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Specific absorption rate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Specific absorption rate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Specific absorption rate (SAR) is a measure of the rate at which energy is absorbed by the body when exposed to a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field; although, it can also refer to absorption of other forms of energy by tissue, including ultrasound.[1] It is defined as the power absorbed per mass of tissue and has units of watts per kilogram (W/kg).[2] SAR is usually averaged either over the whole body, or over a small sample volume (typically 1 g or 10 g of tissue). The value cited is then the maximum level measured in the body part studied over the stated volume or mass.

Contents
1 Calculation 2 Testing Vendors 3 Mobile-phones SAR list 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

Calculation
SAR can be calculated from the electric field within the tissue as:

where is the sample electrical conductivity is the RMS electric field is the sample density SAR measures exposure to fields between 100 kHz and 10 GHz.[3] It is commonly used to measure power absorbed from mobile phones and during MRI scans. The value will depend heavily on the geometry of the part of the body that is exposed to the RF energy, and on the exact location and geometry of the RF source. Thus tests must be made with each specific source, such as a mobile phone model, and at the intended position of use. For example, when measuring the SAR due to a mobile phone the phone is placed at the head in a talk position. The SAR value is then measured at the location that has the highest absorption rate in the entire head, which in the case of a mobile phone is often as close to the phone's antenna as possible. Various governments have defined safety limits for exposure to RF energy produced by mobile devices that mainly exposes the head or a limb for the RF energy: United States: the FCC requires that phones sold have a SAR level at or below 1.6 watts per kilogram (W/kg) taken over a volume containing a mass of 1 gram of tissue. European Union: CENELEC specify SAR limits within the EU, following IEC standards. For mobile phones, and other such hand-held devices, the SAR limit is 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue (IEC 62209-1 (http://webstore.iec.ch/webstore/webstore.nsf/artnum/033746) ). For Magnetic Resonance Imaging the limits (described in IEC 60601-2-33 (http://webstore.iec.ch/Webstore/webstore.nsf/artnum/039223?opendocument) ) are slightly more complicated:

Averaging time Body Region Operating Mode Normal 1st Level Controlled
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_absorption_rate

6 minutes Whole body SAR Partial body SAR Head SAR whole body (W/kg) 2 4 exposed body part (W/kg) 2 - 10 (b) 4 - 10 (b) head (W/kg) 3.2 3.2 head 10 (c) 10 (c) Local SAR trunk extremities (W/kg) 20 20
1/5

(W/kg) (W/kg) 10 10

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Specific absorption rate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2nd Level Controlled Short term SAR Notes: (a) Local SAR is determined over a mass of 10 g.

>4

>(4 - 10) (b)

>3.2

>10 (c)

>10

>20

The SAR limit over any 10 s period shall not exceed three times the stated values

(b) The limit scales dynamically with the ratio "exposed patient mass / patient mass": NORMAL OPERATING MODE: Partial body SAR = 10 W/kg (8 W/kg * exposed patient mass / patient mass) FIRST LEVEL CONTROLLED OPERATING MODE: Partial body SAR = 10 W/kg (6 W/kg * exposed patient mass / patient mass) (c) In cases where the orbit is in the field of a small local RF transmit coil, care should be taken to ensure that the temperature rise is limited to 1 C. In comparison to the short term, relatively intensive exposures described above, for long term environmental exposure of the general public there is a limit of 0.08 W/kg averaged over the whole body.[4]

Testing Vendors
TV SD Product Service (http://www.tuvps.co.uk/home_psuk/industries/radio_telecoms/specific_absorption_rate_-_sar_testing) ] Celltech[5] MET Laboratories, Inc.[6] RF Exposure Lab, LLC[7] HCT Co., Ltd.[8] SGS S.A.[9]

Mobile-phones SAR list

Brand LG Lava HTC HTC Model Optimus 2X C 81 Nexus One Wildfire Android Android BlackBerry OS 6.0 BlackBerry OS 6.0 BlackBerry OS 6.0 BlackBerry OS 6.0 BlackBerry OS 6.0 BlackBerry OS 6.0 BlackBerry OS 6.0 Windows Phone 7 Android Operating system Android 0.545 <1.6 0.37 0.754 0.91 0.64 0.72 0.57 0.63 1.07 0.96 0.439 0.5 0.196 0.29
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SAR (W/kg)

BlackBerry Torch BlackBerry Curve 8320 BlackBerry Curve 8310 BlackBerry Curve 8520 BlackBerry Curve 8900 BlackBerry Curve 9300 BlackBerry Curve 9330 HTC Motorola Samsung Samsung Surround Flipside Blue Earth Acclaim

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_absorption_rate

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Specific absorption rate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Huawei LG Samsung Samsung HTC Samsung Samsung Doro Motorola Motorola Kyocera Samsung HTC Samsung Samsung Samsung Nokia HTC Apple Motorola Motorola Sony Ericsson Sony Ericsson Sony Ericsson Sony Ericsson Sony Ericsson Sony Ericsson Kyocera Jax Motorola Motorola Motorola ZTE

