CODE BASED HOME-SECURITY SYSTEM USING POWER LINE & INFRARED SENSORS/REED SWITCH

By ABHISHEK .R. MISHRA (08070105003) AMIT KUMAR (08070105004) HARISH SINGH RAWAT (08070105021) RAGHWENDRA SINGH NEGI (08070105041)

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL

DEHRADUN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY UTTARAKHAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

MAY 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate...4 Declaration......................................................................................................5 Acknowledgement..........6 Abstract...7 List of Figures.....8 List of Symbols...9 List of Abbreviations..10
CHAPTER 1:

1.1 Introduction....11 1.2 Objective.............................................................................................11 1.3 Applications...11

CHAPTER 2: 2.1 Block Diagram....12 2.2 Description......12 CHAPTER 3: TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND WORKING 3.1 Earthing based Multi Door Security System.........14 3.2 Infrared Sensor System..16 3.3 Code Lock System.....19 CHAPTER 4: 4.1 Components Used..21

4.1.1 Relays.21

4.1.2 Timer IC555..............................................................................23 4.1.3 IC4013......................................................................................24 4.1.4 LM358......................................................................................25 4.1.5 LED......27 4.1.6 Photodiode27 4.1.7 Capacitor..28 4.1.8 Transformer.28 4.1.9 Transistor.....29
4.1.10 Rectifier.29 4.2 Developing PCB Using Express PCB.30 4.3 Ratings of the Components Used....32 4.4 Overview of Project.34 CHAPTER 5: 5.1 Advantages of the Project35 5.2 Scopes for Advancements35 5.3 Applications.....35 5.4 Precautions while assembling the Project36 5.5 Conclusion...36 REFERENCES37

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that dissertation entitled, Code based Home Security System using Power Line & Infrared Sensors, being submitted by Abhishek Ranjan Mishra, Amit Kumar, Harish Singh Rawat and Raghwendra Singh Negi in fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of bachelor of technology in electrical engineering, is a bonafide record of the work done by them under my supervision and guidance.

The results contained in the dissertation have not been submitted, in part or full, to any other university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

DATE:

Mr. Mohamed Samir Asst. Professor EE Deptt., DIT

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no matter previously published or written by other person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

.. Abhishek Ranjan Mishra (08070105003)

..... Amit Kumar (08070105004)

.. Harish Singh Rawat (08070105021)

.. Raghwendra Singh Negi (08070105041)

DATE:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives a great sense of pleasure to present the report of B.Tech project undertaken during B.Tech final year. We owe special debt of gratitude to Mohamed Samir, department of electrical engineering, DIT Dehradun for his constant support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavours have seen the light of the day. We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Mrs. Abha Rajoria, head of the department of electrical engineering, D.I.T Dehradun for her full support and assistance during the development of the project. We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of our project. Last but not least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the completion of project.

.. Abhishek Ranjan Mishra (08070105003)

. Amit Kumar (08070105004)

. Harish Singh Rawat (08070105021)

Raghwendra Singh Negi (08070105041)

ABSTRACT
The title of the project is CODE BASED HOME SECURITY SYSTEM USING POWER LINE & INFRARED SENSORS/REED SWITCH. There are many security systems available these days but this security system is unique in its own which uses the already existing wires of your home and does not require extra wiring which ultimately reduces the cost of extra wiring and enhances reliability. It can be installed at one place and the person sitting in different rooms is alerted by a buzzer alarm and by providing LED of different colour for each room. We may use multiple buzzers as per the requirements. This system uses IR sensors/Reed magnet Switch to detect the obstacle or any person who tries to intrude. The sensors can be activated or deactivated by entering unique code of 3 or 4 digits, so an unknown person cannot deactivate the system, and the code is given only to a particular person and by entering the code the person can enter the room. It is a home security system which can be modified to be used in offices and buildings.

KEY WORDS- Buzzer alarm, LEDs, IR, Reed Magnet Switch, Power Line.

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1: Multi Door Alarm Circuit. Fig. 2: Object Detection Circuit. Fig. 3: Code-Lock Circuit. Fig. 4: Operation of Relay. Fig. 5: Internal Block diagram of IC 555 timer. Fig. 6: Connection Diagram of IC 4013. Fig. 7: LED. Fig. 8: Photodiode. Fig. 9: Transformer. Fig. 10: Transistor. Fig. 11: Rectifier with input and output waveforms.

