velocity for the standard velocity of
sound,
=
llo 1120.27 fps. *
---.--rn 1956, the Department of Defense adopted the stand­
ard atmosphere of the International Civil Aviation Organ­
ization.' In this atmosphere, at the surface, the density is
3
ORDP 20-140
The non-dimensional drag coefficient K D for the
9O-null H EAT Shell T 108 is tabulated as a func­
tion of Mnch number. (See References 3, 4. 5 and
(I, which may be obtained from the Ballistic Re­
search Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground.
Maryland).
d. Drag Function
The drag function G is computed by the formula
G= Bu (20)
with u in feet per second. For convenience in
computing trajectories, this has been tabulated
as a function of u2/100 with u in meters per
second and either feet or yards per second. for
Projectile Types 1, 2 and 8. (See References 7,
8 and 9.)
e. Form Factor
It is not practical to determine the drag co­
efficient as a function of Mach number for all
projectiles. Instead, the drag coefficient of a pro­
jectile whose shape differs only slightly from one
of the typical projectiles is assumed to be pro­
portional to the typical drag coefficient. If Kilt
is the drag coefficient of a Typical Projectile, the
form factor of a projectile whose drag coefficient
is K D is the ratio
it = KD/K Dt . (21)
The form factor may be determined from the
time of flight at short ranges, or from the range
to impact or the position of burst at a few eleva­
tions. If it is desired to estimate the form factor of
a projectile without firing it, the Ordnance Corps
Pamphlet, "Design for Control of Flight Char­
acteristics"2 should be consulted. It explains the
effects on drag of variations in length and radius
of head, meplat diameter, base area, length of
shell. and yaw. .
Generally, the form factor of a projectile with
a square base and an ogive less than 1.75 calibers
high should be referred to Projectile Type 1 ; that
of a projectile with a square base and an ogive
more than 1.75 calibers high, to Projectile Type
8; that of a projectile with a boattail, to Projectile
Type 2; and that of a finned projectile, to the
TI08 Shell. However, there are exceptions to
these rules: e.g., K Dt is used for fin-stabilized mor­
tar shells at low velocities, and K D2 fits the calcu­
lated drag coefficient for some longer fin-stabilized
shells. The drag coefficients of bombs are treated
elsewhere. to
0.076,475 Ibl ft" and the velocity of sound is 1I16.89 fps;
also the viscosity is 1.205 x 10- 1 Ib/ft-sec, but the effect
of Reynolds number is not considered in computing tra­
jectories.
ORDP 20-140
f.Ballistic Coelficient
The ballistic coefficient relative to the tabulated
drag coefficient is defined by the formula
C t = m/i t d2 , (22)
where m is the mass of the projectile in pounds.
d is the caliber (or maximum diameter)
in inches.
g. A ir Density
The air density is a function of altitude. The
exponential function adopted by the Ordnance
Corps· is tabulated in References 7 and 11. The
ratio of the density at an altitude y to that at the
surface is H(y).
4. DF-SCRIPTION OF TYPICAL PROJECTILES
This pamphlet contains data that pertain spe­
cifically to four types of projectiles: Types I, 2
and 8 and the ~-mm HEAT Shell T lOR They
can he applied to other shapes by using a form
factor, as explained in paragraph 3e.
a. Projectile Type 1
Most of the service projectiles used by the
European artillery during the last third of the
nineteenth century had square bases and ogival
heads of various apical angles. In Russia, during
the years 1868 and 1869, General Magenski con­
ducted some experiments at St. Petersbur~ to de­
termine the law of air resistance of projectiles with
a semi-apical angle of 48°22' (lA9-ealiber radius
head) at velocities from 172 to 409 m!s. In Eng­
land, from 1866 to 1880, Bashforth conducted sim­
ilar experiments with projectiles of the same form
(it may be that the tables were reduced to this
form) at velocities from 148 to 825 m!s. In HoI­
land, Colonel Hojel conducted a few such experi­
ments during 1883; the exact form is uncertain,
but the ogive was evidently somewhat longer than
those of the Russian experiments. In Germany,
the Krupp factory conducted a large number of
air resistance experiments at Meppen Proving
Ground, starting in 1881 (the principal results
were reported by Siacci in the "Rivista" for
March 1896); the velocities varied from 368 to
910 m!s, and ~hree different types of projectiles
* The tabulated trajectory data based on the old stand­
ard atmosphere give results that are nearly the same as
those based on the new atmosphere providing a suitable
change is made in the ballistic coefficient. For example, a
280-mm shell, fired with a muzzle velocity of 1795 fps, at
an elevation of 45°, attains a range of 15,790 yds.; the
ballistic coefficient is 3.62 with ICAO atmosphere and
3.SO with the old Ordnance Corps atmosphere. This func­
tion was used in computing trajectories before 1956, when
the Department of Defense adopted the standard atmos­
phere of the International Civil Aviation Organization.
were used: one was the same as the Russian (or
the results reduced to the 'same), but the others
probably had longer ogives. In France, a com­
mission of the naval artillery conducted many such
experiments at Gavre Proving Ground from 1873
to 1898 at velocities from 118 to 1163 m/s; they
fired ogival projectiles with three semi-apical
angles: 45°55' (1.64 CRH), 41 °40' (1.98 CRH).
and 31 °45' (3.34 CRH). For further details, see
References 12 to 16.
In analyzing the results of the experiments,IT
the Gavre Commission of Experiments assumed
that the drag could be expressed in the form
D =~
g
a 2V2 f(V), (23)
where
D-is the drag (kg),
~-the density of the air (kg/m ll ),
g-the gravitational acceleration (m/sec2).
a-the diameter of the largest cross section of
the projectile (m),
V-the velocity (m/s).
The drag was treated as a function of velocitv
without taking account of the velocity of sound,
although the dependence of drag on the velocity of
sound was strongly suspected: the coefficient f
was plotted as a function of Valone. After
studying the results obtained with projectiles of
various ogival angles, the Commission confirmed
the law deduced by Helie in 1888 that f(V) is
proportional to the sine of the ogival angle, at
least for values from 40° to 90°, within the experi­
mental errors.
In 1917, Chief Engineer Garnier of the Gavre
Commission published a table 18 of log B and the
corresponding logarithmic derivative, with ve­
locity as argument: this B is equivalent to f(V)
for an ogival projectile with a 2-ealiber radius
head. This ideal shape is what we call Projectile
Type 1 (see Figure I). The Ordnance Depart­
ment of the United States Army then prepared a
table of the logarithm of the drag function 1'
G = kBV, (24)
with V expressed in meters per second, and the
factor k to take account ot differences in defini­
tions and standards. Below 600 m/s, k = 0.00114;
but at higher velocities, it is variable. G was
called the Gavre function; later, the symbol was
changed to G 1 to denote that it pertains to Pro­
jectile Type 1.
In the table of log G, the argument, V2/100.
varies from to 0 to 33,000 (equivalent to 1817
m!s or 5961 fps). G has been tabulated for
V2/100 up to 25,000 (1581 m/s or 5187 fps).
·'The product Gv has also ~. tabulated as a
fomction of v in feet per second up to 6000 ipS.1O
b. PrDjeclik T~lP! l was fitted with a series of analytical expressions.
A sketcb of ProjectIle Type 2 is shown in
Figure L This projectile has a 6- boattail ~
caliber ionr and an ogivo-eonical head 2.7 cali­
bers long. The eXpet'imental 4.7-inch Shell E1
had thi. shape. However. the resistance firings
"'ere actually conducted with two types of 3.3-inch
shell: Type ISS with a S° boattail and Type 157
with a 7" boattail. The results were so dose that
thq. were grouped together to represent one tY.Pe.
T~\e projectiies were fired from 1922 to 1925
at veJonties from 655 to 3187 ips. The results of
these nnngs were fitted ;by the tabulated drag
function .~ (this is defined in paragraph 3d).
Later. it was extrapolated to 10,000 ips by means
oi theoretical considerations. For the sake of
greater smoothness and accuracy. two revisions
have been made: Gu • tabulated to 6000 ips, and
Gu • to 7000 ips. Gt . 1 is approximately the same
as Gt • but Gu is lower at velocities above 2000
Ips.
c. PrDjectik Type 8
A sUtch of Projectile Type 8 is shown in Fig­
ure 1. Tnis projectile has a square base and a
IItCant ogive 2.18 calibers high. Its ogival radius
is 10 calibers. which is twice that of a tange~t
oglve of the same neignt.
The drag function G 8 was calculated from data
obtained 'oy the British Ordnance Board from
t(\ftt'source!>:
(j) !\:ieuurements (If a model in the National
Pnysica; Laboratory wind tunnel at Maen. numoers
from 0.22 tr.. O.~~.
(~ awsunce lirings ot ~-pounder Sc'1eE at
Macn numilers itOm 0.6S to ~.a.
f 3) Resistanee firings oi 3-inch shell at ~aci.
numbers from 0.3:; to :+. L.
V. was .irst tabuiatett to SOOO ips. Later. a
revise<i table, caIi~ G•. t • was exten<1ed to 6000
ip3. T ne corresponding cirag .:oefiicient~ are ap­
?roxnnatelY P~nional to the British "1940
Law," whici: was first tabulated to SOOO ips and
later revised above 3150 ips and extended ·to 6000
ips by a ?Ower Jaw.
d. HEAT SMI1, 90-• •, TI08
A sketch of the 9().mm High Explosive Anti­
tank Shell Tl~ is shown in Figure 1. This pro­
~ecti1e hu tim ~ caliber in span at the end of a
long boom and a conical ogive about 2 calibers
high.
The drag of this projttti.e WllS determiaed at
velocities from 700 to 2700 fops or free flight firings
s
in th~ larg~ Spark Range of the Exterior Bal­
listic Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Ground.
The dl'2( coefficient (defined in paragraph 3c:
which were used in tabulating it as a fWlCtion (\'~
Mach number irom 0.1 to 2.7.
5. TU]ECTORIItS IN AIR
a. Eqll4lions of Jot Vi"vn
Under standard conditions, the equatio~lS (' ,1­
tion are
.. GH. " GH.
x=-c- x, y=-c- r - g•
where x is the horizontai rangt.
y-the altitud~,
H-the air density ratio,
g-the gravitational acceleration (~~.1:2
ft/sec 2 ),
and dots denote derivatives with respect to timL
The initial conditions are
Xo =0, Yo = 0, Xc = VO CO~ ~, .. ~'~ = \'0 sin .,)01
where Vo is the initial velocity,
.a.o-the angle of departure.
These equations cannot be solved analyticaHv.
but they can be solved by a method oi numeric.a.i
integration explained ;n References 21, 22. 23 and
24.
b. CJuvoderistics. of Tra;ectone.i
( 1) Ballis'k T abies. Trajectory data have
been tabulated ior Pro.iectile T~s 1 &1;0 2 ane
for some bomb shape:>.
The "Exterior Ballistic Tables Baseci on Nt.··
merical Integration" (Reterences 7, 25. and 20;
pertain to Proiect;;e Type 1. The merer ~s toe
unit of lengtt.. Tne tr"J.ectones were c,:;.i1pute~
iorwarci and t.ackwa!'c· [r(Jl"!1 the swnrr.i.: and cut
off at several .ltitude·. 1i c.. is the '·cummita.:
ballistic c~fficien::" ci .. ~rajectory and y. the max­
imum ordinate of a partia.; trajectory, the baliisti.c::
coetncip.nt C 0; this parti4 1 trajector;.· -"1.usfies '.i,e
relation
loglOC = loglcC. - O.<XXl.045 y.. (26)
For each Y.. C•• and summita1 velocity v ••
Volume ! gh'es the horizontal range, time, and
velocity component~ 3.t the beginning and end
of the partial trajectory. If the muzzle vel.xity.
angle oi departure, and ballistic coefficient a.·e
knO\lo"1\, Volume Il mo:.y be used to find the
time of fli(;lu: tG the summit, te. the velocity at the
summit, the horizontal range to the summit,,,,,,.
and the maximum ordinate. Then C. can be com­
puted and trajectory data can he found in Volume
I for the i-ven C. aile: v, at various altitudes.
However, terminal values can be found more con­ purpose,. The table of range for an elevation of
45°, whKh is n(~r1y' the maximum ran~e. is rq>ro­ ./
veniently from Volume III. which gives the hori­
;:ootal range X. time of flight T. angle of fall duced iX're (T;,ble 1).
w. and terminal velocity Vw; the arguments are Tht: "Extcror Ballistic Table for Projectile
the same as in Volume II: the muzzle velocity T.vpe 2" (Refuence 28) consists or three parts:
varies from 80 to 920 meters per second. the Tahle !. Sumnital and Tenninal Values; Table
angle of departure from 0° to 80° (at intervals of I I. Coordinates as Functions of Time of Flight;

