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MechanicsofLaminated CompositeStructures

NachiketaTiwari IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur

Lecture10 AnalysisofanOrthotropicPly

LectureOverview
Transformationofstressesandstrains S Stressstrain i relations l i for f alamina l i with i hany orientation Strength g ofanorthotropic p lamina

Introduction
Earlier, ,whilediscussing gthestressstatein2Dorthotropic p materials, ,itwas assumedthatreferenceaxesformeasuringstressesandstrainswere coincidentwithmaterialaxes.Inreality,thatmaynotbethecase. Hence,thereisaneedtodevelopstressstrainrelationsina2D orthotropiclaminaorientedarbitrarily.Towardsthisgoal,asafirststep, wehavetotransformstressesandstrainsfrommaterialaxestoarbitrary y axes,andviceversa. ConsideratetrahedronwithverticesABCP ABCP.ItsfaceABC ABC,withsurfacearea Aand,normaln(withdirectioncosines,nx,ny,andnz),experiencesis subjectedtostressvectorT,suchthatthetotalexternalforceonfaceABC isTA.Further, ,thex,y,andz components p ofT areTx,Ty,andTz, respectively. Further,weassumethatthelengthofnormaltofaceABCpassingthrough Further Pish.SuchatetrahedronisshowninFigure10.1.

EngineeringConstantsfora2DLamina
y B Ty n Tx z

Tx

Fig.10.1:TetrahedronatPointP

EngineeringConstantsfora2DOrthotropicLamina
Further, F th weassumethat th tthe th body b d is i in i equilibrium, ilib i and dthus, th other th three th facesexperiencenormalandshearstresses. Giventhatthebodyisinequilibrium,wecanwritethefollowingthree equilibriumequations.
xxAnx +yxAny +zxAnz =TxA xyAnx +yyAny +zyAnz =TyA xzAnx +yzAny +zzAnz =TzA, EliminatingAfromaboveequations,wegetCauchystressformulae,asfollows. xxnx +yxny +zxnz = Tnx = Tx xynx +yyny +zynz =Tny = Ty (Eq.10.1) xznx +yzny +zznz =Tnz = Tz InEq.10.1,Tx,Ty,andTz,arex,y,andz,componentsofstressvectorT.Further,T, canalsoberesolvedintermsofitsnormalandtangentialcomponent,withrespect tosurfaceA.Thenormalcomponentcanbeexpressedas: (Eq.10.2) n =Txnx +Tyny +Tznz

EngineeringConstantsfora2DOrthotropicLamina
CombiningEquations10 10.1 1and10.2, 10 2 wecanwritetherelationfornormal stressas:
n =xxnx2 +yyny2 +zznz2 +2xynxny +2yznynz +2zxnznx (Eq.10.3)

Eq.10.3canbeusedtotransformnormalstressfromonesetofaxesto anothersetofaxes. Now,letusconsiderFig.10.2.Here,weassumethatthestressstateata pointwithrespecttoanarbitrarysetofaxes,x,y,andz isknown.We would ldlike lik to t usethi thisi information f ti t tocalculate l l t th thestress t state t t with ithrespect t tonaturalmaterialaxesofthesystem.
T y L z,T x
Fig.10.2:Orientationof NaturalMaterialAxeswith referencetoArbitraryAxes

EngineeringConstantsfora2DOrthotropicLamina
FromFi F Fig.10 10.2, 2 iti isseenth that tth thematerial t i laxis i system t i isessentially ti ll a rotationofxy axes,aroundz axisbyanangle.Thusthedirectioncosines forthematerialaxissystem(LTT),withrespecttoxyz systemare,cos ,sin and1. 1 Thus,normalstressesxx,andyy canbewrittenas: L=xxcos2 +yy sin2 + 2xy cossin T=xxsin2 +yy cos2 + 2xy cossin

(Eq.10.4a) (Eq.10.4b)

Usingsimilarapproach,wecanalsowritetheequationforshearstresscan bewrittenasas: LT= xxcos sin + yy cos sin + xy cos2 sin2 (Eq.10.4c) Eqs.10.4ac,canalsobewritteninmatrixformas:

EngineeringConstantsfora2DOrthotropicLamina
Similar Si il equations ti canalso l be b used dto t transform t f strains t i from f one coordinatesystemtoanotherone.Thestraintransformationequations are:

InEquations10.5and10.6,[M]istransformationmatrix,andisdefinedas:

Itmaybe b noted t dhere, h that th tunlike lik stress t t transformation f ti equations, ti strain t i transformationequationshaveafactorofwithinstrainvectors.Thisis becausesuchatransformationrequiresusageoftensorstrains,andnot engineeringstrains. strains Whilemathematicaldefinitionsofnormaltensor strainandnormalengineeringstrainsareidentical,tensorshearstrainis onehalftimesthatofengineeringshearstrain.

