Part i: introduction 1.rationale.

Nowadays, English is the most widely used in the world and plays an important role together with the development of society and technologies. English is not only the effective means of communication but also show its progressive effects in many aspects of life. Practically, study on the similarities and differences between the two languages and cultures English and Vietnamese has been one of my concerns when studying English at university. It is clear that there are many differences between the two languages of as those in grammar, lexicology, translation, phonetic and so on. However there still exists plenty of similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese that can be demonstrated through metaphorical meaning especially metaphor in literature and idioms expression. his study of metaphor has been traditionally associated with the study of literature, the use of metaphor is not restricted to this !inds of language. " good understanding of how metaphor is used in everyday language is not only important for students of English to increase our vocabulary, but also to understand new and original metaphor when we hear or spea! them. However, what I want to express here it that idioms and proverbs are the genius of national language that is the !ey help learners !now more about nation, as well as custom and culture of each country all over the world.

herefore, it is a must to me to study metaphor related to proper names that has made a deep expression on me for a long time because, I myself find it so interesting that the proper names not only reflect the concepts bur also refer the characteristic of person and places. I always wonder why the following phenomena is, for example, English expression$ he is a %thello has an e&uivalent one in Vietnamese $ 'h(n )*ng l+ ho,n th- and many cases we cannot find any e&uivalent of this language.s idioms and expression and the character in literature, clearly, most language ma!e use of metaphor but the way individual words used varies from one language to another and each language has its own system and that they cannot always transfer the metaphorical use of a word from one language to another. Importantly, metaphor help learners see the interest the beauty as well as the culture colour of language which help learners use and understand correctly and clearly. I hope that learners will understand about metaphor in English especially metaphor relating to the proper names that is also the main reason motivating me to carry out this research. 2. Aims of the study. /y research aims at.$ 0 giving theoretical bac!ground of metaphor. 0 presenting some difficulties faced by Vietnamese learners of English in terms of idioms in general and the idioms related to the proper names in particular.

0 giving some suggested solutions to overcome these difficulties, 0 finding the metaphorical characteristic of factors related to the proper names in English idioms and literature. 3. Methods of the study. he study on metaphor in not only English idioms but also literature related to the proper names is carried out with comparative methods with a hope that learners could see the role of metaphor in using idioms and literature from some linguists, typical examples and extracted from various types of boo!s 2esides, idioms were collected from dictionary to get valuable !nowledge for this paper. 3urthermore, Information related to the research paper from websites was also loo!ed into in order to complete this research successfully. 4. Scope of the study. 4uring the study process, I have been attracted by metaphor 5 one of the figure of speech as well as metaphor in English idioms and expression about the proper names. 2ecause of time allowance and !nowledge, I cannot cover all idioms and proverbs on these issues bur only focus on idioms related to proper names, here is a sample of discussing on metaphor in English idioms$ typical proper names in literature and idioms, in each !ind of proper names, I introduce some outstanding idioms to illustrate for the research.

5.Design of the study. he study consists of three parts. Part #$ is introduction, including rationale, aims of the study, methods of the study, scope of the study, and design of the study. Part 1 is development that is divided into three chapters 7hapter # is bac!ground !nowledge on the study. It supplies the definition characteristic, classification and definition. 7hapter 1 is an analysis of metaphor in English related to proper names. 7hapter 6 is metaphor related to proper names is English comparison with Vietnamese Part 6 is a conclusion which gives a summary of the whole study mentioned in the previous parts.

Part

: de!elopment "hapter i:

theoretical #ac$ground of metaphor % &%'( S). 2efore researching to detail the use and the meaning of metaphors related to proper names, it is important to understand the history and the use of metaphors in daily life. .1 *hat is metaphor heoretically, there are a lot of different ways to define what is metaphor. "ccording to %xford "dvance 9earner.s dictionary$ metaphor is a word or phrase used to describe somebody or something else, in a way that is different from its normal use, in order to show that two things have the same &ualities and to ma!e the description more powerful. 3or example,' she has a heart of stone:www.wordnet.princeton.edu;per;webn<. /etaphor in this definition refers to the expression that has no literal meanings and based on the similarity not to show the literal meanings but figurative meaning, but metaphor, according to Hoang at ruong :#==6$><, can be understood as the transference of names based on the association of similarity, we call one ob?ects and find some common features between them that is we can li!en something to something else on certain grounds. Eg $ He is a bee ruong :#==6$@#<