1° f,om 0° to 30°. and 2° from 30° to 80° I, the ann a lo.r,-{e gra?h of Ma..'l.imum Range vs. Bal1is:ic

hallistic coefficient from 1.000 to 17.78 (at inter­ Coefficient. The tables have been extended to

.. als of 0.05 in log C). include data for everv 15° from 0° to 90°. T~le

The "Brief r:xterior Ballistic Tables for Pro­ muzzle velocity varies irom 1200 to 5200 fet"t ,. ,­

wrtik- -ivr>e i" (Reference 27) cOlltains values second. and the ballistic coefficient from 0.50 ;0

I hM wf'r~' ohtaineej hy interpolation in Volume 10.00. The coordinates are given in yard". i:h~
II I am! conversiOll to English units (yards and time in seconds. and the velocity in feet per second.
ft't'T j~r "t'rond ,. The muzzle velocity varies from Tahle I gives the time to the summit. the ho:-i­
200 rf, :)()(X) f("~T I>f'; second in 100 foot per seconrl 1.Ontal range tn the summit. the maxim·,.m
1'll'remf'ntS. The ilngle of departure varies from ordinate. the time of flight. the total range. l'I,­
ISO to 75° in 15° increments. Obviously, inter­ angle of fall. and the terminal velocity. Table I l
Vlbtion for angle of departure in this table is gi"es the horizontal r:mge and altitude at e,,("ry
difficult: nf'vertheless, the table is useful for many 5 seconds of time. Unfortunately. the velocity

TABLE I

MAXDJUM RANGE FOR PROJECTILE TYPE 1

ELEVATION 45°

Range in yards. Muzzle Velocity (v o ) in fps

l,og C, 0.000 i O.o.'iO ;, 0.100 0.100 0.200 I

0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 10.450 0.500 O.5:lO 0.000 IO.6flO
C, 1.000 i 1.122 ,1.259 1.413 1.585 1.778[1.1195 2.239 2.512 2.818 3.162 3.54tI 3.9S1 4.4fr.
_yo. ,=; ==1===1== =1==004
:."X,:·
300
400
;'00
____ .
397:
1447,
14H1 ~
71J77:
i
~~;
R5t\.
1441 i
2121 ~
i
399
R64
1462
2162
400
1\71
I41l1
2201
401
tl,77
403:
AA3
1499
'r1:37
404
~
405·
1514
2270
--- ---
406
'892 I 897
407 I 40fI
000 1 <lO4
152R
2300
1541 1
15.~
2328 I 23M
1564
2378
1573
'2399
---1--- - - - - - - - - - - - -1---­
~
gm
1.'\H2
2418
409 [ 409

910
lfillO
24.16
I913

lW7

24.'>2

-
liOO 27"11: 21162 j 2934 3003 3()67 312f. 31111 3232 I 3279 3322 3.161 3397 3-::!f\ I 3461

700 :to'):.! 1 . :jt~, 3749 3M.'i6 3958 4(1)3 I 4140 4222 4301 4372 44:~ 4500 4556 1 4fJ06

loll 10 4:!47 I
44J 1, ·~.')70 4724 4S70 500H :\141 ;'2f.7 53"4 !'I4IM N'19.'i 5690 5m I /i.'\,W

'NIO '4W,tf, 51~i ,">349 '!),!j56 .'i755 5947 fila.1 6..110 647f. fl634 67!CJ 0023 7054 7174

~OlJO_1: --..:~H~:_.'i;!)~ _~l:~ ~I 654=- 6792 7037 _.~=-1_749f\_ 7714 7919 8115 1l299\ 1I4~~

1100 .. .'i925 i 6~ ti.";!'h1 AAflf\ I 7176 74S2 77f.l4 HO'mj 8.166 8644 8913 9172 9420 I 9(>5M

1200 il 62.'\1 6603 i 6\1.~ 7314 7671 8027 x3Ml 8733 9077 9417 9749 10073 1~ 10ti91

1300 Ii 6521 i 69051' 7293 7689 8087 8488 88m 9292 9693 10092 1~ 10872 11253111626

1400 II
67.'')9 I 7172 7.~ ~25 8460 8905 9353 9804' 10258 10711 11165 11616 12065 12508

_1.~-' fi«79-1~:'I_~~:" ~~I_~ 9294 9787 10287 10792 11301 11814 11329 12845' 13360
\lro .1 7JR.'i· 7ti."it;
lll:i4 Rti.'ll I 9141 9fJ64 110200
13021 10747 11302 11869 12442 13005 14194

17m i 7~1 7x73')\.~ 1\\112 94M t0021 I 105!-l9

13701 11193 11798 12421 13056 14356 15019

1)4(1. :1 7."ifi9 ~'kt\27 1l7fi7 9t"'7 10368 '1109'<9

14374 1163C '112288 12967 13862 15099 15839

t9110 ,i 77f>2 ll:,~ "'H6.1 tlXl&l 94.'\4' 1m07 113'71

15041 12059 12771 13.'i05 14262 15839 16659

~"}_':_7113~, M!l", 0093_~~ 10364_!~~=-i 1174:'~_,~_11403711485D 15706 165llO 17480

2too :i
2'_'110 I'
Htllli
R2'j')l
I' ~
HH~
'1
1l320
9M2
99721106.';5
10225 110942
1t372 I 12121
1\6971124AA
12903!
133Hl I

1371f;
141~
14567 IMM
15096 116049
16372
17038
17323 1 18m6

lfOl8 119136

:l:jtlfl
l4 II I,
'I k447 !lOHI\
AAt2 I \1274
!lit'll
\1975
IG473 11225
10711' 11.'iO;'
1:.'011\ 12X53
t2336 1321.'>
137:':2
1414:1
\4655
15121
15624 116644
16152 17239
17706
lR375
18820 119975

19.'')74 2m21

4!5tJO 1r174 I 94W 10U18 10961 117M2 1:.!t\52 1:S57.'\ 14552 15585 16679 117834 Il1048 ~i30 21675

-2fD\-1' 89351
9642 10397 llIDI 12056 l~ 13931 ~s8 i
l004S j 17205 18430 1972S-Z1095 t~

2700 9092 I 9823 10603 11438 13237 13275 14285 15362 16510 117731 I 19027 20405 21Hfi6' 23412

2'ltlO 9247', 10001 1(M)7 11672 1Z.'i95 13SR2 141l.'Ji 15764 1&.:<70 18257· 1~25 21091 22645 24294

2!I!JO 9m ,tOI77 11010 11903 12AAI J~ I

14\l~7 16165 t7429 lR782! 20225 21778 23428 25184

3(0) 91>49 J0351 'I' 11210 12132 13123 14187 Ii 15334 11)563. C:....." l.5jI930312OH23 22464 24213 20083

!!
6

 TABLE I (Continued)
MAXIMUM RANGE FOR PROJEcrlLE TYPE 1

ELEVATION 45·

Range in yards. Muzzle Velocity (v.) in fps

0.7~ 1.1~ l5~ ~7~'

ILoc C, .. .O.a)
1-..;:;...,:'1'11_..
6UU _
0.&110
4

409
1
0:100

409 410
0.800
3••:.1-t..·.46'7_ .6.'.01.2+6.·.e23_.6••3.1-j0. : . : .
1

410
0.800

410
0.900
7.943
411
0.960
8.913
411
1.000
10.00
412
'::1i
1.0.'50

412
1.100
12 58

.
412
14.1
413
~il'

41.3 ! ' , 3

D m m m m m ~ m ~I m ~ ~ ~ • ~
-tOO 1690 1597 1604 1611 1614 1619 1624 1627 1630 1634 I 1837 1639 d'.; ..-043

SlO 2'36 2462 2467 24llO 2491 ~1 2511 251\l I 2526 2533\ 2MO 2M6 ~, 25-,o;s

a) M28 3461 :MaD 3513

1

36M -35M-- --as-7-.'\-1--35Q-1·!-3lI05--1 3619 3631 3&60 I ZolA'ti I, ~5A

700
!1M)
46&a
51TT
4606
68llO
4651
5934
4693
0>1
4733
60&4
4766
6120
4800
6172
4829
6219
4865
6200
4879 I 4899
6298 6333
4918
6364
4934. 4951
6394 I !l4JI\.