LIST OF SYMBOLS
= OHM = MEW F = FARAD m = MILI k = KILO n = NANO p = PICO Hz = HERTZ % = PERCENTAGE V = VOLTAGE W= WATT

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

IR INFRARED LED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE GND GROUND OP AMP OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER IC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DC DIRECT CURRENT AC ALTERNATING CURRENT PCB PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

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CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction Design and implementation of a Security System is a necessary device in our daily life. Although a lot of research work has been done towards the development of security system, as a security system needs to be reliable, simple and not very expensive. The reliability is the most important aspect of the security system. Therefore in our project, we have tried to construct a robust, economical and user-friendly security system using the infrared sensors/Reed switch, the code system and the alarm-triggering circuit build around the 555 timer IC.

A unique thing in this system is that there is no need to put additional wiring line throughout the building. For the installation, the existing wiring present in the house or office is used, thus saving the cost of wiring and easy installation.

1.2 Objective The main objective of our work is to develop a reliable, user friendly, simple and economical security system which can reach the people beyond the cultural and economical barrier.

1.3 Applications The present work will find application in the development of highly secured and reliable Security System which can be modified to use in confidential buildings.

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CHAPTER 2
2.1 Block Diagram
Code Lock System Infrared sensor/ Reedswitch

Power Supply

555 IC Timer as frequency oscillator

Relay

Detection of Intruding Object

buzzer beeps

Intrusion Detected at the door.

2.2 Description This project uses a 12V, 500mA regulated power supply. Full wave rectifier (two diodes back to back) is used to rectify ac output of secondary of 230/12 V centre tapped step down transformer.

First of all, at the entrance of the building, the user can activate the security system by entering the unique code. He can deactivate it too by pressing another combination of unique code. Hence only the authorized person could activate/deactivate the entire security system.

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The unwarranted intrusion is detected by infrared sensors/reed switch which, upon intrusion, generate a signal which is sent to the relay. Then the relay generates the actuating signal which is sent to the main alarm triggering circuit.

The main alarm circuit, which is built around the 555 timer IC working as a frequency oscillator, generates a signal of unique frequency which is then sent to the piezobuzzer unit.

Finally, the piezobuzzer beeps with a sound of frequency corresponding to the targeted door and hence the intrusion is detected.

The frequency of beep can be varied with the help of preset which varies the input to the 555 timer IC working as a frequency oscillator.

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Chapter 3 Technical Working and Description.

3.1 Earthing-based Multi Door Alarm Security System.

Thwart the attempt of burglary by detecting intrusion with this alarm circuit. Each door is protected by separate circuit built around an independent 555 timer IC in conjunction with reed switch magnet. All the three units are powered from a single power source. The buzzer can be plugged into the earth line of a socked in any room of the same building having proper earth line connection. There is no need of laying external wire up to the buzzer unit from different rooms.

For door-1 alarm unit, we connect the infrared system S1 to the relay to drive the main 555 timer circuit. Wire IC1 (555 Timer IC) as a frequency oscillator and set door-1 alarm unit to the desired frequency, say, between 1 Hz and 3 Hz, using VR1. For door-2 alarm unit, connect reed switch S2 near the magnet of door-2 which is connected to relay. Now relay is connected to IC2. Wire IC2 (555 Timer IC) also as a frequency oscillator and set door-2 alarm frequency between 5 and 7Hz using VR2. In normal condition, i.e., when all the doors are closed reset pin 4 of IC1 and IC2 remain low. As a result, these do not oscillate and piezobuzzer PZ1 remains silent.

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When door-1 is opened, the infrared sensor system detects intruding object and it sends an alarming signal to the relay. The relay then gets operated and sends an actuating signal to IC1. Now IC1 generates 1-3 Hz signals and the piezobuzzer beeps to indicate the door-1 has been opened.

When door-2 is opened, magnet moves away from the reed switch S1, relay is operated and it sends an actuating signal to the IC2. Now IC2 generates 5-7 Hz signals and piezobuzzer beeps to indicate that door-2 has been opened.

Thus sitting in a room where the buzzer unit in fitted, we can easily know which room has someone gained entry into.

Mains line wire is not connected to SOC-1. Live and neutral wires are connected to the primary of the step-down transformer, which is a part of the power supply. All the three units connected are powered from a single rectified power supply.

