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3.1 DESIGN CONCEPT
The design concept involves defining and recommending types and cross-sections of structural members necessary to attain structural stability, maintain or input aesthetical qualities, and control cost without distorting or impairing the ultimate functionality of the structure. The structure was analyzed as a framed structure, with the slabs taken as continuous members and the beams are analyzed in conjunction with the columns such the effects of the loads on both structural members are determined before design. This analysis method also simplifies the design process somewhat. Wind loads were incorporated into the analysis, since the structure was up to six floors (approximately 20 meters).
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Following the receipt of the architectural drawings the following preliminary steps were undertaken: 1. The drawings were studied to identify the special or peculiar structural characteristics of the building. 2. An appraisal was carried out to define the general arrangement of required structural members. 3. The structure was sectioned into six (6) regions, separated by expansion joints, due to its excessive length (an oversight of the architect). 4. The structural gridlines were defined, showing the general arrangement of structural members in a form that best satisfies the buildings functionality. 5. The structural members defined are: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Slabs Beams Columns Staircase Shear walls Foundations
The following discuss shall give the step by step procedures and calculations carried out in the course of implementing the analysis and design of the chosen structure.
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placed directly on the flat member. Slabs are used in floors, roofs, and walls of buildings and as the deck of bridges; these slabs, due to the ratios of adjacent spans, may be designed either as reinforced members spanning in one direction or two directions(Mosley, et al, 2007:169). Slabs are supported either by monolithic concrete beams, steel beams, walls, or directly by the structures columns (Mosley, et al, 2007).
Thus, the types of slabs are (Oyenuga, 2005): i. Solid slab ii. iii. iv. Cantilever Simply supported Continuous Two way spanning slabs
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The slabs were assumed to be restrained against lifting and torsion, thus according to the code, the maximum design moments per unit width are 3.1 3.2 Where, = maximum design ultimate moments either over supports or at mid-span on strips of units width and span = maximum design ultimate moments either over supports or at mid-span on strips of units width and span = length of shorter side
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The load acting on the slabs is given by the following load analysis: Load Analysis: Dead load (Gk) Self weight of slab = Partition = 3.47KN/m2 Finishes = 1.35KN/m2 In order to proceed with the design, it was determined that, , otherwise the overall depth of the slab was increased by multiples of 25mm with trials in each case. 3.4 Alternatively, slab size is determined from the following evaluations; the minimum effective depth is determined from the expression: 3.3
3.5
Thus,
3.6
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Equation (3.6), gives the slabs overall depth for the first trial of obtaining
Conditions stated in sub clauses 3.5.3.3, 3.5.3.4, 3.5.3.5, 3.5.3.6 and 3.5.3.7, of the code were utilized in the design of slabs spanning in two directions at right angles and supporting uniformly distributed loads, (BS8110-1-1997: 37-41). Hence, following the preliminary process of determining slabs effective depth, overall depth, and ultimate load, the following steps were undertaken sequentially:
Step 1: Determined,
3.7
Step 2: Calculated:
3.8
Step 3: Determined,
3.9
3.10
The steps just discussed aided in obtaining the area of steel required to support the load coming on the slab; the procedure is the same for reinforcement at the mid-span and the continuous edge (i.e. for slabs spanning 2-way). The design moments for span moments and continuous edge are calculated differently, applying equations 3.1 and 3.2 for mid-span moments and continuous edge moments respectively. It is worthy of note that, the design moment for a one-way spanning slab is computed differently applying the following expression:
3.11
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Afterwards, the design moments obtained with (3.11) is then applied to steps 1 to 4 above to obtain the Area of Steel required effective load support. The distributions of steel recommended in the design were obtained from Table A1 of Mosley, et al, (2007). Detailing of distribution of steel in slabs is shown in the appendix as produced by the Orion software. Deflection check Deflection of horizontally spanning RC members is a major threat to failure or lack of serviceability. Conventionally deflection check can be carried out by using the following expressions:
3.12
( (
) )
3.13
But, in the course of executing the structural design of this project, the following expression was used to compute Service Stress (as recommended by Supervisor):
3.14
Thus, applying (3.14) to (3.13), to obtain the Modification Factor (M.F.) and multiplying same with Allowable Span/effective depth constants provided in the Code: Cantilever Slab Simply Supported Slab Continuous Slab 7 20 26
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If Allowable Span/Effective Depth Ratio > Actual Span/Effective Depth Ratio, Deflection is O.K; otherwise reselection of slab effective depth would be required. Check for Shear In accordance with the recommendations of the code and as discussed in (Oyenuga, 2011:83), shear stress is given by, 3.15
Also,
3.16
Equation (3.16) is used alongside Table 3.16 of the code to obtain When When , no shear reinforcement is required. (
; thus,
and the spacing of such links should be calculated from the formula:
3.17 When ( )
(but the spacing between links or bent-up bars need not be less than d) is needed; then the spacing is calculated from,
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, as for beams
3.18
Oyenuga (2005:83) further stated that, shear links should be avoided in slabs less than 200mm thick, and bent-up bars avoided in slabs as much as possible. These rules were duly observed in the subsequent design of slabs in this project work; shear links were only considered in slabs that were 200mm thick.