TransformationofEngineeringConstants
Now,that N th twehave h relations l ti which hi hcanbe b used dto t transform t f strains t i from f onesystemtoother,weproceedtodeveloprelationswhichwillhelpus transformengineeringconstants.PremultiplyingEq.10.5by[T]1 on eithersides, sides weget:
[T]1{}LT =[T]1 [T]{}xy or{}xy=[T]1{}LT (Eq.10.8)

where,{}LT and{}xy arestressesmeasuredinxy,andLT reference where frames,respectively. F th f Further, fromE Eq.8 8.3, 3 wecanwrite: it
{}LT =[Q]{}LT (Eq.10.9)

PuttingRHSofEq.10.9inRHSofEq.10.8,weget:
{}xy=[T]1[Q]{}LT (Eq.10.10)

TransformationofEngineeringConstants
And A dfinally fi ll expressing i {}LT in i terms t of f{}xy ,using i appropriate i t transformations,inEq.10.10,weget:
{}xy=[T]1[Q][T]{}xy {}xy=[Q]{}xy or, (Eq.10.11)

Equation10.11helpsuscomputestressesmeasuredinxy coordinate systemintermsofstrainsmeasureinthesamesystem.Here,[Q]isthe transformedstiffnessmatrix,anditsindividualcomponentsare: Q11 =Q11 cos4 +Q22 sin4 +2(Q12+2Q66)sin2 cos2
Q22 =Q11 sin4 +Q22 cos4 +2(Q12+2Q66)sin2 cos2 Q12 =(Q11 +Q22 4Q66)sin2 cos2 +Q12 (cos4 +sin4) Q66 =(Q11 +Q22 2Q12 2Q66)sin2 cos2 +Q66 (cos4 +sin4) Q16 =(Q11 Q22 2Q66)sin cos3 (Q22 Q12 2Q66 )sin3cos Q26 =(Q11 Q22 2Q66)sin3 cos (Q22 Q12 2Q66 )sin cos3 (Eq.10.12)

TransformationofEngineeringConstants
F ll i observations Following b ti canb bemade d f fromEq. E 10.12. 10 12
Unlike,[Q]matrix,[Q]matrixisfullypopulated. TermsQ16,andQ26 areidenticallyzero.However,termsQ16,andQ26,arenot necessarilyzero,andtheirdefinitioninvolveslinearcombinationsoffour elementsof[Q]matrix. Foraspecially orthotropiclamina,i.e.whenitsloadingdirectioncoincides withlaminasmaterialaxes,applicationofnormalstressesproduceonly normalstrains,andapplicationofshearstressesproducepureshearstrains. Foragenerallyorthotropiclamina,i.e.whenloadingdirectionandmaterial axesarenotcoincidental,applicationofnormalstressesproducenormalas wellasshearstrains.ThisoccursbecauseofnonzerovaluesfortermsQ16,and Q26,whichcouplenormalandshearresponses.Thesetermsarealsoknownas crosscouplingstiffnesscoefficients.

TransformationofEngineeringConstants
Using U i atransformation t f ti procedure d similar i il to t the th oneused dto t transform t f stiffnessmatrix[Q],wecanalsotransformthecompliancematrix[S]toan arbitrarycoordinatesystem.Theelementsoftransformedcompliance matrix[S]aredefinedbelow below.
S11 =S11 cos4 +S22 sin4 +(2S12+S66)sin2 cos2 S22 =S11 sin4 +S22 cos4 +(2S12+S66)sin2 cos2 S12 =(S11 +S22 S66)sin2 cos2 +S12 (cos4 +sin4) S66 =2(2S11 +2S22 4S12 S66)sin2 cos2 +S66 (cos4 +sin4) S16 =2(2S11 2S22 S66)sin cos3 2(2S22 2S12 S66 )sin3cos S26 =2(2S11 2S22 S66)sin3 cos 2(2S22 2S12 S66 )sin cos3 (Eq.10.13)

StrengthofanOrthotropicLamina
I Inisotropic i i materials, i l f failure il prediction di i requires i calculating l l i principalstressesorstrainsandcomparingthemtotheir respectiveallowablestressandstrainlimits. Innonisotropicmaterialssuchanapproachdoesnotwork.
Thenotionofprincipalstressmakesnosenseforthesematerials,as materialstrengthchangeswithdirection,anddirectionofprincipal stressmaynotinmostofthecasescoincidewithdirectionof maximum i strength. h

Foranisotropicmaterial, material wecanfullydescribeallowable stressfieldbyknowingthematerialstensile,compressiveand shearstrength.

