StructuralAnalysisI UnderstandLargeDeformationAnalysesLecture UnderstandingLargeDeformationAnalyses.

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Understanding Large Deformation Analyses

A Large Deformation Static Analysis can be used to calculate geometrically nonlinear static results for a Mechanica simulation model. These results can be stresses, deformations, and strains.
Geometrical NonLinearities

Material (Nonlinear elastics, viscosoty) Geometrical (Large Deformation, Post-Buckling) Boundary (Contact)

Large Deformation Analysis Inputs:

No Bearing Loads Distribution limited to Total Load or Total Load at Point No temperature dependent material No Beam/Shell Idealizations

Large Deformation Analysis Outputs:

Stresses Deformations Almansi strains (no measures)

Elastic material undergoing large deformation

Hyperelastic material undergoing large deformation LectureNotes Geometrical Nonlinearities

There are three types of nonlinearities:

Material nonlinearity (nonlinear elastic behavior, viscosity, and so on) Geometrical nonlinearity (large deformations, post-buckling behavior) Boundary nonlinearity (contact)

When using a software program that is based on a linear assumption, you will find that doubling a load causes displacements and stresses to double. This technique works well for a cantilevered beam that displaces very little in comparison to its length. On the other hand, if you consider a strongly bent fishing rod, the bent rod responds to an incremental load much differently than the originally straight rod responds. Paper clips are also subjected to back and forth bending as well as soda cans that are subjected to compressive forces (buckling). In all these cases the models exhibit large deformations. In reality there is not a specific state of nonlinearity, but rather a combination of any of these types. Ultimately, based on the investigation carried out in the field or lab (dramatic distortions, extreme thinning of the part features, cracks, fissures, and so on) and with help from Mechanica you should be able to identify the type of nonlinearity. Mechanica supports linear elastic and hyperelastic materials for Large Deformation Analysis. When using linear elastic materials for a Large Deformation Analysis, Mechanica interprets material properties according to a natural generalization of linear elasticity. E and are converted to the Lame constants and , using the same formulas as used in linear elasticity. Stresses are calculated by using the neo-Hookean material law, which depends linearly on and .

For more information on neo-Hookean material, see Nonlinear Continuum for Finite Element Analysis, Javier Bonet and Richard D. Wood (Cambridge University Press: 1997).

Large Deformation Static Analysis Input. The input for a Large Deformation Analysis can be any combination of loads and boundary constraints. However, no Bearing loads are allowed and the distribution for most other loads (Pressure, Surface/Edge/Curve/Point, and so on) is restricted to Total Load or Total Load at a Point. No temperature dependent materials are allowed and the Beam and Shell elements are not supported for this type of analysis. Large Deformation Static Analysis Output. You can evaluate stresses and deformations with a Large Deformation Static Analysis. Mechanica reports Almansi strains but, the resultant measures are not currently

available for this analysis type. Best Practices

You may want to perform a linear Static Analysis first to determine whether geometrically nonlinear results are required. You may also want to perform a linear Buckling Analysis. If the load factor is greater than the critical buckling load factor for your model, the Large Deformation Static Analysis may either take long time to converge, or may not converge to a solution. If you run a Buckling Analysis that indicates your model will buckle, you can reduce run time for a Large Deformation Static Analysis by using a load that is less than the linear buckling load. Be aware that in some cases the results of linear Static Analysis and Buckling Analysis may not accurately predict what will actually occur in a Large Deformation Static Analysis.

UnderstandLargeDeformationAnalysesDemonstration UnderstandingLargeDeformationAnalyses_demo.mp4 UnderstandLargeDeformationAnalysesProcedure

Procedure: Creating Large Deformation Analyses

Scenario
In this procedure, you will define a Static Analysis including the Calculation of large deformations in a Pro/ENGINEER part model for which loads and constraints were already created and defined. CreateLDA clip.prt

Task 1. Open the Mechanica Application and define a Static Analysis with Large Deformations.
1. Click Applications > Mechanica. 2. Click Mechanica Analyses/Studies 3. Click File > New Static... 4. In the Name field type CLIP_LDA. from the main toolbar.

5. Verify that the SUPPORT constraint is selected in the Constraints area of the dialog box. 6. Verify that the FINGER load is selected in the Loads area of the dialog box.

7. Select the Nonlinear check box, then select the Calculate large deformations check box.

8. Select the Convergence tab and verify that the Method drop-down menu is set to Single-Pass Adaptive. Note: The Multi-Pass Adaptive convergence method is not available for Large Deformation Static Analyses.