Connect the reed switch near the particular gate magnet through an external wire. Plug-in the piezobuzzer into the earth and neutral lines of socket (SOC-2) fitted in the desired room of the same building. There is no need of laying external wires up to the buzzer unit. This project will work off the power line within the building.

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Fig. 1

3.2 Infrared Sensor System. Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible, measured from the nominal edge of visible red light at 0.74micrometers (m), and extending conventionally to 300 m. These wavelengths correspond to a frequency range of approximately 1 to 400 MHz There are various applications of IR sensors such as TV remote controllers, burglar alarms and object counter.

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Here we have used IR sensors (infrared LEDs) to make an object-detection circuit. The basic idea is to transmit the infrared light through an IR LED, which is then reflected by any obstacle ahead and sensed by the receiving LED.

On receiving the light, the sensing LED develops a voltage difference across its leads. However, this voltage produces very weak electrical signal. Therefore we have used an operational amplifier (op-amp) for accurate detection the object.

Fig. 2 The circuit can be divided into two parts: emitter and receiver. The emitter is composed of IR LED1 in series with a 220-ohm resistor that limits the forward current. IR LED1 emits IR light continuously. The receiver is built around IC LM358 (IC1), IR LED2, zener diode ZD1, transistor T1 and resistors R1 and R2 along with preset VR1.

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According to functioning of the op-amp, the output of IC1 will go high when the voltage at its pin-2 goes high. So the output of IC1 goes high when IR light is detected by the IR receiver.

When the IR light falls on IR LED-2, transistor T1 conducts making pin-2 of IC1 low. We can adjust the reference voltage at pin-3 of IC1 using preset VR1. Working of the circuit is simple. When there is no object in front of IR LED-1 and IR LED-2 output pin-1 of IC1 remains low. As a result, LED1 remains off. When any object comes in front of IR LED-1 and IR LED-2, output pin-1 of IC1 goes high to light up LED-1. At the same time, the relay-driver circuit is also activated.

Assemble the circuit on general purpose PCB and enclose in a small cabinet. Mount IR LED1 and IR LED2 such that when any obstacle comes in front of them, the IR reflected off the obstacle falls directly on receiver IR LED2.

PCB for Infrared system.

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3.3 Code Lock System Two Flip-Flops IC1 and IC2 [CD4013] are used in the circuit. Total four pushes switches are connected in series with positive supply from pin no. 3 and 11 of both ICs. In circuit diagram, the wires are connected from these switches to both the ICs and are termed as W, X, Y, Z terminals respectively. When the switches are pressed in this order the relay in circuit will be activated. In other words, lock will be opened. Ten push switches are connected in the circuit, which are marked from 0 to 9 numbers. In this project for example code 0135 is taken. Thus 0 is connected with W, 1 with X, 3 with Y and 5 with Z. Beside this rest of switches 2, 4, and 9 are connected with reset terminal. This reset terminal is connected with pin no6 and of both IC. Rest of the 6 push switches reset the Flip-Flops. The pin no. 14 of IC1, IC2 are connected with positive and pin no. 13 of IC1 is connected with the pin no. 5 of IC1. Whereas pin no. 5 of IC2 is grounded. When the switches are pushed in proper order then the output from the pin no. 13 of IC2 goes to the base of Transistor Q1 [BC557]. The amplified signal from the collector of the transistor operates the relay.

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Fig. 3

Keypad for entering Unique Code.

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PCB for Code Lock System.

CHAPTER 4
4.1 COMPONENTS USED

4.1.1 RELAY Relay is a common, simple application of electromagnetism. It uses an electromagnet made from an iron rod wound with hundreds of fine copper wire. When electricity is applied to the wire, the rod becomes magnetic. A movable contact arm above the rod is then pulled toward the rod until it closes a switch contact. When the electricity is removed, a small spring pulls the contract arm away from the rod until it closes a second switch contact. By means of relay, a current circuit can be broken or closed in one circuit as a result of a current in another circuit.

Relays can have several poles and contacts. The types of contacts could be normally open and normally closed. One closure of the relay can turn on the same normally open contacts; can turn off the other normally closed contacts.

Relay requires a current through their coils, for which a voltage is applied. This voltage for a relay can be D.C. low voltages up to 24 V or could be 240 V a.c.