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LOAD ANALYSIS The continuous beams were analyzed applying Moment Distribution method of frame analysis for vertical/gravity loads (plus lateral loads, where necessary) to obtain the imposed moment and shear forces acting on the beam. The frame structures selected for the analysis comprised of the slabs, beams and columns connected together monolithically allowing the load to be shared between the column and beams. This has the added advantage of reducing the imposed moment on the beam, as this moment is also distributed to the columns as well, considerably reducing the amount of reinforcement required. LOAD ARRANGEMENT The collection of load transferred to each span of beam is as follows: i. 3.19 ii. Slab load = portion of slab load transferred to beam based on type of slab (one-way or two-way) and location of beam in relation to span and slab continuity (see chapter 4). iii. ( ) 3.20 iv. ( ( ) ) 3.21
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v.
Typical frame analysis example shown in chapter 4, here we shall simply run through the various steps in the analysis process: i. Fixed End Moment (FEM):
( )
3.22
ii.
iii.
Beam size: assuming an initial moment, M = FEMmax (i.e. the highest fixed end moment), thus from 3.24
rearranging, therefore, (
3.25 3.26
(Note: an approximate value that can be measured easily during construction should be specified e.g. 300, 450, 600, 750mm), hence, Beam size used = 230 by 600mm (including slab thickness) Beam span used = longest span in the continuous beam iv. Distribution factors (DF): this is obtained for the beam section(s) and column section that meet at a joint along the span of the beam:
3.27
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Where, Ki = stiffness of beam section Kj = stiffness of column section (above and below the beam) K = sum of stiffnesses at that joint. The moment distribution table was prepared and the moments distributed between the beams and the columns as shown in chapter4, to obtain the balanced moments. Further analysis and computations gave the following: VAB = sum of moments in each span (equal to zero) VBA = sum of vertical forces in each span (equal to zero)
Mmax = span moment = For a simply supported span AB of the continuous beam. (See chapter 4 for lateral load analysis).
3.28
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Mu
<
M, (
provide
compression )
steel1,
effective
depth,
= 3.30
3.31
3.32
3.33
Also,
3.34
Table 10.4 (Oyenuga, 2005:345) may be used to specify steel bar provision for the section. At Span usually designed as a flanged beam section as shown below:
3.35
3.36
3.37
Factor,
)(
3.38
No compression steel was required in beam sections designed manually, so design process for compression steel will not be discussed.
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3.41
In both cases web is in tension (Table 3.25, BS8110-1-1997) ( Checks A. Checking for shear Vmax = maximum shear (i.e. reaction) from moment distribution table , and 3.43 ) 3.42
3.44
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Applying conditions in Table 3.7 and 3.8 of the code to ascertain amount of shear links required. Provide shear links applying Table A.4 in the appendix of Mosley et al, 2007. B. Checking maximum shear , (Aguwa, 2013) 3.45
C. Checking shear at the end support Vmax(end) = maximum shear force attend supports of the continuous beam Determine, Also (
( )
( )
3.46 3.47
If Vn > Vd, no shear reinforcement other than nominal links are required at the end support; otherwise Provide additional stirrups at supports. D. Deflection check 3.48 3.49
[ ]
Limiting span/effective depth > actual span/effective depth, for deflection to be satisfactory.
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E. Transverse steel 3.50 Note: this is adequately provided for the reinforcement in the slab spanning unto or across the beam. Transverse steel reduces crack and increases durability. Design of Beam is Complete.