900 10M 7174 72lU 7389 7484 7573 7662 7725 rnn 7852 I 7'9O'T 7968' eoo.'\! 'm4 I'

1000 8_ 8472 8634 8786 8928 9080 9180 9292 93lM 94891_9.575 9663 I 1l7~ :_~~.~

,- ­
!
I
~-'-----I----1·--"---
1100 9a) 96M 9882 1001M 10296 10484 10660 10826 101J7V 11120 11252 11373' 11'81 'II13..'qt1

:[:~ II

13JO
13)1)
1400
UlOO
10388
11263
1~
12845
10891
11628
12llO8
13380
10984
llV90
1~
13812
11268 11153& 11794 l203R 12268 12487 12891 12882
12344 12688
13375
1
3020 13339 13&t4 131136 1~131,"m
13796 14207 141lO4 14991 1l53lM 15722 11108'1
14381 14881 15314 It&7 16331 16"110 17235 1'7887
13082
14m
18394
180lIO
13228
16702
18474
IIAt7~
1fW'1

18852

~-11i06 ~

j
1
14'183 16370""- -1-6636-- -1-71-og--l'-1-7ff1-4 -1-8227- -18-786-- 19291 19?98 'JI:t8!f1 20756

1700 1<&M6 1~19 1a186 16357 1'7030 1'1702 18371 19031 19682 20324 . . 21659

1800 '1MD9 15839 166118 17344 18108 18875 19643 :Dt08 21162 21913

1100
DQ 15839
1661lO 16859
17480 17491
18399 18338
19340 19198
2029G 22253 ~2C711S1O~0·
21270 20936
D)83 _ _ ~2M28-- ~20967
~

---1---+--+---1
2100 17323 18306 19315 20353 21416 22497 2S59fl

2200 180118 1913& ~ 21380 22561 23748 24972 26217

2300 U183> 19975 21177 22421 '&mYT 'JS1'r1 26385 2ml

2400 19674 :Il821 22124 23478 24883 26334 27832 2D3'72

2SX) 3mo 21ff15 23082 24563 3lI083 2'7873 29321 31028

---I--~·--.,---l·_--I---+---i
21096 22539 240M 2S&t6 'rrs1I 29048 :llll61 32748 I
- - - I

-
"­
21886 23412
22M5 24294
23428 26184
24213 1 211083
I
2ro4S
2lI04O
27049
2lDlO •
28763
2'nIIlO
29037 31183
30217 i 32Ii01
28M4
129849
30'&8
31910
330UO
349+1
32446

34091

3S197

37558

TABLE II

MAXIMUM RANGE OF'PROJECfILE TYPE 2

..
Range in Units of 10 Yards

vcoat,. ,

I. I
I

i~
I
I
j fPl -0.3 -C.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.8 LO
i 13JO............
.... . ...
...
709
861
lOOt 1121
1227

• 10>.......•....
.... . ... 851
1088
1335
1l5&l 182l 3XJ)
I 2000..•••.......
.... 1001
1322
ItIllO an 2499
2lI8O
• .... . ...
I

0 •••

2400.....•.••.. , . 1143
UlOI
I
2800............ '" 207l 3286
31183

!, 33JO.•..•••..•.. 7119
819 I
1061

905

983

1078

1182

1284

I 1806
2179
1298
~ S3ll9 I

1426 r62 2928

40'74 M89 I
7006
3lIOO.••.•.•.. " . m I 1287
1571
~ ............ 934
1131
139t 173) I 2335

262G
M38
4Oll8
01
6a:5
7201

9106

9034

11356

·, +m............
( 4800•...........

992

1051

1218

1299

Il50t
1617

1874
3)37
2Qst
3342

4834

li846
7911

9838

11335

13888

14019

1701.'\

~200 .... .......

1112
1384
17315
2220 37V6 7196

, I I
12091
16752
~

components are not tabulated. The graph has a in this pamphlet (Table II).
cune of maximum range vs. ballistic coefficient Some trajectories have been computed for Pro­
for every 400 feet per second muzzle velocity; it jectile Type 8 at an angle of departure of 45·.
also lists the angle of departure for maximum The range. which is nearly the maximum raace.
~ A table f.- the maximum ranee is included is tabclated here (Table III).
1

 TABLE III

MAXIMUM RANGE FOR PROJECTILE TYPE 8

ELEVATION 45°

Range in Units of 10 Yar:ds

Los c.

II MuuJe Velocity Jpe

1200...................

2000 .... . ..........

-0.2
621
680

0.0
6&
923
0.2
815
1223
0.4
961
151U
0.6
1091
1934
-----
0.8
-
- - ----
1201
2403
1.0
1288
2826
2800 ... ......... .... R22
1168 1650 2287 3124 4231 5251
3900 ...................
9lW 1432 2145 3162 4865 6936 87401
4-400 ...................
1108 1720 2726 4470 7492 10884 13661
5200 ...................
12li8 ~ 3424 660( 11693 16582 20319

When bombs were dropped at low speeds, tra­
jectory data based on the Gavre drag function G J
were accurate enough for calibrating the sights.
In fact. the descending branches of the trajectories
in Volume I of the "Exterior Ballistic Tables"
could be used for this purpose. Actually, some
"Bomb Ballistic Reduction Tables" were pub­
lished, which were more convenient for this pur­
pose. However. at transonic speeds, the drag
functions of modem bombs differ considerably
ft'om G 1 • Drag coefficients have been detennined
for several shapes. but three of them have been
selected as bases of "Bomb Ballistic Tables" (Ref­
erence 10): drag coefficient A was detennined
from wind tunnel tests of a shape designed by the
:-:ational Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, and
is probably the lowest drag coefficient that any
oomb will have; drag coefficient B was determined
from range bombing of the 3000-pound Demoli­
tion Bomb M119. and is suitable for other mem­
hers of the series including the 75O-pound Bomb
MilS and the IO,OOO-pound Bomb M121; drag
coefficient C was determined from resistance fir­
ings of the 75-mm Slug Mark I, and is probably
the highest coefficient that any bomb will have.
The arguments of the "Bomb Ballistic Tables"
are release altitude (1000 to 80,000 feet above sea
level), true air speed of release in level flight (250
to 2(XX) knots), and perfonnance parameter (0
to 1.5). The performance parameter P is inverse­
ly proportional to the ballistic coefficient; it is de­
fined by the fonnula
P = lOOdJ/m, (27)
where d is the maximum diameter of the bomb in
feet.
m-the mass of the bomb in pounds.
The tables give the horizontal range from release
to impact (feet), the time from release to impact
(seconds), the striking velocity (ft/sec), and the
striking angle (degrees) . The dng coefficients
are tabulated as functions of the Mach number in
the appendix; they are graphed in the intro­
duction.
(2) G,.a!'hs. Figures 3, 4 and 5 are graphs of
the total time of Right for an elevatioTl of 45°. The
time of flight is useful in estimating wind effects.
For' antiaircraft firing and for firing to the
ground at different altitudes, points along the tra­
jectory are needed. Figures 6 and 7 show the
trajectories ComPl~ted with G2 and G, at angles of
departut:e of 45° and 60° (there is a different
graph for each muzzle velocity, each elevation,
and each Projectile Type). Trajectories based
-­
on G 1 are not included because no antiaircraft pro­
jectiles have a blunt head. The TI08 HEAT
Shell is usually used only in direct fire at short
ranges. Trajecto:,y data for other elevations can
he estimated from those at 45 ° or 60° by assuming
that the slant range is the same for a given time of
flight.
Unlike the vacuum trajectories, in air, the
horizontal range to the summit is more than half
the total range, and the time to the summit is 1e4s
than half the total time; however, the maximlJ4l
ordinate is approximately (g/8)Tt. In air, the
tenninal velocity is less than the initial velocity
and the angle of fall is greater than the angle of
departure. At a given elevation, the total flIlgt!
increases less rapidly than the square of tilt
muzzle velocity; at a given muzzle velocity, the :,\ \ ..'

8
range is a maximum at an angle somewhat differ­ _ (U Qldu (31)
ent from 45° : lower for small ballistic coefficients, Altitude· q- J G(u)
higher for large ones. However, the range at 45° u
is nearly as much as the maximum.
6. SIACCI TABLES Velocity increment l1'u = KD8
Z
G(u), (32)
G. Spirt-stabilized Projecliles (KDS = 16.4 per rad'),
(1) Tabllw Fllftctiofts. In 18M, the Italian
Col. Siacci introduced the Space, Time. Altitude, Damping coefficient c" = G(u)/2u. 03;
tnd Inclination Functions. (Reference 29), which Tht: upper limit of integration, U, is ;A;\) iI'" tor
simplify the calculation of trajectory data under
Projectile Type 1 and 7000 fps for Tyr,es l. and
certain restrictions. In particular, their use will 8. KDS is the yaw-drag coefficient, defined by
be explained for three conditions: ground fire at
the formula
low superelevations, antiaircraft fire (where the
superelevation is small), and aircraft fire. These
and some auxiliary functions based on Glo Gu
KD = Kn" (1 +K D 32 ), (34)

(the second revision of G2 ) and Gu (the first where K Do is the drag coefficient for 0 yaw,
revision of G.) have been tabulated for the Air a-is the yaw in radians.
Force (References 30, 31 and 32). Since these
Siacci tables were arranged primarily for use in (2) Grm.,.d Fi,.e Gl Low Eln1Glions
computing aircraft firing tables, they were called (a) FoJ'MlI1as. Although the Aircraft Tables
Aircraft Tables; however, they can be used for are not accurate in computing complete trajectories
other purposes, as explained below, in lieu of other at high elevations, they can be used to obtain tra­
forms. In these Aircraft Tables the argument is jectory data at superelevations below 15· (for the
the component u along the line of departure of the derivation and application of the following for­
velocity relative to the air, which is assumed mo­
mulas, see Reference 33). Here, we shall take
tionless. The following functions and some of
their derivatives with respect to u are tabulat,ed: p/ P.~s the ratio of air density to normal, as­
sumed constant for each problem,
du
Space (28) a/a.-the ration of the velocity of sound to
G(u)
normal, assumed constant for each
du problem.
Time (29)
uG(u) ,
If F is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit,
Inclination· ql
ru
=J
gdu
u2G(u) , (30) a/a. =\/(459 + F)/518. (35)
u Then the horizontal range is
x = (Cp./p) cos 8. fp(ua./a) - p(u..ao/a»), (36)
the time of flight is
tr = (Cp..a./pa) [t(ua./a) - t(u..ao/a »), (37)
the altitude is
y = x tan -8 0 - (Cp..a./pa)' [q(ua./a) - q(u..a./a») + x(Cp.,a,,/pa) sec -8. [Ql(u"a../a»), (38)
and the siope of the trajectory is
tan 8 = tan 80 - (Cp.....'/pa') sec 8 0 [ql (ua./a) - q. (u.a./a)]. (39)
The angle of departure for y = 0, may be found by formula
sin 8 = Cp.,a"
',a
[qp(uao/
(ua./a) -
a) -
q (u..a./a ) _
p(u..ao/a )
( fa)] .
ql u..a.

