STATIC ELECTRICITY Coulomb's Law (K |q1q2|) 2 r where: q1 & q2 = electric charges in coulomb, C r = distance between two charges 9 2 2 K = 8.

99 x 10 N m / C F = electric force in newton, N in CGS units: 2 2 K= 1 dyne cm / statC r = cm F = dyne other units: 9 1 C = 3 x 10 statC 5 1 N = 1 x 10 dynes -6 1 C = 10 C -9 1 nC = 10 C -12 1 C = 10 C F= Determination of Direction of F Like charges, REPEL Unlike charges, ATTRACT Resultant Force vector sum of electric forces in a system of charges GAUSS' LAW Electric Flux (lines of force) produced at a spot normal to the surface where electric field exists due to electric charge q. =q for spherical surface with area, An = 4R = o E An where: o = 1 / 4K = 8.85 x 10 UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD F ma E=q = q y = Vo t + at
2 2 -12 2 2 2

SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 1. Two particles with electric charges Q and 3Q are separated by a distance of 1.2 m. (a) If Q 4.5 C, what is the electric force between the two particles? (b) If Q 4.5 C, how does the answer change? 2. Two small, identical particles have charges Q1 3.0 mC and Q2 5.0 mC. If the electric force between the particles is 120 N, what is the distance between the particles? Answer: 0.034 m 3. Three charges with q 7.5 mC are located in the positive and negative x-axis and in the negative y-axis, with L=25 cm from the origin. (a) What are the magnitude and direction of the total electric force on the charge at the bottom? (b) What are the magnitude and direction of the total electric force on the charge at the right? Answer: 5.7 N downward (b) 5.7 N at 30.4 above horizontal 4. Particles of charge Q and 3Q are placed on the x axis at x= -L and x= + L, respectively. A third particle of charge q is placed on the x axis, and it is found that the total electric force on this particle is zero. Where is the particle? Answer: At x = 0.27L 5. What is the magnitude of the electric field at a distance of 1.5 m from a point charge with Q = 3.5 C? 10 Answer: 1.4 x 10 N/C 6. A charged paint is spread in a very thin uniform layer over the surface of a plastic sphere of diameter 12 cm, giving it a charge of -15C. Find the electric field (a) just inside the paint layer; (b) just outside the paint layer; (c) 5cm outside the surface of the paint layer. 7 Answer: (a) 0 (b) 3.75 x 10 N/C radially inward (c) 1.11 x 7 10 N/C radially inward ELECTRIC POTENTIAL Due to an isolated charge q V=

C /Nm

Due to two or more point charges q 1, q2, q3 V = V 1 + V 2 + V3 + V = k

Potential energy due to two charges Q and q PE = Fr = (J, ergs) Note: Include signs of charges in computation

H = (Vosin) / 2a tH = Vosin / a R = (Vocos) (tR)

PE due to three charges PE = kq

Example:

1.) Two point charges +40nC and -30nC are 10 cm apart. Point A is midway between the charges and point B is 6 cm from +40nC and 8 cm from +30 nC. a. Electric potential at point A b. Electric potential at point B SOLUTION: a. Va(+40) = Va(-30) =
9 10 9 (40 10 9 ) 0.05

EPE = qV EPE = k 1 2
12

Due to 3 or more point charges EPE = k

= 7200 volts = -5400 volts

(9 10 9 ) (30 10 9 ) 0.05

Referring to example 1, what must be the electric potential energy of the system? EPE = 0.1 -4 EPE = -1.08 x 10 J
9 10 9 40 10 9 (30 10 9 )

Va = 7200 5400 Va = 1, 800 volts b. Vb(+40) = Vb(-30) =

9 10 9 (40 10 9 ) 0.06

= 6000 volts

9 10 9 (30 10 9 ) 0.08

= -3375 volts

2.) Three point charges +5 C, -2 C and -6 C initially are infinitely far apart. They are then brought together and placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle, 50 cm on a side. Determine the electric potential energy of the system of charges.