Here, the association of similarity is about the behavior or character of the bee and the person : he< hardwor!ing character metaphor is also understood that in each metaphor, there are two main parts$ the tenor and the vehicle:www.educationphauner.com;education5 plauner;eaasy5artideaps<. his can be understood that the tenor is applied there are two parts come together to reach a point of similarity !now as ground. Eg$ Bhe is a fox ruong :#==6$@C< Here, the association of similarity is about the behavior or character of the fox and the person :she<$ cunning person character. .2 "haracteristic features. /etaphor is the transference of names based on the association of similarity. In other words metaphor is a hidden comparison. .2.1Similarity of shape. a!e the example$ Nec! of the bottle /outh of the cave ruong :#==6$@C< In these examples, loo!ing at metaphorical expression the 'nec!- is not a nec!5part of the human body, but it is the narrow part at the top of the bottle, also the word ' mouth- in the last one is a part of the body that is small

and round. /outh is also used as a metaphor to refer the entrance of a cave and the other example such as$ he head of a cabbage he teeth of a saw ruong :#==6$@C< 3inding many meaning of metaphors, the metaphorical expressions are based on the identification of shape. .2.2Similarity of si+e 9oo! at the example$ heir daughter is &uite plump but their son is positively elephantine English EVietnamese E4ictionary :#==6$AA=< he image of elephantine is used metaphorically ma!e hidden comparison with a big person .2.3 Similarity of position 9oo! at the following example$ he foot of a mountain he heart of the country ruong :#==6$>=< Buch expression as ' foot of the mountain- is described as a similarity of position ' foot- is the lowest part of the body and it is used metaphorically to refer to the foot mountain, the metaphor is stimulated by the identification of the mountain. 3urther one, 'heart- is used metaphorically because, it is an important part of the body and in the center position. In such way 'leg of the table- or 'tail of the procession- and so on, we is also considered metaphors basing on the similarity of position.

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.2.4 Similarity of mo!ement 9oo! at the example$ hey had to worm their way through the narrow tunnel English E Vietnamese E dictionary :#==6$1CD=< he river sna!ed away into the distance English E Vietnamese E dictionary :#==6$#D=C< he image of 'worm- is an animal with a soft rounded or flattened body. It is put in the real context with function as a verb to compare with a twisting movement of a person li!e a worm. he other example, the verb 'sna!eis used as a metaphor based on the identification of movement. .2.5 Similarity of function 2asing on the similarity of function, these examples$ Fey to the mystery Head of the class Hand of the cloc! ruong :#==6$@C< Ge easily see that '!ey-, 'head- and 'hand- in this cases are not a !ey to open cloc!, head5 part of the body and not a hand of the body, they also do not belong to instrument, meanings success in these or cloc!, in are fact metaphorical to any examples applied

obstructing , this transference of meaning is based on some common features to refer to similarity of function. .2., Similarity of colour E.g.

he rose of clouds at down English E Vietnamese E4ictionary :#==6$#A6=< "n orange light English E Vietnamese E4ictionary :#==6$#1#D< he words ' rose- and ' orange- are described as similarity of colour, ' the rose of clouds at down- is a !ind of flower and it is used as a metaphor to refer to the clouds that has rose of clouds. "nd the second one ' an orange light-, the word ' orange- is a !ind of fruit and it is as a metaphor to refer to the lights that has orange colour. herefore, the metaphorical expressions are based on the identification of colour. .2.- Similarity of #eha!iour and character 9oo! at the following example He is a fox He is an %thello ruong :#==6$@C< he word 'fox- here is a name of animal that indicates a big animal which is very wise and clever. 3ox is used metaphorically with the negative meaning to refer to a person cunning character or if we say 'he is an %thello-, it refers to a person who is very ?ealous, that are used as metaphor based on the similarity of character and behaviour. .2.. Similarity of sound a!ing the following example for the illustration of the similarity of sound an metaphors Eg

He roared with his children English E Vietnamese E dictionary :1CC1$#A66< he verb ' roar- is the sound made by lion or tiger people say that ' the lion roared-, in above example ' roar- does not have this meaning , but it is used metaphorically to refer to a very angry father who sounds loudly, we also say that ' she is bombed with lots of &uestions-. It is described what happened to someone hey are surprisingly, immediately and uninterruptedly.