(40)

If pip. ~ I and a/oa. = I, let p = p(u), p. = p (Uo). etc.

• Ia most places, the altitude and incliDatiOll fuDctiom arc dcfioed a. twice tbac iDte,raJ••
9
Then these formulas can be expressed more NOT£: Since u is the component of the velocity
simply: along the line of fire, the tangential velocity is
= (36a) v =
u cos ,s./cos ,.
x
tr
C cos 8. (p - Po),
=
C(t - to), (37a) In this example, v
2(XX).5 fps.
=2000 (.99974)/.99951 = -

y = x tan .s. - CS(q - q.) +

C sec .s. x QIO) (3&) <3) A ntiaircraft Fir,
tan ~ = tan -8 0 -- C sec~. (ql - qJ.), (39a) <a) FOrMvlos. These tables can also be
ind, fo~ y ~ 0, used for the flat part of antiaircrah trajectories.
where the superelevation is less than IS· (for the
sin -9, =- C [~- qlO ] (4Oa) derivation and application of the followi., fonnu­
P-PO las, see Reference 33). Let p/P. and possibly C
be known variable functions of x, but assume a
(h) Exam~l,
constant value of a/a. (either 1 or an average).
nata: Tank Gun. 76-mm, MIA2; Shot, AP, Since P/P. is a function of y, denoted by H, its
M339. relation to x can be found by the approximate sub­
Caliber 3.000 in. stitution
Mass 14.58 lb.
y - x tan·-8.. (41)
Muzzle Velocity 3200 ips
Form Factor 1.164 on G~.l Let m =tan ~, m. =tan ••.
A.ir Density Ratio 1.000
Then the following trajectory data can be found
Sound Velocity Ratio 1.000
by Simpson's rule or some other method of nu­
Problem: To find the range, time of fti(ht, angle merical integration: .
of departure, and angle of fall where
the velocity is 2000 fps.
x
Solution: From the Aircraft Table Based on GI.1 :
u p tq ql p (ua./a) = p(u.a./a) + sec -8. [~ dx, (42) \
)
2000 23079.3 6.5132 489.0 .06523
3200
Dift'.
15425.1
7654.2
3.4997
3.0135
161.6
327.4
.02637
.03886 x

o
--
= 14.58/1.164 (3.000)' = 1.392 (Eq. 22) dx

Ca.1
sin -8" =
1.392 (327.4;7654.2 - .02637) =
t, = sec..5 o
f
o
-,
u .
(43)

.02283 (Eq. 4Oa)

.so = 23.26 mils, cos .so = .99974, sec.•• = x
HXX>27
tan ~. = .02284 m =m. - fgSU:~· dx, (44)
1.392 ( UXXl27)( .03886) = .05411 o
tan ~ = -.03127 (Eq. 39a)
.s =- 31.84 mils x
x = 1.392 (.99974 )(76542) = v =[mdx. (45)
10652 h (Eq. 36a)
o
t,= 1.392 (3.0]35) = 4.19 sec (Eq.37a)
Check: x tan 8. =
10652 (.02284) = 2432...
- C:. 1 (q - q.) = (1.392)1 (327.4) = - 634.40
Ce.1 sec -8 X q1. =
1.392 (Ul0027) (10652) (.02637)
0 = 391.11
y = 0.00 (Eq. 3&)
10
 (b) Ex. .,,,

D.ta: Auto_do (AA) 01lD, 4O-mm, M2Alj AP. 1481 SIlo"

YuuIe V_ClUy : 2870 fpl
lWIillde eo....
~ : 0.574 OIl 0 ...
.up 01 D.,.nun : 12lO ...
Air o-a,,. 8&. : B-....
Ilow1d V. .~,. Rado: 1.000
Problem: To ftDd lhe 11_ of elcb~ loAd aldWde for bori_tal ranI" flOln 0 to 2400 n.
Solution: (See _ u below 1oAd_ t.be AinnI~ Table B.-d on 0 •.,).
,
.- ­ - -

:It
I .­Mh,. B [BAh p(u) u
--
2613.1
u
~f (261:.1), f(26~3.1rol m
I
y
f& fpa lee: f~
I
1 2 a 4 1 6 7 8 9 10 11 112
0 .00lm 1.0000 0.00 17431t.e 2870.0 0.9105 0.000
I 0.8290 0 2.4142':0
am .00908 .9'T14 • 0 ••••• .. .... .. .... .... . ..... . ... . ...... . ..
eoo .01., .9M3 188•• 3>109.1 2~.4 1.0681 0.694 1.ld 591 I 2.1"il52 ; 1+13
900 .02lI80 .933'7 . ......
.... . ....
I~:~
i>_i
•• 0 •••

ID» .03UT3 .il:a8 ii4li:7e 22860.1 DIO.6 1.295 1.1Ol1 1416 ~

1~ .04geI'I .891i .... ... 0 •• • ••• 0 ••••• . ..... .... . ..... . ... . ....
::1
2400
j
.Q5GllO
.0llG63
.07MS
.8718
.8621
.8328
11111.96
2198.26
250118.6
...... .
27424.2
1716.3
..... .
1413.7
1.5225
..... .
1.8484
2.132
.... .
3.143
2.31~
..... .
3.4166
.2593
.. ..
43lt
2.3:1)8
0 •••••

2.2765
4282
. ..
6664
---J

Remarks: Col. 8. Eq. (43). Simpson's rule gives 3.131

Col. 1. The interval of x should be chosen small
enourh so that the integrations may be performed
accurately by Simpson's rule: not more than 600
feet.
= =
Col. 2. M loglO e 0.43429. h 0.000,031,­
58 ft_a. The estimate of y = x tan ~o. A
slirhtly smaller factor would be better at the
10nrer ranges.
Col. J. For c:onvenience, the formula H anti·'
colorlo Mhy was used. The density function
H(y) has been tabulated (Reference 11) ; it gives
the same values. The ICAO "Standard Atmos­
phere-Tables and Data"l gives slightly different
values.
Col. 4. Simpson's rule was used, but the trap­
ezoid rule gives 2193.30 for the last value.
Col. 5. The first value was found in the Aircraft
Table for Uo = 2870 fps. The other values were
computed by Eq. (42) with
sec ~O/C •. l =
2.6131/0.574 4.5524.
Col. 6. The values of u after the first were found
in the Aircraft Table by inverse interpolation.
for the last value, but the trapezoid rule was used
in order to obtain intermediate values.
Col. 9. The square of Col. 7.
Col. 10. Note the factor 1()1 in these values.
= Simpson's rule gives 4259 for the last value, but
the trapezoid rule was used so as to obtain more
values.
Col. 11. Computed by Eq. (44) with
= I1lo = tan ~o, g = 32.152 ft / secJ.
Col. 12. Computed by Eq. (45). Simpson's rule
gives 5666 ft for the final value.
(4) Aircraft Fire
(CJ) F or",ulas. These tables are especially
useful for aircraft fire (for th~ derivation and at>'
plication of the follo.... :ng form uas, see References
34 and 35). Before using them, the initial con­
ditions must be determined. Let
A-be the 4Zimuth. measured from the direc­
tion of motion of the airplane,
= Z-the zenith angle, measured from the upward
vertical,
vo-the muzzle velocity (relative to the gun),

usinr the first two terms of Taylor's series. w-the true air speed,

Uo-the initial velocity relative to the air,

=
Col. 7. sec.9. 2.6131. This is multiplied by
3,,-the initial yaw relative to the motion of the
1000 to avoid writing zeros. air.
11
The initial velocity and yaw may be found by the If h 15 rhe 'yawing tMmmt damping factor•
formuJu ...-the c«):;,. wind fora: damping factor.
u.1 =v.1 + wi + 2wv. sin Z COl A, (46) c'= (h+ ...)/2u. (51)
a. = (1 - sin Z co" A) wi/u. (rad)l. (47)
1 l 1 the )()sS in velocity due to yaw is

In jDrfl1tll'd 6riag, A = 0; Z = 1600 mil., ~u- !ola (s.-I,12) A'u (u./a) (52)

u. = v. + w, (4lla) - +
a. (s" - 1) Cc' c" (u.a./a)
Then the effective initial velocity i.
(47a)
u. = u. - Au. (5:t)
A = 3~ mil., Z= 1600 Now we can find the distance measured aloni

the line of departure to • point directly above the.

u.=v.- w, (4&) projecti1e.

B.=O. (4i'b)
P = (C/H) [p(ua./a) - p (u.a./a) 1. (54)

the drop of the projectl1e.

The ail' density ratio H and the sound velocity

ratio a/a. may be taken u coastanta. Approxi­
Q = (Cae/Ha)' [q(ua./a) - q(u.a./a»)
mately, if Y is the altitude of the airplane above - (Cae/H.) Pql (u.a./a). (55)

lea left!. and the time of Sight is,

H =e-u , h = O.<xx>,031,S8 ft-I. (48) t, = (Cae/Ha) [t(ua,./a) - t (u.a./a»). (56)

a/a. = e-Ilr• k =O.<XX>.003.01 ft-I. (49) The horizontal and vertic:a1 compoaenta. if de­

sired. may be found by the fonaulu

If .. is the standard stability factor. which cor-

x = P cos ie; (57)
respoads to the muzzle velocity. muzzle spin, and
standard sun.e
air deDIity. the initial stability =
y P sini.- Q. (58)
factor is with the angle of departure detenniDed by the
.. =..."•• /a.. H. (SO) formula

tanS'. = (aiDZainA)2+coal(aiDZcosA+w/v.).
Z '
(59) -'
01'

eDt". = (tan Z sin A)I + (taD. Z COl A + wIT. cos Z)I. (59&)

.
" ~.
. ...
, ,
'. ,
.. ~:/ ..- .

