Hine ch13 Lecture

THE
AFRICAN-AMERICAN ODYSSEY
FIFTH EDITION
Chapter
13
The Meaning of Freedom: The Failure of Reconstruction

18681877
The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold
Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
These are the first African Americans to serve in the U.S. Congress.
Constitutional Conventions
Delegates
Former Confederate states elect delegates, 18671868 265 black men in ten Southern states
Progressive Constitution
Statewide public education State support for private businesses
Constitutional Conventions (cont'd)

Carpetbagger
The derogatory term used during Reconstruction to describe Northerners who came South following the Civil War to take advantage of political and economic opportunities. They were labeled "carpetbaggers" because they ostensibly carried all of their possessions in a solitary carpetbag.
Constitutional Conventions (cont'd)

Scalawag
The derogatory term used during Reconstruction to identify a native white southerner who supported black and white Republicans. They were considered traitors to their people and the Democratic Party.
Elections
First time black men cast ballots
Mostly Republicans All adult males vote
Black Political Leaders

White Republicans dominate
1,465 black men held political office 378 free blacks before the Civil War
Most from Mississippi and South Carolina

Majority of representatives in state houses were black men Did not dominate any state politically None elected governor
- Six lieutenants
The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Black Political Leaders (cont'd)

14 served in the U.S. House of Representatives
Some educated, well-qualified Some illiterate, former slaves Farmers, artists, tailors, some wealthy
- Few former slave owners
AFRICAN-AMERICAN POPULATION AND OFFICE HOLDING DURING RECONSTRUCTION IN THE STATES SUBJECT TO CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
The Issues
Promote the welfare of all citizens
Education and Social Welfare

Improve literacy and education for black people
Public schools Segregated (except New Orleans) Compulsory education
- Uneven results
Education and Social Welfare (cont'd)

Establish state-supported schools
The deaf, the blind, and the insane
- Criminal reform
Civil Rights
Civil rights
Public facilities for all people Introduce laws to prohibit discrimination Seen by whites as attempt at social equality
White politicians defeated antidiscrimination bills

South Carolina passed but not effectively enforced
Economic Issues
Enacted laws to prevent abuse of laborers
Paid before or when crop sold Some even wanted to regulate laborers' wages
- Stay laws
Protect land and property of small farmers against seizure Republicans hoped to gain support from white yeomen
Land
No programs to provide land to landless
Except South Carolina State land commission, 1869 Loans on generous terms
- 14,000 families gain land - Corrupt and inefficiently managed
High property taxes

Forced landowners to sell
Business and Industry

Expanding railroad network
Employment Prosperity Corrupt financing
Black entrepreneurs
Difficult to get financing
Black Politicians: An Evaluation

Failed to significantly improve lives
Outnumbered by white Republicans Could not enact their own agenda Disagreement among black leaders
- Divided by class and prewar status
Republican Factionalism
Southern Republicans
Factious Disagreements
Who should run and hold political office

Desperate for an office that paid a salary Ran against each other Re-nomination and re-election unusual
- Inexperienced leadership
Opposition
White Southerners
Opposed black men in the political system Did not accept the Fourteenth Amendment Blamed Republicans for waste and corruption
- Redeemers
The Ku Klux Klan

Militant terrorist organizations
Knights of the White Camellia The White Brotherhood The Whitecaps
Remove black men from politics

Accepted the use of violence Threats, intimidations, rapes, beatings, and murder
The Ku Klux Klan (cont'd)

Established in Pulaski, Tennessee, 1866
Social club Confederate veterans
- General Nathan Bedford Forrest
Attracted all classes of white society

Active in areas they could influence voting Never appeared in Carolina and Georgia Low Country

Ku Klux Klan
A secret society founded by former Confederates in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866. It transformed itself into a terrorist organization during Reconstruction to drive black and white Republicans from political power in southern states.

Ku Klux Klan (cont'd)
It disappeared by the late nineteenth century but was revived near Atlanta, Georgia, in 1915, as a powerful, white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant political force in many states outside the South. It was revived again in the 1950s to oppose the civil rights movement.
The West
Native Americans
Fought for the confederacy Resented sharing land with freedmen
Black people struggled for rights

Creeks/Seminoles Choctaw/Chickasaw Other territorial governments
FEDERAL RECONSTRUCTION LEGISLATION 18691875
This optimistic 1870 illustration exemplifies the hopes and aspirations generated during Reconstruction as black people gained access to the political system.
The Fifteenth Amendment

All races had right to vote
Did not guarantee women right to vote Did not outlaw:
- Poll taxes - Literacy tests - Property qualifications
Northern black men able to vote
The Fifteenth Amendment (cont'd)