the most clear5cut types of similarity. he others are hard to defined, for many metaphor are not based on the similarity. Eg Hou are washing my time he dishwasher can save you time I have invested a lot of time in the study hoa :1CCA$=< 7learly, there is no ob?ective inherent similarity between time and a commodity. 2ut what is basis for the metaphor or brings these two concepts together is the perception, based in part on culture and in part on feeling that all human beings share. It is advisable to ta!e two following examples for clearer illustration Eg Bhe tried to avoid brea!ing his heart : hurt feeling< I am feeling down : feel sad<

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hoa :1CCA$=< hese two metaphors are resulted from the transference of space relation upon psychological and mental notion, i.e the relation between the concrete and obstract. %n the whole, the similarities on which metaphor are based on so various or sometimes are not clear5cut or present in metaphors. .3 "lassification of metaphor /etaphor can be classified into four main types$ living metaphor, fade metaphor and dead metaphor .3.1 (i!ing metaphor 9iving metaphor that can be called active metaphor is one which relatively new and has not become part of everyday linguistic usage. It is created and used by individuals. 9iving metaphor, according to Hoang at ruong :#==6$@#< I Ghen a word has an unusual metaphorical sense or the metaphor is created and used by an individualI. E.g$ Hou are my sun Perelman :#===$@@< In above example, the IsunI is used metaphorically to refer to a person whom you respect or admire for whatever he has done for you. his is the result from an individual and called a living metaphor. "s for this type of metaphor, the addressee can recogniJe them easily as they are new and very impressive. "lso,

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living metaphor are often created or used by individual, poets and writers. .3.2 /ade metaphor "ccording to Hoang at ruong :#==6$@#< I fade :trite< metaphor is one that has lost its freshness due to long and traditional useI. "nd it is necessary to note that the meanings of faded metaphor are registered in dictionaries since they are of common use. Ge can ta!e the following metaphor for example$ E.g$ Her voive is sweet Bhe is a snac! ruong :#==6$@#< heir word I sweetI is used as metaphor to refer to a person who has a very persuasive and s!illful voice. "nd the word I Bnac!I in the second one is also used metaphorically to express a person :she<$ dangerous character. 3aded metaphors have lost the freshness, vigor and emotional associations they must have had. Presently, they are sleeping and half dead metaphors which are only aroused in special circumtances. /any metaphors have become cliches of as I stand shouder to shouder withI or !eep oneKs head above water, as they now lose the emotional associations that once went with them. .3.3 Dead metaphor "ccording to Hoang at ruong :#==6$@#< I 4ead metaphor is a metaphor which is no longer felt as a

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metaphor because the direct meaning of the word has been completely lasrI we can loo! at following example for a highlight. E.g$ o ponder ruong:#==6$@1< In the former word, I o ponderI originally mean I to weightI but now only means I to mediate; to thin! or to consider carefullyI Hence. we can say that dead metaphor are only used with their indirect or figurative meaning but their direct or literal meanings are completely lost. %n the whole, each type of metaphors can bring a different degree of metaphorical sense to the addressee ranging from the living, faded and to the dead metaphor. "ll theoretical bac!ground mentioned above aim to provide a theoretically fundermental basis that is a !ey which helps me get more !nowledge and experience in studying metaphors about proper names in many aspects and expressions that will be referred to in the next chapter

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"hapter i A study on &nglish metaphor related to the proper names English metaphor relating to the proper names are so various and there are, of course hundreds of proper names such as Lac!, /ichael. Bandwich and so on, however, in this study I not only list some names of person and places but also focus on studying the metaphorical meanings in English idioms, sayings, proverb and expression about them. In this part, before presenting the metaphorical meaning of the words related to the proper names in English, all the words relating such proper names and the history of formation of words will be presented first. . Metaphor in &nglish related 0ords. " number of words in English have originated from the names of people. hey contributed and devoted their life herefore their name is heir name and achievements to human. became to the eponymous

formed so that we remember their life.

popular in daily life which is reminded us to

associate to many things and events, in order to see the eponymous words we will analyJe some metaphor related to the proper names. .1 Metaphor related to 1oycott. he words 'boycott here is used to metaphorically to refer to refuse to deal with or a refusal to deal with

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in order to see the mean of boycott clearly, loo! at the following example$ E g$ he anarchist spea!er urged all citiJens to boycott the elections %. 4ell :#==A$6C< he word ' boycott- named after a land lord in Ireland who made himself unpopular by his treatment of his tenants and was socially isolated.