12
 (b) E.IGllltI. \2e = 3409.3 - 3)6.5 = 3202.8 fpe (Eq. 53)
Data: c..1/H = 0.235/0.3871 = 0.6061
Azimuth lZO mila c..la./Ha = 0.6061/0.9137 = 0.6633
Zenith Angle S)() mila (c..1a./Ha)1 = (0.6633)1 =0.4400
Muzzle VeJoc:ity JOOO Epa PH/~1=IZO/O.~I=I~.9ft
Air Speed lcm fp. u.II./a = 33)2.8/0.9137 = 3505.3 fIN
Altitude 30,000 It Find p(u.a./a) in Table, tbeIl p(. ./a) by Eq.
Stuldard Stability FlIdor 3.66 54.
Dunpiar Factors h +a 10.6 aec- 1 ua./a p t q \h
at JOO) fpa 3174.3 1S~.5 3.548 165.7 .L..~...ti

BaDiatic Coefficient 0.235 on Ga.1 3.505.3 13600.6 2.9~5 118.4 .C'~l1"

Problem: To 6Dd the time of 8icbt aDd drop for 1979.9 0.593 47.3 .057:

a SilIcci . . . . (P) at lZO it. t, = 0.6633 x 0.593 = 0.393 sec (Eq. 56)
Solutioa: (Ule the Aircraft Table Baled on 0.4400 x 47.3 = 20.8
Ga.1)' 0.6633 x 1~ x 0.02114 = 16.8
COl A = 0.38268 Q = 4.0ft (Eq. 55)
sin Z = 0.70711 (c) l,,'er,o~. The derivatives listed in
SiD Z COl A = 0.27060 the Aircraft Tables should be used for iDter­
polating backward or forward from the nearest
2wv. = 2 x 1000 x 3000 = 6,000,cm tabular value of the argument. For instance. in
v.1 = (JOOO}I = 9,000,000 the last ~ple, it is desired to find p for u =
wi = (1000)1 = 1,000,000 3.505.3 and then to find u for p =
1S~.5. Fant,
the table gives

2wv. sin Z cos A = 1,623,600

u = 3510,
u.S =
11,623,600 (Eq. <46).
at P = 13572.81,

u. = 3409.3 fIN -!-= - 5.923

_." ..I = 0.72940 x 1,000,000/11,623,600 =

0.06275 (Eq. 47)
Ie = 0.2505 rae! (255.2 mils), (1 rad =
Hence,
aad, at
Thea we have
~u = - 4j, ~ = + 27.84,
u = 3.505.3,
P = 1S~.5
=
P 13600.65.

1018.6 mils). aad the table gives

bY =0.000,031,58 x 30,000 = 0.9474
H = 0.3871 (Eq. 48)
p = 1S606.2, ~ = - 6.044 at u = 3170.

kY = 0.000,003,01 x 30,000 = 0.0903

Heace, ~p = - 2Sj 60= +4.3,
aacI u =3174.3.
a/a. = 0.9137 (Eq. 49)
Ie = 3.66 oX 9,000,000/11,623,600 x 0.3871 =
7.31 (Eq. 50)

c' = 10.6/2 x 3000 = 0.00177 ft- 1

~/a = 3409.3/0.9137 = 3731.3 fIN

~'u(u.a./a} = 1.4003 sec- 1

(from Aircraft Table)

=
c"(u.a./a) 2288 x 10-1 ft- 1

(from Aircraft Table)

~a = 0.06275 x 0.9137 6.31 x 0.235 x ::~1~~000,022,88

= 0.05733 o.OO2,d~~.ooo,023 3)6.5 fps (Eq. 52)

13
b. F"'-stabilued Projectile. ( 2 ) AI'plkGliofi
(I) Tabtdor FllfletW,tS. R~erence6 ("ontains (a) Fo""ula.s. The following formulas are
a tahl~ of modified Siacci functions baaed on the applicable for computing trajectory data at super­
Cirag coefficient for the S().mm High Explosive elevations below 15·.
Antitank Shell T1OB, which has rigid fins. These ut
tables can be used for other similar projectiles.
although they are not suitable for all fin-stabilized m be the mass of the projectile in pounds,
projectiles. The following functions and their i-the fonn factor of the projectile,
derivatives are tabulated as functions of Mach d-the maximum diameter of the projectile in
r.umber M: feet,
v-the velocity of the projectile in feet per
2.7 second,
dM
Space S= [ (60) v.-the muzzle velocity in feet per IIeCOIld,
MK»(M) ,
M a-the velocity of sound in air in feet per second,
p-the density of air in pounds per cubic foot,
2.7 a-the angle of inclination of the trajectory.
dM
Time T= [ MlIK»(M) , (61) a.-the angle of departure.
M Abo let
:lo = 1120.27 ips,
p. = 0.07513 Ib/ft',
Inclination 1= (62)
M. = v./a, (64)
M= v cos a/a cos a.. (6S)
2.7 1 = p.idl/m. (66)
I(M)dM
Altitude A= [ MK»(M)
(63) Then the horizontal range in feet is
M x = (p./n) (S(M) - S(M.)]. (67)
The factor in the inclination function is the ti~ of flight in seconda i.
=
g/a. 32.1S4/112n.27 = 0.0287 sec-i. t, = (P. sec a./apl) (T(M) ­ T(M.)]. (68)
the altitude in feet is

y = x tan a. - :loP.I2 seclI

~i
'" ­ &oP sec l
[A(M) - A(M.)] + x ·J
a• I(M.). (69)
ap a Pl
tan a = tan a. - :loP.:ee'
a Pl
a. {I(M) - HM.)]. (10)
The angle of departure for y = 0 may be found by the fonnula
sin 2a. = 3oP. [" A(M) - A(M.) _ I(M.)].
allpl S(M) - S(M.) (71)

Ifp=p. and a=a.. let S=S(M), S.=

S(Mo), etc. Then these formulas can be ex­
pressed more simply:
and for y = 0,

. '"
tan a = tan a. - seeI a. (I - Ie). ('tIa)

x = (l/l)(S - 5.), (67a)

'2a. = 80l2[A-A.]
t, = (sec. a./a.l)(T - S_ S. Ie • (11a) ..
..
•.j"

T.), (6&) sm ~. , '

", ..

·y=xtana.- secJ~. (A-A.) +x seela. Ie

a.1 "l

(69a)

 (b) E.~,~ =
a.eck: x taD'" 3000 (.00964) 28.92 ft
=
~ '.(A - A.) 1.CXX>10(O.O~867)

Data: Gun, 9O-mm; SbcIl. HEAT. TI08E1D - ..y* = - O.CXX>,2J8.29-­

Caliber : 0.29525 It = -78.36ft
Ma. : 142. x sa::' '. I. _ J(XX)( 1.CXX>10) (0.QOSS1)

Maule Velocity : 2400 fpe "T - 0.51667

Form FKtor : 1.00 on Gn. =+ 49.42 ft

Air Dmaity : 0.07513 Ib/&-

=
y 28.92 + 49.42 - i'8.36 =- om ft

(Eq.69&).

SoaDd Velocity : 113).27 fpe

7. DIFl'EUNTIAL 'EPnc:n
Problem: To fiDei the ftIoc:ity. time of flicbt. angle Some of the eft'ects on ranee and defi~<m
of c:Ieputure. aad ucte of faD at a ranee caUled by ~ from staadard CIODditioas
of 3000 feet.
will be ctilCllEsed and explained Mcft detailed
Solutioa: From the Table of the Siaa:i F.,....,... exp1aDatioaa are giftll in R.efaences 2' 22, 23
hued 011 SbeIl. 9O-mm, HEAT. T.J.OJ. and 24.
II 5 T A I CJ. E.8«b RtMg.
011

Ij3650 3.orJ196 1.427502 .02537 .01923 (1) H,;gIU of Targd. Two methods may be
2.14234­ 1-'0836 0.109983 .Q067O .Q0851 used for determining the e&ct of ~ height of

Dif. 1.J836OM' Oj11519

- --
.01867 .01072
the target with respect to the lUll: OII~ by meaoa
of the trajectory chart, uad another by n co~
- Me = 2«)()/113).27 = 2.14234 (Eq. 64) to the aagle Of deputure.
(a) For ~ variatioaa in height, the tra­
'T = 0.07513(1.00) (0.29525)'/142 = jectory chart should be ued. The trajectory that
O.ooo,-t61,2 ft- I (Eq.66) passes throucb the point dctermiDed by the cMn
horizoDtal raIJIe aad altitude can be found. The
"T = U3).27(O.ooo,-t61,2) =0.51667 1Il&:-1 total ~ of this trajectory is the ~ where
..y* = 0.51667(O.ooo.-t61,2) =
it croaes the axis. The diJlaeDtt bdweaa the
gival ~ aad the total ranee is the eh:t of the
0.000,238.29 ft- 1 1Il&:-1 height of target. For greater accuncy, the a­
-S - S. = =
TX 0.CXX>.-t61,2( 3(00) = terior ballistic tables may be used in lieu of the
charta.
1.38360 (Eq. 67a)
(b) For small ~tioaa in height, an ~
. 2 [0.01867 ] proximate effect may be fouacl by adding the
l1li». = 0.51667 1.38360 - ().(QISl aacIe of site,
= 0.01928 (Eq. 71&) •= taD-I (H/R.), (72)
19.64 mils, ' . =9.82 mila. em'" =
21.= 0.99995, to the angle of departure ... obtaiDi:Ic the cor­
ree:teC. ancte
1Il&:'. = 1.00005,IIItJl:' •• = 1.00010 ,=,.+a. (73)
tall'. =

1.00010
0.00964 Here, H is the height of target.