Load from beams + finishes = sum of, beam section area beam span/2 unit weight of concrete + 1.0KN (for finishes), from directions controlled by supporting column (i.e. x and y directions) 3.53 3.54
Wall load = wall load (KN/m2) span of beam/2 (from both directions)
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Column self weight = actual column height column section area unit weight of concrete + finishes (say 1.0KN) 3.55
Sum of axial load, N= slab load (roof or floor slab)2 + beam load + wall load + column self weight II. BIAXIAL MOMENTS 3.56
Determined from frame analysis, based on the beams resting on the column, their symmetry and the direction of the turning moments imposed on the columns; the following configuration was applied: Myy Mxx Extracting values from moment distribution tables.
Roof and floor slab load cannot act on the same column directly at the same time, although roof slab load may be transferred to a column from a preceding (overhead) column.
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Where,
( ( ) )
3.59
( (
) )
3.60
(see clause 2.5 of BS8110-2-1985 or Oyenuga, 2005) Determine, le/h and le/b < 15, design column as braced, or < 10, design column as unbraced Determine slenderness limit lo 60b, otherwise design as slender column
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Determine,
If,
>
3.62 Where, From the foregoing, the following were determined 3.64 3.63
3.65
3.66
3.67
Asc was obtained and reinforcement provision specified using Table 10.4 (Oyenuga, 2005). These procedures were followed for all columns in each storey all the way down to the ground floor column. Design of column is complete.
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3.70
Hence, while considering a 1.0m width of slab, LOAD ANALYSIS a) [ ] b) Finishes (say) = 1.00KN c) Permanent load, Gk = stairs self weight + finishes d) Imposed load, Qk (say) = 1.50KN/m2 1.0m span e) Design load, = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk. Assumption: effective restraint exists (due to presence of shear wall). DESIGN OF MAIN REINFORCEMENT From the foregoing, ( ) 3.71
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Area of steel,
Applying Table 10.3 (Oyenuga, 2005), Provide specification for reinforcement Provide 50% of main reinforcement as continuity bars DEFLECTION CHECK Procedures used in slabs were applied. If deflection is not satisfactory, increase waist thickness and redesign stairs. Design of staircase is complete.
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Verify
that
weight
of
footing
base:
(i.e. assumed value), otherwise recalculate area of base. h = tentative height of footing base PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION, P: Since imposed moment is present,
3.74
B and D are base dimensions, where B = D, for square base and D > B, for rectangular base From this, net pressure at ULS: 3.75
Where, f = partial factor = 1.4 h = height of footing base c = unit weight of concrete larger value of Pnet was used in the design process CHECKING PUNCHING SHEAR Critical perimeter, Area within critical perimeter, (
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3.76 )( ) ( )( ) 3.77
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Where a1 = longer side of column supported a2 = shorter side of column supported therefore, Shear, ( ) and d = effective depth of base (x-x axis) ( Concrete cover = 5omm (noteworthy) Assuming minimum steel area of 0.15% (applying Table 3.8, BS8110-1-1997), interpolating values if necessary to obtain vc If vc > v, punching shear is within safe limits Vc < v, footing base will fail from punching shear. For the second case, footing base may be increased to avoid failure; in this case, P net, Pcrit, and Acrit must be recalculated and punching shear test reevaluated and confirmed to be within safe limits. 3.78 3.79 )
3.80
3.81
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Thus, the base slab is designed in a similar manner to conventional solid slab design:
Minimum area of steel required: 3.82 Reinforcement specifications provided applying Table 10.3 (Oyenuga, 2005:344). Y-Y Axis
( ) ( )
3.83
3.84
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Ensure that Asprov. exceeds Asmin. CHECKING LOCAL BOND STRESS , hence, 3.85
3.86
3.87
Checked that vlb < 2.50N/mm2 (from Cp110, Oyenuga, 2005:252) FINAL CHECK OF PUNCHING SHEAR
( )
, and obtained,
Checked that, v < vc, implying that punching shear is not excessive, hence h provided is adequate. FINAL CHECK FOR SHEAR STRESSES Achieved using load causing shears, i.e. load outside enclosed are, 1.5d from the column face: ( ) 3.88
Checked that v < vc, ensuring that shear stress is below permissible value.
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Design of foundation is complete. These steps and/or procedures discussed above were used in the design of structural members manually, as shown in chapter 4; the processes also form the basis of structural design (to British Standard) using ORION software application, also shown in chapter 4.
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