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.2 Metaphor related to (ouis 1raille. Louis Braille was the son of a 3rench leather wor!er. He went blind at the age of three when he felt on a tool in his father.s wor!shop. 2ut 9ouis was brave and talented boy. He wanted to be a musician, so he learned to play the cello, and at the age of ten he won a scholarship to the National Institute for 2lind 7hildren in Paris. He could play cello but he could not read or write. In #@#= a 3rench solider, 7harles 2arbier invented ' night writing-, he used patterns of twelve raised dots on paper so that solders could read in the dar!. 9ouis 2raille understood the importance of this invention for blind people and when he was fifteen, he began to develop it. He made it simplier with six dots, not twelve. In #@1= he introduced it at the Institute. 2y #=16 Braillie was in use all over the world in many languages, but unfortunately, 9ouis died of tuberculosis in #@A1 and never !new of the importance of his invention. 9iJ M Lohn Boars :#==A$8#< Eg$ He read this boo! by Braille "B Hornby :#==C$==< .3 Metaphor related to hooligan he word ' hooligan- is used to metaphorically refer a rough, lawless youth which named from the Irish family name hooligan E g$ "cts of vandalism committed by football hooligans %. 4ell :#==A$6C<

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.4 Metaphor related to Machia!ellion. he word ' machiavellion is used to metaphorically refer to cunning, deceitful, unscrupulous in the pursuit of a goal , so that we see the meaning of the word ' machiavellion-, we loo! at the following example. E g$ He is a machiavellion person %. 4ell :#==A$6C< he word ' machiavellionnamed from Niccolo /achiavelli, the Italian stateman who died in #A1>. .5 Metaphor related to Pander he word 'pander- named from Pandaros, a procurer or pimp in "ncient Nree! mythology. Bo as to further understand the meaning and the using of the word 'pander-, loo! at the following example$ E g$ Newspaper pandering to the public love of scandal. %. 4ell :#==A$6C< he word ' pander- in this case refer to indulge someones desire ., Metaphor related to 2a0dry. he word ' tawdry is used to metaphorically refer to cheap and tasteless. 9oo! at this example$ E g$ He is only a tawdry person %. 4ell :#==A$6C<

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he word tawdry- named from B "udrey, at whose cheap gaudy scarves wore sold. .2. Metaphor in &nglish idioms3 pro!er#s and sayings related to the proper names /etaphor is not only used in eponymous words but also the idioms, sayings and proverbs, and there are many proper names using in the idioms and proverbs, in order to see the metaphor idioms, sayings and proverbs clearly relating to the proper names, we will research the following situations. .2.1 Metaphor related to the idioms 4 happy as (arry5. he idioms 'happy as Larry- here is used to metaphorically to refer to extremly happy. 9oo! at the example$ E g$ Bhe is happy as Larry www.usingenglish.com his mean the degree of emotion 'great happy- the word ' 9arry- was named after in "ustralia or New Oealand and dated from around #@>A. It has been suggested that it comes from the name of the "ustralia boxer 9arry 3oley though why he was particularly happy no one seems to !now he won a lot of contests. .2.2 Metaphor related to the pro!er#: 6o# Peter to pay Paul. he idiom ' Rob Peter to pay Paul- is used to metaphorically referring to taking away from one

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person in order to give to another. 9oo! at the example. E g$ He is a rob peter to pay Paul www.usingenglish.com his proverbs express not in this sense of robbing the rich to pay the poor but of behaving illogically or falling to solve a problem by merely creating another Early appearances of proverbs show the reference is to Bt Peter and Bt Paul as two men of e&ual sainthood. .2.3 Metaphor related to the idiom: any 2om3 Dic$ or )arry. he list has included other names down the centuries such as Lac! and Gill5 Bha!espeare has 3rancis in Henry IV E g$ He won.t tal! to any Tom, Dic or !arry 2 L homas :1CC1$##8< his mean is person is a real snob, he.s only interested in people who are rich or famous. .2.4 Metaphor related to 4peeping 2om5 Eg$ hey are some peeping Tom Bomeone who spies on the other people, especially by loo!ing through their windows, is called a peeping Tom. 2 L homas :1CC1$##8< .2.5 Metaphor related to 4 smart Alec5 a!e an example$ om, 4ic! and