Rr-tbe map range,

- 0.51667 (om072) = -0.02015

..--the angle of departure corTeSporu'ing to
tall' = - 0.01111 (Eq. '0&) the map raaee in the ~.or Ballistic
• =- 11.32 mils, em' =0.9994 Tables,
v = 1120.27 (lj36S0) (0.99995) / (0..99994) ,.......the angle of departure cone:spwdiug to the
= 1945.37 ips (Eq. 65) COl iected nmce R.
Then the effect 011 rauge due to height of target q
te = ~= (OjI7519) = 1.3S911l&: (Eq.6&) A.R = R. - R. (74)
15
 (2) Eletnuiots. Since the ExIJcrior Ballistic
'!- abIes give the range as a faoc:tioa of eJe.vation for
n.tant values of muzzle Ydocity aod baDistic
cocfficient, the effect of aD inc:rc:ax in elevation
may be found from the diftOelaces. A.t short
ran~es. tht: effect may be COdlpIfti:ld - IDOr'e ac­
curately by using tht Siaoc:i tables. as aplaincd
... bove Th\~ vacuum {.:mnula (Eq.6) may be usc­
ful in estimating the effect. rspeciaDy for ~
balh>tic ccx:fficients. It shoukl br DOftd that the
effect is sr,lall in the '-icinity of the maximum
range and, of course, is oegatift at elevations
above that corresponding to the olhiodlol rauge.
( 3) MtlZzle VeJocity. SiDce the Exterior Bal­
listic Tables give the range as a f1IIXtioa of DnJZZIe
velocity for constant 'faIacs of cIentioo and
ballistic coefficient, the effect of an increase in
muzzle velocity may be found &om the diflCI'CIICa.
At short ranges, the effect may be computed by
using the Siacci tables. In YaCUdID, the range is
proportional to the square of the 'ftIoc:it:y, as shown
in Equation 6; in air. this is a good approximation
if the ballistic coefficient is large
(4) Ballistic CQe{finewt. Siner the Exterior
Balli!;tlc Tables give the ~ as a faoction of
ballistic coefficient for c:oostant values of muzzle
velocity and elevation.. the effect of an increase in
log C may be found from the c1iBt:abkb. At
short ranges, the effect may br computed by using
the Siacci tables. It is customary to find the efff'.'Ct
of a I % increase in C. whidl is eqainImt to an
increase of 0.00432 in log C.
(5) Weight oj p,.oj.cIile. An iucrase in
weight of projectile dcerc:ases the muzzle Ydocity
and increases the ballistic c:odIie ient.
The effect on muu1c vdocity may be expesaed
Apvo = nvo(Ap)!p. (75)
where V o is the muu1c velocity
p is the projectile Jteicbt.
n the logarithmic diftaeutial meff· imL
The value of n may be oIIqjnrd &om iatelior
balli!'tic tables. It is appiocincdrly - 0.3 for a
rifled gun with multiperfonkd propellant grains.
- 0.4 for a riflt!d guu with siacJe-pofuaab!d
grains. - ().47 for a smooth bore mortar with
flake propellant. and - 0.65 for a J"'Il'OiI1rss ri8e
with multiperforated gnUm.
Since the ballistic roefficirnt is pruportioaaI to
the projectile weight by defirritim. Eqaat.Da (22),
16
the effect 0:1 C nay be expressed
~C =C(Ap)!a». (76)
If ~R is the effect 011 nncc of 1 unit incn:ue in
muzzle velocity, tJ{ tbr effect 011 ~ of IS
incn:ue in ballisti: cocfticicnt. the died OIl raace
afan illCfQSe in projectile weight is
6pR = I1"R(~,,) + 6oR(100 ~C)!C. (77)
(6) Air DnuU'J. 'The retardation doe to air
rcsistantt is prop:Jrtioaal to the air deasity and
inversely proporti..w to the baJlistic uwft'">c ieat.
as indicated in Eq. (25). Theiefo~ to a first
approximation. the effect on ~ of aD iacrase
in air density is equal to the effa:t of the 8IIIIl:
percelltage decrase in C.
. (7) Air TerapertJltr.. An increase iD the
temperatun: of the atlnosphcn affects the . . . . in
two ways: it iocrcascs the density of the air aad
the velocity af sound. TIle temperaton: of die
air. may affect the taupeiature of "the propcIIdt.
which affects the muzzle Ydocity, bat tt.t is aD
interior ballistic problem.
For a givm pressure and humidity, the deusity
is proportional to the absolute temperature. The
eifect of density on range has been treated aIJoft.
For a given humidity, the velocity of IOIIDd is
proportional to the square root of the aheolute
temperature. For a given projectile ftIocity, the
Mach number is inva-sely proportional to die
acoustic velocity. A change in M: prodnas a
change in the drag fuDc:tion. A !leW trajec:lory
could be computed with the varied fuDction; how­
ever. it is simpler to use an approximate fonnuJa
deduced from a semi-anpirical formula daiftd by
Dr. Gronwall ~
~R = 0.1929 [O.OIR - O.OOSvAR
- (I -O.OOO,OlSy.)4oR]A-r, (78)
where R is the .....
~R -the incrase in nDge due to wease m
tonperatare .
v.-----tbe mazzle veIoc:ifJ' in fed: per ......
~R-the effect OIl R of 1 fps iDc:reue ill v.
yr-tbe maximum ordinate in feet.
AcR-the effect 011 R of 1~ inaeue ill Co
A'f-the i ~ in tonperatare in ....ees
Fanrenheit.
 (8) WiU. A rear wiad baa tbfte dfccts: it The difleseutial equation of motion i..;r the drift
.a.ea the ~ SJ*ID aJDac with it rcJa­ :l iaII
1M to the: eutb; it iDc:raIa tbe qIe of ck­ _ 2qAy.LN. Gpi (82)
,.mare rdabYe to tbe air; ... it dec:reucs the Z =&JJdnaIMN. I.e '
::It - .
...... ftIocity m.tive to the air. The total
. . . OIl J'UIIe may be e:xpRMed .. folio. .: when: C is the eravibtional
acceleration•

A-the axial iIICJPleOf of inertia,

sin, ~R ~R]
A.Jl=W. [ T+----coa,.-.
4t
y. £AV.
v.-<hc ...az.zlc yclocity.

(79) L-tbe crouwind bu" (lift),

N-thc spiu.
wIae W. is !be J'UIIe ~ of the wind (a
rear wiad is positive; • !wad wiad is aqatiYe), N.--thc iaitial spin.

T..... time of 8ipt. m-tbe mass of the projectile.

...... aacIe of deputure. d----«be caliber•

u--tbe ftIoc::ity of the projectile rehtiv ~ :0 the
Y.-dIe muzzle velocity,
air.
A'R..... dfect oa ranee due to a c:bange of
~ ndiaas in ,.
M-tbc overturniDg moment about the ccoter of
graYity,
u...... eftec:t 011 raaee due to a c:baaee ~v. in
Y. x-tbe ~l ranee.
Cr-tbc drag fuoctioo.

f). E'edl _ D.~dWa p-1he air ckasity,

(1) WiU. A c:rosswiDd has two effects: it p.-the staDdanI air density (0.07513 Ib/ftI) ,

moves tbe coorctinate system with it aud it changes

the directioa of motioa relative to the air. The
IlDtaI effect 011 IiDear de&dioa may be expressed
A.Z = W. (T - R/y.cos ,), . (80)
where W. is the d'ouwiDcl.
The qaIar deSectioa dae to wiDd, in radians,
ia
0.= W. (T/R -l/y.cos,):
(2) Drill. After the yaw due to ioitia1 dis­
t1U'baaca has damped oat. a spUming sheil has
a yaw of repose due to the Clll"Yat1lre of the tra­
jectory. This yaw is mainly to the right of the
trajer:lory if the sbeIl has rigbt-baDded spin; to
the left if it bas left-handed spin. It·may be de­
termined at short ~ by 6riag alternately
frau bands with right aud left hand twists of
riftmc. or at Ioac ruga by COl letting the ~
served de6ectioo for the effeds of wind. CUlt of
tnmnions, aDd rocatioa of earth.
e-tbe baDictic ~
Dots dade time daiwatives, and the initial con­
ditioas are
z.= O.Ze = O.
c. BoIJisIie DnuitJ. r"'eralflre,
tuJd Wind
Iu t:Jatiag the effects of variations in the
atmospbrre. it has hem assumed that the percent­
age Yariatioos from stmdard density and tempera­
(81)
tuft aDd the wind are coastaat all along the tra­
jedOry. AdaaDy. they vary with altitude, so
that weigbtal mcaa nlucs must be used. The
wcigbtiag fadon are cktamiaed by the propor­
tioa of the toQI effect that a variation occurring
iu each alritade mae woaJd have. Instead of
c::omput.iac a set of wei&htiag factors for each tra­
jectory. a few n:piuentative curves are used. The
sum of the prodacts of the zonal variations by
their weighti:ug f:ietors is called the ballistic
deasity. taDperatiIJ'e, or wiud. The results are
thea ~ as coastaDts in computing the effects
aD nm&e aad defkdion.

