Bending Stresses Presentation

1
3a. Bending Stresses

1 Prepared by: Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb
OUTLINE
1. Bending Deformation of a
Straight Member
2. The Flexure Formula
3. Unsymmetrical Bending
4. Curved Beams
5. Stress Concentrations
OBJECTIVES
To establish shear and moment diagrams for a
beam or shaft,
To determine largest shear and moment in a
member, and specify where they occur
To determine stress in the x-sec of members
caused by bending,
To study special cases of unsymmetrical bending
To study the effect of stress concentrations.
Done
in
Ch3
2
+
SFD,
N
-
+
BMD,
N.m
-
Pure Bending: Prismatic members
subjected to equal and opposite
couples acting in the same
longitudinal plane. CD
subjected to ZERO SF
Principle of Superposition: The normal
stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
Eccentric Loading: Axial loading
which does not pass through section
centroid produces internal forces
equivalent to an axial force and a
couple.
Transverse Loading: Concentrated or
distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple.
Other Loading Types
M
P
3
Bending Deformations
length of top layer
decreases and length of
bottom one increases
a neutral surfacemust
exist that is parallel to
the upper and lower
surfaces and for which
the length does not
change
Neutral layer
BENDING DEFORMATION OF A STRAIGHT MEMBER
A neutral surface is where longitudinal fibers of the
material will not undergo a change in length.
4
THE FLEXURE FORMULA
By mathematical expression,
equilibrium equations of
moment and forces, we get
A
y dA = 0
o
max
c
M =
A
y
2
dA
The integral represents the moment of inertia of x-
sectional area, computed about the neutral axis.
We symbolize its value as I.
THE FLEXURE FORMULA
Assume that material behaves in a
linear-elastic manner so that
Hookes law applies.
A linear variation of normal strain
must then be the consequence of
a linear variation in normal stress
Applying Hookes law to Eqn 6-8,
o = (y/c)o
max
5
THE FLEXURE FORMULA
The following Equations are often referred to
as the flexure formula.
Mc
I
o
max
=
o
max
= maximum normal stress in member,
at a pt on x-sectional area farthest away from
neutral axis at the edge of the x-sec (c)
M= resultant internal moment, computed about
neutral axis at distance y in the x-section
I = moment of inertia of x-sectional area computed
about neutral axis
c = perpendicular distance from neutral axis to a pt
farthest away from neutral axis, where o
max
acts
My
I
o =
THE FLEXURE FORMULA
Normal stress at intermediate distance y can be
determined from:
My
I
o
a
=
o is -ve as it acts in the -ve direction (compression)
Equations 6-12 and 6-13 are often referred to as
the flexure formula.
A
B
6
THE FLEXURE FORMULA
IMPORTANT
X-section of straight beam remains plane when
beam deforms due to bending.
The neutral axis is subjected to zero stress
Due to deformation, longitudinal strain varies
linearly from zero at neutral axis to maximum at
outer fibers of beam
Provided material is homogeneous and Hookes
law applies, stress also varies linearly over the x-
section
FLEXURE FORMULA
Stress Due to Bending (THE FLEXURE FORMULA)

y
x
S
M
I
Mc
I
My
m Z
= = = o o and ,
x
y
y=+ve o is ve & y=-ve o is +ve
7
Example 3.8
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon by a 3 kN-
m couple. Knowing E = 165 GPa and neglecting
the effects of fillets, (a) Draw the bending stress
distribution in the x-sec., (b) Determine the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses, and
(c) Determine the radius of curvature.
Based on the cross-section
geometry, calculate the location of
the centroid of the section and
moment of inertia.
Parallel-axis theorem applied
( ) + =
=
'
2
d A I I
A
A y
Y
x
(a). Apply the elastic flexural formula to
draw and find the maximum tensile
and compressive stresses.
I
Mc
m
= o
(b). Calculate the curvature EI
M
=
1
SOLUTION:

Y

Example 3.8 (Cont.)
Based on the cross-section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
mm 38
3000
10 114
3
=
=
A
A y
Y
= =
=
=
3
3
3
3 2
10 114 3000
10 4 2 20 1200 30 40 2
10 90 50 1800 90 20 1
mm , mm , mm Area,
A y A
A y y
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4 9 - 4 3
2 3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2
m 10 868 mm 10 868
18 1200 40 30 12 1800 20 90
= =
+ + + =
+ = + =
'
I
d A bh d A I I
x
I
Mc
m
= o
I =868x10
3
mm
4
8
Example 3.8 (Cont.)
Apply the elastic flexural formula
to find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
4 9
4 9
m 10 868
m 038 . 0 m kN 3
m 10 868
m 022 . 0 m kN 3

= =

= =
=
I
c M
I
c M
I
Mc
B
B
A
A
m
o
o
o
MPa 0 . 76 + =
A
o
MPa 3 . 131 =
B
o
Calculate the curvature
m 7 . 47
m 10 95 . 20
1
1 - 3
=
=

- +
76MPa
131.3MP
a
( )( )
4 9 -
m 10 868 GPa 165
m kN 3 1
= =
EI
M
Normal Stress
Example 3.9
Beam shown has x-sec. area in the shape of a channel.
(a) Determine the normal stresses (maximum
stresses) that occurs in the beam at section a-a.
I
Mc
m
= o
(b) Draw the normal stress distribution over the x-sec area
9
Example 3.9 (Cont.)
Internal loads: N, V, M
Calculate the internal loads at sec a-a by using the section
method. Note that the resultant internal forces N passes
through centroid of x-section.
The resultant internal moment must be computed about the
beams neutral axis a section a-a.
I
Mc
m
= o
Example 3.9 (Cont.)
Internal moment
Apply moment equation of equilibrium about neutral axis,
+ E M
NA
= 0; 2.4 kN(2 m) + 1.0 kN(0.05909 m) = M
M= 4.859 kN m
I
Mc
m
= o
10
Example 3.9 (Cont.)
To find location of neutral axis, x-sectional area divided into 3 composite
parts as shown. Then by using Eqns:
y = = ... = 59.09 mm
E y A
E A
( )
+ = =
'
2
d A I I
A
A y
Y
x
I
Mc
m
= o
I =42.26x10
-6
m
4
Given
Example 3.9 (Cont.)
Section property
Moment of inertia about neutral axis is determined
using parallel-axis theorem applied to each of the
three composite parts of the x-sectional area.
I = [1/12(0.250 m)(0.020 m)
3
+ (0.250 m)(0.020 m)(0.05909 m 0.010 m)
2
]
+ 2[1/12(0.015 m)(0.200 m)
3
+ (0.015 m)(0.200 m)(0.100 m 0.05909 m)
2
]
I = 42.26(10
-6
) m
4
I
Mc
m
= o
I =42.26x10
-6
m
4
Given
11
Example 3.9 (Cont.)
Maximum bending stress occurs at points farthest away
from neutral axis. At bottom of beam,
c= 0.200 m 0.05909 m = 0.1409 m. Thus,
At top of beam, o = 6.79
MPa. In addition, normal
force of N = 1 kN and
shear force V = 2.4 kN will
also contribute additional
stress on x-section.
Mc
I
o
max
= = = -16.2 MPa
4.859 kN m(0.1409 m)
42.26(10
-6
) m
4
Q? Determine and Plot the Stress distribution acting over entire x-sectional
Example 3.9 (Cont.)