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Eg$ He.s ?ust a smart "lec he word smart "lec refers to a person being very show5off, he always thin!s he !nows everything. 2 L homas :1CC1$##8< .2., Metaphor related to 4dou#ting 2homas5 Eg$ here was many a doubting Thomas Ghen the Gright brother invented the first aeroplane which actually flew, this means a lot of doubting homas who said that air5travel would never be commercially successful. 2 L homas :1CC1$##8< .2.- Metaphor related to 4 7ac$ of all trades5 Eg$ He is a #ac o$ all trades It is often said that of someone who can do many different things that means Lac! of all trades. 2 L homas :1CC1$##8< .3. Metaphor in &nglish related to the characters in the literature. here are a lot of characters in literature denoting the metaphor basing on their behaviour and characteristics, in order to !now metaphor related to proper names in the literature, we research the following example. .3.1 Metaphor related to the character 4 8thello5 he ragedy of %thello, he /oore of Venice is a tragedy by Gilliam Bha!espeare written around #DC6.

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he play is a concentrated, tightly5constructed domestic tragedy with almost no sub5plot relief, revolting around five or six central characters. %thello.s ill5placed trust in the villain Iago results in his growing suspicion in his wife 4esdemona.s infidelity with his lieutenant 7assio, leading to the ultimate tragedy. %thello is commonly considered one of Bha!espeare.s great tragedies, and one of his finest wor!s. English people ta!e the image of %thello- a well5 !nown character in the play of Bha!espeare to refer to a ?ealous person. E g$ He is a Othello ruong :#==6$@C< In this example, the character %thello- becomes the common noun basing on the character.s behaviour %thello is used to metaphorically to refer to ?ealous person$ .3.2 Metaphor related to the character 4Don 7uan5 Don #uan is a character who has bad behaviour always flirt beautiful girls anywhere he went. E g$ He is a Don #uan ruong :#==6$@C< .3.3 Metaphor related to the character 4 )itle5. and herefore

Don #uan became a love of many women, or lady5!iller.

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he word '!itle-is named of the shogun who very cruel. He !illed a lot of people in the second Gorld Gar, therefore the word !itle indicates the person who is cruel. Eg He is a !itle hu :1CCD$#1< .3.4 Metaphor related to the character 4 9andals5 he word the word E g$ He is a &andal www.usingenglish.com .3.5 Metaphor related to the philistine. In the wars there are many people in many countries being rented in order to serve the army and the word ' philistine- was formed. E g$ He is a philistine www.usingenglish.com Philistine here is used to metaphorically to refer to a mercenary person. .3., Metaphor related to 4 6ip !an *in$le5 Pip van Gin!le is the name of the happy5go5luc!y character in a story by Gashington Irving : he B!etch vandal was formed by in a story, the '&andal indicates the person who is character is vandal who always destroyed anything and destructive people

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boo!,#@1C< who ta!es refuse from his scolding wife by ta!ing a ramble in the 7ats!ill /ountains north5west of New Hor!, falls asleep after drin!ing too much and awa!ens twenty years later to find things have changed, so if someone is a Rip van 'in le they are behind the times and out of touch with what is happening now. E g$ hey are Rip van 'in le www.usingenglish.com his mean person who is very much behind the times. .3.- Metaphor related to 4 a paint 7ane5 E g$ Bhe is a paint #ane www.usingenglish.com. his mean a woman who isn.t particularly attractive. .3.. Metaphor related to 4 painted 7e+e#el5 #e(ebel was the wife of "hab, !ing of Israel, whom she introduced to the worship of 2aal, the god of the Phoenicians, while persecuting the prophets of the Hebrew god, Lehovah and drawing down upon herself the denunciation of Eli?ah. In II Fings, =, she is referred to in connection with whored one.s and witchcrafts and her use of cosmetics :verse 6C< has given risen to the expression a painted LeJebel for a woman who flaunts herself provocatively. E g$ Bhe is a painted #e(ebel www.usingenglish.com