9. Select the Output tab and verify that the Stresses, Rotations, and Reactions check boxes are selected, and that Plotting Grid is set to 4. 10. Select the Load Intervals tab. Type 4 in the Number of Intervals field and click Space Equally.

For example, if the load is 5 N then, Mechanica will report stress/deformations/strains at 25% of the load (1.25 N), 50% (i.e., 2.5 N), and so on. Using this Number of Intervals option enables you to detect the behavior of the model as it deforms geometrically nonlinearly. Here, the load interval is being shown so you are familiar with the procedure for defining the Number of Intervals. In real-life examples, this number may vary depending on your application. Mechanica limits this option to 99 intervals. As a handy tip, if you are concerned only with the stress and deformation of your model with the load fully applied, you should use the default of 1 for the Number of Intervals.

11. The dialog box should now appear as shown in the figure. Click OK to complete the Static Analysis Definition and close the dialog box.

Task 2. Save the model and erase it from memory.

1. Return to the Standard Pro/ENGINEER mode by clicking Applications > Standard. 2. Click Save from the main toolbar and click OK to save the model. 3. Click File > Erase > Current > Yes to erase the model from memory. This completes the procedure. UnderstandLargeDeformationAnalysesExercise

Exercise: Large Deformation Analysis

Objectives
After successfully completing this exercise, you will be able to:

Run a Large Deformation Analysis. Compare a Static versus a Large Deformation Analysis results for the same model. Use a predefined hyper-elastic material.

Scenario
In this exercise, you will use Mechanica to evaluate the stresses and deformations in a 3D Pro/ENGINEER assembly model subjected to steady loads and constraints. The components of the assembly are bonded together by a piece of an elastomer. You are interested in the effects on this bonding component when the pieces are pulled away from each other. This investigation will be carried out using a linear Static Analysis and then compared to a Large Deformation Analysis. The assembly model has two plates made out of steel which are bonded together by a piece of rubber. The model is held in place at the end of one of the steel plates and pulled away at the other. The loads and constraints are already defined in the model. Because hyper-elastic materials (such as rubber) are nonlinear materials they will exhibit instantaneous elastic response to large strains. You will examine the behavior of this elastomer under the current loads and constraints. LDAHanger hanger.asm

Task 1. Open the Mechanica application, explore the existing Mechanica simulation features, and review the predefined URETHANE material.
1. Click Applications > Mechanica. 2. Explore and examine the model. From the top of the Model Tree, click Show Expand All. Scroll to the bottom of the model tree and review the existing Mechanica simulation features. >

Note that a number of Mechanica features have already been created including:

The STEEL and URETHANE material definitions. Loads and Constraints.

3. Right-click the URETHANE material in the model tree and select Edit Definition. Note that the material Sub Type is set to Hyperelastic and the Define By Test check box is selected.

Since Hyperelastic Materials are beyond the scope of this course, the material has been created for you.

4. In the Material Model area of the dialog box, click Edit to bring up the Hyperelastic Material Definition dialog box so you can explore how the material behavior has been defined.

5. Examine the Hyperelastic Material Definition dialog box. Note that the left side of the dialog box contains a Strain-Stress table that was obtained from a physical test of the material. These test results are graphed in the center of the section of the dialog box and Best Fit Material Model Curves are displayed with it. On the right side of the dialog box, you can see that Select Material Model field is set to Automatic. As result of this setting, the Mooney-Rivlin model has been selected as the best fit and its Best Fit Coefficients are used to define the model.

6. Click OK when you are done examining the Hyperelastic Material Definition dialog box. 7. Click OK to close the Material Definition dialog box.

Task 2. Assign STEEL to the two steel plates (PLATE_2.PRT) components and URETHANE to the ELASTOMER_INSERT.PRT component.
1. Click Material Assignment from the Mechanica toolbar.

2. Press CTRL and select both of the PLATE_2.PRT components from the model tree as shown in the figure.

3. In the Properties area of the dialog box, verify that the Material drop-down menu is set to STEEL. 4. Type SOLID_PLATES in the Name field. 5. The dialog box should now appear as shown in the figure. Click OK to complete the Material Assignment and close the dialog box.

6. Click Material Assignment

from the Mechanica toolbar.