A
P
= o
I
y M
x
= o
- +
- +
I
y M
A
P
x
= o
12
Stress due to eccentric loading found by
superposing the uniform stress due to a centric
load and linear stress distribution due to a pure
bending moment
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Eccentric loading
Pd M
P F
=
=
( ) ( )
I
y M
A
P
I
y M
A
P
t
C
x x x
) (
) (
bending centric
+ =
+
+ =
+ =
o
o
o o o
x x
y
M
F
Supplementary Examples
5.10-5.13
Example 3.10
An open-link chain is obtained by bending
low-carbon steel rods into the shape
shown. For a 700-N load, determine (a)
maximum tensile and compressive
stresses, (b) distance between section
centroid and neutral axis
SOLUTION:
Findthe equivalent centric load and
bending moment.
Superposethe uniform stress due to
the centric load and the linear stress
due to the bending moment.
Evaluate the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses at the inner
and outer edges, respectively, of the
superposed stress distribution.
Find the neutral axis by
determining the location where the
normal stress is zero.
13
Example 3.10 (Cont.)
Equivalent centric load
and bending moment
Normal stress due to a
centric load
Normal stress due to
bending moment
Maximum
tensile and
compressive
stresses
Neutral axis
location
14
The largest allowable stresses for the cast
iron link are 30 MPa in tension and 120
MPa in compression. Determine the largest
force P which can be applied to the link.
SOLUTION:
Determine equivalent centric load and
bending moment.
Evaluate the critical loads for the
allowable tensile and compressive stresses.
The largest allowable load is the
smallest of the two critical loads.
From Sample Problem 4.2,
4 9
2 3
m 10 868
m 038 . 0
m 10 3
=
=
=
I
Y
A
Superpose the stress due to a centric
load and the stress due to bending.
Determine equivalent centric and bending loads.
moment bending 028 . 0
load centric
m 028 . 0 010 . 0 038 . 0
= = =
=
= =
P Pd M
P
d
Evaluate critical loads for allowable stresses.
kN 0 . 77 MPa 120 1559
kN 6 . 79 MPa 30 377
= = =
= = + =
P P
P P
B
A
o
o
The largest allowable load
Superpose stresses due to centric and bending loads
( )( )
( )( )
P
P P
I
Mc
A
P
P
P P
I
Mc
A
P
A
B
A
A
1559
10 868
022 . 0 028 . 0
10 3
377
10 868
022 . 0 028 . 0
10 3
9 3
9 3
=
= =
+ =
= + =

o
o
kN 0 . 77 = P
15
UNSYMMETRIC BENDING
Moment arbitrarily applied
If a member is loaded such that
resultant internal moment does not act
about one of the principal axes of x-
section, resolve the moment into
components directed along the
principal axes
Use flexure formula to
determine normal stress
caused by each moment
component
Use principle of
superposition to
determine resultant
normal stress at the pt
M
z
M
y
UNSYMMETRIC BENDING
Moment arbitrarily applied
Resultant general normal stress at any pt on x-section is:
M
z
y
I
z
o =- +
M
y
z
I
y
o = normal stress at the pt
y, z = coordinates of pt
measured from x, y, z axes
having origin at centroid of x-
sectional area and forming a
right-handed coordinate
system
16
UNSYMMETRIC BENDING
Orientation of neutral axis
M
y
, M
z
= resultant internal moment components along
principal yand z axes. Positive if directed along +yand +z
axes. Can also be stated as M
y
= M sin u and M
z
= M cos u ,
where u is measured positive from +z axis toward +y axis
I
y
, I
z
= principal moments of inertia computed about the y and
z axes, respectively
0 = +
=
y
y
z
z
I
z M
I
y M
o
From which
I
z
I
y
tan | = tan u
UNSYMMETRIC BENDING
Orientation of neutral axis
Angle | of neutral axis can be
determined by applying Eqn 6-17
with o = 0, since no normal stress
acts on neutral axis.
Finally, we get
For unsymmetrical bending, angle u defining direction of
moment M is not equal to angle |, angle defining
inclination of neutral axis unless
I
z
= I
y
. Thus, u s | s 90
o
Equation 6-19
I
z
I
y
tan | = tan u
0 = +
=
y
y
z
z
I
z M
I
y M
o
17
Unsymmetrical Bending
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in
the most general case of unsymmetric bending.
Resolve the couple vector into components along
the principle centroidal axes.
u u sin cos M M M M
y z
= =
Superpose the component stress distributions
y
y
z
z
x
I
y M
I
y M
+ = o
Along the neutral axis,
( ) ( )
u |
u u
o
tan tan
sin cos
0
y
z
y z y
y
z
z
x
I
I
z
y
I
y M
I
y M
I
y M
I
y M
= =
+ = + = =
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Consider a straight member subject to equal
and opposite eccentric forces.
The eccentric force is equivalent to the system
of a centric force and two couples.
Pb M Pa M
P
z y
= =
= force centric
By the principle of superposition, the
combined stress distribution is
y
y
z
z
x
I
z M
I
y M
A
P
+ = o
If the neutral axis lies on the section, it may
be found from
A
P
z
I
M
y
I
M
y
y
z
z
=
18
Example 3.11
A 180 N
.
m couple is applied to a
rectangular wooden beam in a plane
forming an angle of 30 deg. with the
vertical. Determine (a) the maximum
stress in the beam, (b) the angle that the
neutral axis forms with the horizontal
plane.
SOLUTION:
Resolve the couple vector into
components along the principle
centroidal axes and calculate the
corresponding maximum stresses.
u u sin cos M M M M
y z
= =
Combine the stresses from the
component stress distributions.
y
y
z
z
x
I
z M
I
y M
+ = o
Determine the angle of the neutral
axis.
u | tan tan
y
z
I
I
z
y
= =
Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
the corresponding maximum stresses.
The largest tensile stress due to the combined loading
occurs at A.
19
Determine the angle of the neutral axis.
Stress Concentrations
Stress concentrations may occur:
in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied I
Mc
K
m
= o
in the vicinity of abrupt changes
in cross section
20
Example 3.12