Vb = 6000 3375 Vb = 2625 volts

q1

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE = Va - Vb Vab = Va - Vb Vba = Vb - Va Vab = -Vba * Referring to example 1, determine the potential difference between A and B, Vab Vab = Va - Vb = 1800 2625 Vab = -825 volts WORK DONE, W W = q Signs of W: W is + :Va>Vb W is -: Va<Vb W is 0: Va = Vb =

q3
EPE = k

9

q2

= (9 x 10 )
9 10 9 0.5

1 2 12

1 3 13

2 3 23

5 2 + 2 6 + (6)(5) 1012

EPE = -0.504 J 3.) Three charges q1 = +12nC and q2 = -12nC are 10cm apart. Point A is 6 cm from q1 and 4 cm from q2. Point B is 4 cm from q1 and 14 cm from q2. Point C is 10 cm from both q1 and q2. a. Electric potential at A, B, C b. EPE at A, B, C when +4nC is placed at each point c. Vab, Vba, Vbc, Vcb d. Work done in moving a charge of +4nC from A to B, from C to B SOLUTION:

Referring to example 1, determine the work done in transferring +20 C from A to B W = (20 x 10 ) (-825 volts) W = -0.0165 J -2 W = -1.65 x 10 J
-6

ELECRIC POTENTAIL ENERGY

a. Va(12) = Va(-12) =

9 10 9 (12 10 9 ) 0.06

= 1800 V = -2700 V

Examples: 1. What is the current when a charge of 15 coulombs flows in a circuit in 1.5 seconds? I = q/t I = 15/1.5 I = 10 A 2. How much heat is developed in one minute in an electric heater which draws a current of 5 A when connected to a 110 V line? Q = 0.24 VIt Q = (0.24) (110) (5) (60 s) Q = 7920 calories SERIES CIRCUIT I is the same V is subdivided R is the sum of Ris PARALLEL CIRCUIT I is subdivided V is the same R is less than the lesser/least value of Rs Example 1.) In the circuit, let R1 = 5, R2 = 10 , R3 = 4 and V = 2V. Find the currents I1, I2, I3.

9 10 9 (12 10 9 ) 0.04

Va = -900 V
9 10 9 (12 10 9 ) 0.04

Vb(12) = Vb(-12) =

= 2700 V = -771. 43 V

9 10 9 (12 10 9 ) 0.14

Vb = 1928.57 V
9 10 9 (12 10 9 ) 0.1

Vc(12) = Vc(-12) = Vc = 0V

= 1080 V = -1080 V

9 10 9 (12 10 9 ) 0.1

b. EPEa = (4 x 10 ) (-900) = -3.6 x 10 J EPEb = (4 x 10 ) (1928.57) = 7.71 x 10 J EPEc = (4 x 10 ) (0) = 0 c. Vab = (-900 V) (1928.57) = -2828.57 V Vba = 2828.57 V Vbc = (1928.57) (0) = 1928.57 V Vcb = -1928.57 V d. Wab = (4 x 10 ) (-2828.57) = 1.13 x 10 J -9 -6 Wcb = (4 x 10 ) (-1928.57) = -7.71 x 10 J
-9 -5 -9 -9 -6

-9

-6

5 4
2V

DC CIRCUITS Electric Current Resistance Voltage Power I = q/t R = V/I V = IR P = IV 2 P=I R 2 P = V /R W = Pt = JQ Q = Pt/J Q = 0.24 VIt 4.186 J/cal Ampere (A) Ohms Volts (V) Watts (W)

10

V12 = V1 = V2 R = R12 + R3 R12 =

5 (10) 15

= 3.33

Energy Heat MEH

Joule (J) Cal J/cal

R = 3.33 + 4 = 7.33 I = I12 = I3 I = 2/3.33 = 0.27 A I3 = 0.27 A V12 = I12R12 = (0.27 A) (3.33) = 0.9 V V1 = 0.9 V

V12 = 0.9 V Example: I1 = 0.9 / 5 = 0.18 A I2 = 0.9 / 10 = 0.09 A 2.) In the circuit, (a) Find the currents through each resistor. R1 = 3 , R2 = 6, R3 = 6 , R4 = 12 , V = 18 V. (b) What is the total current i?

12 V 1

R = 5

R1
R3

R3
Determine: a) Current delivered by the battery b) Terminal voltage of the battery c) Power delivered by the battery a. I =
+

R2

R4

V
R12 = (3 x 6) / 9 = 2 R34 = (6 x 12) /18 = 4 R=6 I = V/R = 18 V/6 I=3A V12 = I12R12 = 3 (2) = 6V V34 = I34R34 = 3(4) = 12 V I1 = 6V / 3 = 2 A I2 = 6 V / 6 = 1 A I3 = 12V / 6 = 2 A I4 = 12V / 12 = 1 A BATTERY WITH EMF