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his mean shameless, immoral, scheming woman. .3.: Metaphor related to 4mud5 If someone.s name is mud, then they have a bad reputation. E g$ He is a mud www.usingenglish.com .3.1; Metaphor related to 41illy 1unter5 9oo! at the example Eg$ I thin! "lan should go on a diet and get more exercise. He is beginning to loo! li!e Billy Bunter 2 L homas :1CC1$##6< Billy Bunter is used to metaphorically refer to fat schoolboy who always eat something. He is a character in stories 3ran! Pichards. .3.1; Metaphor related to 4 Scrooge5 Eg$ 7ome onQ I.ve never met anyone so reluctant to spend money, you )crooge. 2 L homas :1CC1$##6< )crooge 4ic!ens. .3.11 Metaphor related to 4 7e$yll and )yde5 Eg$ He.s got a #e yll and !yde 2 L homas :1CC1$##6< is used to metaphorically refer to very mean person who is a character in 7hristmas 7arol by 7harles

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#e yll and !yde is used to refer to in novel by P 9 Btevenson.

a man with

two

contrasting personalities, one gentle and one murderous .3.12 Metaphor related to 4 Sherloc$ holmes5 Eg$ How on earth did you guess his nationality, occupation and all those other things about him ?ust from his appearanceR Hou.re a proper )herloc holmes. 2 L homas :1CC1$##6< )herloc !olmes is a brilliant and shrewd man. He is herefore, )herloc private detective in novels by 7onan 4oyle. He found many difficult answer of murders. on. .3.13 Metaphor relating to 42ar+an5 9oo! at the example Eg$ He loo!s li!e Tar(an 2 L homas :1CC1$##8< arJan is name of character in story of Edgar Pice 2urroughs. arJan is used to metaphorically refer to a body5builder and weight5lifter .3.14 Metaphor related to 4(ittle (ord /auntleroy5 Eg$ I thin! the neighbours. !ids should be allowed a bit of freedom to wear what they li!e and get dirty having fun, not made to loo! li!e Little Lord *auntleroy. 2 L homas :1CC1$##8< !olmes is used to metaphorically refers to brilliant and so

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he

word

'Little

Lord

*auntleroy-

is

used

to

metaphorically refers to very elegantly5dressed little boy in novel by 3 H 2urnett. .3.15 Metaphor related to 4 1o##y5 9oo! at the example$ He is a bobby he word ' bobby- is used to metaphorically refer to a 2ritish policeman. herefore, " 2ritish policeman is he name comes from Bir 2 L homas :1CC1$##@< In summary, there are a large number of /etaphors related to the proper names. However, due to the scope of my study, I only focus on several English idioms on typical proper names, characters in literature and so forth. I hope that this study will help learners of English understand more about metaphorical expressions in English idioms. sometimes called a 2obby.

Pobert Peel, the founder of the first 9ondon police force.

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chapter iii: metaphor related to proper names in english in comparison 0ith 9ietnamese .1.Similarity in using proper names in 9ietnamese here are a lot of similarities in using proper names in Vietnamese, especially to relate to the characters in literature and with the following example, we can see it more clearly that both English and Vietnamese have an e&uivalent in using the proper names as a metaphor. .1.1 Similarity in using proper names #et0een 4 (ittle (ord /autleroy5 and 4 M< 'i=m Sinh5 E.g$ He is little 9ord 3autleroy www. he word ' 9ittle 9ord 3autleroy- is referred to elegantly5 dressed person, in Vietnamese the name '9ittle 9ord 3autleroy- is also used metaphorically to express the character of the story ' FiSu-5 Nguyen 4u poet, the name of ' /T NiUm Binh-. .1.2 Similarity in using proper names #et0een 4 Scrooge5 and )uy>n )inh5 2asing on the characteristic, we can understand many e&uivalent in proper names. Gith the name of ' Bcroogerefers to very mean person in 7hristmas 7arol by 7harles 4ic!ens, in Vietnamese the name ' Bcrooge- is used metaphorically to express the name of character of the story ' VWng h+o cX ma- by NguyYn 7Zng Hoan, the name of character is Huy[n Hinh who express the same characteristic of Bcrooge.