FailureinIsotropicv/sTransverselyIsotropic Materials
Similarly,for2Dorthotropicmaterials,weevaluateallowable stressfieldincontextoffivedifferentstrengthsofmaterial measuredwithrespecttoitsprincipalmaterialdirections. Theseare:
Longitudinal g tensilestrength g (LU) Lateralortransversetensilestrength(TU) Longitudinalcompressivestrength(LU) Lateralortransversecompressivestrength(LU) Inplaneshearstrength(LTU)

Thesematerialstrengthparametersforanorthotropiclamina areitsfundamentalmaterialproperties.

FailureinOrthotropicMaterials
Similartoisotropicmaterials,severaltheorieshavebeendevelopedto predictfailureinorthotropicmaterials.Someofthemorewidelyused theoriesarebasedonmaximumstress, stress maximumstrain, strain andmaximum work. MaximumStressTheory: Theory Asperthistheory theory,failurewilloccuroncestresses measuredwithrespecttoprincipalmaterialaxes,exceedtheirrespective allowablelimits.Thus,forfailureatleastoneofthefollowingconditions mustbeviolated violated. Fortensileloads: L<LU, T<TU, LT<LTU. Forcompressiveloads: L<LU, T<TU.

(Eq.10.14)

Onelimitationofthistheoryisthatdifferentmodesofpotentialfailuredo notinteractwitheachother.

FailureinOrthotropicMaterials
MaximumStrainTheory: y Asp perthistheory, y,failurewilloccuroncestrains measuredwithrespecttoprincipalmaterialaxes,exceedtheirrespective allowablelimits.Thus,forfailure,atleastoneofthefollowingfive conditionsmustbeviolated. Fornormaltensilestrainstheconditionsare:
L<LU, L<LU, T<TU, T<TU. LT<LTU. (Eq.10.15)

Andifnormalstrainsarecompressive,thenfailurecriteriaare:

Ifmaterialislinearlyelastic, elastic thenEq. Eq 10.15 10 15canberewrittenas:


L<LU/EL, L<LU/EL, T<TU/ET, T<TU/ET. LT<LTU/GLT. (Eq.10.16)

Predictionsfrommaximumstressandmaximumstraintheoriesarevery similar,withminordifferencesbeingattributabletoroleofPoissonsratio. Thi is This i true t for f linear li elastic l ti materials. t i l For F nonlinear li elastic l ti materials, t i l E Eq. 10.16shouldnotbeused,andsignificantdifferenceshouldbeexpected betweenresultsfromthesetwotheories.

FailureinOrthotropicMaterials
TsaiHillorMaximumWorkTheory: y Asp perthistheory, y,failureoccurswhenthe followinginequalityconditionisviolated.
(L/LU)2 (L/LU)(T/TU)+(T/TU)2+(LT/LTU)2 <1 (Eq. ( q 10.16) )

Here,ifnormalstressesarecompressivethencompressivestrengthshouldbe usedintheequation.Also,ifthelaminaissubjectedtounidirectionalnormal stress,thenaboveequationcanbesimplifiedas:


(cos2/LU)2 (cos sin/LU) 2 +(sin2/TU)2+(cos sin/LTU)2 <(1/ x)2 (Eq.10.17)

Unlikemaximumstressandstraintheories,Eq.10.16providesasingle criterionforp predicting gfailure.Italsoaccountsforinteractionbetween differentstrengthsofthematerial.Predictionsofstrengthfromthistheoryare slightlylesserthanthosefrommaximumstressandmaximumstraintheories. Allthetheoriesdiscussedtillsofarworkonlyforalaminasubjectedtobiaxial stressstateandnotfortriaxialstressstate.

Whatyoulearntinthislecture?
Transformationofstressandstrains S Stressstrain i relations l i for f alamina l i with i hany orientation Strength g ofanorthotropic p lamina

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