I = I12 = I34 V12 = V1 = V2 V34 = V3 = V4 R = R12 + R34

12 1+5

= 2 A, clockwise

b. Vab = Ir = 12 2r = 10 V c. P = IV = 12 (2) = 24 watts 2 OR MORE EMFS: Series circuit (aiding)

A `1 R1

C `2 R2

B
I= Series Circuit (opposing)
+ + + +

Vab = terminal voltage r = internal resistance

A `1 R1 B
I=
+ + +

C `2 R2 D

V2 = 1.89 V Example: R1 = 4, R2 = 6 1 = 12 V, 1 2 = 6 V, 0.5 Find: a. Current in the circuit and its direction b. Terminal voltage *Refer to the figures above *Series circuit opposing I=
12 6 1+ 0.5+4+6

V23 = I23R23 V23 = (0.04) (3.75) V23 = 0.15 V V23 = V2 = V3 I2 = V2 / R2 = 0.15 / 5 = 0.03 A I3 = 0.15 / 15 = 0.01 A Vba = 1.5 + 0.04 (3.75) = 1.65 V Vab = -1.65 V KIRCHHOFFS RULES KVL: V = 0 KCL: I = 0 LOOP DIRECTION:

= 0.52 A, clockwise

Vab = 12 (0.52) = 11.48 V Vcd = 6 + 0.52 (0.5) = 6.26 V *Series circuit aiding 12+6 I= = 1.57 A, clockwise
1+0.5+4+6

Recall: Terminal Voltage (potential difference between 2 points)

loop
+E

loop
-E

Vab = E1 Ir

Vab = E2 + Ir

Where E = emf Ir = voltage drop Example: The current I through R1 in the circuit diagram is 40 mA. (a) What is the current through R2, R3 and R4? (b) What is the potential difference between A and B?

loop

-IR

loop
0.04 =
2 1.5 2+3.75+4

+IR

Example:

The voltage drop across R3 in the circuit diagram is 4 V. (a) Find the currents through the resistor R1, R2 and R3. (b) What is the resistance of R2?

a. What is the potential difference Vab? b. What is the potential difference V bc? c. How much work is done on the electric field I moving a charge of 4nC from A to B? d. How much work is done by the electric field in moving a charge of 4nC from B to C? 3. I the circuit shown, R1 = 1, R2 = 10, I1 = 3.5 A and I4 = 2A. The battery has negligible internal resistance. If the rate at which R4 is dissipating electrical energy is 20 W; a. What is R4? b. What is R3? c. What is I3? d. What is the emf of the battery?

V = 0 Loop ACDA 6 i1R1 i3R3 = 0 6 4i (0.8)(0.5) = 0 I = (4-6) / 4 I1 = 0.5 A Loop ABCA 1.5 i2R2 i1R1 = 0 1.5 i2R2 = 2 I2R2 = 0.5 I = i1 + i 2 I2 = i i 1 I2 = 0.8 0.5 = 0.3 A R2 = 1.67 SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 1.) A charge of +16nC is fixed at the origin of coordinates. A second charge of +12nC is at x= 4m, y = 0 and a third unknown charge is at x = 11 m,y = 0. If the resultant electric field at x = 8 m, y = 0 is 24.25 N/C directed to the right: a. What is the magnitude of the electric field at x = 8m, y = 0 due to the +16nC charge? b. What is the magnitude of the elctric field at x = 8m, y=0 due to the +12nC charge? c. What are the sign and magnitude of the third charge? d. How far from the origin should the third charge be placed so that the resultant electric field at x= 8m, y=0 is zero? 2.) A charge of +20nC is 20 cm from a second charge of -20nC. Point A is 12 cm from the 20nC charge and 8 cm from the 20nC. Point B is 8cm from the 20 C charge and 28 cmfrom the -20C. Point C is 20 cm from the 20nC chrge and 20 cm from the -20nC. 4. A uniform electric filed of 5000 N/C exists in the region between two oppositely charged parallel plates separated by a distance of 0.05 m. An electron is released from rest at the surface of the negative plate. a. What is the magnitude of the force experienced by the electron as it moves toward the positive plate? b. What is the work done against the electric field in moving the electron across the plates? c. What is the poential difference between the plates? d. What is the speed of the electro as it strikes the opposite plate? 5. If the internal resistances of the batteries in the circuit below are r1 = 0.1, r2 = and r3 = 0.3 respective ly. a. What is the current through the 3 V battery? b. What is the current through the 8 V battery? c. What is the current through the 12 V battery? d. What is the terminal voltage of the 3 V battery?