7. Select the ELASTOMER_INSERT.PRT components from the model tree. 8. In the Properties area of the dialog box, select URETHANE from the Material dropdown menu. 9. The dialog box should now appear as shown in the figure. Click OK to complete the Material Assignment and close the dialog box.

Task 3. Define Static and Large Deformation Analyses for the assembly.
1. From the Main toolbar, click Mechanica Analyses/Studies .

2. Click File > New Static... 3. In the Name field, type HANGER_LINEAR. 4. Verify that the HOLD Constraint is selected in the Constraints area of the dialog box. 5. Verify that the PULL Load is selected in the Loads area of the dialog box. 6. The dialog box should appear as shown in the figure. Click OK to complete the Static Analysis Definition and close the dialog box.

7. Verify that HANGER_LINEAR is selected from the Analyses and Design Studies dialog box. 8. Click Copy to copy the analysis.

9. Right-click Copy_of_HANGER_LINEAR and select Edit... 10. In the Name field, type HANGER_LDA.

11. Verify that the HOLD Constraint is selected in the Constraints area of the dialog box. 12. Verify that the PULL Load is selected in the Loads area of the dialog box. 13. Select the Nonlinear check box, then select the Calculate large deformations check box. 14. Select the Load Intervals tab if necessary. 15. Type 4 in the scroll box for Number of Intervals and click Space Equally. 16. The dialog box should appear as shown in the figure. Click OK to finish the Static Analysis Definition and close dialog box.

Task 4. Run the HANGER_LINEAR and HANGER_LDA analyses and compare their results.
1. Select HANGER_LINEAR from the Analyses and Design Studies dialog box and click Start Run > Yes. Click Confirm in the Confirmation dialog box to run the

analysis for the non-linear material with small strain properties of the material as shown in the figure.

2. Click Display Study Status

once the analysis is started.

The analysis should complete in less than one minute.

3. When the analysis is complete, make note of the max_disp_mag and max_stress_vm measures. max_disp_mag 15.8 mm and max_stress_vm 285 MPa

4. Select HANGER_LDA from the Analyses and Design Studies dialog box and click Start Run > Yes to start the design study. once the analysis is started. 5. Click Display Study Status

The analysis should complete in 10-15 minutes. If you do not have time to wait for this analysis to complete, consider using the results in the Complete directory for comparison with the HANGER_LINEAR results.

6. When the analysis is complete, make note of the max_disp_mag and max_stress_vm measures. max_disp_mag 8.8 mm and max_stress_vm 226 MPa

Note that the results for the same model when Calculating Large Deformations is about 40% less for displacement and 25% less for maximum von Mises Stress. You can observe that the model maximum deformation and von Mises stresses appreciably between the Static Analysis and the Calculate Large Deformations analysis. In this case, the correct results are from the Large Deformation Analysis due to the fact the deformation in the elastomer doesn't vary linearly with the load. This type of analysis is also know as a geometrically non-linear analysis.

7. Click Close to close all open Run Status windows and click Close to close all open Diagnostics windows.

8. Select HANGER_LINEAR from the Analyses and Design Studies dialog box and click Results to enter results mode. 9. Type LINEAR in the Name field and Static Linear in the Title field.

10. Verify that the Display Type drop-down menu is set to Fringe. 11. Select Displacement from the first drop-down menu on the Quantity tab and verify that the Unit drop-down menu is set to mm and that the Component dropdown menu is set to Magnitude. 12. Select the Display Options tab and select the Deformed and Animate check boxes. 13. Click OK and Show to finish the Results Window Definition and show the results.

14. Click Copy

from the main toolbar in the Results Window. , select HANGER_LDA and click Open.

15. Type LDA in the Name field and Static LDA in the Title field. 16. Click Open Results 17. If necessary, select the % check box next to the Scaling field. 18. Select step 4 from the Steps area. 19. Verify that the Display Type drop-down menu is set to Fringe. 20. Select the Quantity tab. 21. Select Displacement from the first drop-down menu on the Quantity tab and verify that the Unit drop-down menu is set to mm and that the Component dropdown menu is set to Magnitude. 22. Click OK and Show to finish the Results Window Definition and show the results. 23. When you are finished reviewing the results, click File > Exit Results > No to exit the Result Window without saving any results.

Task 5. Save the model and erase it from memory.

1. Click Save from the main toolbar and click OK to save the model.

2. Click File > Close Window. 3. Click File > Erase > Not Displayed > OK to erase the model from memory. 4. If necessary, click Close from the Summary window and click Close to close the Diagnostics window. This completes the exercise.