Ideos X5 Quantum Haven Evergreen 7 Pro (Arrive) Captivate Smiley PhoneEasy 410 Devour i890 Neo E1100 Contour Imagio Flight SGHA797 SGH-T249 Rugby II SGHA847(AT&T) E5 EVO iPhone 4 Bravo Droid 2 Global Satio (Idou) Xperia X10 Mini Pro Xperia Active Xperia Mini Pro Spiro Naite S1300 i335 Defy Grasp Salute

Android Windows Phone 7

0.34 0.35 0.41 0.41

Windows Phone 7 Android

0.418 0.42 0.43 0.445

Android 1.6

0.45 0.45 0.479 0.49 0.498 0.505 0.51 0.52

Symbian iOS 5.1

0.88 1.03 0.93 1.59

Android

1.58 1.56

Android 2.1 Android 2.3.4 Android 2.3.4/4.0.4

1.55 0.86 [1] (http://dlwww.sonyericsson.com/cws/download/1/103/283/6/1316759943/ST170_SAR_ROW_i_version.pdf) 0.46 1.03 1.22 1.55 1.53

Android

1.52 1.52 1.52

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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_absorption_rate

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Specific absorption rate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ZTE LG Motorola Sanyo Motorola HTC LG Karbonn Karbonn Karbonn Karbonn Karbonn Karbonn Karbonn Kyocera Kyocera Motorola Motorola Motorola Samsung Nokia HTC HTC Nokia Samsung Samsung Samsung Apple SONY

Bade aka sanfransisco Rumor 2 Droid Vero Droid 2 Desire Chocolate Touch Talkies K91 K102 K444+ Spy K595 TnT KT60 A9 A18 Wild Card M1000 X-tc i576 Stature i9 Droid X Galaxy S2 3310 Titan HD7 Lumia 800 Galaxy S3 Nexus S Windows Phone 7.5 Windows Phone 7 Windows Phone 7.5 Android 4.0 Android Android Android 2.3 Android 2.3.6 Android 4.0.3 Android Android Android

1.35 1.51 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.47 0.98 1.397 0.342 0.511 1.03 0.68 1.5 1.46 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.43 0.338 0.99 0.3 1.15 1.27 0.48 (head), 1.29 (body/worn) 0.58 0.303 1.11 1.22

Galaxy Nexus Android 4.1 GT-i9250 iPhone 4S Xperia U iOS Android

See also
Dielectric heating Mobile phone radiation and health Electromagnetic radiation and health

References
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_absorption_rate 4/5

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Specific absorption rate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1. ^ For example see http://asadl.org/jasa/resource/1/jasman/v104/i3/p1705_s1 2. ^ Jianming Jin (1998). Electromagnetic Analysis and Design in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. CRC Press. pp. 5.3.3 pp. 226ff. ISBN 978-0-84939693-9. 3. ^ http://www.icnirp.org/documents/emfgdl.pdf 4. ^ http://www.icnirp.org/documents/emfgdl.pdf A whole-body average SAR of 0.4 W/kg has therefore been chosen as the restriction that provides adequate protection for occupational exposure. An additional safety factor of 5 is introduced for exposure of the public, giving an average wholebody SAR limit of 0.08 W/kg. 5. ^ Celltech - SAR Testing (http://celltechlabs.com/index.php/sar-testing) 6. ^ MET Laboratories - SAR Testing (http://www.metlabs.com/Services/Wireless-and-RF-Testing/SAR-Testing.aspx) 7. ^ RF Exposure Lab, LLC - SAR Testing (http://www.rfexposurelab.com/) 8. ^ HCT Co., Ltd. - SAR/OTA Testing (http://www.hct.co.kr/eng/testing01.html) 9. ^ SGS - SAR Testing (http://www.SGS.com/)

External links
Radiation in Mobile Phones: An Analysis (http://www.antenna-theory.com/tutorial/cancer/cellphone.php#sar) antenna-theory.com FCC: Cellular Telephone Specific Absorption Rate (http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/sar/) World Health Organization: Electromagnetic fields and public health (http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs193/en/) Cell Phone Radiation Levels, CNET article and comprehensive listings (http://reviews.cnet.com/4520-6602_7-5020355-1.html? tag=nl.e404/) An Update on SAR Standards and the Basic Requirements for SAR Assessment (http://www.ets-lindgren.com/pdf/sar_lo.pdf) Motorola's SAR Website (http://rfhealth-sar.motorola.com/SAR/sar.html) Nokia's SAR Website (http://sar.nokia.com/sar/index.jsp) Samsung mobile's SAR website (http://www.samsung.com/sar/sarMain? site_cd=in&prd_mdl_name=S3500&selNatCd=GB&languageCode=EN) Sony Ericsson's SAR Website (http://www.sonyericsson.com/health) SAR of some mobile phones (http://www.sarshield.com/english/radiationchart.htm) [2] (http://manuals.info.apple.com/en_US/iphone_4_important_product_information_guide.pdf) Karbonn Mobiles product page (http://www.karbonnmobiles.com/karbonn-A9-proid-45.html) Karbonn A18 (http://www.karbonnmobiles.com/product_a18_detail.php) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Specific_absorption_rate&oldid=517285463" Categories: Radiobiology Biophysics This page was last modified on 11 October 2012 at 22:56. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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