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.1.3 Similarity in using proper names #et0een 47e$yll and )yde5 and 426?nh )@m5 E.g$ He is got a Le!yll and Hyde www.usingenglish.com Ge can see the name 'Le!yll and Hyde- is referred to a man with two contrasting personalities, one gentle and one murderous in novel by P 9 Btevenson. However, there is a character in Vietnamese literature having an e&uivalent, that is name of character in story ' 9\c V]n i^n-, the character ' of characteristic. .1.4 Similarity in using proper names #et0een 4Don 7uan5 and 4 SA Bhanh5 E.g$ He is a 4on Luan ruong :#==6$=C< If the name of ' 4on Luan- refers to a character who has bad behaviour and a love of many women, the character in the story ' FiSu-5B` Fhanh is also a person who always flirt and deceive many women. .1.5 Similarity in using proper names #et0een 4painted 7e+e#el5 and 42h? %A5 e.g$ Bhe is a painted LeJebel 2 L homas :1CC1$##8< he word ' painted LeJebel- have an e&uivalent in Vietnamese literature which have the same appearance r_nh H]m- has also the similariry

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such as ugly and particularly attractive, that is a character in story ' 7ha phbo- Nam 7ao writer. he character ' h_ N`- is a typical character who express clearly. .1., Similarity in using proper names #et0een 4Smart Alec5 and 4 "C cD )Eng5 e.g$ He.s ?ust smart "lec 2 L homas :1CC1$##8< the story ' Bc Vd- by Ve rfng Ph\ng , the character ' 7\ cc HWng- is referred to a person very show5off, he always thin!s he !nows everything, but English people usually refer to ' Bmart "lec- having the same characteristic. In short, metaphorical proper names is used differently in two languages and cultures. herefore, in order to understand and !now the metaphor related to proper names, we will learn more !nowledge not only from school but also from many boo!s. .2. Difficulties in understand and translating 0ords related to proper names in &nglish idioms and pro!er#s 9earners are li!ely to meet troubles in translating these idioms related to the proper names into Vietnamese or finding Vietnamese e&uivalences to convey some !inds of meaning, because each nation has its own system of language, geographical circumstances, national and social condition as well as the development levels of society, which forms different national characteristic and culture. herefore, together with the same thought and awareness, each language has different expression,

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addition to Vietnamese and English people have their own expressions and different ways to understand the idioms related to the proper names. It is due to different cultures between two countries to refer to the characteristic of ?ealous person the English ta!e the image of ' He is a %thello, while the Vietnamese ta!e the image of !+n ,-ng l. ,/ ho0n th and so forth. Btudying further proper names, I can see these differences in culture, for instance if Vietnamese people often say that the characteristic of greedy person is tr b1t gi2i but the England will say that ' Billy Buntero sum up. In English, meaning of the proper names are often different from word5for5word translation, furthermore, each of proper names is both used in a specific context. Hence, it is necessary to learn English metaphor related to the proper names is not always easy for learners. .3. Suggestion to o!ercome difficulties Gith these difficulties mentioned above, learners of English need spend time studying English idioms seriously and improving their !nowledge of both English and Vietnamese culture as well as habits by reading more boo!s, novel or short stories and collecting English idioms, then learning the exact meaning of idioms. /etaphoric images play an important role not only comprehension idioms but also characters in literature. Bo that, It is easy to learn and understand metaphor related to the proper names by putting these proper

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names in specific contexts and ma!ing sentences related to proper names. It helps to memoriJe both proper names and idioms related to the once. Importantly, I myself find that metaphor is one of the main parts of lexicology5 one of three main dimentions of a language study, especially in the fol!lore of idioms and expressions, this is both interesting and difficult to approach. I hope that I will have chances to studying about this as a saying goes ' study, study more, study forever9earners of English should spend time doing as many exercises as possible to proper names. Here are some practical exercises$

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.4. Some practical eFercises & F 1$ 7hoose the names of characters in popular fiction which best completes each sentences. #. 4uring the war. He was sent on dangerous secret missions aboard. Very excitingQ He was a sort ofgggggggggggggg ". 2ig 2rother. 7. Lames 2ond 2. Peter Pan. 4. Bcoorge. 1. here are times when most of us world li!e to escape from all the pressures of city life and live a more simple, basic !ind of ggggggggggg existence. ". %thello 7. Hitle 2. Pobinson 7rusoe 4. Iac! 6. He.s not very practical. Ghat he needs is someone to loo! after him and do everything for him. He need a gggggggggggg ". /an 3riday 7. 7laude 2. "dam 4. Nlen 8. Gell, yes he was a criminal and he stole a lot of money, but he helped a lot of people with it. He was a bit of a gggggggggggggggg