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Fig. 4 These contacts can be either Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed (NC), or change-over contacts.

OPERATION
When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force that is half as strong as the magnetic force to its relaxed position. Usually this is a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or high current application, this is to reduce arcing.

Electromagnetic Relay used in the project:

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4.1.2 TIMER IC 555

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. It has 3 operating modes monostable, astable & bistable. With monostable operation, the time delay is controlled by one external resistor and one capacitor. With astable operation, the frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor.

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In this project we are using it in Bistable multi-vibrator mode as a timer and a frequency oscillator to generate frequencies which can be set by a preset.

Fig. 5 4.1.3 IC 4013

General Description The CD4013B dual D-type flip-flop is a monolithic complementary MOS (CMOS) integrated circuit constructed with N- and P-channel enhancement mode transistors. Each flip-flop has independent data, set, reset, and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs. These devices can be used for shift register applications, and by connecting Q output to the data input, for counter and toggle applications. The logic level present at the D input is transferred to the Q output during the positive-going transition of the clock pulse. Setting or resetting is independent of the clock and is accomplished by a high level on the set or reset line respectively.

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In this project, we have connected its pin nos. 3 and 11 to positive supplies for activation of infrared system. And pin nos. 6 and 8 are connected to reset for deactivation of infrared system. Connection diagram:

Fig. 6 Features a) Wide supply voltage range: 3.0V to 15V b) High noise immunity: 0.45 VDD (typ.) c) Low power TTL: fan out of 2 driving 74L Applications Automotive Data terminals Instrumentation Medical electronics Alarm system Industrial electronics Remote metering Computers

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4.1.4 LM358 General Description The LM358 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which are designed

specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. It can be directly operated off of the standard +5V power supply voltage which is used in digital systems and will easily provide the required interface electronics without requiring the additional 15Vpower supplies. In this project, we have used LM358 to serve as an operational amplifier which provides output at pin no. 1 depending on input signal generated by LED-2 (refer fig. 3) which is given at pin no. 2 of the op-amp. Here the op-amp is working in the inverting mode, with input given at the negative pin no.2 whereas positive pin no. 1 is controlled via a preset. Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the conventional op amp circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single power supply system.

Advantages: 1) Two internally compensated op amps in a singlePackage. 2) Eliminates need for dual supplies. 3) Allows directly sensing near GND and VOUT also goesto GND. 4) Compatible with all forms of logic. 5) Power drain suitable for battery operation.

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6) Pin-out same as LM1558/LM1458 dual operationalamplifier. Features: a) Internally frequency compensated for unity gain. b) Large dc voltage gain: 100 dB c) Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz d) Wide power supply range: Single supply: 3V to 32V Dual supplies: 1.5V to 16V.

4.1.5 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices. When a junction diode is forward biased, energy is released at the junction diode is forward biased, energy is released at the junction due to recombination of electrons and holes. In case of silicon and germanium diodes, the energy released is in infrared region. In the junction diode made of gallium arsenate or indium phosphide, the energy is released in visible region. Such a junction diode is called a light emitting diode or LED.

Fig. 7 4.1.6. PHOTODIODE

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A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductordiodes except that they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fiber connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes designed for use specifically as a photodiode will also use a PIN junction rather than the typical PN junction.

Fig. 8 Photodiode. 4.1.7 CAPACITOR Capacitors can hold a limited amount of electric charge. They can conduct direct current for only an instant but are able to act as conductors in alternating-current circuits, as they constantly charge and discharge as the direction of the current constantly changes. This property makes them useful when direct current must be prevented from entering some part of an electric circuit.

Fixed-capacity and variable-capacity capacitors are used with coils in our project.

4.1.8 TRANSFORMER Transformer is a static device which is used to change the level of voltage or current.

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Here we are using centre tapped step down transformer of rating 230/12V. Here 230 V is the primary side voltage and 12V is the secondary side voltage. The transformer used is air cooled and the core used for construction of transformer is CRGO (Cold Rolled Grain Oriented).

Fig. 9 4.1.9 TRANSISTOR Transistor, any of various electronic devices used as amplifiers or oscillators in communications, control, and computer systems. Since its advent in 1948 the transistor has largely replaced thermionic vacuum tubes.

Here, we are using BEL 147 n-p-n transistor.