17
 REFltIlENCP.s
Inluna,i<Jlla' C,vil Avial;(ft1 OrKaniulion. Standard
Atm'''l>h~r~ Tal,!.. , and /)a~ lor Altltud~. to
1.5.IlOO lerl. 1~"Kley Aeron.;autical Lab: NACA
H· J 235 (I~S51.
2. D.-sill'n for
Control of Flight Characteristics.
O}{DP ~1-246. (Art. Am Series, Ord. Eog. Des.
Handbook I (1957).
3. Dng COt:ffic;~nl HI' Aberdccn Proving Ground:
BkL Fil~ !'oj. 1·50 (1942).
~. Orag Co.·fIi(l~nl B2. Aberdeen Proving Ground:
BRL File :-/·/-5l il942). Drag Coefficient Bu. File
1\-1-86 (1945). Drag Coefficient Bu. File N-I-IOS
ll946).
5. ; iarringto:l, M. E. Drag Coefficient BI . Aberdeen
P·oving Ground: BRL File N-I-69 (1943). Drag
-:')efficien, B.. ). File N-I-89 (1945).
G. Odom. C. T. Drag Coefficient. KI)f and Siacci Func­
lions for a Rigid-fin Shell Based on the Shell,9Omm,
HEAT. TUll!. Aberdccn Proving Groand: BRL
MR-882 (Rev. 1956).
7.0rd. Dept., li. S. Army. Exterior Bamstic Tables
bHed on Numerical Integration. Vol. 1. Washing­
I'm: War 1Jept. Document 1107 Om). G-Table.
A~rdeen Proving Ground: BRL File N·I-40 (1945).
Table of G. BRL Fik N-I-92 (1945). (These tables
pertain to Projectile Type 1. Doc. 1107 has log G 1
with V in m/s; N-I-<tO has G 1 with V in m/s;
N -1-92 has G I with V in yd/s).
8,. (;2- Table. Aberdeen Proving Ground: BRL File
. N ·1-20 (1944). Table of G,.r File N-I-93 (1945).
9. Harrington, M. E. Table of G.. Aberdeen ProYine
Ground: BRL File N-I-68 (1943). Table of G u .
File N-I-96 (1945),
10. Martin, E, S. Bomb Ballistic Tables. Aberdeen
Proving Ground: BRLM 662 (1953).
II. 1/ H- Table. Aberdccn Proving Ground: BRL File
N-I.... I (1942). H-T'able. File N-I-1I4 (1950). Alti­
tude is in meters in N-I....I; yard. in N-I-114).
12. Charbonnier and GOlly-Ache. .Wesure des Yitesse de
projectiles, Part 2, Book III. Wan. de I'art. de la
marine, .JO: I (1902).
13. Jacob. Une solution de problme balistique, Chap.
II 1. Wen. de I'art. de Ia marine, 27: 481 (1899).
1•. Note sur la ddermination expb'imentale do co­
efficient de 1a risist.alltt de I'air, d'apra les clemiera
etudes de Ill. commission d'expa-iences de GiYft.
Mem. de rart. de Ill. marine, 27: 521 (1899).
IS. Charbonnier. Note sur Ill. resistance de rair au
mouvement de projectiles. Men de fart. de la
marine, J3: 829 (1895).
16. Ingalls, ]. M. Ballistic Tables, Art. Circular 1l
(Rev. 1917). Scc p. III af Introduetioa.
18
17. l.alurw.. I<eport. No•. 1.1. and 1429 of the Gavre
como.inioll (AUI. 1897 and July 1898). TheK were
the origin.. I sources of information contained in ref.
I •.
III. Garnier. Calcul des trajectoires par arca. Giwe
Comm. (I~17).
19. EXlerior I:allisti..: Tables based 011 Numerical In­
tegratior.. Vol. 1. Ord. Dept. of U. S. Army (1924).
. ;
Table la: Log G(V). Table Ib: d log G/(V dV).
20. Herrmann, E. E. Ran~ a,nd Ballistic Tables. 'I S.
Naval Academy (1926, 19JO. 1935). Table I: Thl'
Gavre Re.ardaticn Function Gv.
21. Woulton, F. R. New Wethods in Exterior BaJJistics.
Univ. of Chicago Press (1926).
zz. Hitchcock, H. P. Computation of Firing Tables for
the U. S. Army. Aberdeen Proving Ground: BRL
X-IOZ (!9z.4).
23. Hayes, T. J. Elements of Ordnauce. New York:
John Wiley aDd Sons (1938).
24. Bliss, G. A. W:lthematics for Exterior B.llistics.
New Yorl.;: John Wiley and Sons (1944).
25. Ord. Dept., U. S. Army. Exterior Ballistic Tables
based on Numerical Integratio" Vol. II. Washing­
ton (1931).
26.0rd. Dr.»t., U. S. Anny. Exterior Bamstic Tables
ba.ed on Numerical Inteeration, Vol. III. Aberdeen
PraYing Ground: BRL (1940).
D. Brief Exterior BaJJistic Tables for Projectile TFPe
I. Aberdt.'f':n Proyi. Ground: BRL File N-I.90
(1945).
2&. Exterior .3aJJistic T.ble for Projectile Type 2.
Aberdeen PlOviDg Ground: BRL WR 1096 (Rev.
1957).
29. Siacei, F. Corso di balistica. ht ed. Romc (1870
to 1884). 2d ed. Turin (1888). Frenth trans. ""
P. Laurent, Balistique extuieure, Paris (1892).
30. Aircraft Table Based -on G.. Aberdeen Provin,
Ground: BRL File N-I-Ill (1955).
31. Aircraft "Table Based OIl G, 2' Aberdeen ProYing
Ground: BRL File N-I-I21 (i9S5).
32. Aircraft 7able Based on Gu . Aberdeen Proviac
Ground: BRL File N-J-I26 (1955).
33. Hitchcock, H. P., and Kent, R. H. Applicatiou
of Siac:ci's Methad to Flat Trajectories. Aberdeea
Proving GrOUDJl: BRL R-1l4 (1938).
34. Sterne, T. E. The ESect of Vaw Upon Aircraft
Gunfire Trajectories. Aberdeen Proving Ground:
BRL R-J45 (1943).
35. Hatch, G., and Gr'u, R. W. ANew Form of B.I­
listic Data for Airborne Gunnery. Mus. lnlt. Tech:
Instnuncntation Lab R-tO (1953) (Coaf).
36. r.~()n_lI, T. H. An Approximate Formula for the
; l~ Variation due to a Chance in Temperature.
~a5hingto:' :.OrcL Office, TS-161 (1921).
• ... r",-·
 GLOSSl\RY
..... of cIepattan. (elnatiaa) A. ued in this
pamphlet tIw::R terms mean "."..., .-gil 01
d,,,..,.,., which is defined &I the angle between
the horizontal and the line along which the pro­
jectile leava the projector. ODe of the two
initial c:ondition.s 01 a trajectory, the other con­
dibOll beinc iwiIidI wl«il,.
For a roeIaet-fired projectile in wbicb the pr0­
pellant bunUac CClIltmua after the rocket leaves
the launcher, it is ....C'''Suy to make ~
·tiona relative to the point at which the rocket
becomes a missile in free ¥t aod the velocity
attained at that point.
1JIC1e ..f ilaclillau... The angle between the hori­
zontaJ and the tangalt to the trajectory at any
point. At the origin of the trajectoly this is the
same as the tJ1IIfIlI 01 d,/HJrl1W',
apical <_I-apkal) aqIe. In general the angle
formed at the apex or tip of anything. As ap­
plied to projectiles, the angle between the ~­
gelts to the Olrft oudining the contour of the
projectile at its tip, or for semi-apical angle,
- the angle between the axis and one of the tan­
gents. For a projectile haYing a conical tip.
the cone apex angle.
.w.tica. Branch of applied mechanics which deals
with the motion and behavior chancteristics of
missiles, that is, projectiles, bombs, rockets,
guided missiles, etc., and of accompanying phe­
nomena, It can be conveniendy divided into
three branches :-ildnior ballistics, which d"2ls
with the motion of the projectile in the bore of
the weapon; utnior ballisIics, which deals with
the motion of the projectile while in flight; and
t"",i'fQl ballistics, which is concerned with the
eff«t and action of the projectile when it im­
pacts or bursts.
crosswind force. The component of the force of
air resistance acting in a direction perpendicular
to the direction of motion, and in the plane de­
tennined by the tangent to the trajectory formed
by the center of gravity of a missile and the axis
of the missile. (This plane is calkd the plane
of yaw.)
drag. The component of the force of air resistanCe
acting in a direction opposite. to the motion of
the center of gravity of a missile.
19
.,)nati.aL See lIfIgu 0/ d.,IJrlw•.
exterior ....Wsdca. See bGllistics.
blirizoll.ta1 rage. 11le horizontal UlmflODcn. ,·f
the <iistanee from the beginning of the tTd.ja:tut"}'
(poiat of origin) to auy other pomt 00 tl.c tra­
jectory.
iJaitia! ftlodty. (muzzle velocity) 1Dc: projccti1e
velocity at the moment that the proj~t . ~ :e"1ses
to be acted upon by propellingfon:es.
For a gun-fired projectile the initial velocity,
expressed in feet or meter$. per second, is called
ff&auzle veloci'y or ifliti4l v,loci". It is obtained
by measuring the velocity over a distance for­
ward of the gun, and com:cting bade to the
muule for the retardation in Bight.
For a rocket-fired projectile, the velocity at­
tain~ at the moment w11m roclc:et burnout oc­
curs is the initial velocity. A slightiy fictitious
value is used, referred. to an assumed point as
origin of the trajectory.
The initial v~locity of a bomb dropped from
an airplane is the speed of the airplane.
llIapu force. The component of the force of air
resist.ance acting in a dir«tion perpendicular to
the plane of yaw (see crossuMul force). It is
caused by the action between the boundary layer
of air rotating with the projectile and the air
stream. This force is small, compared with
drag and crosswifld force.
mu..ule ftlodty. The velocity with which the
projectile leaves the muzzle of the gun. See
i'"t~ w/oci'y.
slant range. The distance. measured along a
straight line, from the beginning of the trajectory
(point of origin) to a point on the trajectory.
stability factor. A factor which indicates the rela­
tive stability of a proj«tile under given condi­
tions. It is dependent upon the force momertts
acting to align the projectile axis with the tan­
gent to the trajectory, and the oYertuming force
moments. For the projectile to be stable, the
stability factor must be greater b'1an unity.
standard atlusphere. An average or representa­
tive structure of the air U$ed as a point of de­
parture in computing firing tabl~ for projec­
tiles. The standard atn~ adopted ill 1956
,r the Armed Services and DOW known as the
l,. S. Standard Atmosphere, is that uaed by the
i~.(emational Civil AYiation Organiz.:ation
(I CAO ). . This Standard AtmoIpbn-e aaaumes
a ground pressun of 7(;1) m/m of mercury. a
~ound temperature of IS° C. air dauity at
ground level of 0.076,475 Ib/ft', aDd a taDpc:ra­
ture grallirot to the beginniIIc of the ~
..phere expressed by the formula
absolute temperature T(OK} = 288.16-6.SH
where H is height above sea level in Jn1ometa's.
~n the stratosphere (above II kilometers) the
temperature is assumed ttIOStaDt at 216.66° Ie.
For firing table purposes wiad .,eIOCitir:I of zero
are assumed.
...porei~"'_:tiClll. An ;I(~ded positive angle in aati­
/
aircraft gt:m'~r)' that COR\(l("nSlltes for the faD of
the projectile dunng the time of Raght due to the
pull of gravity; the angk the: gun or projector
must be elevated above the: gun-targd tiDe.
trajectery.· The path followed in 5pQIC'e by the
aDtel' of gravity of a missile while ill free 8icht.
yaW'. 1ne angle between thc direction of moboIl
of a projectile and the axis of the projectile, ~
ferred to either as ,.". cr more c.«lIIlpIe.tdy.
tJAgk 01 ya;tI1. The angle of yaw incn::ases with
time of flight in ~ UDStab1c projectile (see " .
bilily lactor) aad dccn:ascs to a aJOstant nlae.
caI1cd the jOII1 01 nfHne, or the re~ .."u of
yorv. in a stable projectile.
- -
 r..------:s· 28- - - - -.....

.....- - - 1...- - -.....-1.32'-----oIl-.c

PROJECTILE TYPE I
..-:1-.....- - - - - ­ --5J,-----------­

--L.I..
1. . . . . . . . . ' - -..... -F A1
- ----2. 70-------'l~
PRO-ECTILE TYPE 2
......------3.•.---------4.-1
i .067 R.
\.

-
!='M··'---:j: Z.III-----Cl-t
PROJECTILE TYPE 8

90-mm HEAT SHELL TIOS

ALL DIllE. . . . IN CAL_

Figure 1. Projectile Shapes

 _~. ,1-,
·1!5

10

KD
N
N
.15
---'+p~~:-~r+1

i-H' i ,- -
--
•
..--1-.
I I . Ii' "1.'': .
, ,~ --r~
•10 tf-1tiMtH-++J=.
,-~ -
-'1;;:~(:;tTl rr~ -;-,.-. +T~

i~~
.05 T:TT­

1-1-1-++ '-:'-­
-~

00 0.5 LO 1.5 2.0 u 10 15 4.0 4.5 aD

MaCH NO.

Figure l. Drag Coefficient VII Mach Number

,:.)
 100
. ~
+
.:. 11::''t:+ ;;f~+-<
1-1-
t - . 1 ~j
10
-1 -i
T
I; 7!
l'
- . i+'
j

~J- "i- t
, H-t-,+
, .

•
.-+t~~ .
~,'~'i
10 I

~t-H
.~

~. lrit.-l
70
' . ~fl
. -~

eo
..
~
I
i
~50

/ ~

:\ ..,
~ ..
III
!
40

30

.'
20

10

I:

.2 .8 .8 LO r.2
LOG Cg

Figure 3. Tim.e of Flight for Projectile Type 1

 /--~ \
i }.