Nmm
Nmm
Nmm
Nmm

(c): I=13.92x10
-6
m
4

z = 0.089m
M=5.11Nm
o
c
=15 kN/m
2

o
t
=32.7kN/m
2

I
Mc
= o
a
a
b b
c
c
d d
e e
c
bottom

c
top

M=5.1Nm, I=13.92x10
-6
m
4
,
c
bottom
=.089m, c
top
=.041m,
b
Q
I
V
Ib
VQ
= = t
b
Q
o t
V=5.15N, I=13.92x10
-6
m
4
,
to be calculated at aa, bb,
cc, dd, and ee.
b
Q
c, o o o =
I
Mc

(c): I=13.92x10
-6
m
4

z = 0.089m
M=5.11Nm
o
c
=25.7kN/m
2

o
t
=32.7kN/m
2

I
Mc
= o
Ib
VQ
= t
a
a
b b
c
c
d d
e e
a
b
c
d
e
t, N/m
2
x10
6

b
Q
I
V
Ib
VQ
= = t
b
Q
7x10 3
6
= t
0 , 0
b
Q
b
Q
= = = |
.
|
= |
.
|
ee aa
ee aa
t t
2 6 6 6
/ 10 017 . 0
16 . 0
) 2 / 03 . 0 )( 03 . 0 16 . 0 (
10 37
b
Q
10 37 m N x
x
x x
bb
bb
= =
|
.
|
= t
2 6 6 6
/ 10 07 . 0
04 . 0
) 2 / 03 . 0 )( 03 . 0 16 . 0 (
10 37
b
Q
10 37 m N x
x
x x
cc
cc
= = |
.
|
= t
2 6 6 6
/ 10 015 . 0
04 . 0
) 2 / 089 . 0 )( 04 . 0 089 . 0 (
10 37
b
Q
10 37 m N x
x
x x
bb
dd
= =
|
.
|
= t
V= 515N, I=13.92x10
-
6
m
4
Example 3.12 Cont.
21
EXAMPLE 3.13 Combined stresses
A force of 15,000 N is
applied to the edge of the
member shown. Neglect the
weight of the member and
determine the state of
stress at pts B and C.
EXAMPLE 3.13 (SOLN)
Internal loadings
Sectioning the member through B and C. For equilibrium,
axial force of 15 kN acting through the centroid and a
bending moment of 750. kN mm about the centroidal or
principal axis.
::
22
EXAMPLE 3.13 (SOLN)
Stress components
1. Normal force
Uniform normal-stress distribution
due to normal force is shown.
o = P/A = = 3.75 MPa
2. Bending moment
Normal stress distribution due to
bending moment is shown.
o
max
= Mc/I = = 11.25 MPa
EXAMPLE 3.13 (SOLN)
Superposition
If above normal-stress distributions
are added algebraically, resultant
stress distribution is shown. Although
not needed here, the location of the
line of zero stress can be determined
by proportional triangles, i.e.,
7.5 MPa
x
=
15 MPa
(100 mm x)
x = 33.3 mm
23
EXAMPLE 3.13 (SOLN)
Superposition
Elements of material at B and C are subjected only
to normal or uniaxial stress as shown. Hence
o
B
= 7.5 MPa o
C
= 15 MPa

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3a. Bending Stresses

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