Fig. 10

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4.1.10 RECTIFIER Rectifier is a device used to convert AC to DC. It is of two types centre tapped and bridge rectifier. For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes back-to-back (i.e. anodes-to-anode or cathode-to-cathode) form a full-wave.

Fig. 11 4.2 DEVELOPING PCBs USING EXPRESS PCB

FIVE STEPS 1. Draw the schematic of the circuit on a computer using the required software. 2. Design the PCB on the computer using the required software. 3. Print the PCB design through a laser printer. 4. Take the impression of the circuit on a copper-clad board. 5. Remove the excess copper by etching. Try to make the PCB as compact as possible. The mirror image of the PCB layout will always be imprinted on the copper side (the solder side of the copper-clad board) of the actual PCB. STEPS OF MAKING PCB:-

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4.3 Ratings of the components used: POWER SUPPLY Transformer: 230/12 V, Centre-tapped. Full Wave Rectifier: o Diode 4007 (2) o Condenser: 1000 F (1) o Resistance: 470 (1) o Voltage Regulator IC (1) o LED: Green (1) CODE LOCK Resistance: 2 M (5), 10 k (1), 1 k (1) IC 4013 (2) Transistor: BEL 147 (1) Capacitors: 10 nF (2), 470 F (1) Diode 4007 (1) LED: Red (1) Relay: 12 V / 150 (2) Rectifier: o Diode 4007 (2). o Condenser: 1000 F (1) o Voltage Regulator IC (1)

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INFRARED SYSTEM IC 358 (1)

Resistance: 100 (1), 1 k (2) Preset: 5 k (1) Diode 4007 (1) Transistor: BEL 187 (1)

MULTIDOOR ALARM CIRCUIT IC 555 (2) Preset: 100 k (2) Resistance: 100 k (2), 1 k (2), 330 (2) Condenser: 10 F (4), 10 nF (2) Diode 4007 (2) Copper clad: 1 x 1

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4.4 Overview of project:

Top view:

Side View:

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CHAPTER 5
5.1 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT 1. This system uses the existing wiring of your home so no need of extra wiring. 2. It reduces the extra cost of wiring. 3. It can be used for multiple doors. 4. It is very robust and simple to use. 5. The entire system is highly secured because it uses IC555 TIMER for locking and unlocking of the system. 5.2 SCOPES FOR ADVANCEMENT Text or Call based activation or deactivation (via cell-phone) of the security system can be implemented. 5.3 APPLICATIONS Commercial wireless applications such as door announcers, security and access system, gate control, remote activation, score board & paging systems. Industries are using IR solutions for monitoring, process, control, inventory tracking, data links and barcode reading devices. Home based security. Distance monitoring of a confidential place. Large industrial setups where it would be impractical to do rewiring, here we could use existing wiring of the plant.

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5.4 PRECAUTIONS WHILE ASEMBLING THE PROJECT i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. Use IC base for the IC. Take care that there is no shorting on PCB while soldering the components. Check all the components so that components are OK. Take care of cathode and anode terminals of diode while soldering. Use good quality presets. Solder the C, B, E terminals of transistor carefully. Also, make sure that the neutral point of mains is connected to the ground line of the circuit and not vice versa.

5.5 CONCLUSION Hence designing a security system using power line of the existing wiring of your house or any building was successful and a highly secured system can be designed using Infrared sensors, and we showed that whenever an obstacle comes in the range of the Infrared rays the buzzer gives a beep sound and an LED provided on the buzzer for multiple rooms blinks continuously giving an alert that someone is trying to enter the room.

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REFERENCES
1. S. Salivahanan, N. Shekhar, Avalarthy, Solid State Pulse Circuits, Prentice Hall-India, New Delhi,2003. 2. P Raja, Microprocessor, S. Kataria and Sons, New Delhi, 2010. 3. Badri & D.N. Vishwakarma, Power System Protection and Switchgear, TMH, New Delhi, 2009. 4. Chris Schroeder, Printed Circuit Board Design Using AutoCAD, Butterworth-Heinemann, Washington, 1954. 5. Thomas L. Norman, Integrated Security Systems Design: Concepts, Specifications, and Implementation, Washington, 2007. 6. Robert Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Pearson, 2009. 7. http://www.ask.com/questions-about/Alarm-Circuits-Using-555-Timer-

Applications