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Bridge Engineering
In 1904, the Wabash Bridge opened to carry the WabashPittsburg Terminal Railroad over the Monongahela River. In 1948, the bridge was removed. The piers still remain.
Now it is up to you to design a pedestrian bridge or structure to bring new life to the old abandoned bridge piers.
Overview
Definitions Engineering
Forces Type Configuration Form
Definitions
Abutment - support at beginning or end of bridge integrated with the ground Pier - intermediate support Span - the bridge between two supports Girder - a tall, narrow beam Support Structure - the part of the bridge that carries the load
Compression Bridges
Compression is the push force Compression causes an object to get shorter Stone and concrete are strong in compression
Tension Bridges
Tension is a pull force Tension causes an object to get longer Wire rope and chains are strong in tension
Tension/Compression Bridge
A beam bends under the weight of a load When the beam bends, the top half is in compression and the bottom half is in tension The taller the beam, the stronger it is
A Beam Bridge
Now lets add vertical rods to help you see what is going on. They serve no structural purpose.
are pulled
apart in tension
Tension/Compression - Beam
Photo: Todd Wilson
Tension/Compression - Truss
As a beam gets taller and taller, it becomes too costly and too heavy Solution: build a truss Trusses have the same function as beams, but are composed of triangles
Tension/Compression - Truss
Top composed of thick beams (compression) Bottom composed of thin eye-bar chains (tension)
Truss Types
Bowstring Lenticular Pratt Double Intersection Pratt (Whipple) Baltimore Parker Pennsylvania Warren Double Intersection Warren Warren Quadrangular (Lattice) K Truss
Truss Type - K
Tension/Compression Configurations
Simple
Beam or truss rests on one support on each end
Continuous
Beam or truss continues over at least one support between the end supports
Cantilever
One (or both) ends of a beam or truss are projected past the end of a support - the projected anchor spans A subsequent beam or truss is connected to the projected spans - the suspended span
Configuration - Simple
Configuration - Simple
Configuration - Continuous
Photo: Todd Wilson
Configuration - Continuous
Configuration - Cantilever
Configuration - Cantilever
Configuration - Cantilever
Bending - Simple
A simple bridge bends the most at the midpoint between supports Simple bridges are often thickest in center
Bending - Continuous
An intermediate support causes bending A continuous structure becomes thicker over a pier
Bending - Cantilever
Each projected span bends over a pier Weight of suspended span applies a weight to the ends of the projected spans This also causes bending Cantilevers are thickest over pier to resist bending
Classification of Form
Bridges are classified based on location of structure relative to the road (deck) Deck: (structure beneath road) Pony: (structure next to, but not above road) Through: (structure above road) Half Through (structure above and below road)
Classification Challenge
For each bridge, try to classify it! Use the following categories:
Form: deck, pony, through, half through Type: tension, compression, tension/compression Style: arch, suspension, cable stayed, beam, truss Beam Configuration (if applicable): deck, pony, through, half through
Cable
Stayed
Suspension
Photo: Todd Wilson
Through Arch
Photo: Todd Wilson
Tied Arch
Photo: Todd Wilson
Materials
Steel
Weathering Galvanized
ADA Requirements
Bridge or structure must be handicapped accessible Maximum slope: 1 ft rise per 12 ft run Maximum rise between landings: 2.5 ft 5 ft x 5 ft landing required where ramp changes direction Handrails required:
Rise greater than 0.5 ft. Run greater than 6 ft.
Good Luck!!!
Questions?
alancatt@gmail.com Todd.Wilson@dmjmharris.com