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". 9eo 7. Buperman 2. /artin Hood A. He still has very youthful enthusiasms, and he.s as slim and fit as he was 1C years ago. He.s aggggggggggggggggg ". Victor /andy 2. Peter Pan Gilliam D. he film is doing very badly and facing ban!ruptcy. I don.t thin! it can survive. Ge don.t ?ust want a new director. Ge want a ggggggggggggggg5 ". Galter /itty 7. Buperman 2. ony He.s beginning to loo! li!eggggggggggggg ". 2illy 2unter 7. Pobert 2. Pupert 3riday @. 7ome onQ I.ve never met anyone so reluctant to spend money, you ggggg ". %thello 7. Vincent 2. Bcrooge 4. Pex =. 7ome on, gggggggggggg wa!e upQ It.s nearly lunch5time. 4. /an 4. arJan >. I thin! "lan should go on a diet and get more exercise. 4. 7. 4. Pobin

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". Pip Van Gin!le 7. Lohn 2. arJan him a swimsuitR He loo!s li!eggggggggggggg ". arJan %liver 2. Pobinson 7rusoe Noel &F 2: /atch up the definition on the left :#5A< with the correct proper names on the right : a5e<. #. Very elegantly5dressed little boy in novel by 3 H 2urnett. 1. /an with two contrasting personalities, one gentle and one murderous, in novel by P 9 Btevenson. 6. Nirl in fairy5tale who is treated as slave by her family. 8. Binister dictator figure in totalitarian state in Neorge %rwell.s Novel #=@8. A. "ll5purpose servant of Pobinson 7rusoe. PA62 : "8%"(GS 8% a. 7inderella b. Le!yll and Hyde c. 9ord 3auntleroy d. /an 3riday e. 2ig brother 4. 7. 4. Paul #C. He.s a body5builder and weight5lifter. Have you seen

%ne of rhetorical methods that is widely used in proper names is metaphor. It plays an important role in ma!ing 6A

the meaning of not only idioms but also characters in novels more figurative and vivid. 2eing aware of its importance. I decided to analyJe metaphors in English idioms and eponymous related to the proper names. In chapter #, a general theoretical bac!ground of metaphor has been presented, which help people ma!e sense of the role of metaphor. In chapter 1 a series of English metaphor related to the proper names were analyJed and illustrated by lots of examples that help learners improve their !nowledge of metaphor in proper names in general, in English idioms related to the proper names in particular. 3urthermore English metaphor related to the proper names have been presented with Vietnamese e&uivalences. countries. In the final, chapter 6 English metaphor related to the proper names have been presented with Vietnamese e&uivalences and difficulties that Vietnamese learners often face when studying English idiom and proper names are also pointed out. 2y studying some suggested solutions, learners can choose the effective ways or methods to learn English idiom related to the proper names. his chapter ends with some types of exercises as a sample to give learners chances to practice using it. In short, I have summed up what have been mentioned in my research paper with a hope learners of English will get hey provide learners with better understanding of the culture among

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benefits from this study to learn English metaphor related to the proper names better.

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6eferences 1oo$s #. "B Hornby #==C. %xford "dvance learner.s dictionary of current English. 1. 2 L homas 1CC1 "dvanced Vocabulary M Idiom. 6. 9iJ M Lohn Boars #==A Headway student.s boo!. 8. /ichael /c 7arthy 3elicity %. 4ell #==A. English vocabulary in use. A. hoa, N. H. . :1CCA< "ssignment on 9anguage and 7ulture in 7ontact. Vietnam National hniversity5 Hanoi. D. ring, H , #==6 2asic English 9exicology. National hniversity 7ollege of 3oreign language. >. j dikn "nh5Vi[t #==6. Nh+ xult bmn P H7/ *e#sites: #.http$;;www.dictionary.cambridge.org 1.http$;;www.educationphauner.com;education5 plauner;eaasy5artideaps<. 6.http$;;www.expressionMsayings.com 8.http$;; www.usingenglish.com A.http$;;www.wi!ipedia.com D.http$;;www.wordnet.princeton.edu;per;webn

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AppendiF Beys to eFercises: Ex#$ Ex 1$ #.7 1.2 6." 8.4 A.2 D.7 >." @.2 =." #C." #.7 1.2 6." 8.E A.4

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