Fifteenth Amendment, 1870
This constitutional amendment stipulated that the right to vote could not be denied on account of race, color, or because a person had been a slave
The Enforcement Acts

Northern response to Southern terrorism
Increased federal authority 1870 Act Outlawed disguises and masks
The Enforcement Acts (cont'd)

Ku Klux Klan Act, 1871
Federal offense to:
- Interfere with voting, hold office, serve on jury
Authorize President to send in federal troops Suspend the writ of habeas corpus
South Carolina up country

Enforcement Acts
Also known as the Force Acts, these measures were passed by Congress in the early 1870s to undermine the Ku Klux Klan and other terrorist organizations by authorizing the president to use military force and to suspend the writ of habeas corpus

Habeas corpus
A court order that a person arrested or detained by law enforcement officers must be brought to court and charged with a crime and not held indefinitely
The North and Reconstruction

Northern commitment weakened
Other issues Patronage, veterans benefits, tariffs
Legislation could not create equality

Blacks must work to achieve acceptance
Economy
Panic of 1873
The Freedmen's Bank

Founded 1865, many black employees Only white men served on board of directors Unwise investments
Closed June 1874 African American depositors Lost more than $1 million
The Freedmen's Bank (cont'd)

Freedmen's Savings Bank
A private financial institution chartered by Congress in 1865. Many black people and organizations deposited funds in the bank, which went bankrupt in 1874.
The Civil Rights Act of 1875

"Full and equal enjoyment"
Prohibit racial discrimination Public facilities, conveyances, theaters, and others
No attempt to enforce
U.S. Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional, 1883
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 (cont'd)

Civil Rights Act of 1875
This federal legislation outlawed racial discrimination in public accommodations such as hotels and restaurants, and in transportation, including railroad coaches and steamboats. The Supreme Court invalidated it in 1883.
Violent Redemption
In every Louisiana election, 18681876
Colfax Massacre White League
Violent Redemption (cont'd)

Redemption
The term used for the process, often violent, by which white conservative Democrats regained political control of a southern state from black and white Republicans during Reconstruction
Violent Redemption (cont'd)

Colfax Massacre
At least 105 African Americans were murdered on Easter Sunday in 1873 in Colfax, Louisiana, in the single worst episode of violence during Reconstruction
Shotgun Policy
Mississippi declared open war on black majority
Masks and hoods discarded Black voters hid on election day Adelbert Ames
The Hamburg Massacre

Rifle clubs
Red Shirts Federal troops sent to South Carolina South Carolina adopts "Shotgun Policy"
The Hamburg Massacre (cont'd)

Hamburg Massacre
White Democrats attacked black Republicans in July 1876 in the village of Hamburg, South Carolina. Five black men were murdered as the Democrats began a violent effort to redeem the state.
The Compromise of 1877

Election 1876
Samuel J. Tilden, one vote shy of victory Rutherford B. Hayes, needed nineteen electoral votes Election fraud
- Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina
The Compromise of 1877 (cont'd)

Republican North, Democratic South compromise
Hayes wins
- Removal of federal troops
The Compromise of 1877 (cont'd)

Compromise of 1877
This informal arrangement between national Democrats and Republicans settled the disputed presidential election of 1876 by permitting Republican Rutherford B. Hayes to become president while allowing Democrats to complete redemption by taking political control of Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina
MAP 132 THE ELECTION OF 1876
Conclusion
Despite freedom, citizenship, right to vote, Reconstruction unsuccessful
Bloody era Persistent racism
Black people not prepared for roles in government

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THE

The Meaning of Freedom: The Failure of Reconstruction

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Constitutional Conventions (cont'd)

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Constitutional Conventions (cont'd)

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Black Political Leaders

Most from Mississippi and South Carolina

Black Political Leaders (cont'd)

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Education and Social Welfare

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Education and Social Welfare (cont'd)

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

White politicians defeated antidiscrimination bills

High property taxes

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Business and Industry

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Black Politicians: An Evaluation

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Who should run and hold political office

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Ku Klux Klan

Remove black men from politics

The Ku Klux Klan (cont'd)

Attracted all classes of white society

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Ku Klux Klan (cont'd)

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Ku Klux Klan (cont'd)

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Black people struggled for rights

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FEDERAL RECONSTRUCTION LEGISLATION 18691875

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Fifteenth Amendment

Northern black men able to vote

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The Fifteenth Amendment (cont'd)

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The Enforcement Acts

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The Enforcement Acts (cont'd)

South Carolina up country

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The Enforcement Acts (cont'd)

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The Enforcement Acts (cont'd)

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The North and Reconstruction

Legislation could not create equality

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The Freedmen's Bank

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