110

140

120

80
--- -.-'

40

20

o
-0.4 -02 o .2 A .8 1.0

LOG C.

Figure 4. Tim.e of Flight for Projectile Type Z

Z4

 ~ :-+~
180 t-..+-· looK
~ :0'4

; .

.
&l
I
120

• i
,-I

i:; .......

"'100
...o

10
-...l-+-!- .

; ,
H

eo
t - '.'..,.­.....
40 ,

, ,,
.....
20 ,
, !

, I

-002 o 02 .4 oS 08 1.0

LOG C.

Figure 5. Time of Flight 'i.')r Pt"ojectile Typ.a 8

zs
 'i
.. ,
...
..,.-"r;.
_..... t
--en. t1 -;'~'tt~e
~

c
>
0 ._ .. ~ u
0
0
-­ -<

IV
0- I&J tmili
0
;:, .• mj
t­ ~ttltttlt
~
.oJ W
("""4 'j .
l~
. ~ ....
i~t

6 8 10 12 14
HORIZONTAL RANGE (1000 Yos.)
F~gure 6 (1 of IZ). Trajectories lor Projectile Type Z, 45° elevation, IZOO Ips muzzle velocity

 ~
"
C;
.....
~)

/";
N
:.
­-

",
'Il
'o.
r:.
......
,-~
:":.

-,..
~

;~
( J)
0
...."
~,

,'ll
:>
0 Q)
0 ......
c:;
0
0

LC'"

l.lJ '<t'

~
Z N
.
4
ct: QI

...J ~
f-I
~
4:
0 ........
N 'r:u
c::
... ..
Q
Q)
'-'
C

!~
I-l
....0
III

....
4)

I-l
...u
0

......
Q)

~
'"
I-l

.
-
N
.....
'0
t'\l

-..0

"
I-l
:j
....
Ql)

2.7

 I I' L
~~.; "
!t,r. n'
IfJ~1

_12
. lH
(It
0 rt
>­ ust
0 ~.tl·I~. nd
''+T~ "11 ~I
n~~

tv
....~ 8 ~
00

'"c
::) ·li
~

..J q
II
~

4
'.
H~
t+f- '"
~

......
d:~--
------~s

°0 8 16
M !2 40 48 56
HORIZONTAL RANGE (I000YDS)
Fipre 6 (3 of 12). Trajectories for Projectile Type a, 45° elevation, 2800 fps muzzle velocity

( (
',­

(
 :.,' _/ • .'t ~ ,.

----..., !(

[ffi
e
·r-::
',1"
+>-1'1I'~llHltt IIIII ­
c' ' r,"

> t

Hlftl
11..

N
'.(1

,FigLlre 6 (4 of 12). L'l'ajec:l,orien for T'}rojc,;tile Type 1.. ~:S" e-~f;, .. ~.t~O!l; ::,:,00 £p=, / ,. 1· v~!ocit>
 :, ::-1
... 1'"
1 :!;1 :11 t'Il 1 ::1'1 ::;:: I ':ll :ltn~'n.tLl~;n!i I f ~ml
" . lJ' I' • I'" . ... t i t{TTfTII·t't'T
J' 'tt', ..
. }l
..... ., .. ;,t1 'Ilf Iljl
01 " ' 1 '1 "
.... ....... r"-<O + • 1'.... • -.t ~"1' t t ... 1'..
t l' • ...
. .,;.,...1, t.4-.- 1'. , _ .
.... "":"1 ····1' 1 •-I .
•
' +1'
'1" •
ii'i' t' J ' :1;
·:tf·"' , ""
I {'I', : j ilU~'

.. t'I' I'
Hf.' .... .',.... '.'" ., •. '" • 1'1 .".
I" l' •••.• t­
't· .+ I..t • t"."I I . ~ II "I" t-. t .+,., .' . I . .• i"' ..... ,.,,'
t~.~
~ . "1.
:~: :11; Illl tit !jt!L1::t 1;;1: j filii itr It H~! t rtJf!p d :'r;
fiii!.: :: ~~ n~: t!~ { tl :;;
4
40 . . . . ·tl ~ . .'", 11··t;~
,.\ 'Il .. I~""l
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Figure 6 (9 of Il). Trajectories for Projectile Type 2, 60° elevation, 2800 ips muzzle velocity
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HORIZONTAL RANGE (1000 YOS.)

Figure 6 (10 of 12.). Trajectories for Projt:ctile Type 2, 60° elevation. 3600 ipa rr lzzle- velocity
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HORIZONTAL, RANGE (1000 Yoo.)

Figure 6 (11 of 12). TL"ajcctories for Projectile Type 2, 60° elevation, .1-tOO ips Hlllzzle velocity

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Figure 1 (1 of 1,;. Trajectories for Projectile Type 8, 45· elevation, 1200 ips mu?,/ e velocity

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Figure 7 (2 of 12). Trajectories for Projectile Type 8, 45 elevati(\n J 2000 ips r;luz:de velocity
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HORIZONTAL RANGE (1000 YOS)

F'igur e ./ (3 of 12). Trajectories for Projectile Ty~.e 8, 45· elevation, Z800 fps muzzle velocity

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~IZONTAL (1000 VOS,)

Figure 7 (4 of 12). Trajectories for Projectile Type 8, 45° elevation, i(IOO fps n:::Z;{'d': velocity

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o PO 40 60 80 100 120 140

HORIZONTAL RANGE (1000 YOS)
Figure 7 (5 of 12). Trajectories for Projectile Type 8,45 8 elevation, 4400 fpb muzzle velocity

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F'igure 7 (6 of IZ). Trajectories for Projectile Type 8, 45" elevation, 5Z~O £P3 tr le velocity
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HORIZONTAL
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Flpre 7 (or of 12). Trajectorie. for Projectile Type 8, 60· elevation, 1200 fp. muzzle velocity

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49
"\
)
 ENGfNEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK SERIES
The Engineering Detiign Handbook Series is intended to provide a compilation
of principles and fund~~ental data to supplement experience in assisting engineers
1n the evolution of new designs which will meet tactical and technical needs while
also embodying satisfactory producibility and maintainability.
Listed below are the Handbooks which have been published or submitted for publi­
cation. Handbooks with publication dates prior to I August 1962 were published as
20-series Ordnance Corps pamphlets. AHC Circular 310-38, 19 July 1963, redesignated
those publications as 70b-series AMC pamphlets (e.g., ORDP 20-138 was redesignated
AHCP 706-138). All new, reprinted, or revised handbooks are being published as
706-series AHC pamphlets.

Gelleral and Milee11aneous Subjects Ballbtic Mluile Series

Number Title Number Title

106 Elemenu of A~nt Engineering, Part One, 281 (S-RDI Weapon Syetem EUeCtivenell (U)
Soutces of Energy l82 Propuls ion and Prope ll&JIti
107 Elem_s of Armament Engineering. Part Two, 284(C) Trajectories (U)
Ball18tics 286 Structuree
108 Elements of Armament EngIneering. Part Three,
Weapon Syeteme and Components Ballietic8 Serie.
110 Experimental Statistics, Section I, Basic Con­ 140 Trajectoriee, Differential Effect., and Data
cepts and ~lysis of Measurement Data for PrOjectile.
111 Experimental Statietics. Section 2. Analysis o{ IbO(51 Elements of Terminal &llbstice. Part ODe.
Enumerative and Classificatory Data Introduction. Kill Mechaniams. and
liZ Experimental Statistics. Section 3. Planning and Vulnerability (U)
AnaJ.ysis of Comparative Experiments 161 (S) Elementa of Terminal Ballistice, Part Two,
113 Expe rimental Statistic s. Section 4. Special Collection and Analy.is of Data Concern­
Topics ing Targets (U)
114 Experimental Statistic s. Section 5, Tables 162IS-RD} Elements of Terminal Ballistics, Part
134 Maintenance Engineering Guide for Ordnance Application to Millile and Space Targets
Design
135 Inventions. Patents. and Related Matter. Carriages and Mounts Series
136 ServomechaDiems, Section I. Theory 34i Cradles
137 Servomechaniems. Section 2. Measurement 342 Recoil Systems
aDd Sigw Converters 34 3 Top Carriages
U8 Servomechaniems, Section 3. Amplification 344 Bottom Carriages
139 Servomechanisms, Section 4, Power Element. 345 Equilibrators
and Syetem Deeign 346 Elevating Mechaniams
lTO(C) Armor and Itl Application to Vehicles (U) 347 Traver.ing Mechal1iem.
Z70 Propellant Actuated Devices
Z90(C) Warheads--General (U) Materials Handbooks
331 Compensating Elements (Fire Control Series) 30 I AlumInum and Aluminum Alloys
355 The Automotive Assembly (Automotive Series) 302 Ccvper and Copper Alloya
303 Magnesium and Magneelum Alloys
AmmW1ition and Explosives Series 305 Titanium and Titallium Alloya
175 Solid Propellants. Part One 306 Adhesiv"e
176(C) SoUd Propellants. Part Two (UI 307 Gasket Materials (Nonmetallic)
177 Properties of Explosives of Military Interest, 308 Glass
Section 1 309 Plastic s
178(CI Properties of Explosives of Military Intere.t, 310 Rubber and Rubber-Like Materials
Section Z (U) 311 Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of
ZIO Fuzes. General and ~echanical
Z11(C) Fuzee. Proximity. Electrical. Part One (UI Surface-to-Air Missile Series
ZlZ(5) Fuzee. Proximity, Electrical, Part Two (UI 291 Part One, System Integration
2.13(5) Fuzee. Proximity, Electrical, Part Three (U) 292 Part Two. Weapon Control
Zl4 (5) Fuzee. Proximity, Electrical, Part Four (U) 293 Part 1hr"e, Computers
Zl5(C) Fuzes. Proximity, Electrical. Part Five (UI 294(S) Part Four. Millile Armament (UI
U4 Section 1. Artillery Ammunition--General. 295(S) Part Five, Countermeaeuree (U)
with Table of Contents, Glossary and 296 Part Six. Stl"Uctures and Power Sources
Index for Series 291 (S) Part Seven, Sample Problem (U)
U5(CI Section 2. Design for Terminal Effects (U)
U6 Section 3. Design for Control of Flight Char­
acteristics
U7(C) Section 4. Design for Pro)ection (U)
U8 Section 5. Inspection Aspects of Artillery
AnunW1ition DeSign
U9(C) Section 6. Manufacture of Metallic Components
of Artillery Ammunition (U)